GLASS COMPOSITE PARTICLES AND USES THEREOF

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to composite particles comprising a core and a shell, wherein the core comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and the shell is made of vitrified glass.BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

[0002] To represent the colors in all their variety, one proceeds typically by additive synthesis of at least three complementary colors, especially red, green and blue. In a chromaticity diagram, the subset of available colors obtained by mixing different proportions of these three colors is formed by the triangle formed by the three coordinates associated with the three colors red, green and blue. This subset constitutes what is called a gamut.

[0003] The majority of color display devices operate on this three-color principle: each pixel consists of three sub-pixels, one red, one green and one blue, whose mixture with different intensities can reproduce a colorful impression.

[0004] A luminescent or backlit display such as a computer LCD screen has to present the widest possible gamut for an accurate color reproduction. For this, the composing sub-pixels must be of the most saturated colors possible in order to describe the widest possible gamut. A light source has a saturated color if it is close to a monochromatic color. From a spectral point of view, this means that the light emitted by the source is comprised of a single narrow fluorescence band of wavelengths. A highly saturated shade has a vivid, intense color while a less saturated shade appears rather bland and gray.

[0005] It is therefore important to have light sources whose emission spectra are narrow and with saturated colors.

[0006] Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, especially semiconductor nanoparticles, commonly called "quantum dots", are known as emissive material. Semiconductor nanoparticles have a narrow fluorescence spectrum, approximately 30 nm full width at half maximum, and offer the possibility to emit in the entire visible spectrum as well as in the infrared with a single excitation source in the ultraviolet. Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, especially semiconductor nanoparticles, are currently used in display devices as phosphors.

[0007] However, there is a real need for materials to be used in display devices and lighting devices, these materials having a high stability in time and in temperature, especially a high stability to high photon flux. In addition, there is a need for materials having a high stability for long term use when deposited on diodes, or Light Emitting Diodes (LED).

[0008] To ensure a high long term stability, further chemical reaction between the surface of inorganic nanoparticles and environmental deteriorating species especially, such as water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds must be prevented. Furthermore, this prevention needs to be effective at high temperature. Indeed, when used on diodes or LED, inorganic nanoparticles must resist to temperatures as high as 200°C and constant high-intensity illumination. However, the ligands commonly used to functionalize the surface of inorganic nanoparticles allow deteriorating species or harmful compounds to attack said surface, thus do not protect efficiently said surface and do not enable the long-term performance required of a product for display devices or lighting devices.

[0009] It is known to coat inorganic nanoparticles with a protective shell to prevent deteriorating species or harmful compounds from reaching said nanoparticles surface. Silica is known to be an insulator protective material for inorganic nanoparticles. For example, US patent US 9,425,365 discloses the encapsulation of quantum dots, including a nanocrystalline core and a nanocrystalline shell, in mesoporous silica using a reverse micellar method. The obtained particles are mesoporous silica nanoparticles comprising one quantum dot. However, said particles are mesoporous which means that they comprise a porous network that allows access to the quantum dots surface for deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds. The protection of said surface is thus ineffective and does not enable a long-term stability in time and temperature.

[0010] It is known to encapsulate inorganic nanoparticles in a protective matrix to protect the surface of said particles from the attack of environmental deteriorating species or harmful compounds. The protective matrix can be made of silica, cross-linked polymers or ceramics. For example, US patent US 9,269,844 discloses ceramic matrices comprising a dispersion of nanoparticles, especially semiconductor nanoparticles. A layer of gel comprising ceramic molecular precursors and semiconductor nanoparticles can be deposited on a LED to form a conversion layer on top of the LED. However, cracks and defects are often generated in such conversion layers, leaving the encapsulated inorganic nanoparticles surface bare to the attack of deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds. The protection of said surface is thus ineffective and does not enable a long-term stability in time and temperature.

[0011] Document WO2015 / 077372 discloses a luminescent particle including a surface comprising glass that surrounds one or more particles of one or more light emissive materials. Particles disclosed have a size ranging from 0.5 to 200 µm, such a big size can complicate the dispersion of said particles in solution or in a matrix, result in poor light scattering, or be incompatible with small pixels. Furthermore, document WO2015 / 077372 does not disclose the evolution of photoluminescence properties (emission spectra, full width half maximum or PLQY) of the quantum dots before and after encapsulation in glass.

[0012] Wang et al. discloses the synthesis of CdSeS quantum dots in silica glass matrix by annealing silica glass with supersaturated Cd, S, Se at 550-800°C for several hours (Applied Physics Letters, Volume 82(1), pp. 49-51, 2003). In such a method, it is very difficult to control the growth of said quantum dots. Indeed, disclosed CdSeS quantum dots have a broad size distribution which badly affect their photoluminescence properties.

[0013] Document US2013 / 011551 discloses quantum dots doped in a nanometer pore glass by immersion of a piece of nanometer pore glass in a solution of quantum dots. However, this method does not provide an efficient protection against environmental deteriorating species especially, such as water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds as quantum dots stay accessible in the pores. Furthermore, this method does not result in a particle but in a piece of glass that would not be usable in lightning displays, in particular for deposition on pixels.

[0014] Document US2010 / 0129455 discloses the encapsulation of quantum dots in silica glass particles using a reverse micellar method. However, this method results in non-vitrified glass, and the use of surfactants such as Igepal will lead to the formation of mesoporosity in said particles. This porous network will allow access to the quantum dots surface for deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds. The protection of said surface is thus ineffective and does not enable a long-term stability in time and temperature.

[0015] Document US2009 / 108235 discloses composite particles comprising CdTe cores surrounded by a glass shell, however it does not disclose explicitly a loading charge for these composite particles.

[0016] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide composite particles for display applications with enhanced resistance to photobleaching, enhanced resistance to light flux and enhanced stability over temperature, environment variations and deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds attacks.SUMMARY

