WALL OR BUILDING ENVELOPE

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a wall or building envelope comprising a masonry structure made of bricks, and at least one planar mat which is inserted into a bed or head joint of the masonry, and at least one other component.

[0002] When bricks are placed next to and / or on top of each other in a preferably vertical plane to create a masonry structure, a bed joint remains between bricks placed on top of each other, and a head joint between bricks placed next to each other.

[0003] Document EP 1745902 A2 discloses a masonry structure made of bricks and a flat mat consisting of fibers, which is inserted into a bed joint of the masonry, as well as a cladding element.

[0004] Document EP 2423400 A1 discloses a masonry structure consisting of bricks and a mat containing a flat layer of mortar, which is inserted into a bed joint of the masonry, wherein the mat is provided with a laterally extending reinforcing element.

[0005] The traditional method for building a house from bricks involves bonding the bricks together at their bed and head joints using mortar to achieve maximum stability. However, this method also has several disadvantages: Bricks bonded in this way create an almost monolithic wall structure, meaning the entire structure is prone to vibration. In particular, sound waves are only dampened to a limited extent, so noises originating in one room can be heard in an adjacent room, which is considered unpleasant, especially if the rooms in question belong to different apartments.

[0006] Another disadvantage is that only a few rows of bricks can be laid at a time, and then, for stability reasons, the mortar must first be allowed to harden before work can continue once sufficient mechanical stability has been achieved. Furthermore, this type of mortar work requires a certain level of expertise, so it cannot be entrusted to unskilled workers.

[0007] Furthermore, mortared bricks cannot be separated from each other, or only with a comparatively high effort, so that the dismantling of a building or part of a building is often associated with considerable effort, and the resulting fragments cannot be reused, or only after labor-intensive and therefore uneconomical processing.

[0008] This disadvantage arises not only from mortaring bricks in the bed and / or head joints, but also from the common practice of plastering walls. In this process, a pasty plaster is applied to a brick wall over a large area while wet or damp and then hardens directly on the outer surface of the bricks. The plaster bonds intimately with the bricks, and therefore, when a building is demolished, it can only be separated from them for reuse in a very labor-intensive and thus uneconomical manner. In other words, any material that hardens in direct contact with a brick—be it mortar in bed and / or head joints or plaster on the exterior of a wall—renders that brick unusable for later reuse.

[0009] The disadvantages of buildings constructed by mortaring bricks, as described above, give rise to the problem that initiated the invention: to find a construction that makes it possible to place bricks or blocks next to and / or on top of each other with minimal effort and to clad them, while also making it possible to dismantle a building constructed with such bricks or blocks with minimal effort; ideally in such a way that the separated bricks or blocks can be reused, in particular for the construction of another building.

[0010] This problem is solved by a flat mat in the area of ​​a joint in masonry, which has a closed surface without perforations in the joint area, and at least one mechanical connection element for the mortarless, but form-fit or force-fit connection of at least one other component of the wall or building envelope. The at least one component is at least a cladding element, an insulation element, or an installation element.

[0011] Furthermore, other components are possible, such as another flat mat, a brick, load-bearing structural elements such as balconies, lintels, railings, etc.

[0012] The invention is a wall or building envelope with the features of claim 1. The invention is also a method for producing this wall or building envelope according to claim 15.

[0013] According to the invention, the wall or building envelope, in contrast to a brick or masonry block with its uneven dimensions due to shrinkage, forms a single unit with standardized connection elements, preferably with connection elements standardized with regard to their respective location and geometric shape. Thanks to this standardization, other mats, bricks or masonry blocks, as well as other building elements such as installation elements, insulation elements or cladding elements, or even load-bearing building elements such as balconies, lintels, railings, etc., can be connected like in a modular system.

[0014] Such a mat fulfills several functions simultaneously: On the one hand, various objects, such as cladding or installation elements, can be anchored to it, thus eliminating the need for plastering the wall. This makes it possible not only to replace the function of a mortar strip in a bed and / or head joint, but also that of a plaster layer on the exterior of a masonry wall. As a result, all surface areas of a brick can be kept free of hardening mortar or plaster, and in the event of building demolition, the bricks can be recovered without damage and immediately reused.

[0015] If a mat is laid extending across several bricks within a mortar joint, it can provide the wall with large-area cohesion, even if it is not mortared.

[0016] Finally, this can be used, if necessary, to achieve a permanent separation of adjacent bricks, thus inhibiting sound propagation within a masonry layer.

[0017] It has proven advantageous that the mat integrated into a mortar joint has a flat shape with two approximately parallel main surfaces. These two parallel main surfaces ensure that a brick placed on top is aligned just as evenly as the one below.

[0018] By having a closed surface without perforations in the area of ​​the joint according to the invention, an applied compressive force can be distributed over a maximally large area, thereby avoiding overloading of the material.

[0019] Furthermore, the mat should have at least approximately the same width as the perpendicular dimension of a brick, measured to the plane of the masonry, so that the mat is preferably able to completely cover at least one surface of a brick adjacent to a bed or head joint. This results in a maximum contact area between the mat and the brick, ensuring that any pressure acting on the mat is distributed over a large area and the respective local pressure is minimized.

[0020] The closed surface of the mat can be achieved using a material capable of forming a matrix in which a core can be enclosed. Such a core can, on the one hand, define the shape of the mat during manufacturing, while the matrix or encapsulation material remains rigid or at least malleable. Furthermore, the matrix material, distributed over a large area throughout the entire mat, is far better suited for transmitting compressive forces than a core material, especially if the latter only occupies a portion of the mat's volume.

[0021] It is part of the invention that at least one mechanical connecting element has the form of a recess or a raised area in / on the closed surface of the planar mat, which is preferably arranged in the area of ​​a main or flat side of the planar mat, and which can be plugged together with at least one connecting element designed complementarily to it on at least one component that can be connected thereto.

[0022] If the mat consists of a matrix and a core embedded within it, it is sufficient for the relevant elevations to be formed primarily by the matrix material. A core material need not extend into such elevations.

[0023] A mat belonging to the invention can be manufactured in various ways. On the one hand, a core could be placed in a mold which has raised and recessed areas as an impression or negative form; then the matrix material is injected and fills the entire cavity of the mold, simultaneously flowing around the inserted core. The mat is then removed from the mold. This type of manufacturing process is therefore carried out in batches.

