Providing an association connection

Abstract

Device (DEV1) for providing an association connection between a vehicle (CAR) and a charging station (LSTAT), wherein the charging station (LSTAT) supplies a battery of the vehicle (CAR) with energy, comprising: a first antenna (ANT1) for data exchange with a data antenna (PNT) of a communication unit, the first antenna (ANT1) being attached to the vehicle (CAR); a second antenna (ANT2) for exchanging data with a third antenna (ANT3) of the charging station (STAT) for providing the association connection between the vehicle (CAR) and the charging station (LSTAT), the second antenna (ANT2) being designed such that a signal radiated from the second antenna (ANT2) to the third antenna (ANT3) is designed with a radiation characteristic (AST) which has a lobe (KEU) in the direction of the third antenna (ANT3) and is only receivable by the third antenna (ANT3), the second antenna (ANT2) being attached to the vehicle (CAR); a radio controller (FC), wherein the first antenna (ANT1) and the second antenna (ANT2) are connected to the radio controller (FC) and the radio controller (FC) operates according to a predeterminable standard such as WLAN or Wireless Local Area Network, wherein the radio controller (FC) is integrated into the vehicle (CAR).

Description

The invention relates to an apparatus and a unit for providing an association connection.Charging vehicles, such as electric vehicles, requires communication between the vehicle and the charging infrastructure, i.e., the charging station. Since shared media is often used for the communication, i.e. a plurality of message transmissions can take place in parallel from the same transmission medium, a unique association between the vehicle and the charging station, i.e. an association connection between vehicle and charging station, must take place.This is necessary in order to ensure that information is exchanged only with that vehicle which is intended to finally also receive the electrical energy via an output of electrical energy for charging its battery via the output of electrical energy for charging its battery.When charging via a cable between the vehicle and the charging station, power line communication via the signal line and the ground line can be used in the charging cable. In this case, the association is solved by using the charging cable and the communication running over it.In the case of inductive charging, i.e. charging without charging cable, the problem arises that an association between the vehicle and the charging station is made more difficult by the fact that there is no conductive connection between the vehicle and the charging station.US 2011 / 0 285 349 A1 describes a wireless power transmission using magnetic resonance within a specific coupling region between a charging base and a further system such as an electric vehicle. The wireless power transmission can take place in both directions. Power matching and power control methods may be used for the amount of power transmission while maintaining transmission efficiency.From JP 2012-005 308 A, a wireless power transmission system is known, which comprises a power receiving device installed on a mobile body and which comprises a power receiving coil, and a power transmitting device which comprises a power transmitting coil that non-contactly transmits power to the power receiving coil. The wireless power transmission system further comprises a first antenna disposed in the vicinity of the power transmission coil and includes a plurality of ring-shaped antenna elements in which specific axes are orthogonal to each other, and a second antenna disposed in the vicinity of the power reception coil and has a plurality of ring-shaped antenna elements in which the coil axis direction of the power reception coil approximately coincides with the respective axis directions, and position calculation means based on the reception of the magnetic field generated by the plurality of circular antenna elements of the first antenna, so that a relative positional relationship between both coils results.Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide devices that enable association between a vehicle and a charging station at which a battery of the vehicle is charged in a simple and cost-effective manner using wireless communication.This object is achieved by the independent claims. Further developments of the invention can be found in the dependent claims.The invention relates to a device for providing an association connection between a vehicle and a charging station, wherein the charging station supplies a battery of the vehicle with energy, which comprises:a first antenna for communication with a data antenna of a communication unit, the first antenna being mounted on the vehicle;a second antenna for exchanging data with a third antenna of the charging station for establishing the association connection between the vehicle and the charging station, the second antenna being designed such that a signal radiated from the second antenna to the third antenna can be received substantially only by the third antenna, the second antenna being fastened to the vehicle;a radio controller, wherein the first antenna and the second antenna are connected to the radio controller and the radio controller operates according to a predefinable standard, in particular a WLAN wireless local area network, the radio controller being integrated into the vehicle.By using the first antenna and the second antenna connected to the radio controller, a low-cost implementation of the apparatus is possible. In addition, the first, second and third antennas, and the data antenna, operate according to a standard, so that an inexpensive realization of the device can be carried out using commercially available components.The association connection is