Unbound layer for road and path construction and road surface with such a layer

Abstract

The invention relates to an unbound layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) for road and path construction, wherein the layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) has a supporting structure (16) comprising rock particles (12, 14) of a first mono-rock aggregate, wherein the supporting structure is in particular dynamically compacted, wherein the spaces (22) between the rock particles (12, 14) are filled with a liquid soil (18).

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates to an unbonded layer for road and road construction, to a road surface construction and to a method for producing an unbonded layer in road or road construction.Unbonded layers are frequently premixed as very compact screen line mixtures and supplied to the construction site with a defined water content and incorporated in greater layer thicknesses, corresponding to a multiple largest grain thickness. This means that percentage mass percentages of certain groups of sieves should be present in a mixture. A group of sieves is defined here as the size of the two sieves through which the stones still fall and through which they no longer fall. When such mixtures are used, segregations may become problematic in incorporation.An paving material in road construction is generally composed of a plurality of combined sieve groups. If a sieve group is missing within the sieve line of a grain mixture, these missing sieve regions are referred to as precipitation grains.The aim of the structured screening lines is to achieve a supporting line of the grains which is as compact as possible and free from cavities, in which the smaller grains of rock fill the cavities remaining between the larger grains of rock. This most compact ideal case, however, cannot always be ensured in the construction implementation. For example, segregations or single concentrations of certain grain groups can result, so that the incorporated material cannot have optimum properties locally.Also, grain graded compactness is still silent about the type and effectiveness of load handling and load distribution in such an unbonded layer. This is because, although this results in a very dense mixture which is as void-free as possible, this is not necessarily synonymous with an optimum distribution of traffic loads within the layer thickness of this mixture, since not only the density but also the sizes, the sequence, the grain shape and the alignments of the grains with respect to one another are decisive. This is because internal (tensor) stresses arise in a bonded component as a result of external forces on account of the overall homogeneity of this component. In an unbound accumulation of poured rocks, on the other hand, reaction forces which are individually caused and aligned (vectorial) arise at each individual contact point between the stones. The tensors are therefore individual stresses in the individual bricks in unbound layers, on account of the external forces applied to them. Due to the unbonded stones, the incorporated layer also does not have any tensile strength.Object of the InventionIt is an object of the invention to provide an unbonded layer and a road surface which have improved mechanical properties.DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONThis object is achieved according to the invention by an unbonded layer for road and road construction, wherein the layer has a supporting framework comprising rock grains of a first monogestine grain, wherein the interstices between the rock grains are filled with a liquid soil.The term monogestine grain refers to a group of sieves between two sieves, since there are neither larger rocks which cannot fall through the upper sieve nor smaller rocks which all fall through the lower sieve. The rocks of the monogestine grain are therefore generally not of identical size, but rather lie in their sizes in a scattered manner between upper and lower screens. Therefore, in a monogestine grain 8 / 16, both a stone of size 15x15 and size 9x9 may be. The farther the screens are apart, the greater the bandwidth for a rock mix as a result of screening.A randomly fallen support structure can be permanently fixed or stabilized by filling the cavities with liquid base and nevertheless remains flexibly, reactively self-restoring or, in other words, flexibly fixed in contacting fashion. The liquid bottom prevents the later easily possible redistribution because the support structure is thereby fixed as far as possible against redistribution.The rock grains of the supporting framework are heavier than the liquid bottom. They therefore no longer float and a support structure once fallen remains and is not, for example, released again under buoyancy.If this support frame is statically compacted (rolled only with load in rolling fashion) before being filled with liquid soil, the support frame is already better braced and can be braced even more after being fixed to the liquid soil, i.e., is braced in contacting fashion and is fixed in flexible fashion. The contact frame of the bricks is braced / keyed again by the compacting load, and the liquid floor fixes an already significantly more stable system.If the support structure is compacted dynamically (with vibration or peening) before filling, an even more stable support structure is produced. It is clamped and flexibly fixed in a contacting, compact, transferred manner. Under vibration, the supporting framework already finds the most compact mounting. The liquid bottom subsequently prevents this stable storage from being left again.The support structure can thus be compacted dynamically in particular.An unsolidified (unbonded) grain structure of coarse monogestine grain can thus be poured and dynamically compacted, for example by means of compacting devices and vibration, to form a braced supporting structure with remaining cavities. A temporarily flowable filling building material (so-called liquid bottom) of small rock grains is then suspended into these cavities as filling matrix, so that almost all remaining cavities are cast and thus permanently mechanically stabilized.Particularly preferably, the monogestine grain consists of broken stones.A crushed grain mixture of homogeneous uniform stone sizes forms the support structure over the contact points. At the same time, the stones wedge and claw better into one another because of the openings briefly formed at the contact points under vibration due to the impact effects under vibration compression. Furthermore, the braced supporting framework is stabilized with a filling matrix, cast into the cavities, of fine rock grains prepared to form liquid soil. A particularly good stabilization results if the liquid soil has rock grains whose grain size is a factor of 10-15 smaller than the first monogestine grain, in particular whose grain size in the upper screen is a factor of 10-15 smaller than the grain size of the lower screen of the first monogestine grain.In order to be able to introduce the filling matrix in one operation, it is prepared to form so-called liquid soil by bringing a sand-grain mixture with clays, plasticizers, stabilizers, high-performance bentonites and water into a temporarily liquefied state.For a better understanding of the invention, the two fundamentally different modes of operation must be emphasized with regard to a static equilibrium of bonded and unbonded layers:In order for a body to remain at rest, the external forces must be in equilibrium. Aktio = Reaction. Externally applied forces are vectors. These external vectorial forces on a body lead to internal stresses (tensors) during internal transmission in a body. The external forces on the surface of a body in static equilibrium are thus completely different in their effect from the resulting internal stresses in this body.Forces accelerate bodies, stresses deform or tear bodies. Bonded layers are therefore tension holders of internal stresses. The external forces at the layer boundaries (Aktio=traffe load or Reaction=traffement of ground supports) cause internal stresses. These tensors lead to deformations and possibly cracks. Bonded layers are destroyed if they do not have a sufficient strength to withstand these stresses without damage.In the various bound layers in road construction, the traffic loads cause different stresses in the form of compression (stress), tension (stress) and shear (stress) as a function of depth.In bonded layers, stresses arise solely as a result of externally applied forces there. The forces of the traffic load as an actio should be positively counteracted by the most favourable possible bearing conditions of the holding reactio forces, so that no destructive stresses (tensors) arise within the bound layers.Unbound layers, on the other hand, are system converters of external force transmissions. The stones are already too small to be overloaded by internal tensors. The external vectorial forces when a moving traffic load is diverted, however, constantly change position. Accordingly, the transmission at the contact points of stones for force dissipation into the ground also continuously changes. Unbound layers are correspondingly deformed by rearrangements.No stresses prevail in unbound layers, merely forces at contact points of stones. These forces in turn cause individual stresses in the stones against which they are applied. Theories which calculate stresses in unbound layers are therefore only approximate mathematical models once in principle. This is because the result of breaking bodies under internal stresses is somewhat different from flowing rearrangements under external force imbalance.In unbound layers in road construction, different movements are mobilised as a function of depth by the traffic loads. According to the invention, this is to be counteracted by means of pressure (forces), tension (forces) and moments.The support structure can counter the three loads of force as follows.• Pressure: Normal forces at the contact points of the bricks.