[0024] On the other hand, it is also possible to first produce a strip with a completely smooth surface, for example, with a core and a surrounding matrix. This strip, while still malleable, could then pass through two rollers whose outer surface has the relevant raised areas and depressions as an imprint or negative mold, thereby transferring the desired shapes of the raised areas and depressions onto the strip. This type of production has the advantage that the mat could be produced virtually endlessly, for example, by first passing a strip-shaped core material through a bath of matrix material, where it is not only wetted but also absorbs enough matrix material to initially obtain a strip with a closed, but still unshaped, surface in the area of ​​the two flat sides.When this strip, still malleable, passes through the two forming rollers and is finally cut to the desired length, the finished mats with plug-in connection elements on at least one flat side are obtained.

[0025] In yet another manufacturing method, the matrix mass could be extruded, with the ribbon-like core material being fed from the inside of the extrusion die at the same speed at which the extruded mass exits the extrusion opening. This process guarantees a uniformly smooth surface, corresponding to the geometry of the extrusion die, and yields an optimal preform for the subsequent pressing in of the surface structure using forming rollers.

[0026] Within the scope of the invention, it is possible to design the depressions and / or raised areas as fields or islands arranged in a grid, which are separated from one another by a net-like or lattice-like structure. In the following, the fields or islands are considered to be raised or depressions, although one could, of course, also consider the net-like or lattice-like structure as a correspondingly recessed or raised area; this is simply a different way of viewing the same arrangement.

[0027] The invention can be further developed such that a depression or raised area transitions into the adjacent surface area of ​​the planar mat via a cylindrical, frustoconical, prismatic, or truncated pyramidal lateral surface. The term "cylindrical" can be understood as "cruciate cylindrical," but this is not mandatory; other cylindrical shapes with different bases are also possible. This also applies to frustoconical elevations and depressions, which can also have many different bases. Furthermore, the term "prismatic" is not necessarily linked to a specific base shape, such as a triangle or quadrilateral. Of course, prisms with a square base or a triangular base with equal-length sides also fall under this definition, but this, too, is not obligatory, but merely one possibility among several.In any case, the base can be interpreted as a polygon. A base in the form of a regular polygon is conceivable, but not mandatory. This also applies to truncated pyramid-shaped elevations and depressions, which can likewise have many different base shapes.

[0028] According to the invention, bricks and at least one mat are connected to each other, preferably by a material bond, in particular by an adhesive, and / or by a form-fit, for example by interlocking protrusions and recesses. If, in this case, at least one mat is already fixed to a brick or wall block at the factory, the step of placing a mat on a brick is eliminated on the construction site, and furthermore, the connection of both elements to each other ensures that the two elements cannot accidentally slip relative to each other.

[0029] When joining a brick to a mesh, it should be considered that a mesh can usually be manufactured with a standardized geometry, whereas a fired brick, in particular, is subject to shrinkage during production that is difficult to control and therefore does not have uniformly standardized external dimensions in its finished state. This could pose a problem with a form-fitting connection, for example, if recesses in a brick do not align with the corresponding protrusions on the flat side of the mesh. This problem can be avoided if the mesh is laid on the preferably fired and cooled brick without any stretching or compression and adhesively bonded to it, for example, using an adhesive. In this way, a standardized surface with standardized protrusions or recesses can also be achieved on irregularly manufactured bricks.

[0030] An optional feature of the invention is that a flat mat is attached to each of two opposing surfaces of a brick, preferably adhesively, in particular bonded with an adhesive. This means that the bricks are neither placed directly next to or on top of each other, nor are they separated by only one mat. Rather, in this construction principle, two mats typically form a joint, for example, a first mat applied to the top of a lower brick together with a second mat applied to the underside of an upper brick placed on top of it. In the area of ​​a joint, two mats then lie directly against each other. In the area of ​​the contact surface between these two mats, the interlocking plug-in connectors, which fit together according to a predetermined plug-in principle, lead to a largely automatic centering of the stacked bricks.

[0031] Mutual interlocking is made possible by the fact that the two mats, which are fixed to diametrically opposite surface areas of a brick, have complementary raised areas and / or recesses. In this case, when placed as desired or specified, each raised area on one mat finds a corresponding recess on the other mat.

[0032] If a raised area of ​​a first mat, fixed to a surface area of ​​a brick, is offset by a predetermined dimension, preferably by half the dimension of a brick in a direction parallel to the bed joint or other joint, in the area of ​​its flat side facing away from the connected brick, relative to a complementary depression in an opposite surface area of ​​a second mat, fixed to the brick in question, in the area of ​​its flat side facing away from the connected brick, then a brick equipped with such a mat can snap into a similar brick with the same geometry, wherein a raised area of ​​the brick in the area of ​​its flat side adjacent to a bed joint or other joint corresponds to a depression in its opposite flat side.

[0033] The offset between the raised areas of one mat and the depressions of the other mat allows bricks in superimposed rows to be offset from each other by a fraction of the length of a brick, as is necessary to form a bond, e.g. for a running bond, or for a header bond, block bond or cross bond, etc.

[0034] A flat mat achieves a higher degree of stability when it is provided with integrated tensile reinforcement, especially in a direction perpendicular to the plane of a masonry structure to be built with it, because then the formation of cracks in the mat is largely excluded.

[0035] The closed surface of the mat is achieved by encasing a core containing one or more layers of fibers in a sheathing material. This sheathing material can simultaneously provide protection for the enclosed core; for example, a tensile element containing one or more fibers could be shielded from corrosive environmental influences by such a sheathing, especially if the sheathing material is waterproof or at least water-repellent. A bitumen-based material is suitable for this purpose, as it also offers the important additional benefit of being able to transmit high compressive forces.

[0036] Preferably, a first set of fibers runs perpendicular to the plane of a masonry wall to be constructed using a mat. These fibers are responsible for absorbing forces at a right angle to the plane of the masonry wall.

[0037] Furthermore, the mat should have at least a second set of fibers running perpendicular to the first set of fibers. This allows tensile forces to be transferred longitudinally along the joint in question.

[0038] If the spacing of the fibers within a fiber set or within both fiber sets is less than 1 / 10 of the relevant masonry thickness, a mat can transmit not only high compressive forces but also high tensile forces.