understood to mean a coupling of the second antenna to the third antenna, wherein the arrangement of the second antenna to the third antenna ensures that only these two antennas can establish a common connection. This ensures that only that vehicle which is connected to the charging station via the association connection is given access to the charging station.In one development, a radiation characteristic of the radiated signal of the second antenna is configured in such a way that the radiation characteristic has a lobe in the direction of the third antenna. This makes it possible to provide the association connection even more securely since the coupling of the second antenna with the third antenna is improved and coupling of an antenna of another vehicle is made difficult.In a preferred development, a transmission power of the radiated signal of the second antenna is configured such that the transmission power is reduced such that the radiated signal can be received substantially only within a distance between the second antenna and the third antenna. This also makes the association connection more secure, since the radiated signal outside the second and third antennas is very difficult or unreceivable. The emitted signal reaches, for example. 25 cm, 50 cm or a maximum of 100 cm.In a development to this end, the transmission power is reduced for a first time duration, in particular when the association connection is provided, and is increased for a second time duration, in particular after the association connection has been completed, in comparison with the transmission power of the first time duration. This ensures a secure provision of the association connection, that is to say a secure coupling of the vehicle and the charging station, and at a later point in time the association connection can furthermore be used for data transmission. By increasing the transmission power at the second point in time, at which, for example, the data connection between the second and third antennas is protected against attacks by means of a key that was exchanged during the first time duration, a data throughput can be increased.In a development, the second antenna is oriented in such a way that a signal emitted by the third antenna can be received at most in a predeterminable region around a direct line of sight between the second antenna and third antenna. This prevents interference radiations from other antennas in the vicinity of the second antenna, since a reception field of the second antenna can be focused on the radiated signal of the third antenna.If the second antenna is activated only when a predeterminable region, in particular a charging position, of the charging station is reached, a compromise of the association connection is made more difficult for an attacker.If the second antenna is activated only when the speed of the vehicle is undershot, resources of the vehicle, such as electrical energy, can be saved since the operation of the second antenna is activated only or when the charging position is reached.Preferably, the second antenna is mounted on a side of the vehicle facing a road, whereby the signal radiated by the third antenna is blocked by the vehicle and is therefore difficult or inaccessible to other antennas in the vicinity of the second antenna. This makes the association connection more secure.In a development of the invention, at least two second antennas charging position are each attached to two different sides of the vehicle, and that one of the at least two second antennas charging position can be used to provide the association connection which receives the strongest radiated signal from the third antenna from the at least two second antennas charging position. This allows different designs of charging stations to be used by the vehicle. On the other hand, when interfering radiation occurs on one side of the vehicle, a reliable association connection can be ensured.Preferably, the association connection exists between the vehicle and the charging station if a radiated signal of the second antenna is receivable by the third antenna at least in a predefinable first signal strength. This ensures that the second and third antennas are directed towards one another and are arranged at a close distance in such a way that a secure association connection is ensured.In a development of the invention, a charging position of the vehicle to be determined is detected if the radiated signal of the second antenna can be received by the third antenna at least at a predefinable second signal strength. As a result, the second antenna is used both for providing the association connection and for ascertaining the charging position on the charging station. The use for ascertaining the charging station enables an accuracy of the determination of the precise charging position.Furthermore, the invention relates to a unit for providing an association connection between a vehicle and a charging station, wherein the charging station supplies a battery of the vehicle with energy, which comprises:;a data antenna for exchanging data with a first antenna, wherein the first antenna is fastened to the vehicle and the data antenna is fastened to the charging station;A third antenna of the charging station for data exchange with a second antenna for establishing the association connection between the vehicle and the charging station, the third antenna being designed such that a signal radiated from the third antenna to the second antenna can be received substantially only by the second antenna, the third antenna is fastened to the charging station; a second radio controller, wherein the third antenna and the data antenna are connected to the second radio controller and the second radio controller operates according to a predefinable standard, in particular a WLAN wireless local area