pneumatic tires
Patent Information
- Application Number
- DE112016005094
- Authority / Receiving Office
- DE · DE
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2015-11-06
- Filing Date
- 2016-10-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-27
- Estimated Expiration
- 2036-10-24
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Abstract
Description
Technical area
[0001] The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire, and more particularly, to a pneumatic tire capable of promoting heat dissipation from a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and improving high-speed durability in conjunction with reducing stress acting on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during tire rolling and improving durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member by providing a sipe on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member adhered to an inner surface of the tire. State of the art
[0002] Cavity resonance caused by the vibration of the air filled in a tire's cavity is a cause of tire noise. Cavity resonance is caused by the tread portion of a tire coming into contact with the road surface during vehicle travel and vibrating due to unevenness in the road surface. The vibration is caused by air in a cavity portion of a vibrating tire. Cavity resonance has a frequency range in which the noise is generated, and reducing the noise level of this frequency range is important to reduce tire noise.
[0003] Attaching a sound-damping member, including a porous material such as a sponge or the like, to an inner peripheral surface of a tread portion on a tire inner surface through a rigid elastic band has been proposed as a method for reducing noise caused by the cavity resonance phenomenon (see, for example, JP 4281874 B2). However, when attaching the sound-damping member depends on the rigid elastic band, problems arise when the rigid elastic band deforms during high-speed driving.
[0004] In contrast, a method of directly adhering and attaching a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member to a tire inner surface has been proposed (see, for example, JP 5267288 B2). However, in this case, the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is directly attached to a tire inner surface, and therefore, problems arise in that heat buildup is generated on a tread portion and high-speed durability deteriorates due to heat buildup. Furthermore, when the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is directly applied to a tire inner surface, problems arise in that the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member cannot follow the tire deflection during tire rolling and is therefore damaged. The prior art also includes the documents JP 2009-23 548 A, WO 2015 / 076380 A1, JP 2008-80 969 A and JP 2008-254 339 A. Summary of the inventionTechnical problem
[0005] An object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic tire that can promote heat dissipation from a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and improve high-speed durability in conjunction with reducing stress occurring on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during tire rolling and improving durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member by providing a sipe on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member adhered to an inner surface of the tire. Solution to the problem
[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned object, a pneumatic tire of the present invention includes: an annular tread portion extending in the tire circumferential direction; a pair of sidewall portions arranged on both sides of the tread portion; a pair of bead portions arranged on an inner side of the sidewall portions in the tire radial direction; and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member adhered to an inner surface of the tread portion in the tire circumferential direction; wherein the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member has a plurality of sipes, and both ends of the sipes are blindly terminated on an inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member, the sipes having a closed state that transitions to an open state when the pneumatic tire is deflected during tire rolling. Advantageous effects of the invention
[0007] In the present invention, a plurality of sipes are formed on a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member, and both ends of the sipes are configured to terminate blindly on an inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member. Therefore, when a tire is deflected during tire rolling, the sipes of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member open and follow the deformation of the tire to reduce stress on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member, and damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members can be suppressed. This can improve the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member.Furthermore, the heat dissipation area of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is increased due to the fact that the slits of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member open during tire rolling motion, thus promoting heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and thus improving the high-speed durability of the pneumatic tire. Furthermore, both ends of the slits on the inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member terminate blindly, thus limiting the movement of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and further suppressing damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member or friction between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members.
[0008] Furthermore, an angle θ of the plurality of sipes with respect to the tire circumferential direction is preferably within a range of 40° ≤ θ ≤ 90°. This allows the sipes of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member to open and follow the deformation of the tire during tire rolling, reducing stress on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and suppressing damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member.
[0009] Furthermore, heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member can be promoted and the durability of the pneumatic tire at high speed can be improved.
[0010] The depth d of the sipes is preferably 50% or more of the thickness D of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member. This allows the sipes of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member to open during tire rolling motion, promoting heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and improving the high-speed durability of the pneumatic tire.
[0011] A width a of the notches of the strip-shaped sound-damping member is preferably 40% to 90% of a width A of the strip-shaped sound-damping member. This allows the notches of the strip-shaped sound-damping member to open during tire rolling motion to promote heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-damping member.
