Return current channel and method for the use of a residual current protective device with differential current sensor in an ungrounded DC power supply system

Abstract

The invention relates to a return current channel (20) and a method for using a residual current device (4) with a differential current sensor (8) in an ungrounded DC power supply system (2) in which the return current channel (20) is used. The return current channel (20) consists of an electronic circuit (22) that is connected via two poles between each of the active conductors (DC+, DC-) of the ungrounded DC power supply system (2) and earth (PE) and is designed to be automatically and temporarily activated upon the brief intermittent occurrence of a low-resistance insulation fault (1) in order to form a fault current circuit in which a current-limited fault current (I) is discharged. f ) flows, which triggers the residual current device (4).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a reverse current channel and a method for using a residual current protection device with differential current sensor (measuring current transformer) in an ungrounded DC power supply system with active conductors.

[0002] The ungrounded DC power supply system and the residual current device installed in the ungrounded DC power supply system constitute a suitable application environment for the invention and are not part of the invention.

[0003] When supplying electrical equipment with increased requirements for operational, fire, and contact safety, an ungrounded power supply system – also known as an isolated network (IT network) – is frequently used. Such networks are described in the standard DIN VDE 0100-410. The advantage of these networks is that the function of the electrical equipment is not impaired in the event of a first insulation fault (ground fault or short circuit).

[0004] Operating such a network generally requires the use of an insulation monitoring system to generate an alarm upon the occurrence of a first fault and to locate and rectify the insulation fault as quickly as possible before a second fault leads to a network shutdown. The requirements for suitable insulation monitoring devices (IMDs) are specified in the international standard IEC 61557-8.

[0005] Although the insulation monitoring device detects an insulation fault, the fault location is often unknown in the frequently spatially extensive power supply system. Therefore, to locate a faulty branch line, a (branch-)selective insulation fault search is initiated after the insulation fault has been detected. For this purpose, insulation fault detection systems according to the IEC 61557-9 standard are primarily used. These systems centrally inject a test current into the power supply system at the point of entry. The spatial path of this test current can be traced by current transformers distributed throughout the power supply system under monitoring, as the test current closes via the (insulation) fault location and is detected by all current transformers located in the fault (test) circuit.

[0006] The measurement or reaction time for detecting insulation faults in ungrounded power supply systems is significantly longer than 1 second (e.g., 5 to 100 seconds), meaning that, for example, so-called earth fault pulses—short-term, intermittent, low-resistance insulation faults—are not detected. In grounded power supply systems, such as a TN network, residual current devices (RCDs) are used for rapid disconnection, capable of performing a shutdown or fault detection even within milliseconds. For the purposes of this discussion, residual current devices are understood as a general term encompassing protective devices that use a differential current sensor to detect a fault current—primarily residual current devices (RCDs), modular residual current devices with external disconnection (MRCDs), and residual current monitoring devices (RCMs).

[0007] For ungrounded power supply systems, and especially for ungrounded direct current (DC) power supply systems, such residual current protective devices are only conditionally suitable, since in the first fault case no sufficiently large fault current flows to accomplish selective disconnection or fault detection by differential current measurement.

[0008] Methods exist that allow monitoring by adjusting measurement times and thresholds for specific network conditions, provided the IT network has sufficiently large leakage capacitances. In some cases, artificial leakage capacitances are introduced to serve as a return current channel for the fault current, thus triggering the residual current device (RCD) to trip or sound an alarm. However, this method only functions reliably in an ungrounded AC network (AC IT network), not in an ungrounded DC network (DC IT network). Furthermore, artificially increasing the leakage capacitance is counterproductive to the benefits of an IT system regarding fire, personal, and equipment protection and impairs the functionality of the required insulation monitoring devices.

[0009] German patent application DE 10 2021 114 260 A1 discloses an electrical circuit arrangement for standard-compliant insulation monitoring with rapid shutdown upon earth fault detection in an ungrounded power supply system. In this arrangement, an insulation monitoring device (IMD) is connected to the neutral point of an ungrounded power supply system, and a fault current is detected in the connecting branch using an all-current-sensitive differential current sensor (measuring current transformer). This current is evaluated in an evaluation unit so that, in the event of a fault, the power supply system can be switched off by means of a separate switching device.

[0010] German patent application DE 10 2021 127 848 A1 discloses a method and a device for detecting and locating cyclic short-term insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply system. For this purpose, various process variables, which, for example, indicate machine activity, are correlated with a differential current measured by a differential current sensor.