network, the second radio controller being integrated in the charging station.By using the data antenna and the third antenna connected to the second radio controller, a low-cost implementation of the unit is possible. In addition, the first, second and third antennas, as well as the data antenna, operate according to a standard, so that an inexpensive realization of the unit can be carried out by commercially available components.The association connection is understood to mean a coupling of the second antenna to the third antenna, wherein the arrangement of the second antenna to the third antenna ensures that only these two antennas can establish a common connection. This ensures that only that vehicle which is connected to the charging station via the association connection is given access to the charging station.Preferably, a radiation characteristic of the radiated signal of the third antenna is configured such that the radiation characteristic has a lobe in the direction of the second antenna.This makes it possible to provide the association connection even more securely since the coupling of the second antenna with the third antenna is improved and coupling of an antenna of another vehicle is made difficult.In a development, a transmission power of the radiated signal of the third antenna is configured in such a way that the transmission power is reduced in such a way that the radiated signal can be received substantially only within a distance between the second antenna and the third antenna. This also makes the association connection more secure, since the radiated signal outside the second and third antennas is very difficult or unreceivable. The emitted signal reaches, for example. 25 cm, 50 cm or a maximum of 100 cm.Furthermore, the transmission power is reduced for a first time duration, in particular when the association connection is provided, and is increased for a second time duration, in particular after the association connection has been completed, in comparison with the transmission power of the first time duration. This ensures a secure provision of the association connection, that is to say a secure coupling of the vehicle and the charging station, and at a later point in time the association connection can furthermore be used for data transmission. By increasing the transmission power at the second point in time, at which, for example, the data connection between the second and third antennas is protected against attacks by means of a key that was exchanged during the first time duration, a data throughput can be increased.Preferably, the third antenna is oriented such that a signal radiated by the second antenna can be received at most in a predeterminable range around a direct line of sight between the second antenna and third antenna. This prevents interference radiations from other antennas in the vicinity of the third antenna, since a reception field of the second antenna can be focused on the radiated signal of the third antenna.In one development, the third antenna is activated only when the vehicle reaches a predeterminable region, in particular a charging position, of the charging station. This makes it difficult for an attacker to compromise the association connection.Preferably, the third antenna is activated only when the speed of the vehicle is undershot, so that resources of the vehicle, such as electrical energy, are saved, since the operation of the second antenna is activated only or when the charging position is reached.In a development, the third antenna is attached to the floor or in the floor of the charging station. This makes it possible to achieve good coupling of the second antenna mounted on the vehicle lower side. Furthermore, a robust implementation can be ensured by the attachment on or in the ground, since the vehicle can also travel over the third antenna.In a preferred development, at least two third antennas charging position are each attached to different positions of the charging station, and that one of the at least two third antennas charging position can be used to provide the association connection which receives the strongest radiated signal from the second antenna from the at least two third antennas charging position. On the one hand, this makes it possible to operate a vehicle with different positioning of the second antenna by the charging station. On the other hand, if interference radiation occurs at a position of a first of the third antennas of the charging station, a reliable association connection can be ensured at a position at which a further third antenna is located.Preferably, the association connection exists between the vehicle and the charging station if a radiated signal of the third antenna can be received by the second antenna at least at a predefinable first signal strength.This ensures that the second and third antennas are directed toward one another and are arranged at a close distance such that a secure association connection is ensured.Furthermore, a charging position of the vehicle to be ascertained is detected if the radiated signal of the third antenna is receivable by the second antenna at least at a predefinable second signal strength. As a result, the third antenna is used both for providing the association connection and for ascertaining the charging position on the charging station. The use for ascertaining the charging station enables an accuracy of the determination of the precise charging position.The invention also relates to a use of the device in a vehicle, which can be designed as an electric vehicle.Finally, the invention relates to the use of at least one unit in the charging station.The invention and its developments are explained in more detail on the basis of drawings. In detail, the following show: FIG. 1 shows a vehicle approaching a charging station FIG. 2 shows