A guide wheel convenient to adjust for flip chip production
By designing an easily adjustable guide wheel structure, the problems of bump position deviation and wear in the production of flip-chip films were solved, enabling convenient adjustment and replacement of bumps, and reducing production costs and downtime.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HEFEI ESWIN MATERIALS TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-09
AI Technical Summary
The fixed installation of bumps on traditional guide rollers causes the flip-chip thin film circuitry to deviate from the transmission trajectory, making it prone to damage. Furthermore, the bumps cannot be replaced individually after wear, increasing production costs and downtime.
An easily adjustable guide wheel structure was designed. Through the cooperation of the handle, pull rod, limit component, threaded rod and moving rod, the position of the protrusion can be adjusted and replaced, ensuring that the protrusion can be easily replaced when worn.
It reduced product losses, lowered production costs, improved production efficiency, and reduced downtime.
Smart Images
Figure CN224336838U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of flip-chip film production technology, and in particular relates to an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. Background Technology
[0002] In the production of flip-chip films, guide rollers are key components in the material transfer process. Their main function is to guide and support the flip-chip film, ensuring the stable operation of the production process. In traditional guide roller structures, the protrusions used for positioning and guidance are usually fixedly mounted on the guide roller body. During normal production, the fixed protrusions can limit the movement of the flip-chip film, ensuring it is transported along a predetermined path. However, in actual production scenarios, the production line may experience linear deviation due to factors such as equipment vibration, installation errors, and changes in material tension. When this linear deviation occurs, the circuit area of the flip-chip film may deviate from its original transport trajectory and run onto the protrusions of the guide roller. Since the protrusions are fixed, they cannot be adjusted accordingly to the deviation of the line. The circuit area of the flip-chip film is prone to being squeezed and rubbed against the protrusions, leading to problems such as circuit damage and short circuits, resulting in product scrap, increasing the product loss rate during the production process, and raising production costs.
[0003] Furthermore, the bumps on the guide roller will wear down due to continuous contact and friction with the flip-chip film during long-term use. Once the bumps wear down to a certain extent, their positioning and guiding functions will be affected. In existing technologies, since the bumps are fixedly connected to the guide roller body, the bumps cannot be replaced individually; the entire guide roller must be disassembled and replaced. This not only increases the cost of replacing parts but also requires a significant amount of time and manpower for disassembling, installing, and adjusting the guide roller, leading to prolonged production line downtime and severely impacting production efficiency. Therefore, we propose an easily adjustable guide roller for flip-chip film production. Utility Model Content
[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an easily adjustable guide wheel for the production of flip-chip thin films, in order to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.
[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production, comprising:
[0006] The guide wheel has baffles fixedly installed at both ends. A sliding groove is opened inside the guide wheel, and a moving rod is slidably installed in the sliding groove. The top and bottom ends of the moving rod are provided with protrusions, and slots are opened on the protrusions. The top and bottom ends of the moving rod are fixedly installed with locking blocks in the two slots respectively.
[0007] Two fixing components are respectively located within two protrusions and are used to fix the two protrusions respectively;
[0008] A threaded rod is rotatably installed in a sliding groove. One end of the threaded rod passes through a movable rod and one side of the sliding groove, as well as one of the baffles, and is fixedly installed with a disc. A groove is opened in the disc, and a pull rod is slidably installed in the groove. One end of the pull rod passes through one side of the groove and extends to the outside. A rotating handle is sleeved on the pull rod and located on one side of the disc.
[0009] A limiting component is located within a groove and is used to limit the movement of the disk.