[0017] The invention is set out in the appended set of claims.DEFINITIONS

[0018] In the present invention, the following terms have the following meanings: "Vitrified" refers to a substance converted into a glass, that is a non-crystalline amorphous solid, following a phenomenon of glass transition. "Core" and "Shell" refer to the innermost and outer spaces within a particle respectively. The shell refers to at least one monolayer of material coating partially or totally a core. When the core of the composite particle is vitrified, the core and the shell of said composite particle are not distinct from one another. "Colloidal" refers to a substance in which particles are diserpsed, suspended and do not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably, but are not soluble in said substance. "Colloidal particles" refers to particles dispersed, suspended and which do not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably in another substance, typically in an aqueous or organic solvent, and which are not soluble in said substance. "Encapsulate" refers to a material that coats, surrounds, embeds, contains, comprises, wraps, packs, or encloses a plurality of nanoparticles. "Impermeable" refers to a material that limits or prevents the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said material. "Permeable" refers to a material that allows the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said material. "Packing fraction" refers to the volume ratio between the volume filled by an ensemble of objects into a space and the volume of said space. The terms packing fraction, packing density and packing factor are interchangeable in the present invention. "Loading charge" refers to the mass ratio between the mass of an ensemble of objects comprised in a space and the mass of said space. "Population of particles" refers to a statistical set of particles having the same maximum emission wavelength. "Statistical set" refers to a collection of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 objects obtained by the strict same process. Such statistical set of objects allows determining average characteristics of said objects, for example their average size, their average size distribution or the average distance between them. "Surfactant-free" refers to a particle that does not comprise any surfactant and was not synthesized by a method comprising the use of surfactants. "Optically transparent" refers to a material that absorbs less than 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.99%, 0.98%, 0.97%, 0.96%, 0.95%, 0.94%, 0.93%, 0.92%, 0.91%, 0.9%, 0.89%, 0.88%, 0.87%, 0.86%, 0.85%, 0.84%, 0.83%, 0.82%, 0.81%, 0.8%, 0.79%, 0.78%, 0.77%, 0.76%, 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.73%, 0.72%, 0.71%, 0.7%, 0.69%, 0.68%, 0.67%, 0.66%, 0.65%, 0.64%, 0.63%, 0.62%, 0.61%, 0.6%, 0.59%, 0.58%, 0.57%, 0.56%, 0.55%, 0.54%, 0.53%, 0.52%, 0.51%, 0.5%, 0.49%, 0.48%, 0.47%, 0.46%, 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.43%, 0.42%, 0.41%, 0.4%, 0.39%, 0.38%, 0.37%, 0.36%, 0.35%, 0.34%, 0.33%, 0.32%, 0.31%, 0.3%, 0.29%, 0.28%, 0.27%, 0.26%, 0.25%, 0.24%, 0.23%, 0.22%, 0.21%, 0.2%, 0.19%, 0.18%, 0.17%, 0.16%, 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.13%, 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002%, 0.0001%, or 0% of light at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm. "Roughness" refers to a surface state of a particle. Surface irregularities can be present at the surface of particles and are defined as peaks or cavities depending on their relative position with the average line of the particle surface. All said irregularities constitute the particle roughness. Said roughness is defined as the height difference between the highest peak and the deepest cavity on the surface. The surface of a particle is smooth if they are no irregularities on said surface, the roughness is equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5% of the largest dimension of said particle. "Polydisperse" refers to particles or droplets of varied sizes, wherein the size difference is superior than or equal to 20%. "Monodisperse" refers to particles or droplets, wherein the size difference is inferior than 20%, 15%, 10%, preferably 5%. "Narrow size distribution" refers to a size distribution of a statistical set of particles less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of the average size. "Partially" means incomplete. In the case of a ligand exchange, partially means that 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% of the ligands at the surface of a particle have been successfully exchanged. "Nanoplatelet" refers to a 2D shaped nanoparticle, wherein the smallest dimension of said nanoplatelet is smaller than the largest dimension of said nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5 or at least 10. "Free of oxygen" refers to a formulation, a solution, a film, or a composition that is free of molecular oxygen, O 2 , i.e. wherein molecular oxygen may be present in said formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount of less than about 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb or in an amount of less than about 100 ppb in weight. "Free of water" refers to a formulation, a solution, a film, or a composition that is free of molecular water, H 2 O, i.e. wherein molecular water may be present in said formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount of less than about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb or in an amount of less than about 100 ppb in weight. "Curvature" refers to the reciprocal of the radius. "ROHS compliant" refers to a material compliant with Directive 2011 / 65 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. "Display device" refers to a device or an apparatus that displays an image signal. Display devices or display apparatus include all devices that display an image, a succession of pictures or a video such as, non-limitatively, a television, a projector, a computer monitor, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a tablet PC, an MP3 player, a CD player, a DVD player, a Blu-Ray player, a head mounted display, a smart watch, a watch phone or a smart device. The terms "Film", "Layer" or "Sheet" are interchangeable in the present invention. "Pixel pitch" refers to the distance from the center of a pixel to the center of the next pixel. "Standard conditions" refers to the standard conditions of temperature and pressure, i.e. 273.15 K and 10 5< Pa respectively. "Secondary light" refers to the light emitted by a material in response to an excitation. Said excitation is generally provided by the light source, i.e. the excitation is the incident light. For example, secondary light refers to the light emitted by the composite particles or the film in response to an excitation of the nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles. "Resulting light" refers to the light supplied by a material after excitation by an incident light and emission of a secondary light. For example, resulting light refers to the light supplied by by the composite particles or the film and is a combination of a part of the incident light and the secondary light. "Aqueous solvent" is defined as a unique-phase solvent wherein water is the main chemical species in terms of molar ratio and / or in terms of mass and / or in terms of volume in respect to the other chemical species contained in said aqueous solvent. The aqueous solvent includes but is not limited to: water, water mixed with an organic solvent miscible with water such as for example methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, n-methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide or a mixture thereof. "Alkyl" refers to any saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, with 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. The alkyl group may be substituted by a saturated or unsaturated aryl group. When the suffix "ene" ("alkylene") is used in conjunction with an alkyl group, this is intended to mean the alkyl group as defined herein having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups. The term "alkylene" includes methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, propylene, ethylethylene, and 1,2- dimethylethylene. "Alkenyl" refers to any linear or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one double bond, of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group may be substituted. Examples of alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 2- propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and its isomers, 2-hexenyl and its isomers, 2,4-pentadienyl and the like. The alkenyl group may be substituted by a saturated or unsaturated aryl group. "Alkynyl", refers to any linear or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one triple bond, of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The terms "Alkenylene" means an alkenyl group as defined above having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups. "Aryl" refers to a mono- or polycyclic system of 5 to 20, and preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms having one or more aromatic rings (when there are two rings, it is called a biaryl) among which it is possible to cite the phenyl group, the biphenyl group, the 1-naphthyl group, the 2-naphthyl group, the tetrahydronaphthyl group, the indanyl group and the binaphthyl group. The term aryl also means any aromatic ring including at least one heteroatom chosen from an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom. The aryl group can be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents chosen independently of one another, among a hydroxyl group, a linear or branched alkyl group comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom, in particular bromine, chlorine and iodine, a nitro group, a cyano group, an azido group, an adhehyde group, a boronato group, a phenyl, CF 3 , methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, SO 2 NRR', NRR', COOR (where R and R' are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl), an second aryl group which may be substituted as above. Non-limiting examples of aryl comprise phenyl, biphenylyl, biphenylenyl, 5- or 6- tetralinyl, naphthalen-1- or -2-yl, 4-, 5-, 6 or 7-indenyl, 1- 2-, 3-, 4- or 5- acenaphtylenyl, 3-, 4- or 5-acenaphtenyl, 1- or 2-pentalenyl, 4- or 5-indanyl, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrenyl. The term "Arylene" as used herein is intended to include divalent carbocyclic aromatic ring systems such as phenylene, biphenylylene, naphthylene, indenylene, pentalenylene, azulenylene and the like. "Cycle" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group. "Heterocycle" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group comprising at least on heteroatom. "Halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Preferred halo groups are fluoro and chloro. "Alkoxy" refers to any O-alkyl group, preferably an O-alkyl group wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. "Aryloxy" refers to any O-aryl group. "Arylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, such as for example the phenyl-methyl group. "Arylalkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group substituted by an aryl group. "Amine" refers to any group derived from ammoniac NH 3 by substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms with an organic radical. "Azido" refers to -N 3 group. "Acidic function" refers to -COOH group. "Activated acidic function" refers to an acidic function wherein the -OH is replaced by a better leaving group. "Activated alcoholic function" refers to an alcoholic function modified to be a better leaving group. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the drawings. For the purpose of illustrating, the particle is shown in the preferred embodiments. It should be understood, however that the application is not limited to the precise arrangements, structures, features, embodiments, and aspect shown. The drawings are not drawn to scale and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the embodiments depicted. Accordingly, it should be understood that where features mentioned in the appended claims are followed by reference signs, such signs are included solely for the purpose of enhancing the intelligibility of the claims and are in no way limiting on the scope of the claims.

[0020] A first object of the invention relates to a composite particle comprising a core and a shell, wherein the core comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and the shell is made of vitrified glass.

[0021] The composite particle has a largest dimension inferior to 500 nm.

[0022] The composite particle has a smallest dimension inferior to 500 nm.

[0023] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the composite particle is smaller than the largest dimension of said composite particle by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85; at least 90; at least 95; at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000.

[0024] Composite particles with an average size less than 500 nm have several advantages compared to bigger particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles: i) increasing the light scattering compared to bigger particles; ii) obtaining more stable colloidal suspensions compared to bigger particles, when they are dispersed in a solvent; iii) having a size compatible with pixels of at least 100 nm.

[0025] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is ROHS compliant.

[0026] According to one embodiment, the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm in weight of cadmium.

[0027] According to one embodiment, the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight of lead.

[0028] According to one embodiment, the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight of mercury.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the composite particle comprises heavier chemical elements than the main chemical element present in the material of the core. In this embodiment, said heavy chemical elements in the composite particle will lower the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards, allowing said composite particle to be ROHS compliant.

[0030] According to one embodiment, examples of heavy chemical elements include but are not limited to B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu or a mixture of thereof.