a vehicle positioned on the charging station FIG. 3 shows a connection of a first antenna and a second antenna to a radio controller FIG. 4 shows a directional characteristic of an emitted signal FIG. 5 shows restriction of a reception range of the second antennaElements with the same function and mode of operation are provided with the same reference numerals in the figures.FIG. 1 shows a vehicle CAR on its left side, which is to be charged at a charging station LSTAT. For this purpose, the vehicle, as can be seen in FIG. 2, moves to a predefined charging position of the charging station. The charging position is defined in such a way that a charging coil LAD 1 must come to a standstill in a specific geometric positioning relative to the transmitting coil LAD 2 of the charging station.After reaching the charging position, a unique association of the vehicle and the charging station will be performed in order to prevent a different vehicle from being able to be charged on the basis of association data of the vehicle.The vehicle has two antennas, a first antenna ANT 1 for data exchange with a data antenna PNT of a communication unit. In the present example, the charging station also comprises a communication unit with the data antenna, with which the vehicle can retrieve multimedia data from the Internet, for example. The second antenna ANT 2 of the vehicle is mounted on the underbody of the vehicle and, when the charging position is reached, lies directly above a third antenna ANT 3 of the charging station. The third antenna is mounted on the floor covering or in the floor covering of the charging station.As FIG. 3 shows, the first antenna and the second antenna are connected to a radio controller FC via signal lines SIG 1, SIG 2. The radio controller has, for example, an RF modulation unit (RF high frequency), with which modulated radio signals can be transmitted via the signal lines to the antennas for emission. Alternatively, each of the antennas may also have a dedicated RF modulation unit. Furthermore, the radio controller has a data processing unit, for example a communication controller, with which, for example, data of the vehicle can be received or transmitted via a data line LAN and processed and transmitted or received according to a predefinable wireless transmission standard, for example WLAN (WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network) according to IEEE 802.11 (IEEE - International Electrical and Electronics Engineer). The radio controller is part of the vehicle.Thus, when the charging position is reached, only the first antenna can be active and when the charging position is reached, the second antenna is activated after the first antenna is switched off. Alternatively, both antennas can also be activated, for example operating at different radio frequencies such as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz or in the same frequency band. Furthermore, a plurality of second antennas can be installed at different locations of the vehicle, wherein only that second antenna which has the highest signal power of a signal transmitted by the third antenna is used to establish the association connection. In this case, the second antennas that do not have the highest signal are also turned off.The second antenna may also be mounted on the front, rear, driver or passenger side of the vehicle.After reaching the charging position, the second antenna sends a radio signal to the third antenna in order to be able to exchange association information via the association connection consisting of the wireless connection between the second antenna and the third antenna. In order to ensure as safely as possible that only the vehicle and the charging station communicate with one another via the association connection, a respective radiation characteristic AST of the radiated signals of the second or third antenna has a lobe in the direction of the respective other antenna, i.e. from the second antenna to the third antenna or from the third antenna to the second antenna. FIG. 4 shows, by way of example, such a radiation characteristic radiated from the second antenna in the direction of the third antenna, illustrated in two-dimensional space. It goes without saying that the emission characteristic can also be designed as a lobe in three-dimensional space. This lobe can be realized, among other things, by a special antenna arrangement or by a structural arrangement, for example a diaphragm, in such a way that only radiation in an angular segment of the antenna is made possible.Furthermore, a transmission power of the radiated signal of the second antenna, for example, is reduced in such a way that the radiated signal can be received substantially only within the distance between the second and third antennas. In practice, this means that the transmission power is reduced in such a way that the radio signal is poorly receivable at a distance that is greater than the distance between the second and third antennas in such a way that a more meaningful reconstruction of the radio signal is no longer possible, for example an error rate exceeds a high value, for example 25%.In addition, the second or third antenna may also have a protective device which does not allow emitted signals to be transmitted further beyond the respective antenna. Thus, the second antenna is located on the underbody side of the vehicle, directed toward the third antenna, which is embedded in a floor of the charging station. In this case, a grounded metal plate can be present around the third antenna, which prevents a reflection of signals radiated from the second antenna or a forwarding of the radiated signals outside the range of action of the third antenna. Likewise, if the underbody of the vehicle is composed, for example, of metal components, it counteracts a forwarding of the signals emitted by the third antenna. Thus, this additional shielding on the vehicle side or on the charging station side can achieve an increase in the reliability with respect to the association connection.In addition, a metal diaphragm X is set up in front of the second antenna in such a way that a signal emitted by the third antenna is at most within a predeterminable range BL, for example. 