[0012] The volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is preferably 10% to 30% of the tire's luminal volume. This allows for a better sound-absorbing effect based on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member. An excellent noise-reducing effect can be achieved by increasing the volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member, and a beneficial effect of stress reduction and heat dissipation can be demonstrated even with a large strip-shaped sound-absorbing member. The luminal volume of a tire is the volume of a hollow portion formed between a tire and a rim in a state where the tire is mounted on a normal rim and inflated to a normal internal pressure."Normal rim" is a rim defined by a standard for each tire according to a system of standards that includes standards on which tires are based, and refers to a "standard rim" in the case of the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association (JATMA), a "design rim" in the case of the Tire and Rim Association (TRA), and a "measuring rim" in the case of the European Tire and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO). However, if the tire is an original equipment tire, the volume of the space is calculated for an original wheel on which the tire is mounted."Normal internal pressure" is the air pressure defined by standards for each tire according to a system of standards that includes standards on which tires are based. It refers to a "maximum air pressure" in the case of JATMA, the maximum value in the "TIRE ROAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES" table in the case of TRA, and the "INFLATION PRESSURE" in the case of ETRTO. However, the air pressure marked on the vehicle is used if the tire is an original equipment tire.
[0013] The strip-shaped sound-damping member preferably has a recessed portion along at least one section in the tire's circumferential direction. This allows for permanent resistance to expansion due to tire inflation and shear stress of an adherent surface caused by rolling motion with ground contact. Brief description of the drawings Fig.1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an equatorial line illustrating a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 3 is a development view illustrating a portion of a strip-shaped sound absorbing member adhered to an inner surface of a pneumatic tire of the present invention. Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the sound-damping member in Fig. 3 in tire circumferential direction. Fig. 5A to Fig. 5F illustrate modified examples of cuts of a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member adhered to an inner surface of a pneumatic tire of the present invention, wherein Fig. 5A to Fig. 5F Development views of the modified examples are. Description of embodiments
[0014] A configuration of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrate a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present invention. As in Fig. 1, the pneumatic tire according to the present embodiment includes an annular tread portion 1 extending in the tire circumferential direction, a pair of sidewall portions 2 arranged on both sides of the tread portion 1, and a pair of bead portions 3 arranged on an inner side of the sidewall portions 2 in the tire radial direction.
[0015] In the above-mentioned pneumatic tire, a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is adhered to a portion of a tire inner surface 4 corresponding to the tread portion 1 via an adhesive layer 5 along the tire circumferential direction. The strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is made of an open-cell porous material and has predetermined sound absorption properties due to the porous structure. Polyurethane foam can be used as the porous material of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. On the other hand, a double-sided adhesive tape is preferred as the adhesive layer 5.
[0016] A plurality of widthwise slits 7 are formed on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. Furthermore, both ends of the slits 7 terminate blindly at an inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 and are not connected to both end portions of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 in the width direction.
[0017] In the above-mentioned pneumatic tire, the plurality of widthwise sipes 7 are formed on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, and both ends of the sipes 7 are configured to blindly terminate within the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, and therefore, when the tire is deflected during tire rolling, the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 open and follow the deformation of the tire to reduce stress occurring on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, and damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members 6 can thus be suppressed.In particular, when a large deflection occurs on the tire, damage easily occurs at an interface between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 and the adhesive layer 5. However, the sipes 7 are added to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, and thus, the damage can be effectively prevented. This can improve the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. Moreover, since the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 open during tire rolling, the heat dissipation area of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 increases, and therefore, heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 can be promoted, thus improving the high-speed durability of the pneumatic tire.Furthermore, both ends of the cuts 7 terminate blindly on the inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, and therefore, movement of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 can be limited, thus further suppressing damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 or rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members 6.
[0018] As in Fig. 3, an angle of the sipes 7 with respect to the tire width direction is angle θ. In Fig.3, Tc represents the tire circumferential direction and Tw represents the tire width direction. At this time, the angle θ of the sipes 7 with respect to the tire circumferential direction is preferably within a range of 40°≤θ≤90°. This allows the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 to open and follow the deformation of the tire during tire rolling, reducing stress on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 and suppressing damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. Furthermore, heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 can be promoted and the high-speed durability of the pneumatic tire can be improved.Herein, if the angle θ of the sipes 7 with respect to the tire circumferential direction is too small, the sipes 7 are difficult to open during tire rolling motion, and the above-mentioned effect of stress reduction and heat dissipation is therefore reduced.
[0019] Furthermore, Fig.3, a width of the sipes 7 is determined as width a, and a width of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is determined as width A. At this time, the width a of the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is preferably 40% to 90% with respect to the width A of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. Specifically, the width a of the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is more preferably 50% to 80% with respect to the width A of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. This allows the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 to open during tire rolling to promote heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6.Herein, if the width a of the sipes 7 is too wide, the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is difficult to stabilize, and an effect of improving the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is thereby reduced.
[0020] Fig.4 is a cross-sectional view of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 in the tire circumferential direction. A depth of the sipes 7 is defined as a depth d, and a thickness of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is defined as a thickness D. At this time, the depth d of the sipes 7 is preferably 50% or more of the thickness D of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. This allows the sipes 7 of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 to open during tire rolling to promote heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6. Here, if the depth d of the sipes 7 is too shallow, heat dissipation from the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is reduced, and the high-speed durability of the tire is thereby deteriorated.