[0010] In this technical solution, during the production of the flip-chip film, when the production line deviates from its linearity, personnel can pull the handle outward. The movement of the handle will cause the pull rod to move, and the movement of the pull rod will release the disk through the limiting component. Personnel can then rotate the disk using the handle. At this time, the handle will rotate on the pull rod, and the rotation of the disk will cause the threaded rod to rotate. Under the action of the thread, the rotation of the threaded rod will cause the moving rod to move, and the movement of the moving rod will cause the two protrusions to move, thereby adjusting the position of the two protrusions. When the two protrusions are adjusted to the appropriate position, personnel can release the handle. At this time, under the action of the rebound force of the second spring, the second spring will squeeze the insert block to move until one end of the insert block is inserted into the corresponding limiting hole, thereby limiting the disk and preventing the disk from rotating. This ensures that personnel can easily adjust the position of the two protrusions and ensure that the two protrusions can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0011] When the bump becomes severely worn after prolonged use, personnel can loosen the buckle using the fixing component. The bump can then be pulled out of the clip, and a new bump can be inserted into the clip. When the bump is fully inserted into the clip, the fixing component can secure the bump, ensuring that the bump can be easily replaced when it is severely worn, and preventing the bump from affecting the production line.
[0012] In the above technical solution, the fixing component further includes:
[0013] A sliding groove is formed inside the protrusion and located on one side of the locking block. A limiting block is slidably installed inside the sliding groove. One end of the limiting block extends through the sliding groove into the locking groove and abuts against one side of the locking block. Two springs fixed to the inner wall of the sliding groove are fixedly installed at the other end of the limiting block. A movable plate is fixedly installed on one side of the limiting block through the sliding groove.
[0014] In this technical solution, when the protrusion becomes severely worn after prolonged use, personnel can press the movable plate. The movable plate moves, causing the limiting block to move. The movement of the limiting block compresses two springs, causing them to contract until one end of the limiting block moves out of the side of the locking block. At this point, the limiting block can release the protrusion from the locking block, allowing personnel to pull the protrusion out and insert a new protrusion into the locking block. The inner wall of the locking groove will then press the inclined surface at one end of the limiting block, causing the limiting block to move and compress the two springs, causing them to contract. When the protrusion is fully inserted into the locking block, the two springs will then press the limiting block to move under the rebound force until one end of the limiting block abuts against one side of the locking block, thus fixing the protrusion in place. This ensures that when the protrusion is severely worn, it can be easily replaced by personnel, guaranteeing that the protrusion will not affect the production line.
[0015] In the above technical solution, one end of the limiting block is engaged with the card block, and one end of the limiting block has an inclined structure.
[0016] In this technical solution, it is ensured that one end of the limiting block can be locked on one side of the card block, and that the inner wall of the card slot will squeeze the limiting block to move.
[0017] In the above technical solution, the limiting component further includes:
[0018] An insert block is fixedly installed at the other end of the pull rod and located in the groove. A spring is sleeved on the pull rod and located in the groove. A plurality of limiting holes are opened on one side of one of the baffles. One end of the insert block passes through one side of the groove and extends into one of the limiting holes.
[0019] In this technical solution, a person can pull the handle outward. The movement of the handle will cause the pull rod to move, which in turn will cause the insert block to move. The movement of the insert block will compress the second spring, causing it to contract until one end of the insert block moves out of one of the limiting holes. At this point, the insert block can release the limiting effect on the disc. When the two protrusions are adjusted to the appropriate positions, the person can release the handle. At this time, under the action of the rebound force of the second spring, the second spring will compress the insert block to move until one end of the insert block is inserted into the corresponding limiting hole, thereby limiting the disc and preventing the disc from rotating. This ensures that the position of the two protrusions can be easily adjusted by the person, ensuring that the two protrusions can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0020] In the above technical solution, the insert block is slidably connected to the groove, the two ends of the second spring are tightly welded to the insert block and the inner wall of the groove respectively, one end of the insert block is inserted into the limiting hole, and a plurality of the limiting holes are distributed in a ring at equal intervals.
[0021] In this technical solution, it is ensured that the insert block can slide normally in the groove, the structure of the second spring is stable, one end of the insert block can be inserted into the limiting hole, and the angle of the disc limiting is relatively uniform.