1.5 cm, in order to receive a direct line of sight SL between the second antenna and the third antenna, see FIG. 5. In the example according to FIG. 5, the passage region of the metal diaphragm is circular. In general, it may also have other shapes. In addition, devices other than a metal diaphragm can also define the predeterminable region. In addition, the range can also be variable, for example depending on a speed of the vehicle, since it can be assumed with decreasing speed that an accuracy of the positioning of the vehicle on the charging station increases and thus disturbing influences of other radio systems can be reduced with the reduction of the range and thus the association connection can be provided more reliably.Furthermore, the second antenna is only switched on when a predeterminable speed of the vehicle is undershot, for example 5 km / h. The association connection between the vehicle and the charging station can be detected in that a radiated signal power of the second antenna is detected by the third antenna and, if a predeterminable first signal strength is exceeded, the association connection is established as being present.In addition, the exact charging position can also be detected with the aid of the second and third antennas. If the vehicle moves slowly to the charging position to be determined, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a signal radiated by the second antenna is detected at a certain distance from the second and third antennas and, even if only weakly, is detected by the third antenna. If the signal strength of the emitted signal or detected signal increases over time, a charging position is reached more and more closely until at least one predefinable second signal strength is detected by the third antenna. Thus, in addition to providing an association connection, the present invention can also support exact positioning when finding the optimum charging position between the vehicle and the charging station.In addition, at a further distance between charging station and vehicle, a data connection can be used by means of the first antenna and the data antenna for positioning the vehicle in the direction of the charging station. Only when a predeterminable distance between charging station and vehicle is reached can a connection of second and third antennas be used for positioning instead of the data connection.In the present example, the second antenna is integrated on the vehicle underside and the third antenna is integrated on or in the floor of the charging station. The invention is not limited to this variant only. The second antenna and third antenna can also be installed at other positions on the vehicle and the charging station, with the condition, however, that a reliable association connection can be provided when the charging position is reached.The devices for providing the association connection between the vehicle and the charging station may be implemented and executed at least partially in software and / or entirely in hardware. Individual steps of the devices can be stored in a memory, for example, in the form of a machine-readable code, and read out and processed by a processor coupled to the memory.The invention and its developments have been explained on the basis of examples. The invention is not limited to these examples. Rather, individual embodiments can also be combined in any desired manner. In particular, further developments relating to the second antenna, such as limiting the directional characteristic, reducing the transmission power or limiting an area during reception, alternatively or additionally to the second antenna, can also be implemented in the third antenna.

Claims

Device (DEV1) for providing an association connection between a vehicle (CAR) and a charging station (LSTAT), wherein the charging station (LSTAT) supplies a battery of the vehicle (CAR) with energy, comprising: a first antenna (ANT1) for data exchange with a data antenna (PNT) of a communication unit, the first antenna (ANT1) being fastened to the vehicle (CAR); a second antenna (ANT2) for exchanging data with a third antenna (ANT3) of the charging station (STAT) for providing the association connection between the vehicle (CAR) and the charging station (LSTAT), the second antenna (ANT2) being designed such that a signal emitted from the second antenna (ANT2) to the third antenna (ANT3) is configured with an emission characteristic (AST) which has a lobe (KEU) in the direction of the third antenna (ANT3) and can be received only by the third antenna (ANT3), wherein the second antenna (ANT2) is fastened to the vehicle (CAR); a radio controller (FC), wherein the first antenna (ANT1) and the second antenna (ANT2) are connected to the radio controller (FC), and the radio controller (FC) operates according to a predefinable standard such as WLAN or wireless local area network, wherein the radio controller (FC) is integrated into the vehicle (CAR).Device (DEV1) according to Claim 1, in which a transmission power of the radiated signal of the second antenna (ANT2) is designed in such a way that the transmission power is reduced in such a way that the radiated signal can be received only within a distance range between the second antenna (ANT2) and the third antenna (ANT3).Device (DEV1) according to Claim 2, in which the transmission power is reduced for a first time duration when the association connection is provided and is increased