[0011] However, the solutions known so far are only applicable under certain technical conditions - for example, sufficiently large network leakage capacities must be available or an AC IT network must be present - and do not take into account the use of commercially available residual current protective devices such as RCDs, MRCDs or RCMs.

[0012] The invention is therefore based on the objective of being able to detect short-term, intermittent, low-resistance insulation faults in an ungrounded DC power supply system and thus to enable the use of commercially available residual current protective devices - which would otherwise not trip due to insufficient fault current - for the selective disconnection of line feeders.

[0013] This task is solved with regard to a device by a return current channel consisting of an electronic circuit that is coupled via two poles between each of the active conductors and earth and is designed to be automatically and temporarily activated in the event of a short-term intermittent occurrence of a low-resistance insulation fault in order to form a fault current circuit in which a current-limited fault current flows, which trips the residual current protective device.

[0014] The underlying inventive concept is to automatically provide a return current channel for a short but sufficiently long time interval when an insulation fault occurs intermittently, thus creating a fault current circuit in which a limited but sufficiently large fault current can flow. This residual current is detected as a differential current by the differential current sensor of the residual current device and triggers its tripping. Depending on the type of residual current device (RCD, MRCD, RCM), tripping is understood here to mean either the triggering of an alarm message or the execution of a switching function.

[0015] The current-limited return current channel thus enables the use of commercially available residual current devices (RCDs) – usually intended for installation in TN networks – in IT networks for selective earth fault detection combined with selective disconnection of the line segment affected by the insulation fault. At the same time, the advantageous properties of the ungrounded IT network are not permanently impaired.

[0016] The return current channel is implemented by an electronic circuit that is coupled via two poles between each of the active conductors and earth. The electronic circuit detects a short-term, intermittent, low-resistance insulation fault and then provides a purely electronically activated return current channel between the respective active conductor and earth to close the fault circuit.

[0017] The electronic circuit according to the invention, which is simple in its circuitry and therefore robust - the electronic circuit does not have a microcontroller, for example - forms a safe, current-limited reverse current channel for a short time interval.

[0018] In a further embodiment, the electronic circuit has a coupling branch running between the respective active conductor and earth with a limiting resistor and a switching transistor connected in series with the limiting resistor, which is controlled by a trigger signal from an interlocking logic, wherein the interlocking logic receives detection signals from adaptive filters, which each detect and evaluate a displacement voltage at the active conductors to earth.

[0019] In the event of a ground fault, there is a brief but very significant change in the displacement voltage between the active conductors and earth potential, with a characteristic voltage profile.

[0020] Adaptive filters detect the typical voltage shifts and characteristic voltage waveforms generated by the earth fault wiper, specific to the system, and forward this detection for each active conductor individually via detection signals to the interlocking logic for the mutual interlocking of the complementary switching transistors. If one of the switching transistors is switched on, the interlocking logic prevents the forwarding of any trigger signals for controlling the respective complementary switching transistor.

[0021] The switching transistors each form the coupling branch running between the active conductors and ground, through which a sufficiently large fault current is now passed. Limiting resistors in the respective coupling branch ensure the current limiting required for the ungrounded DC power supply system within the specified parameters.

[0022] Existing additional protective devices such as circuit breakers and insulation monitoring devices are not affected in their function by this additional electronic circuit.

[0023] The return current channel according to the invention implements the process steps described in the independent method claim. In this respect, the aforementioned technical effects are also reflected in the process engineering advantages of the claimed method according to the invention for the use of a residual current device with a differential current sensor in an ungrounded DC power supply system.

[0024] Further advantageous design features will become apparent from the following description and the drawings, which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention by means of examples. They show: Fig. 1: an ungrounded DC power supply system, Fig. 2: the ungrounded DC power supply system with line outputs and return current channel according to the invention, Fig. 3: the ungrounded DC power supply system with return current channel and disconnect devices according to the invention, Fig. 4: an electronic circuit according to the invention as a return current channel, Fig. 5: a temporal sequence in the event of a fault with activation of the return current channel and tripping of the residual current protection device according to the invention and Fig. 6: the ungrounded DC power supply system with a reverse current channel activated according to the invention in the event of a fault.