[0022] In the above technical solution, the card block is engaged with the card slot, the threaded rod is threadedly connected to the moving rod, one end of the threaded rod is rotatably connected to the guide wheel and one of the baffles, and the rotating handle is rotatably connected to the pull rod.
[0023] In this technical solution, it is ensured that the locking block can be locked into the slot, that the rotation of the threaded rod can drive the moving rod to move, that one end of the threaded rod can rotate normally in the guide wheel and one of the baffles, and that the handle can rotate normally on the pull rod.
[0024] In the above technical solution, the cross-section of the card block is T-shaped.
[0025] In this technical solution, it is ensured that the card block will not fall out of the card slot.
[0026] In the above technical solution, the guide wheel and the two baffles are integrally formed.
[0027] In this technical solution, the structural stability of the guide wheel and the two baffles is ensured.
[0028] The beneficial effects of this utility model are:
[0029] 1. The easily adjustable guide wheel used in the production of this flip-chip film, through the setting of a rotating handle, and the cooperation of the rotating handle, pull rod, limit component, disc, threaded rod, moving rod and protrusions, ensures that the position of the two protrusions can be easily adjusted by the personnel, ensuring that the two protrusions can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0030] 2. The easily adjustable guide wheel used in the production of this flip-chip film, through the setting of a fixing component, and the cooperation of the fixing component, the bump and the locking block, ensures that when the bump is severely worn, it can be easily replaced by personnel, ensuring that the bump will not affect the production line. Attached Figure Description
[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of this utility model;
[0032] Figure 2 This is a detailed internal structural diagram of the guide wheel in this utility model;
[0033] Figure 3 This utility model Figure 2 Enlarged structural diagram at point A in the middle;
[0034] Figure 4This is a detailed internal structural diagram of the protrusion in this utility model;
[0035] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the regional structure of the baffle in this utility model;
[0036] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the rotating handle explosion in this utility model.
[0037] The markings in the diagram are as follows:
[0038] 1. Guide wheel; 2. Baffle; 3. Sliding groove; 4. Moving rod; 5. Protrusion; 6. Slot; 7. Locking block; 8. Sliding groove; 9. Limiting block; 10. Moving plate; 11. Spring 1; 12. Threaded rod; 13. Disc; 14. Groove; 15. Insert block; 16. Pull rod; 17. Spring 2; 18. Rotary handle; 19. Limiting hole. Detailed Implementation
[0039] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figures 1-6 This application will be described in further detail.
[0040] In this application, the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," "rear," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "middle," "vertical," and "horizontal," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are primarily for the purpose of better describing this application and its embodiments, and are not intended to limit the indicated device, element, or component to having a specific orientation, or to be constructed and operated in a specific orientation.
[0041] Example 1: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip thin film production, comprising:
[0042] Guide wheel 1, baffles 2 are fixedly installed at both ends of guide wheel 1, sliding groove 3 is opened in guide wheel 1, moving rod 4 is slidably installed in sliding groove 3, protrusions 5 are provided at the top and bottom of moving rod 4, slots 6 are opened on protrusions 5, and locking blocks 7 are fixedly installed at the top and bottom of moving rod 4 respectively in the two slots 6.
[0043] Two fixing components are located inside the two protrusions 5 respectively, and are used to fix the two protrusions 5 respectively;
[0044] A threaded rod 12 is rotatably installed in a sliding groove 3. One end of the threaded rod 12 passes through a moving rod 4, one side of the sliding groove 3, and one of the baffles 2 and is fixedly installed with a disc 13. A groove 14 is provided in the disc 13. A pull rod 16 is slidably installed in the groove 14. One end of the pull rod 16 passes through one side of the groove 14 and extends to the outside. A rotating handle 18 is sleeved on the pull rod 16 and located on one side of the disc 13.