[0031] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a smallest curvature of at least 200 µm -1< , 100 µm -1< , 66.6 µm -1< , 50 µm -1< , 33.3 µm -1< , 28.6 µm -1< , 25 µm -1< , 20 µm -1< , 18.2 µm -1< , 16.7 µm -1< , 15.4 µm -1< , 14.3 µm -1< , 13.3 µm -1< , 12.5 µm -1< , 11.8 µm -1< , 11.1 µm -1< , 10.5 µm -1< , 10 µm -1< , 9.5 µm -1< , 9.1 µm -1< , 8.7 µm -1< , 8.3 µm -1< , 8 µm -1< , 7.7 µm -1< , 7.4 µm -1< , 7.1 µm -1< , 6.9 µm -1< , 6.7 µm -1< , 5.7 µm -1< , 5 µm -1< , 4.4 µm -1< , 4 µm -1< , 3.6 µm -1< , 3.3 µm -1< , 3.1 µm -1< , 2.9 µm -1< , 2.7 µm -1< , 2.5 µm -1< , 2.4 µm -1< , 2.2 µm -1< , 2.1 µm -1< , 2 µm -1< , 1.3333 µm -1< , 0.8 µm -1< , 0.6666 µm -1< , 0.5714 µm -1< , 0.5 µm -1< , 0.4444 µm -1< , 0.4 µm -1< , 0.3636 µm -1< , 0.3333 µm -1< , 0.3080 µm -1< , 0.2857 µm -1< , 0.2667 µm -1< , 0.25 µm -1< , 0.2353 µm -1< , 0.2222 µm -1< , 0.2105 µm -1< , 0.2 µm -1< , 0.1905 µm -1< , 0.1818 µm -1< , 0.1739 µm -1< , 0.1667 µm -1< , 0.16 µm -1< , 0.1538 µm -1< , 0.1481 µm -1< , 0.1429 µm -1< , 0.1379 µm -1< , 0.1333 µm -1< , 0.1290 µm -1< , 0.125 µm -1< , 0.1212 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1143 µm -1< , 0.1111 µm -1< , 0.1881 µm -1< , 0.1053 µm -1< , 0.1026 µm -1< , 0.1 µm -1< , 0.0976 µm -1< , 0.9524 µm -1< , 0.0930 µm -1< , 0.0909 µm -1< , 0.0889 µm -1< , 0.870 µm -1< , 0.0851 µm -1< , 0.0833 µm -1< , 0.0816 µm -1< , 0.08 µm -1< , 0.0784 µm -1< , 0.0769 µm -1< , 0.0755 µm -1< , 0.0741 µm -1< , 0.0727 µm -1< , 0.0714 µm -1< , 0.0702 µm -1< , 0.0690 µm -1< , 0.0678 µm -1< , 0.0667 µm -1< , 0.0656 µm -1< , 0.0645 µm -1< , 0.0635 µm -1< , 0.0625 µm -1< , 0.0615 µm -1< , 0.0606 µm -1< , 0.0597 µm -1< , 0.0588 µm -1< , 0.0580 µm -1< , 0.0571 µm -1< , 0.0563 µm -1< , 0.0556 µm -1< , 0.0548 µm -1< , 0.0541 µm -1< , 0.0533 µm -1< , 0.0526 µm -1< , 0.0519 µm -1< , 0.0513 µm -1< , 0.0506 µm -1< , 0.05 µm -1< , 0.0494 µm -1< , 0.0488 µm -1< , 0.0482 µm -1< , 0.0476 µm -1< , 0.0471 µm -1< , 0.0465 µm -1< , 0.0460 µm -1< , 0.0455 µm -1< , 0.0450 µm -1< , 0.0444 µm -1< , 0.0440 µm -1< , 0.0435 µm -1< , 0.0430 µm -1< , 0.0426 µm -1< , 0.0421 µm -1< , 0.0417 µm -1< , 0.0412 µm -1< , 0.0408 µm -1< , 0.0404 µm -1< , 0.04 µm -1< , 0.0396 µm -1< , 0.0392 µm -1< , 0.0388 µm -1< , 0.0385 µm -1< ; 0.0381 µm -1< , 0.0377 µm -1< , 0.0374 µm -1< , 0.037 µm -1< , 0.0367 µm -1< , 0.0364 µm -1< , 0.0360 µm -1< , 0.0357 µm -1< , 0.0354 µm -1< , 0.0351 µm -1< , 0.0348 µm -1< , 0.0345 µm -1< , 0.0342 µm -1< , 0.0339 µm -1< , 0.0336 µm -1< , 0.0333 µm -1< , 0.0331 µm -1< , 0.0328 µm -1< , 0.0325 µm -1< , 0.0323 µm -1< , 0.032 µm -1< , 0.0317 µm -1< , 0.0315 µm -1< , 0.0312 µm -1< , 0.031 µm -1< , 0.0308 µm -1< , 0.0305 µm -1< , 0.0303 µm -1< , 0.0301 µm -1< , 0.03 µm -1< , 0.0299 µm -1< , 0.0296 µm -1< , 0.0294 µm -1< , 0.0292 µm -1< , 0.029 µm -1< , 0.0288 µm -1< , 0.0286 µm -1< , 0.0284 µm -1< , 0.0282 µm -1< , 0.028 µm -1< , 0.0278 µm -1< , 0.0276 µm -1< , 0.0274 µm -1< , 0.0272 µm -1< ; 0.0270 µm -1< , 0.0268 µm -1< , 0.02667 µm -1< , 0.0265 µm -1< , 0.0263 µm -1< , 0.0261 µm -1< , 0.026 µm -1< , 0.0258 µm -1< , 0.0256 µm -1< , 0.0255 µm -1< , 0.0253 µm -1< , 0.0252 µm -1< , 0.025 µm -1< , 0.0248 µm -1< , 0.0247 µm -1< , 0.0245 µm -1< , 0.0244 µm -1< , 0.0242 µm -1< , 0.0241 µm -1< , 0.024 µm -1< , 0.0238 µm -1< , 0.0237 µm -1< , 0.0235 µm -1< , 0.0234 µm -1< , 0.0233 µm -1< , 0.231 µm -1< , 0.023 µm -1< , 0.0229 µm -1< , 0.0227 µm -1< , 0.0226 µm -1< , 0.0225 µm -1< , 0.0223 µm -1< , 0.0222 µm -1< , 0.0221 µm -1< , 0.022 µm -1< , 0.0219 µm -1< , 0.0217 µm -1< , 0.0216 µm -1< , 0.0215 µm -1< , 0.0214 µm -1< , 0.0213 µm -1< , 0.0212 µm -1< , 0.0211 µm -1< , 0.021 µm -1< , 0.0209 µm -1< , 0.0208 µm -1< , 0.0207 µm -1< , 0.0206 µm -1< , 0.0205 µm -1< , 0.0204 µm -1< , 0.0203 µm -1< , 0.0202 µm -1< , 0.0201 µm -1< , 0.02 µm -1< , or 0.002 µm -1< .

[0032] According to one embodiment, the composite particle has a largest curvature of at least 200 µm -1< , 100 µm -1< , 66.6 µm -1< , 50 µm -1< , 33.3 µm -1< , 28.6 µm -1< , 25 µm -1< , 20 µm -1< , 18.2 µm -1< , 16.7 µm -1< , 15.4 µm -1< , 14.3 µm -1< , 13.3 µm -1< , 12.5 µm -1< , 11.8 µm -1< , 11.1 µm -1< , 10.5 µm -1< , 10 µm -1< , 9.5 µm -1< , 9.1 µm -1< , 8.7 µm -1< , 8.3 µm -1< , 8 µm -1< , 7.7 µm -1< , 7.4 µm -1< , 7.1 µm -1< , 6.9 µm -1< , 6.7 µm -1< , 5.7 µm -1< , 5 µm -1< , 4.4 µm -1< , 4 µm -1< , 3.6 µm -1< , 3.3 µm -1< , 3.1 µm -1< , 2.9 µm -1< , 2.7 µm -1< , 2.5 µm -1< , 2.4 µm -1< , 2.2 µm -1< , 2.1 µm -1< , 2 µm -1< , 1.3333 µm -1< , 0.8 µm -1< , 0.6666 µm -1< , 0.5714 µm -1< , 0.5 µm -1< , 0.4444 µm -1< , 0.4 µm -1< , 0.3636 µm -1< , 0.3333 µm -1< , 0.3080 µm -1< , 0.2857 µm -1< , 0.2667 µm -1< , 0.25 µm -1< , 0.2353 µm -1< , 0.2222 µm -1< , 0.2105 µm -1< , 0.2 µm -1< , 0.1905 µm -1< , 0.1818 µm -1< , 0.1739 µm -1< , 0.1667 µm -1< , 0.16 µm -1< , 0.1538 µm -1< , 0.1481 µm -1< , 0.1429 µm -1< , 0.1379 µm -1< , 0.1333 µm -1< , 0.1290 µm -1< , 0.125 µm -1< , 0.1212 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1143 µm -1< , 0.1111 µm -1< , 0.1881 µm -1< , 0.1053 µm -1< , 0.1026 µm -1< , 0.1 µm -1< , 0.0976 µm -1< , 0.9524 µm -1< , 0.0930 µm -1< , 0.0909 µm -1< , 0.0889 µm -1< , 0.870 µm -1< , 0.0851 µm -1< , 0.0833 µm -1< , 0.0816 µm -1< , 0.08 µm -1< , 0.0784 µm -1< , 0.0769 µm -1< , 0.0755 µm -1< , 0.0741 µm -1< , 0.0727 µm -1< , 0.0714 µm -1< , 0.0702 µm -1< , 0.0690 µm -1< , 0.0678 µm -1< , 0.0667 µm -1< , 0.0656 µm -1< , 0.0645 µm -1< , 0.0635 µm -1< , 0.0625 µm -1< , 0.0615 µm -1< , 0.0606 µm -1< , 0.0597 µm -1< , 0.0588 µm -1< , 0.0580 µm -1< , 0.0571 µm -1< , 0.0563 µm -1< , 0.0556 µm -1< , 0.0548 µm -1< , 0.0541 µm -1< , 0.0533 µm -1< , 0.0526 µm -1< , 0.0519 µm -1< , 0.0513 µm -1< , 0.0506 µm -1< , 0.05 µm -1< , 0.0494 µm -1< , 0.0488 µm -1< , 0.0482 µm -1< , 0.0476 µm -1< , 0.0471 µm -1< , 0.0465 µm -1< , 0.0460 µm -1< , 0.0455 µm -1< , 0.0450 µm -1< , 0.0444 µm -1< , 0.0440 µm -1< , 0.0435 µm -1< , 0.0430 µm -1< , 0.0426 µm -1< , 0.0421 µm -1< , 0.0417 µm -1< , 0.0412 µm -1< , 0.0408 µm -1< , 0.0404 µm -1< , 0.04 µm -1< , 0.0396 µm -1< , 0.0392 µm -1< , 0.0388 µm -1< , 0.0385 µm -1< ; 0.0381 µm -1< , 0.0377 µm -1< , 0.0374 µm -1< , 0.037 µm -1< , 0.0367 µm -1< , 0.0364 µm -1< , 0.0360 µm -1< , 0.0357 µm -1< , 0.0354 µm -1< , 0.0351 µm -1< , 0.0348 µm -1< , 0.0345 µm -1< , 0.0342 µm -1< , 0.0339 µm -1< , 0.0336 µm -1< , 0.0333 µm -1< , 0.0331 µm -1< , 0.0328 µm -1< , 0.0325 µm -1< , 0.0323 µm -1< , 0.032 µm -1< , 0.0317 µm -1< , 0.0315 µm -1< , 0.0312 µm -1< , 0.031 µm -1< , 0.0308 µm -1< , 0.0305 µm -1< , 0.0303 µm -1< , 0.0301 µm -1< , 0.03 µm -1< , 0.0299 µm -1< , 0.0296 µm -1< , 0.0294 µm -1< , 0.0292 µm -1< , 0.029 µm -1< , 0.0288 µm -1< , 0.0286 µm -1< , 0.0284 µm -1< , 0.0282 µm -1< , 0.028 µm -1< , 0.0278 µm -1< , 0.0276 µm -1< , 0.0274 µm -1< , 0.0272 µm -1< ; 0.0270 µm -1< , 0.0268 µm -1< , 0.02667 µm -1< , 0.0265 µm -1< , 0.0263 µm -1< , 0.0261 µm -1< , 0.026 µm -1< , 0.0258 µm -1< , 0.0256 µm -1< , 0.0255 µm -1< , 0.0253 µm -1< , 0.0252 µm -1< , 0.025 µm -1< , 0.0248 µm -1< , 0.0247 µm -1< , 0.0245 µm -1< , 0.0244 µm -1< , 0.0242 µm -1< , 0.0241 µm -1< , 0.024 µm -1< , 0.0238 µm -1< , 0.0237 µm -1< , 0.0235 µm -1< , 0.0234 µm -1< , 0.0233 µm -1< , 0.231 µm -1< , 0.023 µm -1< , 0.0229 µm -1< , 0.0227 µm -1< , 0.0226 µm -1< , 0.0225 µm -1< , 0.0223 µm -1< , 0.0222 µm -1< , 0.0221 µm -1< , 0.022 µm -1< , 0.0219 µm -1< , 0.0217 µm -1< , 0.0216 µm -1< , 0.0215 µm -1< , 0.0214 µm -1< , 0.0213 µm -1< , 0.0212 µm -1< , 0.0211 µm -1< , 0.021 µm -1< , 0.0209 µm -1< , 0.0208 µm -1< , 0.0207 µm -1< , 0.0206 µm -1< , 0.0205 µm -1< , 0.0204 µm -1< , 0.0203 µm -1< , 0.0202 µm -1< , 0.0201 µm -1< , 0.02 µm -1< , or 0.002 µm -1< .