[0025] Fig. Figure 1 illustrates the problem by showing an ungrounded DC power supply system 2 with active conductors DC+ and DC- and a voltage source U0. Between the active conductors DC+ and DC-, the ungrounded DC power supply system 2 exhibits unavoidable leakage impedances relative to earth PE (ground potential), which are expressed as insulation resistances R. f and discharge capacities C e appear. For residual current monitoring, a residual current protective device 4, exemplified as an RCM or MRCD, is installed as required, which has a differential current evaluation unit 6 and a differential current sensor 8.

[0026] In the event of an insulation fault 1 in the form of a ground fault or earth fault, a short-circuit current cannot flow – as in earthed networks – but a fault current I will occur due to a lack of (resistance-free) return path. f the magnitude of which is determined by the insulation resistances R fand discharge capacities C e is determined. In the underlying ungrounded DC power supply system 2 (direct current network), the leakage capacitances C prove to be e However, they are ineffective with regard to their electrical conductivity. The insulation resistances R f Due to their very high resistance value in the fault-free state, they allow only a very small fault current. This fault current I f but is not sufficient to trigger the residual current device 4.

[0027] In Fig. Figure 2 shows the ungrounded DC power supply system 2, consisting of a main system 12 and connected line branches 14. The line branches 14 are each monitored by the residual current protection device 4 by differential current measurement (differential current sensor 8) with regard to fault current detection.

[0028] A return current channel 20 according to the invention in the form of the electronic circuit 22 is coupled in the main system 12 in a two-pole manner between each of the active conductors DC+, DC- and earth PE.

[0029] In Fig. 3 The residual current device 4, designed as an RCM or MRCD, has an external disconnection device 10 that is directly connected to the differential current evaluation unit 6 of the RCM 4 or MRCD 4 and can act as an external circuit breaker, enabling branch-selective disconnection of a faulty line branch 14. This allows for selective rapid tripping. Alternatively, the switching function can be integrated into the residual current device 4 in the form of a residual current device (RCD).

[0030] Fig. Figure 4 shows an electronic circuit 22 according to the invention functioning as a return current channel 20 for the fault current I f ( Fig. 1).

[0031] The electronic circuit 22 has the task of monitoring the course of the displacement voltages U DC+,PE , U DC-,PE to detect the signal between the active conductors DC+, DC- and earth PE, to evaluate the detected signal and to derive the necessary switching operations for the switching transistors 28.

[0032] A necessary instruction for the electronic circuit 22 can be described, for example, as follows: Detect, using adaptive filter 30, the respective displacement stress U DC+,PE , U DC-,PE on the active conductors DC+, DC- to earth (PE) and evaluation by comparison with threshold values, for example whether the displacement voltages U DC+,PE , U DC-,PE greater than 80% of the conductor-to-conductor voltage, or by correlation with voltage patterns, whether a low-resistance insulation fault occurring intermittently for short periods ( Fig. 1) a characteristic displacement stress profile is present.

[0033] Forwarding detection signals 32 from the adaptive filters 30 to an interlock logic 34 if a voltage overrun or a characteristic curve of one of the displacement voltages U is detected. DC+,PE , U DC-,PE is recognized

[0034] Control of the switching transistor 28 of the active conductor DC+, DC- affected by the insulation fault 8 by means of a trigger signal 36 by the interlocking logic 34 for a time interval, e.g. 50 ms, which is longer than the tripping time of the residual current device 4 used, while simultaneously

[0035] Locking of the respective complementary switching transistor 28 by the locking logic 34.

[0036] Fig. Figure 5 shows a time sequence in the event of a fault (earth fault wiper event) with activation of the return current channel 20 according to the invention and tripping of the residual current protection device 4.

[0037] With the occurrence of a ground fault wiper event 1 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 6) At time T1, a small fault current I begins immediately f1 to flow, the size of which depends on the leakage impedance R f , C e is determined and influenced by the network. After a certain reaction time T d1 For example, a fault current of 1ms occurs at time T2, resulting in an increased fault current I. f2 The current component of the electronic circuit 22 causes the residual current device 4 to trip. Tripping occurs after a further reaction time T. d2 at time T3.

[0038] Fig. Figure 6 shows the ungrounded DC power supply system 2 with the reverse current channel 20 activated according to the invention in the event of a fault (ground fault wiper event 1).

[0039] In the event of an earth fault wiper event 1 occurring in the line branch 14, a fault current circuit is formed via the electronic circuit 22 acting as a return current channel 20, in which a fault current I sufficiently large to trip the residual current protection device 4 is present. f flows. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2021 114 260 A1

[0009] DE 10 2021 127 848 A1

[0010]

Images