• Draw: broken stone clusters cannot in principle absorb, but with the bypassing via anchor chains, see below, mixed fibers can hold such forces• Moment: either force pairs acting on the body and consisting of normal forces or else friction forces acting on the body surface keep the latter in equilibrium with respect to rotation.In order that the stones do not twist under traffic stress, they should not be rolly, i.e. not round, or have a low spheroidicity. The supporting framework should therefore be constructed from preferably broken stones. These can be better braced and compressed than round pieces of rock. Furthermore, round grains are more likely to yield rollingly under moment loads.It is particularly preferred if the upper and lower screens of the first monogestine grain have a factor of ≤3, preferably a factor of ≤2, with respect to one another. The supporting framework then later absorbs compressive forces at the contact points and is already clearly defined or statically determined by these contact points. However, moments in the form of existing normal force pairs can also be held at these contact points.The thickness of incorporation of the unbonded layer is preferably greater than 2 times the size grain diameter, preferably greater than 2.5 times the size grain diameter of the first monogestine grain, in order to obtain improved wedging. The layer thickness can also be greater than three times the maximum grain diameter in order to ensure improved torque blocking in the layer center.A particularly good stabilization results if the liquid soil has rock grains whose grain size is a factor of 10-15 smaller than the first monogestine grain, in particular whose grain size in the upper screen is a factor of 10-15 smaller than the grain size of the lower screen of the first monogestine grain. For example, cavities of the supporting structure can be filled with fine rock grains of between 0.063 mm and 4 mm, which have been processed in a mixing plant to form temporarily flowable and self-compacting filler building material (liquid base).The support structure consisting of poured and compacted stone grain groups constitutes, after the first installation step, a support structure which is basically designed to be pressure-loaded. By stone grain groups is meant that a mono grain may range from fine to coarse, therefore could be 8 / 11 or 8 / 16, but could also be 63 / 125 or 100 / 150. The large stones in such a pressure-built supporting framework have, owing to their surface shape, but only a few contact points to the respective adjacent stone. Since traffic is moving, the direction from which the compressive forces act also changes and thus constant alternating bearings are produced. If the contact points are disadvantageously located with respect to the centers of gravity of the large stones, it may be that forces can only be taken over in conjunction with high reaction voltages or possibly not at all, as a result of which considerable redistributions, but at least rattle effects, would occur. It is therefore advantageous to cast the remaining cavities between the bricks over the entire surface with a filling matrix of small bricks. This then results in complete short, elastic supports stone to stone in the supporting framework. The filling matrix should be selected such that the small stones fill the hollow spaces of the supporting framework over the full surface, but as few small stones as possible result in a connecting chain between the large, closest stones. Here too, a grain is to be preferred which in turn forms a supporting framework in the joints between the large stones.Therefore, the filling matrix can preferably have a precipitation grain in the region of the finest fractions below 0.063 mm, apart from the additives necessary for the temporary liquefaction.The rock mixtures for filling, i.e. the filling matrix, can likewise be rock mixtures of a monogestine grain, i.e. a rock group between an upper and lower screen, or are located in the screen region of very small rock grains without very fine particles, but smaller by a factor of 10 to 15 for forming smaller supporting frameworks in the cavities of the supporting frameworks of the large grain(s). Although the compounds and high-performance bentonites have to be mixed into these basic components of small monogranules structures as liquid bottoms for temporary liquefaction, fines, apart from temporary liquefaction, are not part of a basic sieve line in order in turn to ensure a monogranule support structure of smaller dimension (monogranule mixture in the monogranule mixture).A filling matrix as a joint filling performs both aligning pressure transmission between the coarse support frame blocks and also their shear stabilization by means of friction. An adhesion property between the rocks which then arises and remains in the case of the compounds necessary for the temporary liquefaction and which can even absorb certain tensile forces is a possibly remaining side effect. However, this should not be achieved specifically or controlled via fundamentally present very fine parts outside the liquefaction components.Additives, in particular spacers, wickers, fibers and / or anchors, can be provided in the supporting framework. Additives can additionally be added in a targeted manner to the rock grains for forming supporting frameworks: spacers for securing