[0033] According to one embodiment, the composite particle has a spherical shape, an ovoid shape, a discoidal shape, a cylindrical shape, a faceted shape, a hexagonal shape, a triangular shape, or a cubic shape.

[0034] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not a fiber.

[0035] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not a matrix with undefined shape.

[0036] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not macroscopical piece of glass. In this embodiment, a piece of glass refers to glass obtained from a bigger glass entity for example by cutting it, or to glass obtained by using a mold. In one embodiment, a piece of glass has at least one dimension exceeding 1mm.

[0037] According to one embodiment, the composite particles are not obtained by reducing the size of the inorganic material. For example, composite particles are not obtained by milling a piece of inorganic material, nor by cutting it, nor by firing it with projectiles like particles, atomes or electrons, or by any other method.

[0038] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not a piece of nanometer pore glass doped with nanoparticles.

[0039] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not a glass monolith.

[0040] According to one embodiment, the composite particle has a spherical shape.

[0041] The composite particle has a diameter inferior to 500 nm.

[0042] According to one embodiment, the average diameter of a statistical set of spherical composite particles may have a deviation less or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 155%, 160%, 165%, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, or 200%.

[0043] According to one embodiment, the spherical composite particle has a unique curvature of at least 200 µm -1< , 100 µm -1< , 66.6 µm -1< , 50 µm -1< , 33.3 µm -1< , 28.6 µm -1< , 25 µm -1< , 20 µm -1< , 18.2 µm -1< , 16.7 µm -1< , 15.4 µm -1< , 14.3 µm -1< , 13.3 µm -1< , 12.5 µm -1< , 11.8 µm -1< , 11.1 µm -1< , 10.5 µm -1< , 10 µm -1< , 9.5 µm -1< , 9.1 µm -1< , 8.7 µm -1< , 8.3 µm -1< , 8 µm -1< , 7.7 µm -1< , 7.4 µm -1< , 7.1 µm -1< , 6.9 µm -1< , 6.7 µm -1< , 5.7 µm -1< , 5 µm -1< , 4.4 µm -1< , 4 µm -1< , 3.6 µm -1< , 3.3 µm -1< , 3.1 µm -1< , 2.9 µm -1< , 2.7 µm -1< , 2.5 µm -1< , 2.4 µm -1< , 2.2 µm -1< , 2.1 µm -1< , 2 µm -1< , 1.3333 µm -1< , 0.8 µm -1< , 0.6666 µm -1< , 0.5714 µm -1< , 0.5 µm -1< , 0.4444 µm -1< , 0.4 µm -1< , 0.3636 µm -1< , 0.3333 µm -1< , 0.3080 µm -1< , 0.2857 µm -1< , 0.2667 µm -1< , 0.25 µm -1< , 0.2353 µm -1< , 0.2222 µm -1< , 0.2105 µm -1< , 0.2 µm -1< , 0.1905 µm -1< , 0.1818 µm -1< , 0.1739 µm -1< , 0.1667 µm -1< , 0.16 µm -1< , 0.1538 µm -1< , 0.1481 µm -1< , 0.1429 µm -1< , 0.1379 µm -1< , 0.1333 µm -1< , 0.1290 µm -1< , 0.125 µm -1< , 0.1212 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1143 µm -1< , 0.1111 µm -1< , 0.1881 µm -1< , 0.1053 µm -1< , 0.1026 µm -1< , 0.1 µm -1< , 0.0976 µm -1< , 0.9524 µm -1< , 0.0930 µm -1< , 0.0909 µm -1< , 0.0889 µm -1< , 0.870 µm -1< , 0.0851 µm -1< , 0.0833 µm -1< , 0.0816 µm -1< , 0.08 µm -1< , 0.0784 µm -1< , 0.0769 µm -1< , 0.0755 µm -1< , 0.0741 µm -1< , 0.0727 µm -1< , 0.0714 µm -1< , 0.0702 µm -1< , 0.0690 µm -1< , 0.0678 µm -1< , 0.0667 µm -1< , 0.0656 µm -1< , 0.0645 µm -1< , 0.0635 µm -1< , 0.0625 µm -1< , 0.0615 µm -1< , 0.0606 µm -1< , 0.0597 µm -1< , 0.0588 µm -1< , 0.0580 µm -1< , 0.0571 µm -1< , 0.0563 µm -1< , 0.0556 µm -1< , 0.0548 µm -1< , 0.0541 µm -1< , 0.0533 µm -1< , 0.0526 µm -1< , 0.0519 µm -1< , 0.0513 µm -1< , 0.0506 µm -1< , 0.05 µm -1< , 0.0494 µm -1< , 0.0488 µm -1< , 0.0482 µm -1< , 0.0476 µm -1< , 0.0471 µm -1< , 0.0465 µm -1< , 0.0460 µm -1< , 0.0455 µm -1< , 0.0450 µm -1< , 0.0444 µm -1< , 0.0440 µm -1< , 0.0435 µm -1< , 0.0430 µm -1< , 0.0426 µm -1< , 0.0421 µm -1< , 0.0417 µm -1< , 0.0412 µm -1< , 0.0408 µm -1< , 0.0404 µm -1< , 0.04 µm -1< , 0.0396 µm -1< , 0.0392 µm -1< , 0.0388 µm -1< , 0.0385 µm -1< ; 0.0381 µm -1< , 0.0377 µm -1< , 0.0374 µm -1< , 0.037 µm -1< , 0.0367 µm -1< , 0.0364 µm -1< , 0.0360 µm -1< , 0.0357 µm -1< , 0.0354 µm -1< , 0.0351 µm -1< , 0.0348 µm -1< , 0.0345 µm -1< , 0.0342 µm -1< , 0.0339 µm -1< , 0.0336 µm -1< , 0.0333 µm -1< , 0.0331 µm -1< , 0.0328 µm -1< , 0.0325 µm -1< , 0.0323 µm -1< , 0.032 µm -1< , 0.0317 µm -1< , 0.0315 µm -1< , 0.0312 µm -1< , 0.031 µm -1< , 0.0308 µm -1< , 0.0305 µm -1< , 0.0303 µm -1< , 0.0301 µm -1< , 0.03 µm -1< , 0.0299 µm -1< , 0.0296 µm -1< , 0.0294 µm -1< , 0.0292 µm -1< , 0.029 µm -1< , 0.0288 µm -1< , 0.0286 µm -1< , 0.0284 µm -1< , 0.0282 µm -1< , 0.028 µm -1< , 0.0278 µm -1< , 0.0276 µm -1< , 0.0274 µm -1< , 0.0272 µm -1< ; 0.0270 µm -1< , 0.0268 µm -1< , 0.02667 µm -1< , 0.0265 µm -1< , 0.0263 µm -1< , 0.0261 µm -1< , 0.026 µm -1< , 0.0258 µm -1< , 0.0256 µm -1< , 0.0255 µm -1< , 0.0253 µm -1< , 0.0252 µm -1< , 0.025 µm -1< , 0.0248 µm -1< , 0.0247 µm -1< , 0.0245 µm -1< , 0.0244 µm -1< , 0.0242 µm -1< , 0.0241 µm -1< , 0.024 µm -1< , 0.0238 µm -1< , 0.0237 µm -1< , 0.0235 µm -1< , 0.0234 µm -1< , 0.0233 µm -1< , 0.231 µm -1< , 0.023 µm -1< , 0.0229 µm -1< , 0.0227 µm -1< , 0.0226 µm -1< , 0.0225 µm -1< , 0.0223 µm -1< , 0.0222 µm -1< , 0.0221 µm -1< , 0.022 µm -1< , 0.0219 µm -1< , 0.0217 µm -1< , 0.0216 µm -1< , 0.0215 µm -1< , 0.0214 µm -1< , 0.0213 µm -1< , 0.0212 µm -1< , 0.0211 µm -1< , 0.021 µm -1< , 0.0209 µm -1< , 0.0208 µm -1< , 0.0207 µm -1< , 0.0206 µm -1< , 0.0205 µm -1< , 0.0204 µm -1< , 0.0203 µm -1< , 0.0202 µm -1< , 0.0201 µm -1< , 0.02 µm -1< , or 0.002 µm -1< .