[0045] A limiting component is located within the groove 14 and is used to limit the movement of the disk 13.
[0046] In the production of the flip-chip film, when the production line deviates from its linearity, personnel can pull the handle 18 outwards. The movement of the handle 18 will cause the pull rod 16 to move. The movement of the pull rod 16 will release the limit on the disc 13 via the limiting component. Personnel can then rotate the disc 13 using the handle 18. At this time, the handle 18 will rotate on the pull rod 16. The rotation of the disc 13 will cause the threaded rod 12 to rotate. Under the action of the thread, the rotation of the threaded rod 12 will cause the moving rod 4 to move. The movement of the moving rod 4 will then move the two protrusions 5. The two protrusions 5 are moved to adjust their positions. When the two protrusions 5 are adjusted to the appropriate positions, the operator can release the pull handle 18. At this time, under the action of the rebound force of the second spring 17, the second spring 17 will squeeze the insert 15 to move until one end of the insert 15 is inserted into the corresponding limiting hole 19, thereby limiting the disc 13 and preventing the disc 13 from rotating. This ensures that the operator can easily adjust the position of the two protrusions 5 and ensure that the two protrusions 5 can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0047] When the protrusion 5 becomes severely worn after prolonged use, personnel can loosen the fastening component to remove the protrusion 5 from the retaining block 7 and insert a new protrusion 5 into the retaining block 7. When the protrusion 5 is fully inserted into the retaining block 7, the fastening component can fix the protrusion 5 in place, ensuring that the protrusion 5 can be easily replaced when it is severely worn, and ensuring that the protrusion 5 will not affect the production line.
[0048] Example 2: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip thin film production. In addition to the technical solutions described in the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the fixing component includes:
[0049] The slide 8 is formed inside the protrusion 5 and located on one side of the locking block 7. A limiting block 9 is slidably installed inside the slide 8. One end of the limiting block 9 extends through the slide 8 into the locking slot 6 and abuts against one side of the locking block 7. Two springs 11 fixed to the inner wall of the slide 8 are fixedly installed at the other end of the limiting block 9. A movable plate 10 is fixedly installed on one side of the limiting block 9 through the slide 8.
[0050] When the protrusion 5 becomes severely worn after prolonged use, personnel can press the movable plate 10. The movable plate 10 moves, causing the limiting block 9 to move. The movement of the limiting block 9 compresses the two springs 11, causing them to retract until one end of the limiting block 9 moves out of one side of the locking block 7. At this point, the limiting block 9 can release the protrusion 5 from the locking block 7, and personnel can pull the protrusion 5 out of the locking block 7 and insert a new protrusion 5 into the locking block 7. At this time, the inner wall of the locking groove 6 will press the inclined surface of one end of the limiting block 9, causing the limiting block 9 to move and compress the two springs 11, causing them to retract. When the protrusion 5 is fully inserted into the locking block 7, the two springs 11 will press the limiting block 9 to move under the rebound force until one end of the limiting block 9 abuts against one side of the locking block 7, thereby fixing the protrusion 5. This ensures that when the protrusion 5 is severely worn, personnel can easily replace the protrusion 5, ensuring that the protrusion 5 will not affect the product production line.
[0051] Example 3: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. In addition to the technical solutions of the above examples, it also has the following technical features: one end of the limiting block 9 is engaged with the locking block 7, and one end of the limiting block 9 has an inclined structure.
[0052] Specifically, it is ensured that one end of the limiting block 9 can be locked on one side of the card block 7, and that the inner wall of the card slot 6 will squeeze the limiting block 9 to move.
[0053] Example 4: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip thin film production. In addition to the technical solutions described in the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the limiting component includes:
[0054] Insert 15 is fixedly installed at the other end of pull rod 16 and located in groove 14. Spring 2 17 is sleeved on pull rod 16 and located in groove 14. A number of limiting holes 19 are opened on one side of one of the baffles 2. One end of insert 15 passes through one side of groove 14 and extends into one of the limiting holes 19.