[0039] When the two sets of fibers form right angles to each other, a network with two-dimensional force transmission results. The ratio of transmissible tensile forces in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the masonry depends on the fiber density per unit length in the respective perpendicular direction.

[0040] Various materials can be used for the fibers running in the transverse and / or longitudinal direction, including both inorganic and organic substances.

[0041] For example, glass, in the form of glass fibers, preferably with the following composition, can be considered as an inorganic, non-metallic substance: 50 - 98 wt.% SiO2; rest CaCO3, Na2CO3, Al2O3, binders and / or additives.

[0042] The use of mineral fibers, in particular rock fibers, preferably according to the following composition, is also conceivable in the context of other inorganic, non-metallic substances: 50 - 98 wt.% Feldspar, dolomite, basalt and / or diabase; rest CaCO3, Na2CO3, Al2O3, binders and / or additives.

[0043] Feldspar is defined as (Ba,Ca,Na,K,NH4)(Al,B,Si)4O8, dolomite as (CaMg(CO3)2), basalt by a composition of 30-70 wt% SiO2, 10-30 wt% Al2O3, 5-15 wt% FeO, 5-15 wt% CaO, 5-15 wt% MgO, 2-10 wt% Na2O, 0.1-5 wt% K2O, balance TiO2 and sulfur compounds).

[0044] The invention recommends metal wire as inorganic metallic fibers, preferably with iron and / or zinc as the main component; aluminum or copper would also be conceivable.

[0045] On the other hand, the fibers can also consist of a material with carbon as the main component measured in weight proportions, preferably with graphite-like carbon, especially in the form of carbon fibers.

[0046] On the other hand, the fibers can also consist of organic material, for example synthetic fibers, preferably carbon fiber reinforced plastic.

[0047] The invention offers the possibility that the fibers of the second layer can be connected to the crossed fibers of the first layer, for example by gluing, fusing, welding, soldering, or braiding. Such a close connection gives the mat its structural integrity.

[0048] The mat can therefore comprise a fiberglass, carbon fiber, mineral fiber, or synthetic fiber fabric, or a geotextile or a grid of intersecting metal rods. Only in the case of a non-woven fabric are the intersecting fibers not bonded to each other.

[0049] It is within the scope of the invention that the fibers of the mat are encased.

[0050] Such a coating is, on the one hand, a method to protect the enclosed fibers from corrosion, moisture or other environmental influences, but also to provide mechanical protection.

[0051] A constellation in which at least one mat inserted in the area of ​​a bed joint is a composite material consisting of a dry mat, e.g. a fiber fabric, on the one hand and a bitumen coating on the other, benefits from the fact that bitumen is able to completely seal an enclosed substance against the environment, and in particular to make it airtight and watertight.

[0052] Alternatively, a coating can also be achieved by encasing the fibers of the mat in a ceramic, preferably fired, mass, preferably with clay as the main component. While a ceramic coating is probably not waterproof, it otherwise has identical properties to the fired body of a brick, resulting in, in particular, the same coefficients of thermal expansion, etc.

[0053] Further advantages arise from the fact that the sheathing of a fiber has a constant cross-section, because in this case a mat has a constant thickness.

[0054] To protect a mat from overload due to excessive pressure, a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that a fiber-based core of a mat inserted into a joint between two bricks, particularly a bed joint, is kept as free from pressure as possible. To achieve this, the core of the mat is encased in a matrix material that is capable of transmitting sufficient compressive forces.

[0055] Further advantages arise from the fact that a mat and a masonry unit adjacent to the joint in question are connected to each other by material, force, and / or form-fitting means. This allows tensile stresses between the mat and the masonry unit to be exchanged.

[0056] This embodiment can be further developed in such a way that the brick and at least one mat adjacent to its surface in the area of ​​a butt joint and / or bed joint are bonded together by an adhesive, so that a material bond is created.

[0057] When two sets of fibers intersect, two adjacent fibers of the second set form a loop with two adjacent fibers of the first set. Depending on whether all fibers of a set are equally spaced, the different loops will have the same shape and area, or they will have different shapes and / or areas.

[0058] Such a mesh generally has a rectangular shape and ideally a square shape.

[0059] As a result of the mat being inserted into a bed joint or other joint, the two masonry units adjacent to that joint or bed joint cannot form direct contact. This has the advantage that masonry units with slight variations in dimensions due to manufacturing do not interact directly with each other, but only through the mediation of the mat(s) integrated between them.

[0060] The interlocking raised and recessed areas in different mats allow a kind of locking mechanism between overlapping and / or adjacent mats and consequently also between the masonry blocks that may be connected to them, so that not only compressive forces can be transmitted, but also shear forces that would otherwise have to be transmitted via frictional forces.

[0061] The tensile reinforcement contained in a mat, particularly in the form of fibers, allows for a further development such that at least one mechanical connection element has the shape of a tensile reinforcement or fiber projecting beyond the closed surface of the flat mat, which is preferably arranged in the area of ​​an end or narrow side of the flat mat, and which can be connected to at least one compatible connection element on at least one connectable component. This not only makes it possible to connect further elements to one or both flat sides of a mat, e.g., an identical or similar or compatible mat or a brick, but also allows a component to be connected to one, several, or all end or narrow sides. In particular, cladding can be attached to fiber ends projecting laterally beyond the plane of the masonry, e.g.,...a cladding panel, and / or an insulation panel or the like. Fibers protruding in the area of ​​a butt joint can, for example, be connected to an adjacent stone, e.g., by clamping these protruding fibers under a neighboring stone.

[0062] The invention can be further developed such that at least one mat inserted into a mortar joint between two stacked bricks comprises an insulating material, preferably a material for thermal insulation and / or sound absorption. A mat made of hard rubber is particularly suitable for this purpose because it can also withstand compressive forces.

[0063] On the other hand, at least one mat inserted into a butt joint between two adjacent bricks can also comprise an insulating material, preferably a material for thermal insulation and / or sound absorption. A hard rubber or hard rubber-like material is also suitable for this purpose, although butt joints generally do not experience pressures as high as those in bed joints. Nevertheless, hard rubber is a material particularly well-suited for sound insulation.