[0044] According to one embodiment, a statistical set of the spherical composite particles has an average unique curvature of at least 200 µm -1< , 100 µm -1< , 66.6 µm -1< , 50 µm -1< , 33.3 µm -1< , 28.6 µm -1< , 25 µm -1< , 20 µm -1< , 18.2 µm -1< , 16.7 µm -1< , 15.4 µm -1< , 14.3 µm -1< , 13.3 µm -1< , 12.5 µm -1< , 11.8 µm -1< , 11.1 µm -1< , 10.5 µm -1< , 10 µm -1< , 9.5 µm -1< , 9.1 µm -1< , 8.7 µm -1< , 8.3 µm -1< , 8 µm -1< , 7.7 µm -1< , 7.4 µm -1< , 7.1 µm -1< , 6.9 µm -1< , 6.7 µm -1< , 5.7 µm -1< , 5 µm -1< , 4.4 µm -1< , 4 µm -1< , 3.6 µm -1< , 3.3 µm -1< , 3.1 µm -1< , 2.9 µm -1< , 2.7 µm -1< , 2.5 µm -1< , 2.4 µm -1< , 2.2 µm -1< , 2.1 µm -1< , 2 µm -1< , 1.3333 µm -1< , 0.8 µm -1< , 0.6666 µm -1< , 0.5714 µm -1< , 0.5 µm -1< , 0.4444 µm -1< , 0.4 µm -1< , 0.3636 µm -1< , 0.3333 µm -1< , 0.3080 µm -1< , 0.2857 µm -1< , 0.2667 µm -1< , 0.25 µm -1< , 0.2353 µm -1< , 0.2222 µm -1< , 0.2105 µm -1< , 0.2 µm -1< , 0.1905 µm -1< , 0.1818 µm -1< , 0.1739 µm -1< , 0.1667 µm -1< , 0.16 µm -1< , 0.1538 µm -1< , 0.1481 µm -1< , 0.1429 µm -1< , 0.1379 µm -1< , 0.1333 µm -1< , 0.1290 µm -1< , 0.125 µm -1< , 0.1212 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1176 µm -1< , 0.1143 µm -1< , 0.1111 µm -1< , 0.1881 µm -1< , 0.1053 µm -1< , 0.1026 µm -1< , 0.1 µm -1< , 0.0976 µm -1< , 0.9524 µm -1< , 0.0930 µm -1< , 0.0909 µm -1< , 0.0889 µm -1< , 0.870 µm -1< , 0.0851 µm -1< , 0.0833 µm -1< , 0.0816 µm -1< , 0.08 µm -1< , 0.0784 µm -1< , 0.0769 µm -1< , 0.0755 µm -1< , 0.0741 µm -1< , 0.0727 µm -1< , 0.0714 µm -1< , 0.0702 µm -1< , 0.0690 µm -1< , 0.0678 µm -1< , 0.0667 µm -1< , 0.0656 µm -1< , 0.0645 µm -1< , 0.0635 µm -1< , 0.0625 µm -1< , 0.0615 µm -1< , 0.0606 µm -1< , 0.0597 µm -1< , 0.0588 µm -1< , 0.0580 µm -1< , 0.0571 µm -1< , 0.0563 µm -1< , 0.0556 µm -1< , 0.0548 µm -1< , 0.0541 µm -1< , 0.0533 µm -1< , 0.0526 µm -1< , 0.0519 µm -1< , 0.0513 µm -1< , 0.0506 µm -1< , 0.05 µm -1< , 0.0494 µm -1< , 0.0488 µm -1< , 0.0482 µm -1< , 0.0476 µm -1< , 0.0471 µm -1< , 0.0465 µm -1< , 0.0460 µm -1< , 0.0455 µm -1< , 0.0450 µm -1< , 0.0444 µm -1< , 0.0440 µm -1< , 0.0435 µm -1< , 0.0430 µm -1< , 0.0426 µm -1< , 0.0421 µm -1< , 0.0417 µm -1< , 0.0412 µm -1< , 0.0408 µm -1< , 0.0404 µm -1< , 0.04 µm -1< , 0.0396 µm -1< , 0.0392 µm -1< , 0.0388 µm -1< , 0.0385 µm -1< ; 0.0381 µm -1< , 0.0377 µm -1< , 0.0374 µm -1< , 0.037 µm -1< , 0.0367 µm -1< , 0.0364 µm -1< , 0.0360 µm -1< , 0.0357 µm -1< , 0.0354 µm -1< , 0.0351 µm -1< , 0.0348 µm -1< , 0.0345 µm -1< , 0.0342 µm -1< , 0.0339 µm -1< , 0.0336 µm -1< , 0.0333 µm -1< , 0.0331 µm -1< , 0.0328 µm -1< , 0.0325 µm -1< , 0.0323 µm -1< , 0.032 µm -1< , 0.0317 µm -1< , 0.0315 µm -1< , 0.0312 µm -1< , 0.031 µm -1< , 0.0308 µm -1< , 0.0305 µm -1< , 0.0303 µm -1< , 0.0301 µm -1< , 0.03 µm -1< , 0.0299 µm -1< , 0.0296 µm -1< , 0.0294 µm -1< , 0.0292 µm -1< , 0.029 µm -1< , 0.0288 µm -1< , 0.0286 µm -1< , 0.0284 µm -1< , 0.0282 µm -1< , 0.028 µm -1< , 0.0278 µm -1< , 0.0276 µm -1< , 0.0274 µm -1< , 0.0272 µm -1< ; 0.0270 µm -1< , 0.0268 µm -1< , 0.02667 µm -1< , 0.0265 µm -1< , 0.0263 µm -1< , 0.0261 µm -1< , 0.026 µm -1< , 0.0258 µm -1< , 0.0256 µm -1< , 0.0255 µm -1< , 0.0253 µm -1< , 0.0252 µm -1< , 0.025 µm -1< , 0.0248 µm -1< , 0.0247 µm -1< , 0.0245 µm -1< , 0.0244 µm -1< , 0.0242 µm -1< , 0.0241 µm -1< , 0.024 µm -1< , 0.0238 µm -1< , 0.0237 µm -1< , 0.0235 µm -1< , 0.0234 µm -1< , 0.0233 µm -1< , 0.231 µm -1< , 0.023 µm -1< , 0.0229 µm -1< , 0.0227 µm -1< , 0.0226 µm -1< , 0.0225 µm -1< , 0.0223 µm -1< , 0.0222 µm -1< , 0.0221 µm -1< , 0.022 µm -1< , 0.0219 µm -1< , 0.0217 µm -1< , 0.0216 µm -1< , 0.0215 µm -1< , 0.0214 µm -1< , 0.0213 µm -1< , 0.0212 µm -1< , 0.0211 µm -1< , 0.021 µm -1< , 0.0209 µm -1< , 0.0208 µm -1< , 0.0207 µm -1< , 0.0206 µm -1< , 0.0205 µm -1< , 0.0204 µm -1< , 0.0203 µm -1< , 0.0202 µm -1< , 0.0201 µm -1< , 0.02 µm -1< , or 0.002 µm -1< .

[0045] According to one embodiment, the curvature of the spherical composite particle has no deviation, meaning that said composite particle has a perfect spherical shape. A perfect spherical shape prevents fluctuations of the intensity of the scattered light.

[0046] According to one embodiment, the unique curvature of the spherical composite particle may have a deviation less or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, or 10% along the surface of said composite particle.

[0047] According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particle is equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5% of the largest dimension of said composite particle, meaning that the surface of said composite particles is completely smooth.

[0048] According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particle is less or equal to 0.5% of the largest dimension of said composite particle, meaning that the surface of said composite particles is completely smooth.