for a second time duration after the association connection is provided compared with the transmission power of the first time duration.Device (DEV1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the second antenna (ANT2) is aligned in such a way that a signal emitted by the third antenna (ANT3) can be received at most in a predeterminable region (BL) around a direct line of sight (SL) between the second antenna (ANT2) and third antenna (ANT3).Device (DEV1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the second antenna (ANT2) is activated when a predeterminable range of a charging position is reached, the charging station (LSTAT).Device (DEV1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the second antenna (ANT2) is activated when a speed of the vehicle (CAR) is undershot.Device (DEV1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the second antenna (ANT2) is mounted on a side of the vehicle (CAR) facing a road.The device (DEV1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at least two second antennas (ANT2) are respectively mounted on two different sides of the vehicle, that of the at least two second antennas (ANT2) is operable to provide the association connection that receives from the at least two second antennas (ANT2) the strongest radiated signal from the third antenna (ANT3).Device (DEV1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the association connection exists between the vehicle (CAR) and the charging station (LSTAT) if a radiated signal of the second antenna (ANT2) can be received by the third antenna (ANT3) at least in a predeterminable first signal strength.Device (DEV1) according to Claim 8, in which a charging position of the vehicle (CAR) to be determined is detected if the radiated signal of the second antenna can be received by the third antenna (ANT3) at least in a predeterminable second signal strength.A unit (DEV2) for providing an association connection between a vehicle (CAR) and a charging station (LSTAT), wherein the charging station (LSTAT) supplies a battery of the vehicle (CAR) with energy, comprising: a data antenna (PNT) for data exchange with a first antenna (ANT1), wherein the first antenna is attached to the vehicle (CAR) and the data antenna (PNT) is attached to the charging station (LSTAT); a third antenna (ANT3) of the charging station (STAT) for data exchange with a second antenna (ANT2) for providing the association connection between the vehicle (CAR) and the charging station (LSTAT), the third antenna (ANT3) being designed such that a signal emitted from the third antenna (ANT3) to the second antenna (ANT2) is configured with an emission characteristic (AST) which has a lobe (KEU) in the direction of the third antenna (ANT3) and can be received only by the second antenna (ANT2), the third antenna (ANT3) being fastened to the charging station (STAT); a second radio controller (FC2), wherein the third antenna (ANT3) and the data antenna (PNT) are connected to the second radio controller (FC2) and the second radio controller (FC2) operates according to a predefinable standard, such as a WLAN or wireless local area network, and wherein the second radio controller (FC2) is integrated in the charging station.Unit (DEV2) according to Claim 11, in which a transmission power of the radiated signal of the third antenna (ANT3) is designed in such a way that the transmission power is reduced in such a way that the radiated signal can be received only within a distance between the second antenna (ANT2) and the third antenna (ANT3).Unit (DEV2) according to Claim 12, in which the transmission power is reduced for a first time duration when the association connection is provided and is increased for a second time duration, in particular after the association connection is provided, compared with the transmission power of the first time duration.Unit (DEV2) according to one of Claims 11 to 13, in which the third antenna (ANT3) is aligned in such a way that a signal emitted by the second antenna (ANT2) can be received at most in a predeterminable region (BL) around a direct line of sight (SL) between the second antenna (ANT2) and third antenna (ANT3).Unit (DEV2) according to one of Claims 11 to 14, in which the third antenna (ANT2) is activated when the vehicle (CAR) reaches a predeterminable charging position at the charging station (LSTAT).Unit (DEV2) according to one of Claims 11 to 15, in which the third antenna (ANT3) is activated when a speed of the vehicle (CAR) is undershot.The unit (DEV2) according to any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein the third antenna (ANT3) is mounted on the floor or in the floor of the charging station (STAT).Unit (DEV2) according to one of claims 11 to 16, wherein at least two third antennas (ANT3) are respectively mounted at different positions of the charging station (LSTAT), that of the at least two third antennas (ANT3) is usable for providing the association connection which receives from the at least two third antennas (ANT3) the strongest radiated signal from the second antenna (ANT2).Unit (DEV2) according to one of Claims 11 to 18, in which the association connection exists between the vehicle (CAR) and the charging station (LSTAT) if a radiated signal of the third antenna (ANT3) can be received by the second antenna (ANT2) at least in a predeterminable first signal strength.Unit (DEV2) according to Claim 19, in which a charging position of the vehicle (CAR) to be determined is detected if the radiated signal of the third antenna (ANT3) can be received by the second antenna (ANT2) at least in a predeterminable second signal strength.Use of a device (DEV1) according to one of Claims 1 to 10 in a vehicle (CAR).Use of a unit (DEV2) according to one of Claims 11 to 20 in a charging station (LSTAT).

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