joint space for the subsequent filling over the entire circumference, fibers for accepting tensile forces by means of friction, anchors for back anchoring or smaller broken stones for wedging.In the support structure, the monogranules of the support structure can also be added with a smaller grain above the upper screen of the boundary region of the filling matrix, which in turn can be a monogranule grain. This small grain already mixed with the supporting framework then serves as a "wicker" in the large cavities in order to generate a direct tension there once again. Between these "wicks" and the mono-grains of the supporting framework, several sieve sizes then remain as failure grains.Wickers can be stones filling the filling spaces between the large load-bearing brick structures. In particular, its size can correspond to the screens of the lower screen of the support framework grain (the first monogestine grain) which are smaller by a factor of 8 to 16.If the support frame were formed from a grain size 64 / 128, for example, the lasting devices would be the grain sizes between 64 / 8=8 and 64 / 16=4, thus 4 / 8, In other words, three sieve groups remain between lasting device and support frame as failure grain sizes 8 / 16, 16 / 32 and 32 / 64, which lasting devices would then be mixed with the support frame and installed in the first working step. These grains are thus possible admixtures in the supporting structure, but not in the filling matrix. The unbonded layer according to the invention can therefore have grains which are coordinated with one another in a targeted manner: a singular coarse grain as a supporting framework, wickers for bracing in the remaining large gaps in the supporting framework by means of tilting or wedging, a filling matrix for filling the small, joint-like gaps with few contacting filler blocks. The production takes place in two separate steps in the locality. The ratio of the grain sizes to one another as a function of the monogestine grain size of the support structure always remains the same.Alternatively, wicks may be formed of plastic. Thus, on the one hand, elasticity could be controlled, but on the other hand, predominantly the friction value with respect to the rock, in order to be able to counteract moments. In this way, contact points are obtained which yield somewhat under high contact pressure and thus increase the contact surface or friction coefficient connections in the supporting framework which are far higher than stone on stone.The "wickers" can also be the anchor points of supplementary anchor chains.The spacers may be a factor of 8-10 smaller than the screen width of the lower screen of the first monogestine grain. The liquid bottom can begin a screen width below which the spacer begins, in particular the filling matrix can begin a screen width below the wicker and end in the sand region.It may not have fines other than laboratory additions for transient liquid soil property control.The supporting framework can have anchor chains with at least one tension element and an anchor. Spacers can be designed as anchors. Anchor chains can be interspersed fibers or filaments with pressure / anchor points. They can be mixed into the material of the supporting framework or be laid and linked in a targeted manner as laid strands such as "pearlescent chains".Tension can thereby be absorbed by back anchoring (deflection in pressure at anchors) or else by friction (along the threads and anchor chains). Since the threads can take on tension correctly only when the material surrounding them is torn, this is a particularly simple way of stabilizing the unbonded supporting framework under tension. The threads are usefully mixed in the supporting framework. They are therefore then part of the first working step, and the casting of the filling matrix in the second working step then ensures friction or closed cavities.Tension elements can be threads, fibers or plastic coils. Anchor points, e.g. knubbles, geometric bodies, hooks, such as in the case of blackberry or ship anchors, or such as a sandpaper surface, can be applied to the tension elements. In this case, somewhat flexurally rigid fibers are better than completely slack.This is because the fibers should extend as far as possible into the boundary surfaces of the support structure blocks.Furthermore, tension reinforcement bodies, in particular tension elements / anchor chains linked two- or three-dimensionally, can be provided.Tension elements or anchor chains can be bonded directly to a rock grain of the supporting framework, for example by means of bitumen or PE.In the simplest case, an anchor chain is a fiber twice as long as the mono grain region in order to hold at least two largest grains together, with elevations applied at the end. Preferably, such a chain is at least three largest grains long, because overlapping feltings can thus result, which can then also connect a plurality of rocks to one another in an overlapping manner. A largest grain size is the maximum size of a rock of the monogestine grain, i.e. the size of a rock which just still fits through the upper screen.The fibers can be joined