[0049] According to one embodiment, the composite particles are polydisperse.

[0050] According to one embodiment, the composite particles are monodisperse.

[0051] According to one embodiment, the composite particles have a narrow size distribution.

[0052] According to one embodiment, the composite particles are not aggregated.

[0053] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is luminescent.

[0054] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is fluorescent.

[0055] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is phosphorescent.

[0056] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is electroluminescent.

[0057] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is chemiluminescent.

[0058] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 50 µm.

[0059] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits blue light.

[0060] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits green light.

[0061] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits yellow light.

[0062] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits red light.

[0063] According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 µm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits near infra-red, mid-infra-red, or infra-red light.

[0064] According to one embodiment, the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0065] According to one embodiment, the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum strictly lower than 40nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0066] According to one embodiment, the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0067] According to one embodiment, the composite particle has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 100%.

[0068] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination.

[0069] According to one embodiment, the light illumination is provided by blue, green, red, or UV light source such as laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or Xenon Arc Lamp. According to one embodiment, the photon flux of the illumination is comprised between 1 mW.cm -2< and 100 kW.cm -2< , more preferably between 10 mw.cm -2< and 100 W.cm -2< , and even more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2< and 30 W.cm -2< .

[0070] According to one embodiment, the photon flux of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm -2< , 50 mW.cm -2< , 100 mW.cm -2< , 500 mW.cm -2< , 1 W.cm -2< , 5 W.cm -2< , 10 W.cm -2< , 20 W.cm -2< , 30 W.cm -2< , 40 W.cm -2< , 50 W.cm -2< , 60 W.cm -2< , 70 W.cm -2< , 80 W.cm -2< , 90 W.cm -2< , 100 W.cm -2< , 110 W.cm -2< , 120 W.cm -2< , 130 W.cm -2< , 140 W.cm -2< , 150 W.cm -2< , 160 W.cm -2< , 170 W.cm -2< , 180 W.cm -2< , 190 W.cm -2< , 200 W.cm -2< , 300 W.cm -2< , 400 W.cm -2< , 500 W.cm -2< , 600 W.cm -2< , 700 W.cm -2< , 800 W.cm -2< , 900 W.cm -2< , 1 kW.cm -2< , 50 kW.cm -2< , or 100 kW.cm -2< .

[0071] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2< , 50 mW.cm -2< , 100 mW.cm -2< , 500 mW.cm -2< , 1 W.cm -2< , 5 W.cm -2< , 10 W.cm -2< , 20 W.cm -2< , 30 W.cm -2< , 40 W.cm -2< , 50 W.cm -2< , 60 W.cm -2< , 70 W.cm -2< , 80 W.cm -2< , 90 W.cm -2< , 100 W.cm -2< , 110 W.cm -2< , 120 W.cm -2< , 130 W.cm -2< , 140 W.cm -2< , 150 W.cm -2< , 160 W.cm -2< , 170 W.cm -2< , 180 W.cm -2< , 190 W.cm -2< , 200 W.cm -2< , 300 W.cm -2< , 400 W.cm -2< , 500 W.cm -2< , 600 W.cm -2< , 700 W.cm -2< , 800 W.cm -2< , 900 W.cm -2< , 1 kW.cm -2< , 50 kW.cm -2< , or 100 kW.cm -2< .

[0072] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has an average fluorescence lifetime of at least 0.1 nanosecond, 0.2 nanosecond, 0.3 nanosecond, 0.4 nanosecond, 0.5 nanosecond, 0.6 nanosecond, 0.7 nanosecond, 0.8 nanosecond, 0.9 nanosecond, 1 nanosecond, 2 nanoseconds, 3 nanoseconds, 4 nanoseconds, 5 nanoseconds, 6 nanoseconds, 7 nanoseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 9 nanoseconds, 10 nanoseconds, 11 nanoseconds, 12 nanoseconds, 13 nanoseconds, 14 nanoseconds, 15 nanoseconds, 16 nanoseconds, 17 nanoseconds, 18 nanoseconds, 19 nanoseconds, 20 nanoseconds, 21 nanoseconds, 22 nanoseconds, 23 nanoseconds, 24 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 26 nanoseconds, 27 nanoseconds, 28 nanoseconds, 29 nanoseconds, 30 nanoseconds, 31 nanoseconds, 32 nanoseconds, 33 nanoseconds, 34 nanoseconds, 35 nanoseconds, 36 nanoseconds, 37 nanoseconds, 38 nanoseconds, 39 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds, 41 nanoseconds, 42 nanoseconds, 43 nanoseconds, 44 nanoseconds, 45 nanoseconds, 46 nanoseconds, 47 nanoseconds, 48 nanoseconds, 49 nanoseconds, 50 nanoseconds, 100 nanoseconds, 150 nanoseconds, 200 nanoseconds, 250 nanoseconds, 300 nanoseconds, 350 nanoseconds, 400 nanoseconds, 450 nanoseconds, 500 nanoseconds, 550 nanoseconds, 600 nanoseconds, 650 nanoseconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 µ second.

[0073] According to one embodiment, the composite particle absorbs the incident light with wavelength lower than 50 µm, 40 µm, 30 µm, 20 µm, 10 µm, 1 µm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or lower than 200 nm.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is hydrophobic.

[0075] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is hydrophilic.

[0076] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is surfactant-free. In this embodiment, the surface of the composite particle will be easy to functionalize as said surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecule.

[0077] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not surfactant-free.

[0078] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not porous.

[0079] According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not comprise pores or cavities.

[0080] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is considered non-porous when the quantity adsorbed by the said composite particle determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory is less than 20 cm 3< / g, 15 cm 3< / g, 10 cm 3< / g, 5 cm 3< / g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg.

[0081] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is impermeable to molecular species, gas or liquid.

[0082] According to one embodiment, the impermeable composite particle has an intrinsic permeability to fluids less or equal to 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -12< cm 2< , 10 -13< cm 2< , 10 -14< cm 2< , 10 -15< cm 2< , 10 -16< cm 2< , 10 -17< cm 2< , 10 -18< cm 2< , 10 -19< cm 2< , 10 -20< cm 2< , 10 -21< cm 2< , 10 -22< cm 2< , 10 -23< cm 2< , 10 -24< cm 2< , 10 -25< cm 2< , or 10 -26< cm 2< .

[0083] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0084] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0085] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0086] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0087] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0088] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0089] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0090] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0091] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0092] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0093] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0094] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0095] According to one embodiment, the specific property of the composite particle 1 comprises one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity of increasing local electromagnetic field, absorbance, magnetization, magnetic coercivity, catalytic yield, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to molecular oxygen, permeability to molecular water, or any other properties.

[0096] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0097] Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and / or phosphorescence.

[0098] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0099] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0100] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0101] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0102] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0103] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0104] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0105] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0107] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0108] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0109] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0110] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0111] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0112] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0113] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0114] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0115] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0116] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0117] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0118] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0119] According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not consist of pure SiO 2 , i.e. more than 96% SiO 2 .

[0120] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is optically transparent, i.e. the composite particle is transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

[0121] According to one embodiment, the composite particle comprises at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% of inorganic nanoparticles on its surface.

[0122] According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not comprise inorganic nanoparticles on its surface.

[0123] According to one embodiment, at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of inorganic nanoparticles are comprised in the core. In this embodiment, each of said inorganic nanoparticles is completely surrounded by the material comprised in the core of the composite particle.

[0124] According to one embodiment, the composite particle is a vitrified glass particle comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle.

[0125] According to one embodiment, the core has a largest dimension inferior to 500 nm.

[0126] According to one embodiment, the core has a smallest dimension inferior to 500 nm.

[0127] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the core is smaller than the largest dimension of said core by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85; at least 90; at least 95; at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000.

[0128] According to one embodiment, the core has a spherical shape, an ovoid shape, a discoidal shape, a cylindrical shape, a faceted shape, a hexagonal shape, a triangular shape, a cubic shape, or a platelet shape.

[0129] According to one embodiment, the core has a spherical shape.

[0130] According to one embodiment, the core has an average diameter inferior to 500 nm.

[0131] According to one embodiment, the core is hollow.

[0132] According to one embodiment, the core is filled with a liquid.

[0133] According to one embodiment, the core is filled with an organic solvent.

[0134] According to one embodiment, the core is filled with an aqueous solvent.

[0135] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the core 11 comprises at least one non-vitrified inorganic material.

[0136] According to one embodiment, the core comprises an inorganic material.

[0137] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one vitrified inorganic material.

[0138] According to one embodiment, the vitrified core and the vitrified shell 12 are not distinct from one another.

[0139] According to one embodiment, the core 11 and the vitrified shell 12 comprise the same material, i.e. vitrified glass.

[0140] According to one embodiment, the core 11 and the vitrified shell 12 comprise different materials.

[0141] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprised in the core 11 is physically and chemically stable under various conditions. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0142] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0143] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0144] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0145] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0146] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity and under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0147] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.

[0148] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material and / or the core 11 acts as a barrier against oxidation of the inorganic nanoparticles.

[0149] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is thermally conductive.

[0150] According to one embodiment, the core 11 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W / (m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W / (m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W / (m.K).