[0021] In the above-mentioned pneumatic tire, a volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is preferably 10% to 30% with respect to the luminal volume of a tire. Furthermore, the width of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is more preferably 30% to 90% with respect to a ground contact width of the tire. Thereby, a sound-absorbing effect based on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 can be further achieved. If the volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is less than 10% with respect to the luminal volume of the tire, an adequate sound-absorbing effect cannot be achieved herein. Moreover, if the volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 exceeds 30% with respect to the luminal volume of the tire, the noise-reducing effect is constant due to the cavity resonance phenomenon, and no further reducing effect can be expected.
[0022] As in Fig.2, the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 further preferably has a recessed portion 9 at least at one location in the tire circumferential direction. The recessed portion 9 is a portion where the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is not present on a tire circumference. By providing the recessed portion 9 on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, durable resistance to expansion due to tire inflation and shear stress of an adherent surface caused by a rolling motion in contact with the ground is possible, and shear stress generated on the adherent surface of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 can be effectively reduced. The recessed portion 9 is preferably provided at one or 3 to 5 sections on the tire circumference.In other words, if the recessed portion 9 is provided at two sections on the tire circumference, the tire uniformity deteriorates significantly due to mass unbalance, and if the recessed portion 9 is provided at 6 or more sections, the manufacturing cost increases significantly.
[0023] It should be noted that when the recessed portion 9 is provided at two or more sections on the tire circumference, the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 is discontinuous in the tire circumferential direction. However, even in this case, if, for example, a plurality of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members 6 are bonded together by another composite material such as an adhesive layer 5 formed of a double-sided adhesive tape, the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members 6 can be treated as an integral member, and the work of attaching to the tire inner surface 4 can therefore be easily performed.
[0024] In addition to the Fig. 1, examples of cases for the incisions 7 may include cases in which the incisions 7 are arranged in a mutually different manner, as in Fig.5A illustrates cases where the cuts 7 are arranged more on one side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6, as in Fig. 5B, and cases where the incisions are randomly arranged, as in Fig. 5C. Further, examples may include cases where the cuts 7 extending in the circumferential direction of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 are formed as shown in Fig. 5D illustrates cases in which the cuts 7 inclined at a constant angle in the circumferential direction of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 6 as in Fig. 5E, and cases where the cuts 7 are arranged alternately diagonally, as in Fig. 5F illustrates.
[0025] The present invention is further described below by way of examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples. Examples
[0026] Tires of a prior art example, Comparative Example 1, and Examples 1 to 11, in which the presence of the sipes, the arrangement of the sipes, the angle θ of the sipes, the depth of the sipes (depth d / thickness D × 100%), and the width of the sipes (width a / width A × 100%) were determined as shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2, were manufactured for a pneumatic tire having a tire size of 275 / 35ZR20, which is provided with an annular tread portion extending in the tire circumferential direction, a pair of sidewall portions arranged on both sides of the tread portion, and a pair of bead portions arranged on an inner side of the sidewall portions in the tire radial direction, and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member is adhered to an inner surface of the tread portion in the tire circumferential direction.
[0027] The durability at high speed and the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high deflection (rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members and peeling off of an adhered surface) were evaluated for the test tires according to the following test method, and the results thereof are shown together in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2.