[0064] It is within the scope of the invention that elements for horizontal or vertical stiffening of the wall are arranged directly or indirectly on the fiber reinforcement serving as tensile reinforcement in the butt and / or bed joint, for example profiles, strips, grids or mats made of rigid materials such as iron or steel, etc.

[0065] The invention offers, in particular, the possibility of integrating at least one profile in the area of ​​a bed joint and / or in the area of ​​a butt joint, which serves as additional stiffening and / or for absorbing tensile forces and / or for fastening cladding and / or facade elements. This can, for example, be a round profile. To create sufficient space for this, a correspondingly shaped recess can be provided in the surface of a brick adjacent to the joint in question, in particular a groove- or channel-shaped recess.

[0066] The invention is preferably further developed in that a mat integrated into a bed joint between two stacked bricks or into a head joint between two adjacent bricks projects beyond at least one flat side of the masonry, preferably beyond both. The projecting areas offer the possibility of attaching a wide variety of elements to them, e.g., a cladding element, without the need for mortar, adhesive, or plaster, and also without the need for a dowel, hook, or other fastening device engaging in the masonry.

[0067] To facilitate the fastening of installation elements or the like, it may be provided that at least one area projecting beyond a flat side of the masonry is connected to or equipped with a device for absorbing tensile forces.

[0068] A device for absorbing tensile forces can be designed as a profile or strip whose cross-section, in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the mat in question, is larger than the width of the bed joint or other joint in which the mat is embedded. By thus arranging a profile or strip with sufficient strength on a projecting portion of a mat, the dimension of which, perpendicular to the joint length, is larger than the joint thickness, the mat cannot be pulled through the joint, even if the portion of the mat or the tensile reinforcement projecting on the opposite flat side of the masonry is subjected to tensile stress, e.g., by the weight of an attached installation device or the like.

[0069] The invention further provides that a device for absorbing tensile forces is directly or indirectly connected to or integrated with one or more cladding and / or facade elements. In this way, facade or other cladding elements can be fastened without altering the masonry units, e.g., by coating them with adhesive, or even damaging them, e.g., by having to install dowels.

[0070] An advantageous embodiment of the invention consists in the mat or tensile reinforcement being placed under prestress in the butt and / or bed joint, particularly in a direction transverse to the plane of the masonry. This allows a flat masonry shape to be stabilized.

[0071] For example, tensile stress can be generated by reinforcement arranged across both sides of the respective outer surface of the masonry, particularly in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the masonry. This can be achieved, for instance, by using two profiles, each positioned close to the masonry on one side. A similar effect is achieved by attaching cladding elements to the mesh or tensile reinforcement on both sides of the masonry, with their weight generating the tensile stress.

[0072] Furthermore, according to the invention, it can be provided that one or more connecting elements are preferably fixed in a material-, force- and / or form-fit manner to a mat and / or tensile reinforcement inserted in the butt joint and / or bearing joint, which serve directly or indirectly for fastening, connecting or receiving strips and / or plates and / or grids, for example for fastening cladding and / or facade elements.

[0073] Drywall panels, insulation materials or house installations can be attached to the mats, profiles, strips or grids that are directly or indirectly attached or inserted.

[0074] For this purpose, the drywall panels, insulation materials or the house installation can be directly or indirectly connected to a mat or other tensile reinforcement in the bed joint or joint by means of force-fit and / or form-fit connections.

[0075] In the context of multiple uses, the building services, in particular electricity, telephone, gas or water lines or fittings, can be installed between the masonry surface and a cladding element in the finished masonry.

[0076] Although the invention prefers the construction of dry-stone walls, it is also possible to insert a mat or tensile reinforcement, e.g., in the form of a fabric, a strip, a grid, or a strip, into a bed joint of thin-bed mortar, normal mortar, or a mortar pad. This can be done in particularly stressed areas of a building to ensure especially high stability.

[0077] However, in a dry-stone building, the individual components of a masonry structure produced with the building product, in particular individual bricks and / or mats, can be dismantled.

[0078] However, dismantling can also be achieved by bonding at least one brick and at least one mat in the area of ​​a butt and / or bed joint with an adhesive that preferably loses its adhesive strength through a physical or chemical treatment. Such a measure allows the state of the joints to be manually controlled; that is, during use, the adhesive is active and holds the bricks together, while during dismantling, the adhesive is inactive and allows the bricks to be separated.

[0079] After dismantling, the individual components of a demolished masonry structure, especially individual bricks and / or mats, can be reused, particularly in the construction of a new masonry structure. This not only conserves resources but also alleviates the problem of debris disposal.

[0080] On the other hand, the wall or building envelope according to the invention can be used for the on-site construction of an exterior wall, or for the on-site construction of an interior or partition wall. Such on-site applications offer a particularly high degree of individualization in construction.

[0081] This results in particular advantages from the use of a building product according to the invention, wherein the bricks are assembled dry to form a masonry structure, especially on site, so that they can be separated from each other again without damage and possibly reused.

[0082] A method according to the invention for dismantling a structure, in particular masonry, produced using a building product according to the invention is characterized in that the individual components of the masonry are separated from each other. This can be done directly in the case of pure dry masonry; if an adhesive that can be dissolved by suitable treatment is used, it should be deactivated beforehand, before the individual elements of the structure are then separated from each other.

[0083] While the individual elements of such a demolished building could be disposed of selectively, i.e., separated by material, the invention prefers that the individual components of the masonry be reused after deconstruction, particularly as new masonry. This significantly reduces or completely eliminates the need to constantly consume new raw materials.

[0084] A masonry block that can be used with a mat according to the invention can have elevations and / or depressions on at least one flat side in the area of ​​the masonry surface, in particular in the form of plaster grooves to improve the adhesion of plaster or other cladding or insulating elements.

[0085] Furthermore, a brick suitable for use with a mat can have a filled and / or unfilled perforation structure, for example to improve its insulating properties, particularly its thermal insulation properties. A mat could be attached to such perforations, which open at the top or bottom, e.g., by snapping it into place or similar means.

[0086] Another special feature is that different materials can be integrated into the perforated structure of such a brick, e.g. different bulk materials, thermal insulation materials, especially with thermal conductivities < 0.10 W / mK.