[0055] The operator can pull the handle 18 outwards. The movement of the handle 18 will cause the pull rod 16 to move, which in turn will cause the insert block 15 to move. The movement of the insert block 15 will compress the second spring 17 and retract it until one end of the insert block 15 moves out of one of the limiting holes 19. At this point, the insert block 15 can release the limiting effect on the disc 13. When the two protrusions 5 are adjusted to the appropriate position, the operator can release the handle 18. At this point, under the action of the rebound force of the second spring 17, the second spring 17 will compress the insert block 15 and move it until one end of the insert block 15 is inserted into the corresponding limiting hole 19, thereby limiting the disc 13 and preventing the disc 13 from rotating. This ensures that the operator can easily adjust the position of the two protrusions 5 and ensure that the two protrusions 5 can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0056] Example 5: This example provides an adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. In addition to the technical solutions of the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the insert 15 is slidably connected to the groove 14, the two ends of the spring 17 are tightly welded to the inner walls of the insert 15 and the groove 14 respectively, one end of the insert 15 is inserted into the limiting hole 19, and a plurality of limiting holes 19 are distributed in a ring at equal intervals.
[0057] In this way, it is ensured that the insert 15 can slide normally in the groove 14, the structure of the second spring 17 is stable, one end of the insert 15 can be inserted into the limiting hole 19, and the limiting angle of the disc 13 is relatively uniform.
[0058] Example 6: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. In addition to the technical solutions of the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the locking block 7 and the locking groove 6 are engaged; the threaded rod 12 is threadedly connected to the moving rod 4; one end of the threaded rod 12 is rotatably connected to the guide wheel 1 and one of the baffles 2; and the rotating handle 18 is rotatably connected to the pull rod 16.
[0059] Specifically, it is ensured that the locking block 7 can be locked into the locking slot 6, that the rotation of the threaded rod 12 can drive the moving rod 4 to move, that one end of the threaded rod 12 can rotate normally in the guide wheel 1 and one of the baffles 2, and that the rotating handle 18 can rotate normally on the pull rod 16.
[0060] Example 7: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. In addition to the technical solutions of the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the cross-section of the card block 7 is T-shaped.
[0061] This ensures that the card block 7 will not fall out of the card slot 6.
[0062] Example 8: This example provides an easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production. In addition to the technical solutions of the above examples, it also has the following technical features: the guide wheel 1 and the two baffles 2 are integrally formed.
[0063] Among these measures, it is essential to ensure the structural stability of the guide wheel 1 and the two baffles 2.
[0064] Working principle: During the production of flip-chip films, when the production line deviates from its linearity, personnel can pull the handle 18 outwards. The movement of handle 18 moves the pull rod 16, which in turn moves the insert block 15. The insert block 15 compresses the spring 17, causing it to retract until one end of the insert block 15 moves out of one of the limiting holes 19. At this point, the insert block 15 releases the limiting effect on the disc 13, allowing personnel to rotate the disc 13 via handle 18. This rotation of handle 18 on the pull rod 16 causes the disc 13 to rotate, which in turn rotates the threaded rod 12. Under the action of the thread, the threaded rod... Rotating the lever 12 will move the moving rod 4, which in turn will move the two protrusions 5, thereby adjusting their positions. When the two protrusions 5 are adjusted to the appropriate positions, the operator can release the lever 18. At this time, under the action of the spring 17's rebound force, the spring 17 will press the insert 15 to move until one end of the insert 15 is inserted into the corresponding limiting hole 19, thereby limiting the disc 13 and preventing the disc 13 from rotating. This ensures that the operator can easily adjust the positions of the two protrusions 5 and ensure that the two protrusions 5 can be adjusted to the non-product area, thereby reducing product loss.