in the middle, so that a 2D plane is formed. If the fibers were still to have a Z-plane, a three-dimensional structure would be produced.Long "pearlescent chains" are also suitable as anchor chains.Anchor fibers / 2D anchor crosses / 3D anchor structures, whose elevations have the size of the grains in the filling matrix, can be mixed into the rock layer of the supporting framework. In the simplest case, these can then even be bare nodes in the fiber. They serve to stabilize the filling matrix in the form of the back-anchoring of frictional movements in the small rock grains of the filling matrix. They have a re-anchoring or friction-increasing effect in the filling matrix.Furthermore, the filling matrix can have anchor chains with at least one tension element and at least one anchor. A traffic load comes from and goes in the opposite direction. Accordingly, the direction from which the pressure acts on the supporting framework of the rocks of the first monogestine grain also changes continuously. The rocks have basically contact with each other, but at unclear locations. If the contacts are located at the outer boundaries of the rocks, the load changes are absorbed well. If, on the other hand, the contact points are close to the center, these labile contact points lead to rocker effects during load transitions. Here, the task of the filling matrix is to close and bridge the open joints in the boundary region in such a way that compressive forces are transmitted and the small filling matrix bricks are reactively aligned with the direction of action of the compressive forces.The filling should have the greatest possible wedging effect, i.e. likewise preferably take place from crushing sand.The addition of rubber or plastic granules of very small dimensions may be effected to control friction and / or elasticity (damping). In this case, the inner friction of the filling matrix can be the aim to hold, for example, mixed-in tensile fibers, but also an increased friction value between the large rock grains of the supporting framework.At least some of the rock grains of the first monogestine grain may have an adhesive coating. Individual to all the blocks of the monogranule support structure can be prebituminized, i.e. slightly bitumen-wrapped, but not in the sense of asphalt, but only provided with a somewhat "sticky" surface. These stones would then have no permanently bonded connection at the contact points, but would have a significantly increased friction again, so that they stabilize against twisting moments in an increased manner.It is simplest and most cost-effective to mix corresponding size granules of asphalt milling material into the support structure. Recycling is thus possible.Fibers or anchor chains may be bonded to the support framework bricks. These fibers and anchoring chains can then be anchored back.The scope of the invention also includes a road surface with at least one unbonded layer according to the invention and a covering layer. The final covering layers of a road should not be unbonded, but rather permanently bonded, because of dust and erosion phenomena under tire action. The covering layer can be designed as white topping with concrete or black topping with asphalt. Such bonded cover layers could alternatively be produced from concrete or asphalt, but also by permanently bonding parts in the filling matrix (lime, cements, foam bitumen) as a specifically bonded alternative of the procedure for unbonded layers explained here in principle. This results in sealing and curing.Preferably, a plurality of unbound layers according to the invention can be arranged one above the other, the monogestine grains of the layers decreasing upwards. It is especially in this construction principle that the largest stones rest on the plane and the stone size in the following layers then becomes smaller and smaller. In this way, columns of stones with a secured load distribution are produced from bottom to top. The final covering layer is then held by "many hands", whereas the ground plane is shielded by large foundation blocks.Usually the screens double in diameter starting with 0.063 mm; 0.125 mm; 0.25 mm; 0.5 mm; 1 mm; 2 mm; 4 mm; 8 mm; 16 mm; 32 mm; 64 mm; 128 mm.The basic doubling of the screens ensures a construction in which the grid dimensions of layers lying one above the other automatically re-fit in such a way that the smaller stones fall into the gaps of the large stones and then the remaining gaps of the small stones fit thereto. This results almost naturally in joints and stone on stone mixed by bulk.Near surface frameworks may be formed from the large rock grains 8 mm; 16 mm; 32 mm. They serve for the load-handling and alignment of the traffic loads.In the case of two or more layers without fine grains, a supporting framework of bricks resting on top of one another with direct contact is produced in conjunction with gravity. Under vibration, these are therefore repelled from one another, so that, again under the action of gravity, alignment and tensioning take place.Supporting frameworks in the transition to the standing floor of the subgrade can form the large rock grains 63 mm