[0087] On the other hand, the invention also allows the use of masonry blocks that are composed of two or more segments in the direction of the wall thickness. This allows for the provision of different types of segments, and a building block can be adapted to the specific local requirements of a structure by selecting the appropriate segments and assembling them in the optimal sequence to form a building block.

[0088] Each segment preferably has identical dimensions, allowing them to be assembled in any way, like a modular system. Typically, each segment has a disc-shaped geometry with a constant thickness, for example, 6 cm. The base area of ​​a segment could be, for instance, 12 cm × 12 cm or 24 cm × 24 cm; however, other dimensions are also conceivable.

[0089] The individual segments can be joined in various ways. For example, they can be glued together along their abutting flat surfaces. This can be done either at the factory or – using a suitable adhesive – directly on the construction site.

[0090] Furthermore, it is also possible to join segments to be joined between two cheeks and connect them to these cheeks. Such a connection can be achieved by gluing or by a form-fit, for example by providing undercuts on the cheeks and complementary projections on the end faces of the segments facing these undercuts, which engage into these undercuts.

[0091] Finally, there is also the possibility of wrapping several segments with a fabric to form a common building block - preferably under tensile tension, so that the individual segments do not separate from each other.

[0092] The invention can be used to construct both exterior walls of a building, as well as interior or partition walls. In principle, special structures are also conceivable, for example, property walls or boundary walls.

[0093] A significant advantage of the invention is also that the building blocks do not need to be connected to each other by liquid mortar, but can optionally be provided with interlocking projections and recesses on their upper and lower surfaces or on their sides, so that they can be separated from each other again without damage in the event of the dismantling of a building.

[0094] Ideally, the separated building blocks can be reused immediately; for example, a similar building could be erected in another location, or – if this is not desired – different segments can be separated and either reassembled differently, processed separately, or disposed of in a material-appropriate manner.

[0095] Further features, details, advantages, and effects based on the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims, the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, and the accompanying drawings. The drawings illustrate individual aspects of the invention as follows: Fig. 1a shows a brick in a perspective view, with the surfaces facing the bed and head joints highlighted; Fig. 1b shows a side view of a plaster-bearing surface of the brick made of Fig. 1a, where plaster grooves are visible; Fig. 1 is a top view of the upper surface of the brick facing the bed joint. Fig. 1a , wherein depressions and / or protrusions for joining with a brick laid above them are visible; Fig. 1 shows the underside of the lower surface of the brick facing the bed joint. Fig. 1a , wherein depressions and / or protrusions for joining with an underlying brick are visible; Fig. 1e a mat inserted between two stacked bricks; Fig. 1 fine section through a masonry wall with two bricks meeting at a bed joint, each with an integrated mat according to a modified embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2a a brick that can be detachably joined from two separate assemblies, each with several segments, wherein the two assemblies are shown in an exploded view; Fig. 2b the arrangement according to Fig. 2a in a side view, so that the elements interlocking positively during assembly are visible; and Fig. 3 several masonry units that can be positively joined with a cheek or facing, wherein pipes or conduits to be inserted between the load-bearing masonry and the facing are schematically shown. Fig. 4 a masonry unit composed of several segments in a top view; Fig. 5 a unit of the embodiment according to Fig. 4 approximately a corresponding brick in a perspective view; Fig. 6 one opposite the Fig. 5 a further modified brick, also in a perspective view; and Fig. 7 a further modified embodiment of a brick, shown in perspective.

[0096] Fig. 1aFigure 1 shows a schematic view of a brick 1 which can be placed on top of and / or next to a plurality or multitude of other, similar bricks 1 to form a masonry structure.

[0097] This creates a bed joint between two stacked bricks 1 and a head joint between two adjacent bricks 1. Often, the bricks 1 in superimposed rows are offset from each other by a fraction of the horizontal extent of a brick 1, resulting, for example, in a so-called stretcher bond, which considerably increases the stability of a masonry structure.

[0098] The brick 1 can be covered in the area of ​​a bed and / or head joint by a mat 2 formed from fibers 20, as shown in Fig. 1eis shown; this applies in particular to the top 15 and / or the bottom 16 of the brick 1, but also to its longitudinal sides 17 facing the nearest joints of the masonry. In these surface areas 5, protrusions 18 and / or depressions 19 may be provided. In the example shown, for instance, rib-like protrusions 18 may be formed in the upper surface area 5 and groove-like depressions 19 in the lower surface area 5. Since the groove-like depressions 19 are somewhat wider than the rib-like protrusions 18, the latter can engage in the former and thereby form a positive fit. Additionally, a mat 3 made of a preferably net-like fabric of intersecting strands of fibers 20 may be inserted into the space between the rib-like protrusions 18 and the groove-like depressions 19. Fig. 1e is shown.

[0099] In Fig. 1fThe figure shows a cross-section through a masonry wall with two bricks 1a, 1b meeting at a bed joint. The bricks 1a, 1b shown are, by way of example, hollow blocks with vertically through holes 28, which completely penetrate the respective brick 1a, 1b from its respective top 15 to its respective bottom 16.

[0100] The upper edge of such a wall stone 1a, 1b is formed by a joint mat 2a, the lower edge by a joint mat 2b.

[0101] Each joint mat 2a, 2b consists of a closed body 29 with a closed surface, preferably without perforations. This body 29 preferably has the same width, measured transversely to the vertical plane of the masonry, as a brick 1a, 1b.

[0102] Preferably, the longitudinal extents of the body 29 of a jointing mat 2a, 2b, measured in the direction of the bed joint, also correspond to the length of a brick 1a, 1b. Thus, the base area of ​​the body 29 of a jointing mat 2a, 2b is identical to the base area of ​​a brick 1a, 1b with respect to shape and area.

[0103] Each joint mat 2a, 2b thus has two flat sides, one of which is in direct contact with a masonry unit 1a, 1b. A joint mat 2a, 2b can be fixed to a masonry unit 1a, 1b in the area of ​​this contact surface.

[0104] Such a fixation could be achieved, for example, by means of an adhesive, in particular an adhesive that loses its adhesive strength through physical, chemical, or mechanical influence. As an example, it is proposed to use an adhesive that loses its adhesive strength when irradiated with microwaves, thus allowing the joint mat 2a, 2b to be detached from the relevant brick 1a, 1b.