[0065] When protrusion 5 becomes severely worn after prolonged use, personnel can press the movable plate 10. The movable plate 10 moves, causing the limiting block 9 to move. The movement of the limiting block 9 compresses the two springs 11, causing them to retract until one end of the limiting block 9 moves out of one side of the locking block 7. At this point, the limiting block 9 can release the protrusion 5 from the locking block 7, and personnel can pull the protrusion 5 out of the locking block 7 and insert a new protrusion 5 into the locking block 7. At this time, the inner wall of the locking groove 6 will press the inclined surface of one end of the limiting block 9, causing the limiting block 9 to move and compress the two springs 11, causing them to retract. When the protrusion 5 is fully inserted into the locking block 7, the two springs 11 will press the limiting block 9 to move under the rebound force until one end of the limiting block 9 abuts against one side of the locking block 7, thereby fixing the protrusion 5. This ensures that when the protrusion 5 is severely worn, personnel can easily replace the protrusion 5, ensuring that the protrusion 5 will not affect the product production line.
[0066] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other. This application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.
Claims
1. An easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip thin film production, characterized in that, include: Guide wheel (1), both ends of the guide wheel (1) are fixedly installed with baffles (2), the guide wheel (1) is provided with a sliding groove (3), a moving rod (4) is slidably installed in the sliding groove (3), the top and bottom ends of the moving rod (4) are provided with protrusions (5), the protrusions (5) are provided with slots (6), and the top and bottom ends of the moving rod (4) are fixedly installed with locking blocks (7) respectively in the two slots (6); Two fixing components are respectively located inside two protrusions (5) and are used to fix the two protrusions (5); A threaded rod (12) is rotatably installed in a sliding groove (3). One end of the threaded rod (12) passes through a moving rod (4) and one side of the sliding groove (3) as well as one of the baffles (2) and is fixedly installed with a disc (13). A groove (14) is provided in the disc (13). A pull rod (16) is slidably installed in the groove (14). One end of the pull rod (16) passes through one side of the groove (14) and extends to the outside. A rotating handle (18) is sleeved on the pull rod (16) and located on one side of the disc (13). A limiting component is located in the groove (14) and is used to limit the disk (13).
2. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fixing component includes: The slide (8) is opened in the protrusion (5) and located on one side of the locking block (7). A limiting block (9) is slidably installed in the slide (8). One end of the limiting block (9) extends through the slide (8) into the locking slot (6) and abuts against one side of the locking block (7). Two springs (11) fixed to the inner wall of the slide (8) are fixedly installed at the other end of the limiting block (9). A movable plate (10) is fixedly installed on one side of the limiting block (9) through the slide (8).
3. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 2, characterized in that, One end of the limiting block (9) engages with the locking block (7), and one end of the limiting block (9) has an inclined structure.
4. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The limiting component includes: Insert (15), the insert (15) is fixedly installed on the other end of the pull rod (16) and located in the groove (14). A spring (17) is sleeved on the pull rod (16) and located in the groove (14). A plurality of limiting holes (19) are opened on one side of one of the baffles (2). One end of the insert (15) passes through one side of the groove (14) and extends into one of the limiting holes (19).
5. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 4, characterized in that, The insert (15) is slidably connected to the groove (14), and the two ends of the spring (17) are tightly welded to the inner walls of the insert (15) and the groove (14) respectively. One end of the insert (15) is inserted into the limiting hole (19), and a plurality of the limiting holes (19) are distributed in a ring at equal intervals.
6. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The locking block (7) engages with the locking slot (6), the threaded rod (12) is threadedly connected to the moving rod (4), one end of the threaded rod (12) is rotatably connected to the guide wheel (1) and one of the baffles (2), and the rotating handle (18) is rotatably connected to the pull rod (16).
7. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cross-section of the card block (7) is T-shaped.
8. The easily adjustable guide wheel for flip-chip film production according to claim 1, characterized in that, The guide wheel (1) and the two baffles (2) are integrally formed.