[0151] According to one embodiment, the core 11 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W / (m.K), 0.2 W / (m.K), 0.3 W / (m.K), 0.4 W / (m.K), 0.5 W / (m.K), 0.6 W / (m.K), 0.7 W / (m.K), 0.8 W / (m.K), 0.9 W / (m.K), 1 W / (m.K), 1.1 W / (m.K), 1.2 W / (m.K), 1.3 W / (m.K), 1.4 W / (m.K), 1.5 W / (m.K), 1.6 W / (m.K), 1.7 W / (m.K), 1.8 W / (m.K), 1.9 W / (m.K), 2 W / (m.K), 2.1 W / (m.K), 2.2 W / (m.K), 2.3 W / (m.K), 2.4 W / (m.K), 2.5 W / (m.K), 2.6 W / (m.K), 2.7 W / (m.K), 2.8 W / (m.K), 2.9 W / (m.K), 3 W / (m.K), 3.1 W / (m.K), 3.2 W / (m.K), 3.3 W / (m.K), 3.4 W / (m.K), 3.5 W / (m.K), 3.6 W / (m.K), 3.7 W / (m.K), 3.8 W / (m.K), 3.9 W / (m.K), 4 W / (m.K), 4.1 W / (m.K), 4.2 W / (m.K), 4.3 W / (m.K), 4.4 W / (m.K), 4.5 W / (m.K), 4.6 W / (m.K), 4.7 W / (m.K), 4.8 W / (m.K), 4.9 W / (m.K), 5 W / (m.K), 5.1 W / (m.K), 5.2 W / (m.K), 5.3 W / (m.K), 5.4 W / (m.K), 5.5 W / (m.K), 5.6 W / (m.K), 5.7 W / (m.K), 5.8 W / (m.K), 5.9 W / (m.K), 6 W / (m.K), 6.1 W / (m.K), 6.2 W / (m.K), 6.3 W / (m.K), 6.4 W / (m.K), 6.5 W / (m.K), 6.6 W / (m.K), 6.7 W / (m.K), 6.8 W / (m.K), 6.9 W / (m.K), 7 W / (m.K), 7.1 W / (m.K), 7.2 W / (m.K), 7.3 W / (m.K), 7.4 W / (m.K), 7.5 W / (m.K), 7.6 W / (m.K), 7.7 W / (m.K), 7.8 W / (m.K), 7.9 W / (m.K), 8 W / (m.K), 8.1 W / (m.K), 8.2 W / (m.K), 8.3 W / (m.K), 8.4 W / (m.K), 8.5 W / (m.K), 8.6 W / (m.K), 8.7 W / (m.K), 8.8 W / (m.K), 8.9 W / (m.K), 9 W / (m.K), 9.1 W / (m.K), 9.2 W / (m.K), 9.3 W / (m.K), 9.4 W / (m.K), 9.5 W / (m.K), 9.6 W / (m.K), 9.7 W / (m.K), 9.8 W / (m.K), 9.9 W / (m.K), 10 W / (m.K), 10.1 W / (m.K), 10.2 W / (m.K), 10.3 W / (m.K), 10.4 W / (m.K), 10.5 W / (m.K), 10.6 W / (m.K), 10.7 W / (m.K), 10.8 W / (m.K), 10.9 W / (m.K), 11 W / (m.K), 11.1 W / (m.K), 11.2 W / (m.K), 11.3 W / (m.K), 11.4 W / (m.K), 11.5 W / (m.K), 11.6 W / (m.K), 11.7 W / (m.K), 11.8 W / (m.K), 11.9 W / (m.K), 12 W / (m.K), 12.1 W / (m.K), 12.2 W / (m.K), 12.3 W / (m.K), 12.4 W / (m.K), 12.5 W / (m.K), 12.6 W / (m.K), 12.7 W / (m.K), 12.8 W / (m.K), 12.9 W / (m.K), 13 W / (m.K), 13.1 W / (m.K), 13.2 W / (m.K), 13.3 W / (m.K), 13.4 W / (m.K), 13.5 W / (m.K), 13.6 W / (m.K), 13.7 W / (m.K), 13.8 W / (m.K), 13.9 W / (m.K), 14 W / (m.K), 14.1 W / (m.K), 14.2 W / (m.K), 14.3 W / (m.K), 14.4 W / (m.K), 14.5 W / (m.K), 14.6 W / (m.K), 14.7 W / (m.K), 14.8 W / (m.K), 14.9 W / (m.K), 15 W / (m.K), 15.1 W / (m.K), 15.2 W / (m.K), 15.3 W / (m.K), 15.4 W / (m.K), 15.5 W / (m.K), 15.6 W / (m.K), 15.7 W / (m.K), 15.8 W / (m.K), 15.9 W / (m.K), 16 W / (m.K), 16.1 W / (m.K), 16.2 W / (m.K), 16.3 W / (m.K), 16.4 W / (m.K), 16.5 W / (m.K), 16.6 W / (m.K), 16.7 W / (m.K), 16.8 W / (m.K), 16.9 W / (m.K), 17 W / (m.K), 17.1 W / (m.K), 17.2 W / (m.K), 17.3 W / (m.K), 17.4 W / (m.K), 17.5 W / (m.K), 17.6 W / (m.K), 17.7 W / (m.K), 17.8 W / (m.K), 17.9 W / (m.K), 18 W / (m.K), 18.1 W / (m.K), 18.2 W / (m.K), 18.3 W / (m.K), 18.4 W / (m.K), 18.5 W / (m.K), 18.6 W / (m.K), 18.7 W / (m.K), 18.8 W / (m.K), 18.9 W / (m.K), 19 W / (m.K), 19.1 W / (m.K), 19.2 W / (m.K), 19.3 W / (m.K), 19.4 W / (m.K), 19.5 W / (m.K), 19.6 W / (m.K), 19.7 W / (m.K), 19.8 W / (m.K), 19.9 W / (m.K), 20 W / (m.K), 20.1 W / (m.K), 20.2 W / (m.K), 20.3 W / (m.K), 20.4 W / (m.K), 20.5 W / (m.K), 20.6 W / (m.K), 20.7 W / (m.K), 20.8 W / (m.K), 20.9 W / (m.K), 21 W / (m.K), 21.1 W / (m.K), 21.2 W / (m.K), 21.3 W / (m.K), 21.4 W / (m.K), 21.5 W / (m.K), 21.6 W / (m.K), 21.7 W / (m.K), 21.8 W / (m.K), 21.9 W / (m.K), 22 W / (m.K), 22.1 W / (m.K), 22.2 W / (m.K), 22.3 W / (m.K), 22.4 W / (m.K), 22.5 W / (m.K), 22.6 W / (m.K), 22.7 W / (m.K), 22.8 W / (m.K), 22.9 W / (m.K), 23 W / (m.K), 23.1 W / (m.K), 23.2 W / (m.K), 23.3 W / (m.K), 23.4 W / (m.K), 23.5 W / (m.K), 23.6 W / (m.K), 23.7 W / (m.K), 23.8 W / (m.K), 23.9 W / (m.K), 24 W / (m.K), 24.1 W / (m.K), 24.2 W / (m.K), 24.3 W / (m.K), 24.4 W / (m.K), 24.5 W / (m.K), 24.6 W / (m.K), 24.7 W / (m.K), 24.8 W / (m.K), 24.9 W / (m.K), 25 W / (m.K), 30 W / (m.K), 40 W / (m.K), 50 W / (m.K), 60 W / (m.K), 70 W / (m.K), 80 W / (m.K), 90 W / (m.K), 100 W / (m.K), 110 W / (m.K), 120 W / (m.K), 130 W / (m.K), 140 W / (m.K), 150 W / (m.K), 160 W / (m.K), 170 W / (m.K), 180 W / (m.K), 190 W / (m.K), 200 W / (m.K), 210 W / (m.K), 220 W / (m.K), 230 W / (m.K), 240 W / (m.K), 250 W / (m.K), 260 W / (m.K), 270 W / (m.K), 280 W / (m.K), 290 W / (m.K), 300 W / (m.K), 310 W / (m.K), 320 W / (m.K), 330 W / (m.K), 340 W / (m.K), 350 W / (m.K), 360 W / (m.K), 370 W / (m.K), 380 W / (m.K), 390 W / (m.K), 400 W / (m.K), 410 W / (m.K), 420 W / (m.K), 430 W / (m.K), 440 W / (m.K), or 450 W / (m.K).

[0152] According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the core 11 may be measured by for example by steady-state methods or transient methods.

[0153] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is not thermally conductive.

[0154] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises a refractory material.

[0155] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is electrically insulator. In this embodiment, the quenching of fluorescent properties for fluorescent nanoparticles comprised in the core 11 is prevented when it is due to electron transport. In this embodiment, the composite particle may be used as an electrical insulator material exhibiting the same properties as the inorganic nanoparticles comprised in the core 11.

[0156] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is electrically conductive. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for an application of the composite particle in photovoltaics or LEDs.

[0157] According to one embodiment, the core 11 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1×10 -20< to 10 7< S / m, preferably from 1×10 -15< to 5 S / m, more preferably from 1×10 -7< to 1 S / m.