and 125 mm. They serve both as transit layer for bridging and shielding the existing floor and also as anvil or abutment for the compaction of the following build-up layers.It may also be advantageous to install two layers of supporting frameworks one above the other before the filling matrix is slurried in. This saves both an intermediate working step and also leads to an improved toothed boundary between these two installation layers. In this case, it can be particularly advantageous to profile a lower layer with larger stones and the layer covering it with smaller stones directly one after the other, one above the other and then to compact it only finally, in order to thus obtain an improved toothing of the layer boundaries compared with the lower layer boundary otherwise flattened by the rollers in the case of an intermediate compaction. In a second step, the remaining cavities in this support structure are stabilized by a temporarily liquefied support structure of smaller mono-grains being filled into the built support structure.As already mentioned, the cover layer can have permanently curing components, in particular cement or foam bitumen. Most preferably, the roadway structure is comprised of one or more lower transit layers, one or more alignment layers thereover, and a bonded finish surface for dust bonding and mechanical stabilization against tire erosion. Transit and alignment differ only in the rock sizes, but are constructed according to the same principles. The terms transit and orientation have been chosen for function in the superstructure. The smaller mono-grains are used above. According to the principle of many hands, these support the covering layer at many locations and thereby align the forces in a distributing manner via their supporting frameworks.At the bottom of the grown soil, the forces are introduced quasi as transit by means of large stones. This transit layer shields the ground in a bridging manner from point loads and transfers the distributed forces into the ground.The scope of the invention also includes a method for producing an unbound layer in road and road construction, comprising the following method steps:Incorporation of a layer of rock grains of a monogestine grain,b. compacting the layer by vibration;c. slurrying liquid soil into the interstices of the layer between the rock grains.Roads have transverse and longitudinal slopes. With a filling matrix which would have the flow properties of water, full filling of the grain structure would therefore not be possible at all. It would always flow out again at the surface at the low point. Two possibilities exist for dealing with this.First, control the consistency of the fill matrix such that the flow angle allows installation on sloped terrain accordingly. Secondly, a viscosity which is produced by means of vibration during installation and is only temporarily higher, so that, for example, with towed formwork, the material can be held in the form: a) surplus material can be buffed in in a slurry-forming manner or continuously removed in a refilling manner with rubber lips until the surface remains filled, b) consistency control and introduction using screed. c) Pull box with internal vibrator which liquifies the material above the installation point by vibration. d) Installation with paver and screed which vibrates. Possibly, trailing formwork (horizontal sliding formwork).Drop aligners can be used in installing the layer. If the blocks have a rather flat shape, they should not be aligned horizontally, but as vertically as possible. The alignment of the support structure blocks should therefore be vertically adjacent to one another and not lie flat on one another. Flat rocks can rock and cause pumping effects. If, on the other hand, flat stones are vertically oriented, they have a changed resistance moment and better friction values and reactive wedges for holding vertical forces. This can be achieved by using drop aligners (e.g. grids, hoppers or flip-flops) during installation.As already mentioned above, additives, in particular spacers, wicks, fibers and / or anchors, can be added to the layer of rock grains of a monogestine grain.When anchor chains are added to the layer, the stability of the unbound layer can be further increased. Mention should be made of the recyclability of the unbonded layer. The unbound layer can later be simply sieved and washed, so that the starting building materials are available again.Furthermore, the local ground can be worked up by screening and crushing the stones to be directly restored to a higher grade road structure. Soil preparation of locally present soils to form improved transfer soils can be effected. Coarse constituents of a locally present soil can be sieved off and introduced as a scaffold. The remainder can be processed as a liquid soil and introduced again.Further advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description and the drawing. Likewise, the features mentioned above and those set out further below can be used according to the invention individually or together in any desired combinations. The embodiments shown and described are not to be