[0028] In Table 1-1 and Table 1-2, the arrangement of the cuts was "connected" when the cuts formed on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were connected to both end portions of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member in the width direction, and "not connected" when the cuts were not connected to both end portions of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member in the width direction. High speed durability:
[0029] The test tires were mounted on wheels with a rim size of 20 × 9 1 / 2J and then subjected to a driving test on a drum tester under test conditions with an air pressure of 360 kPa and a load of 5 kN. Specifically, the initial speed was 250 km / h, the speed was increased by 10 km / h every 20 minutes, and the tire was driven until a failure occurred. The achieved step (speed) was measured. The results are shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2. Durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing element during high deflection (rubbing between strip-shaped sound-absorbing elements):
[0030] Durability, as referred to herein, primarily indicates an evaluation for rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members and damage at cut positions. The test tires were mounted on wheels with a rim size of 20 × 9 1 / 2J and subjected to a driving test on a drum tester under test conditions where the driving speed was 80 km / h, the air pressure was 160 kPa, the load was 8.5 kN, and the driving distance was 6,000 km. Subsequently, rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members or the presence / absence of damage on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were visually observed. The results are shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2.For the above items, cases where rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred were rated "Excellent"; cases where rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in one section but did not cause a problem were rated "Good"; cases where rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in 1 / 4 or less of the entire strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were rated "Satisfactory"; and cases where rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in 1 / 4 or more of the entire strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were rated "Unsatisfactory". Resistance of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing element during high deflection (peeling of the adhered surface):
[0031] Durability, as referred to herein, mainly indicates an evaluation for peeling of the adhered surface or damage between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member and the adhesive layer. The test tires were mounted on wheels with a rim size of 20 × 9 1 / 2J and subjected to a driving test on a drum testing machine under test conditions where the driving speed was 80 km / h, the air pressure was 160 kPa, the load was 8.5 kN, and the driving distance was 6,000 km, and then peeling of the adhered surface on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member or presence / absence of damage on the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were visually observed. The results are shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2. For the above items, cases where no failure or failure occurred were determined.no damage occurred was rated as "Excellent"; cases where peeling of the adhered surface or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in one section but did not pose a problem were rated as "Good"; cases where peeling of the adhered surface or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in 1 / 4 or less of the entire strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were rated as "Satisfactory"; and cases where peeling of the adhered surface or damage to the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member occurred in 1 / 4 or more of the entire strip-shaped sound-absorbing member were rated as "Unsatisfactory". [Table 1-1] Example of the state of the art Comparison example 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Presence / absence of incisions absence presence presence presence presence presence presence Arrangement of the incisions - Tied together Not connected Not connected Not connected Not connected Not connected Angle θ of the incisions - 35° 35° 40° 65° 90° 90° Depth of the incision (depth d / thickness D × 100%) - 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 50% Width of the incisions (width a / width A × 100%) - 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% High-speed durability 310 km / h 320 km / h 320 km / h 320 km / h 320 km / h 320 km / h 330 km / h Durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high deflection (rubbing between strip-shaped sound-absorbing members) - Satisfactory Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high deflection (peeling of the adhered surface Insufficient Good Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent [Table 1-2] Example 6 In game 7 In game 8 Example 9 In game 10 In game 11 Presence / absence of incisions Presence Presence Presence Presence Presence Presence Arrangement of the incisions Not connected Not connected Not connected Not connected Not connected Not connected Angle θ of the incisions 90° 90° 90° 90° 90° 90° Depth of the incision (depth d / thickness D × 100%) 75% 100% 75% 75% 75% 75% Width of the incisions (width a / width A × 100%) 35% 35% 40% 65% 90% 95% High-speed durability 330 km / h 340 km / h 340 km / h 340 km / h 340 km / h 340 km / h Durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high deflection (rubbing between strip-shaped sound-absorbing members) Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high deflection (peeling of the adhered surface Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent
[0032] As shown in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2, the high-speed durability and the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member during high displacement (rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members and peeling of the adhesive surface) of the pneumatic tires of Examples 1 to 11 improved simultaneously.
[0033] In contrast, in Comparative Example 1, the cuts were formed connected to both end portions of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member in the width direction, and therefore, the durability of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member deteriorated during high displacement (rubbing between the strip-shaped sound-absorbing members). List of reference symbols 1 tread section 2 side wall section 3 bead section 4 Tire inner surface 5 Adhesive layer 6 Strip-shaped sound-absorbing member 7 incision 8 Cavity section 9 Recessed section
Claims
[1] Pneumatic tyres comprising: an annular tread portion (1) extending in the tire circumferential direction (Tc); a pair of sidewall sections (2) arranged on both sides of the tread section (1), a pair of bead portions (3) arranged on an inner side of the sidewall portions (2) in the tire radial direction; and a strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6) adhered to an inner surface of the tread portion (1) in the tire circumferential direction (Tc); wherein the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6) has a plurality of sipes (7), and both ends of the sipes (7) are blindly terminated on an inner side of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6), the sipes (7) having a closed state which transitions to an open state when the pneumatic tire is deflected during tire rolling. [2] A pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein an angle θ of the sipes (7) with respect to the tire circumferential direction (Tc) is within a range of 40° ≤ θ ≤ 90°. [3] A pneumatic tire according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a depth d of the sipes (7) is 50% or more with respect to a thickness D of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6). [4] A pneumatic tire according to claims 1 to 3, wherein a width a of the sipes (7) is 40% to 90% with respect to a width A of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6). [5] A pneumatic tire according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a volume of the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6) is 10% to 30% with respect to a luminal volume of the tire. [6] A pneumatic tire according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the strip-shaped sound-absorbing member (6) has a recessed portion at least at one section in the tire circumferential direction (Tc).
Citation Information
Patent Citations
low noise pneumatic tire
JP4281874B2
Tire noise reduction device
JP5267288B2
Pneumatic tire
WO2015076380A1
Pneumatic tire and wheel structure
JP2008080969A
Method and apparatus for manufacturing tire and sound absorbing material
JP2008254339A