[0105] Another possibility for a detachable connection between a joint mat 2a, 2b and a brick 1a, 1b is in Fig. 1fAs shown: A jointing mat 2a, 2b has a profile on a flat side 30 that is designed to be complementary to the profile structure formed, for example, by the holes 28 on the top or bottom surface 15, 16 of the respective brick 1a, 1b. In other words, one, several, or all of the holes 28 in a brick 1a, 1b correspond to a raised section 31 on the flat side 30 of the jointing mat 2a, 2b. This allows each raised section 31 to engage in exactly one hole 28 or other recess in the top or bottom surface 15, 16 of the brick 1a, 1b. If the cross-sections of the raised sections 31 and the holes 28 or recesses correspond almost exactly, the jointing mat 2a, 2b can be fixed to the brick 1a, 1b by means of a form-fit and / or friction-fit connection. Of course, a preferably removable adhesive can also be used.

[0106] The joint mats 2a, 2b on the top and bottom surfaces 15, 16 of a brick 1a, 1b are preferably not identically shaped, but have inverted profiles on their flat sides 32 facing outwards, i.e., away from the respective brick 1a, 1b. This means that if a flat side 32 has, for example, raised areas 18 on the upper joint mat 2a, the flat side 32 on the lower joint mat 2b is provided with depressions 19.

[0107] The elevations 18 may preferably be island-shaped elevations, which may, for example, have a cylindrical or frustoconical shape, in particular with an elliptical or circular base, or which may have a prismatic or frustopyran shape, in particular with a triangular, square or polygonal base.

[0108] The geometry of a depression 19 is complementary to the geometry of a protrusion 18, i.e., in the case of a cylindrical protrusion 18, the complementary depression 19 is hollow-cylindrical, in the case of a frustoconical protrusion 18, the complementary depression 19 is shaped as a hollow frustocone, a prismatic protrusion 18 corresponds to a hollow prismatic depression 19, and the complement of a frustopyramidal protrusion 18 is a hollow frustopyramidal depression 19.

[0109] The effect is that two such joint mats 2a, 2b can be fitted together with their respective outer sides 32, with each raised section 18 having a recess 19.

[0110] In contrast to mostly fired bricks 1a, 1b, which have tolerances that are difficult to control due to their manufacturing process, the joint mats 2a, 2b can be produced, for example, by an injection molding process and / or post-processed by rolling, i.e. with high precision or with low tolerances.

[0111] Furthermore, each joint mat 2a, 2b preferably has integrated fibers 20 which run approximately parallel to the respective flat side 32. This gives such a joint mat 2a, 2b, despite its preferred flexibility, a high degree of dimensional stability in its base plane; in other words, when it is applied to the top or bottom surface 15, 16 of a brick 1a, 1b, the unpredictable tolerances of the brick 1a, 1b are not transferred to the area of ​​the joint mat 2a, 2b, but rather, beyond this fiber reinforcement, the shape of the joint mat 2a, 2b is determined by the fibers themselves, and the originally standardized distances between adjacent protrusions 18 or between adjacent depressions 19 are maintained. Inaccuracies of a brick 1a, 1b are compensated, if necessary, in the area between the respective top or bottom edge of the brick 15, 16 - the pattern and in particular the grid on the outer flat side 32 of a joint mat 2a, 2b remains unaffected.

[0112] The fact that the precisely manufactured and consistently shaped form of the raised areas 18 and recesses 19 is standardized and remains so in use allows for the convenient and easy joining of two bricks 1a, 1b in the area of ​​a bed joint. The same can also be achieved in the area of ​​a head joint if jointing mats are also used there.

[0113] In the described joining of two bricks 1a, 1b, a slightly conical geometry of the protrusions 18 and depressions 19 facilitates the joining, i.e. a (hollow) truncated cone or (hollow) truncated pyramid shape, because then such protrusions 18, thanks to their smaller cross-section on their outer face, can more easily find a slightly larger depression 19 at their opening area and automatically center the brick 1a, 1b to be placed there.

[0114] The pattern or grid on the free flat side 32 of an upper jointing mat 2a should not only have complementary geometries compared to the pattern or grid on the free flat side 32 of a lower jointing mat 2b, i.e., in one case raised areas 18 and in the other case recesses 19, but the two patterns or grids can also be offset from each other in one direction, e.g., in the longitudinal direction of a wall to be constructed, preferably by a dimension which corresponds to half the dimension of a brick 1a, 1b in the relevant direction or to the preferably equal extent of a jointing mat 2a, 2b, so that two bricks 1a, 1b can be joined together in the area of ​​a bed joint with an offset, as is usual for a masonry bond - e.g., the so-called stretcher bond.

[0115] If such a structure is to be dismantled, the wall stones 1a, 1b together with their respective joint mats 2a, 2b can easily be lifted upwards.

[0116] In addition to stabilizing a joint mat 2a, 2b in its horizontal direction, the tensile reinforcement provided by the fibers 20 can fulfill a further purpose, in particular by having the fibers 20 protrude from one or more, preferably two pairs of opposite end faces 33, or from all four end faces 33 of the joint mat 2a, 2b.

[0117] On a flat side 34 of a masonry wall, these fibers 20 can be used, on the one hand, to apply a tensile stress directed perpendicular to the masonry in the respective joint mat 2a, 2b, thereby stabilizing the masonry itself. Furthermore, fibers 20 protruding there allow any building elements to be load-bearingly attached to a masonry wall, e.g., installation material such as pipes, cables, etc., insulation boards or mats such as polystyrene boards, glass or rock wool batts, etc., or cladding panels made of various materials.

[0118] In the area of ​​a butt joint of a masonry, fibers 20 projecting over the body 29 of a joint mat 2a, 2b can be clamped between a masonry block 1a located, for example, below the lower bed joint and a third masonry block 1b placed later next to the masonry block under consideration, so that the two tensile reinforcement planes 20 running along a bed joint are also continued overlapping or continuously in the area of ​​a butt joint.

[0119] The end faces 21 of a brick 1 can be provided with, for example, vertical and / or transverse plaster grooves 22.

[0120] Within the scope of the present invention, the mat 2 can be installed dry, i.e., it is not placed in a hardening mortar layer, but ideally lies dry between two bricks 1.