understood as a final enumeration, but rather have exemplary character for describing the invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND DRAWINGFigure 1 shows a schematic representation of an unbound layer according to the invention. FIG. 2 shows a preliminary stage of the unbound layer according to the invention with so-called wicks in cavities of the supporting framework. FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the unbound layer according to the invention. FIG. 4 shows a highly schematic detailed representation of an unbound layer according to the invention. FIGS. 5 a, 5 b show additives for the support structure. Figures 6a, 6b show additives for the filling matrix. Figures 7a-7d show friction-enhancing additives. FIGS. 8a-8d show different anchoring possibilities. FIGS. 9a-9d show different embodiments of anchors. FIG. 10 schematically shows a road structure.Figure 1 schematically shows an unbonded layer 10 comprising grains of rock 12, 14 of a first monogestine grain. The rock grains 12, 14 form a supporting framework 16 with direct contacts of the rock grains 12, 14 with respect to one another at points. The support structure 16 is dynamically compacted. The spaces between the rock grains 12, 14 are filled with a liquid bottom 18 which forms a filling matrix.It can be seen from FIG. 2 that so-called wickers 20 can be added to the supporting framework 16 in addition to the rock grains 12, 14. These wicks 20 are located in cavities 22 between the rock grains 12, 14.FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of an unbonded layer 10 a, wherein, in contrast to FIG. 1, not only liquid bottom 18 but also wicks 20 are arranged in the intermediate spaces between the rock grains 12, 14. In particular, the liquid bottom 18 fills the spaces between the rock grains 12, 14 and the wicks 20.The unbonded layer 10a is again shown in a highly schematic and enlarged illustration in FIG. 4. It can be seen here that the wicks 20 can have different sizes. For example, a lasting device 20 can have contact points with several pieces of rock 12, 14. Furthermore, a plurality of wicks 20 can be arranged in the intermediate spaces 22 between the rock grains 12, 14. However, the wicks 20 are significantly larger than the pieces of rock 24 in the liquid floor 18, and the pieces of rock 24 constitute a filling matrix which fills the interstices 22 between the pieces of rock 12, 14. Not shown, but it is conceivable that both zwickers 20 and also rock grains 24 of the filling matrix are present in an intermediate space 22. The rock grains 24, the lastings 20 and the rock grains 12, 14 can each be assigned to different screening lines.FIG. 5 ashows an additive 30 which can be arranged in the support framework 16 which is formed by the rock grains 12, 14 and optionally the lasting agents 20. In this case, the additive 30 has a tension element 32 and two anchors 34. The anchors 34 can also serve as spacers, or spacers can serve as anchors 34. The anchors 34 can be designed as wickers.FIG. 5 bshows an alternative additive 40, which likewise has a tension element 32, but a multiplicity of anchors 34. The additive 40 is thus designed as an anchor chain.FIG. 6 ashows an additive 50 which has a tension element 52, for example a fiber, and anchors 54, wherein the anchors are designed here as nodes of the fiber. The additive 50 acts in the filling matrix.FIG. 6 bshows a further additive 60, in which the tension element 52 is provided with a plurality of anchors 54, for example nodes. The additive 60 is designed as an anchor chain and also acts in the filling matrix.FIG. 7 ashows an additive 70 which is merely designed as a fiber and can be mixed in the supporting framework. However, the effect on friction is actually increased in the filling matrix after filling.FIG. 7 bshows an alternative configuration of an additive 74 which has two fibers 72 knotted by a knot 76. Thus, the additive 74 is a two-dimensional additive that acts in the support framework.In the additive 78 of FIG. 7 c, three fibers are knotted at the knot 76. They thus form a three-dimensional additive which acts on friction in the supporting framework.The additive 80 of FIG. 7 dhas four fibers 72 knotted together at the knot 76. This additive also acts on friction in the support structure in the manner of a root structure.FIG. 8a corresponds to FIG. 5a. It should be mentioned here that the anchors 34 can be designed as distance, pressure or anchor points. The additive 30 serves for anchoring in the supporting framework.The additive 90 of FIG. 8 b substantially consists of two additives 30 according to FIG. 8 a, wherein the two additives 30 are connected to one another at an anchor point 34, so that a two-dimensional additive is given.FIG. 8 c shows a three-dimensionally acting additive 100 accordingly, wherein three additives according to the additive 30 of FIG. 8 aare connected to one another at an anchor point 34.In FIG. 8 d, the additive 110 has a multiplicity of additives 30, which are connected to one another at an anchoring point 34, so that an additive 110 is produced, which anchors in the manner of a root mechanism.Figure 9a shows a spike-like anchor 112 and Figure 9b shows a barbed anchor 114.Figure 9c shows a notched or saw-toothed anchor 116.FIG. 9 d shows that the anchors can be designed as differently designed geometric shapes. Thus, they can be formed as balls 118, triangles 120, cubes 122 or octahedrons 124. All the anchor shapes 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124 may be used instead of the anchors 34.FIG. 10 shows a roadway structure 200 that includes a plurality of unbonded layers 210- 218. The unbonded layers 210-218 each comprise rock grains of a monogestine grain. The grain size of the monogestine grains decreases from bottom to top from layer to layer. Thus, the unbonded layer 210 may have a monogestine grain size in the range of 64-128 mm. The unbonded layer 212 may comprise rocks having grain sizes in the range 32-64 mm. The unbonded layer 214 may comprise rock grains having a grain size of 16-32 mm. The unbonded layer 216 may comprise rock grains having a grain size of 8-16 mm and the unbonded layer 118 may comprise rock grains having a grain size of 4-8 mm.The unbonded layer 210 is arranged on the underlying surface 220. The unbonded layers 210, 212 represent transit layers. The unbonded layers 214, 216, 218 represent alignment layers. Between the transit layers and the alignment layers, a frost-proof intermediate layer 222 may optionally be provided. Layer 224 is a bonded overcoat. It may be formed of concrete or asphalt.Unbound layers 210, 220, 214, 216, 218 represent unbound layers of the invention.

Claims

Unbonded layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) for road and road construction, the layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) having a supporting framework (16) comprising directly contacting rock grains (12, 14) of a first monogestine grain, the interstices (22) between the rock grains (12, 14) being filled with a liquid soil (18).Unbonded layer according to Claim 1, characterized in that the supporting framework (16) is in particular dynamically compacted,Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the upper and lower screens of the first monogestine grain have a factor ≤ 3, preferably a factor ≤ 2, with respect to one another.Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the incorporation thickness of the unbonded layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) is greater than 2 times the size grain diameter, preferably more than 2.5 times the size grain diameter of the first monogestine grain.Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the liquid base (18) has rock grains whose grain size is a factor of 10-15 smaller than the first monogestine grain.Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that additives (30, 40, 90, 100, 110), in particular spacers, wickers (20), fibres and / or anchors (34) are provided in the supporting framework (16).Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spacers are a factor of 8-10 smaller than the screen width of the lower screen of the first monogestine grain.Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the supporting framework (16) has anchor chains with at least one tension element (32) and an anchor (34).Unbonded layer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filling matrix has anchor chains with at least one tension element (52) and at least one anchor (54).Unbonded layer according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least some of the grains of rock (12, 14) of the first monogestine grain have an adhesive coating.A road surface comprising at least one unbonded layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) according to any of the preceding claims and a top layer (224).Road superstructure according to claim 11, characterised in that several unbonded layers (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) according to one of claims 1 to 10 are arranged one above the other, wherein the monogestine grains of the layers (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218) decrease upwards.Road superstructure according to one of the preceding claims 11 or 12, characterised in that the covering layer (224) has permanently curing components, in particular cement or foam bitumen.Method for producing an unbonded layer (10, 10a, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218), in particular according to one of Claims 1 to 10, in road and road construction, having the method steps: a. installing a layer of rock grains (12, 14) of a monogestine grain, b. compacting the layer by vibration; c. slurrying liquid soil (18) into the interstices (22) of the layer between the rock grains (12, 14).Method according to claim 14, characterised in that fall aligners are used during the installation of the layer.Method according to claim 14 or 15, characterised in that additives (30, 90, 100, 110), in particular spacers, wickers (20), fibres and / or anchors (34), are mixed with the layer of rock grains (12, 14) of a monogestine grain.Method according to one of the preceding claims 14 to 16, characterized in that anchor chains are added to the layer.

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