[0121] In the Figures 2a and 2bThis illustrates another special feature of the invention. It is possible to detachably join individual segments 3 or entire groups of one or more segments 3 to form a common brick 1. For this purpose, in Fig. 2a On the left, a building assembly 23 composed of several segments 3 of predominantly high load-bearing capacity is shown, as it is predominantly used in a part of a masonry facing the interior of a building, and on the right, a building assembly 24 composed of several segments with high thermal insulation, as it is predominantly used in a part of a masonry facing the outside.

[0122] To detachably connect the two assemblies 23, 24, for example, cheeks 5 arranged on the top and bottom surfaces 15, 16 of the brick 1 can be provided with profile-like undercuts 25, 26, as shown in Fig. 12b. For example, inwardly facing projections 25 are provided on assembly 23, and outwardly facing projections 26 are formed on the other assembly 24, but these are offset inwards so that they can interlock like skirts when the assemblies 23, 24 are pushed together. Thus, when constructing a building, the assemblies 23, 24 can be pushed together horizontally and thereby joined together, but when dismantling the building, they can also be pushed apart horizontally without damage, thus allowing for reuse.

[0123] The Fig. 3This shows that this inventive concept can also be used with plate-shaped cladding elements 26. These can be slid onto several rows of masonry blocks 1, which are provided with extensions 24, 25, simultaneously and thereby positively locked in place. Conversely, when a building is demolished, this cladding 26 can be detached from the blocks 1 without damage and reused or recycled separately.

[0124] The drawing shows various bricks 1 for the construction or cladding of an interior or exterior wall or other building.

[0125] In Fig. 4 The special feature of a brick 1 is recognizable, namely that it is composed of two or more individual segments 3 in the direction of the brickwork thickness,

[0126] At the in Fig. 4The illustrated example of a brick 1 shows a total of six segments 3, each of which has an approximately disc-shaped geometry and is placed against each other with its flat sides 4.

[0127] The individual segments 3 can be glued together along their abutting flat sides to form a single, stable brick 1.

[0128] On the other hand, there is also - as in Fig. 4 to see - the possibility of not connecting the segments 3 directly to each other, but via one or more lateral cheeks 5, which can also be quite thin and could then rather be described as a (cheek-side) mat. In the embodiment according to Fig. 4 These cheeks 5 are connected, in particular glued, to corresponding front faces 6 of the individual segments 3. Fig. 4 Two cheeks 5 are provided, which connect the end faces 6 of the segments 3 facing the butt joints.

[0129] By connecting the individual segments 3 via their end faces 6, the flat sides 4 remain more or less unconnected. This provides, for example, the opportunity to insert a layer of a different material between two directly facing flat sides 4 of adjacent segments 3, such as a layer 7 of a sound-absorbing material, or a layer 7 of a material with heat-insulating properties. Layers 7 of different materials can also be used alternately, if necessary. How to Fig. 4 As can be further seen, the segments 3 used there each have two large, vertically continuous cavities 8, similar to large-chambered hollow bricks. The remaining webs 9 of these segments 3 can, for example, consist of fired ceramic; however, they can also be made of another material, such as cast concrete.

[0130] The cavities 8 in segments 3 can remain unfilled and / or be filled on site, for example with a pourable material, or they can be – as in Fig. 4 shown - already filled at the factory, for example with a block of thermal insulation material such as glass or mineral wool, polystyrene or the like.

[0131] In the Figures 5 to 7 Further special features of the wall stones 1 can be seen.

[0132] Fig. 5This shows that adjacent segments 3 can also be connected to each other with a certain offset to create a structure on their areas facing the butt joints, for example with vertical grooves 11 on one side and approximately complementary pilasters 12 on the opposite side. If a layer 7 of a different material is inserted between adjacent flat sides 4, the arrangement can be such that the pilasters 12 are narrower than the grooves 11 and can therefore engage into them.

[0133] In the case of building block 1 from Fig. 6 It can be seen that surface designs are also possible on certain sides of a brick 1, for example plaster grooves 13 or the like.

[0134] This component 1 is used in the embodiment according to Fig. 7a fabric 14, for example made of fiberglass or the like, is wrapped under tensile tension; in the example shown, along its four vertical sides, i.e., on all sides except its top 15 and bottom 16. The fabric 14 can help to hold the individual segments 3 firmly together, so that gluing may be unnecessary. Reference symbol list

[0135] 1 brick 28 Hole 2 Mat, grout mat 29 Body 3 segment 30 Flat side 4 Segment flat side 31 Survey 5 cheek 32 Flat side 6 Segment end face 33 Front 7 Position 34 Flat side 8 cavity 9 web 10 End-side bridge 11 Nut 12 lisene 13 Cleaning groove 14 tissue 15 Top 16 bottom 17 long side 18 Survey 19 in-depth 20 fiber 21 Front 22 Cleaning groove 23 module 24 module 25 Undercut 26 Undercut 27 Trim element

Claims

1. Wall or building shell, comprising: a) a masonry made of bricks (1) and at least one flat mat (2), which is inserted into a bed joint or into a heading joint, and b) at least one other component, which is selected from the group consisting of a cladding element, an insulation element, and an installation element, characterized in that the mat (2) c) comprises a section without cutouts which is provided for insertion into a bed joint or into a heading joint, d) as well as at least one mechanical connection element, which is mechanically connected in a form-locking or force-locking manner with the at least one other component for a mortar-free, but form-locking or force-locking connection of the at least one other component to the masonry via the inserted mat (2).

2. Wall or building shell according to the claim 1, characterized in that the flat mat (20) has at least the same width as the extension of a brick (1) measured perpendicularly to the plane of the masonry, so that the flat mat (20) is preferably able to completely cover at least one surface area of a brick (1) adjoining to a bed joint or to a heading joint.

3. Wall or building shell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one mechanical connection element has the form of an indentation or of an elevated area in / at the closed surface area of the flat mat (2), which is preferably arranged in the area of a main or flat side of the flat mat (2), and which is connectable in an interlocking manner to at least one connection element on at least one connectable component which is designed in a complementary manner, especially wherein an indentation or an elevated area merges into the adjoining surface area of the flat mat (2) via a lateral surface of cylindrical shape or of frusto-conical shape or of prismatic shape or of frusto-pyramidal shape.

4. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a brick (1) and at least one mat (2) are connected, preferably in a firmly bonded or form-locking manner, especially by means of an adhesive and / or via meshing elevated areas and indentations, and / or in that a flat mat (2) each is fixed at two opposing surface areas of a brick (1), preferably adhesively fixed, especially by means of an adhesive, preferably wherein the mats (2) fixed at the two diametrically opposed surface areas of a brick (1) have elevated areas and / or indentations which are complementary to one another, which allow a sticking together, especially wherein an elevated area of a first mat (2), which is fixed on a surface area of a brick (1), is displaced, in the area of its flat side opposite to the connected brick (1), to a predetermined extent relative to a complementary indentation in a surface area opposite to a flat side of another, second mat (2) in the area of its surface area facing away from the regarding brick (1), preferably for half of the dimension of a brick (1) in a direction parallel to the bed joint or to the other joint.

5. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the flat mat (2) is provided with an integrated tensile reinforcement, for example in one direction perpendicular to the plane of a masonry constructed therewith, and / or wherein the flat mat (2) comprises at least one first sheaf of fibers (20), which run perpendicular to the plane of the masonry constructed by means of the mat (2) and extend at least over the entire thickness of the masonry, preferably wherein the mat (2) comprises at least one second sheaf of fibers (20), which extend transverse to the first sheaf of fibers (20), preferably at a right angle to the fibers (20) of the first sheaf, especially wherein the fibers (20) of the second sheaf are connected to the intercrossed fibers (20) of the first sheaf, for example glued, merged, welded, soldered, or interwoven.

6. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one mechanical connection element is formed as a tensile reinforcement or a filament (20) which extends beyond the closed surface of the flat mat (2), which is preferably arranged in the area of a front or narrow side of the flat mat (2), and which is connectable to at least one complementary connection element of at least one component connectable thereto.

7. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one mat (2), which is inserted into a bed joint between two bricks (1) stacked one on another, or into a heading joint between two bricks (1) placed besides each other, comprises an insulating material, preferably a material for thermal insulation and / or for sound absorption, and / or in that a sealing is arranged on a brick (1) and / or on a flat mat (2) in the area of a heading joint in order to create an airtight building shell, especially within an exterior masonry.

8. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one profile is integrated in the area of a bed joint and / or in the area of a heading joint, which serves as an additional reinforcement and / or is suitable for absorption of tensile forces and / or serves for the mounting of cladding and / or façade elements (26,27), especially wherein profiles, slats, grids, or mats are arranged directly or indirectly on the mat (2) or on the tensile reinforcement in the heading joint and / or in the bed joint, which provide a horizontal or vertical reinforcement of the masonry.

9. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more connection elements are secured, preferably in a firmly bonded, force-locking and / or form-locking manner, to a mat (2) or tensile reinforcement, which is integrated in the heading joint and / or in the bed joint, which provide direct or indirect mounting, connection or seating of slats and / or panels and / or grids, especially for mounting of cladding and / or façade elements (26,27).

10. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a mat (2) and / or tensile reinforcement, which is / are inserted into a bed joint between two bricks (1) stacked one on another or into a heading joint between two bricks (1) placed besides each other, extend(s) beyond at least one flat side of the masonry, preferably beyond both sides, wherein preferably at least one area extending beyond a flat side of the masonry is connected to or provided with a device for absorption of tensile forces, especially wherein a device for absorption of tensile forces is directly or indirectly connected to or integrated with one or more cladding and / or façade elements.

11. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mat (2) or tensile reinforcement in the heading joint and / or bed joint is preloaded, for example in a direction transverse to the masonry plane, preferably whereina the tension is generated by the reinforcements which are arranged flatly on both sides of the masonry's outer surfaces, especially in a direction transversal to the plane of the masonry.

12. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that drywall construction boards, insulation materials, or house installation are / is mounted on mats, profiles, slats or grids which are directly or indirectly mounted or inserted, preferably wherein the drywall construction boards, insulation materials (26,27), or the house installation are / is directly or indirectly connected in a force-locking and / or in a positive-locking manner to the mat (2) or other tensile reinforcement in the bed joint or joint.

13. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that individual components of the masonry, for example single bricks (1) and / or mats (2), are renaturalizable, preferably wherein, in the area of a heading joint and / or of a bed joint, at least one brick (1) and at least one mat (2) are connected by an adhesive, which loses its adhesive strength when a chemical or physical treatment is applied, for example after irradiation with high-energy microwaves, especially wherein the individual components of the masonry, for example single bricks (1) and / or mats (2), may be brought to a reuse after a dismantling, for example in the course of a new construction of another masonry.

14. Wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one brick (1) adjoining to a flat mat (2) comprises a hole structure with or without backfill, wherein preferably different materials are integrated in different holes of the hole structure of a brick (1), for example different bulk materials, insulation materials, especially with thermal conductivities < 0,10 W / mK.

15. Process for the manufacturing of a wall or building shell according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the wall or building shell comprises: a) a masonry made of bricks (1) and at least one flat mat (2) in a bed joint or in a heading joint, and b) at least an other component, which is selected from the group consisting of a cladding element, an insulation element, and an installation element, characterized by the following process steps: c) a masonry is made of bricks (1), whereby at least one flat mat (2) is inserted into a bed joint or in a heading joint, wherein said mat comprises - a section with a surface without cutouts, which is provided for the insertion into a bed joint or into a heading joint, - as well as at least one connection element, which is connectable to the at least one other component in a mechanical, form-locking or force-locking manner, d) the at least one other component is is mechanically connected in a form-locking or force-locking manner to the at least one other connection element of the mat (2) which is inserted into the bed joint or heading joint, and is thereby connected to the masonry of the wall or building shell.

16. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that a unit consisting of at least one brick (1) and at least one flat mat (2) is manufactured in industrial prefabrication for the industrial prefabrication of components of a wall or of a building shell, by insertion or by application of at least one flat mat (2) in industrial prefabrication.

17. Process according to claim 15, characterized in that the bricks (1) together with the mats (2) are put dry together to form a masonry, so that they can be separated from each other in a non-destructive way and, if necessary, can be reused, preferably wherein individual components of the masonry are reused after dismantling, especially for a new masonry.