[0158] According to one embodiment, the core 11 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1×10 -20< S / m, 0.5×10 -19< S / m, 1×10 -19< S / m, 0.5×10 -18< S / m, 1×10 -18< S / m, 0.5×10 -17< S / m, 1×10 -17< S / m, 0.5×10 -16< S / m, 1×10 -16< S / m, 0.5×10 -15< S / m, 1×10 -15< S / m, 0.5×10 -14< S / m, 1×10 -14< S / m, 0.5×10 -13< S / m, 1×10 -13< S / m, 0.5×10 -12< S / m, 1×10 -12< S / m, 0.5×10 -11< S / m, 1×10 -11< S / m, 0.5×10 -10< S / m, 1×10 -10< S / m, 0.5×10 -9< S / m, 1×10 -9< S / m, 0.5×10 -8< S / m, 1×10 -8< S / m, 0.5×10 -7< S / m, 1×10 -7< S / m, 0.5×10 -6< S / m, 1×10 -6< S / m, 0.5×10 -5< S / m, 1×10 -5< S / m, 0.5×10 -4< S / m, 1×10 -4< S / m, 0.5×10 -3< S / m, 1×10 -3< S / m, 0.5×10 -2< S / m, 1×10 -2< S / m, 0.5×10 -1< S / m, 1×10 -1< S / m, 0.5 S / m, 1 S / m, 1.5 S / m, 2 S / m, 2.5 S / m, 3 S / m, 3.5 S / m, 4 S / m, 4.5 S / m, 5 S / m, 5.5 S / m, 6 S / m, 6.5 S / m, 7 S / m, 7.5 S / m, 8 S / m, 8.5 S / m, 9 S / m, 9.5 S / m, 10 S / m, 50 S / m, 10 2< S / m, 5×10 2< S / m, 10 3< S / m, 5×10 3< S / m, 10 4< S / m, 5×10 4< S / m, 10 5< S / m, 5×10 5< S / m, 10 6< S / m, 5×10 6< S / m, or 10 7< S / m.

[0159] According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the core 11 may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.

[0160] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is amorphous.

[0161] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is crystalline.

[0162] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is totally crystalline.

[0163] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is partially crystalline.

[0164] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is monocrystalline.

[0165] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one grain boundary.

[0166] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is hydrophobic.

[0167] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is hydrophilic.

[0168] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is porous.

[0169] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is considered porous when the quantity adsorbed by the composite particles determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory is more than 20 cm 3< / g, 15 cm 3< / g, 10 cm 3< / g, 5 cm 3< / g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg.

[0170] According to one embodiment, the organization of the porosity of the core 11 can be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic.

[0171] According to one embodiment, the organized porosity of the core 11 has a pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, or 50 nm.

[0172] According to one embodiment, the pore volume represents from 0% to 24%, or from 41% to 99% of the total volume of core 11.

[0173] According to one embodiment, the pore volume does not represent from 25% to 40% of the total volume of core 11.

[0174] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is not porous.

[0175] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is considered non-porous when the quantity adsorbed by the composite particles determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory is less than 20 cm 3< / g, 15 cm 3< / g, 10 cm 3< / g, 5 cm 3< / g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg.

[0176] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is permeable. In this embodiment, permeation of molecular species, gas or liquid in the core 11 is possible.

[0177] According to one embodiment, the permeable core 11 has an intrinsic permeability to fluids higher or equal to 10 -20< cm 2< , 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -18< cm 2< , 10 -17< cm 2< , 10 -16< cm 2< , 10 -15< cm 2< , 10 -14< cm 2< , 10 -13< cm 2< , 10 -12< cm 2< , 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -10< cm 2< , 10 -9< cm 2< , 10 -8< cm 2< , 10 -7< cm 2< , 10 -6< cm 2< , 10 -5< cm 2< , 10 -4< cm 2< , or 10 -3< cm 2< .

[0178] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is impermeable to molecular species, gas or liquid. In this embodiment, the core 11 limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the inorganic nanoparticles from oxygen, water and / or high temperature.

[0179] According to one embodiment, the impermeable core 11 has an intrinsic permeability to fluids less or equal to 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -12< cm 2< , 10 -13< cm 2< , 10 -14< cm 2< , 10 -15< cm 2< , 10 -16< cm 2< , 10 -17< cm 2< , 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -11< cm 2< , 10 -20< cm 2< , 10 -21< cm 2< , 10 -22< cm 2< , 10 -23< cm 2< , 10 -24< cm 2< , 10 -25< cm 2< , or 10 -26< cm 2< .

[0180] According to one embodiment, the core 11 limits or prevents the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said core 11.

[0181] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0182] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0183] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0184] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0185] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0186] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0187] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0188] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0189] According to one embodiment, the specific property of the nanoparticles comprises one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity of increasing local electromagnetic field, absorbance, catalytic yield, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to molecular oxygen, permeability to molecular water, or any other properties.

[0190] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0191] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0192] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0193] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0194] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0195] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0196] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0197] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0198] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0199] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0200] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0201] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0202] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .

[0203] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0204] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0205] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.

[0206] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is optically transparent, i.e.the core 11 is transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 does not absorb all incident light allowing the inorganic nanoparticles to absorb all the incident light, and / or the core 11 does not absorb the light emitted by the inorganic nanoparticles allowing to said light emitted to be transmitted through the core 11.

[0207] According to one embodiment, the core 11 is not optically transparent, i.e. the core 11 absorbs light at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 absorbs part of the incident light allowing the inorganic nanoparticles to absorb only a part of the incident light, and / or the core 11 absorbs part of the light emitted by the inorganic nanoparticles allowing said light emitted to be partially transmitted through the core 11.

[0208] According to one embodiment, the core comprises an inorganic material.

[0209] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metallic alloys, ceramics such as for example oxides, carbides, or nitrides. Said inorganic material is prepared using protocols known to the person skilled in the art.

[0210] According to one embodiment, a chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one or more electropositive element.

[0211] According to one embodiment, the metallic inorganic material is selected in the group of gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.

[0212] According to one embodiment, examples of carbide inorganic material include but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al 4 C 3 , LaC 2 , FeC, CoC, HfC, Si x C y , W x C y , B x C y , Mo x C y , Ti x C y , Al x C y , La x C y , Fe x C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0213] According to one embodiment, examples of oxide inorganic material include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , CeO 2 , BeO, IrO 2 , CaO, Sc 2 O 3 , NiO, Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, PbO, Ag 2 O, V 2 O 5 , TeO 2 , MnO, B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, GeO 2 , As 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, SrO, Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , WO 2 , MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Tc 2 O 7 , ReO 2 , RuO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , OsO, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu 2 O, Au 2 O 3 , CdO, HgO, Tl 2 O, Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , PoO 2 , SeO 2 , Cs 2 O, La 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 , Nd 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 , Eu 2 O 3 , Tb 4 O 7 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , or a mixture thereof.

[0214] According to one embodiment, examples of oxide inorganic material include but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0215] According to one embodiment, examples of nitride inorganic material include but are not limited to: TiN, Si 3 N 4 , MoN, VN, TaN, Zr 3 N 4 , HfN, FeN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti x N y , Si x N y , Mo x N y , V x N y , Ta x N y , Zr x N y , Hf x N y , Fe x N y , Nb x N y , Ga x N y , Cr x N y , Al x N y , In x N y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0216] According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide inorganic material include but are not limited to: Si y S x , Al y S x , Ti y S x , Zr y S x , Zn y S x , Mg y S x , Sn y S x , Nb y S x , Ce y S x , Be y S x , Ir y S x , Ca y S x , Sc y S x , Ni y S x , Na y S x , Ba y S x , K y S x , Pb y S x , Ag y S x , V y S x , Te y S x , Mn y S x , B y S x , P y S x , Ge y S x , As y S x , Fe y S x , Ta y S x , Li y S x , Sr y S x , Y y S x , Hf y S x , W y S x , Mo y S x , Cr y S x , Tc y S x , Re y S x , Ru y S x , Co y S x , Os y S x , Rh y S x , Pt y S x , Pd y S x , Cu y S x , Au y S x , Cd y S x , Hg y S x , Tl y S x , Ga y S x , In y S x , Bi y S x , Sb y S x , Po y S x , Se y S x , Cs y S x , mixed sulfides, mixed sulfides thereof or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0217] According to one embodiment, examples of halide inorganic material include but are not limited to: BaF 2 , LaF 3 , CeF 3 , YF 3 , CaF 2 , MgF 2 , PrF 3 , AgCl, MnCl 2 , NiCl 2 , Hg 2 Cl 2 , CaCl 2 , CsPbCl 3 , AgBr, PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI 2 , BiI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0218] According to one embodiment, examples of chalcogenide inorganic material include but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, Cu 2 O, CuS, Cu 2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, Au 2 O 3 , Au 2 S, PdO, PdS, Pd 4 S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS 2 , PtSe, PtTe, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , RhS2, Rh 2 S 3 , RhSe 2 , Rh 2 Se 3 , RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO 2 , ReS 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Cr 2 S 3 , MoO 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , WO 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 2 S 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , NbS 2 , NbSe 2 , HfO 2 , HfS 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZrS 2 , ZrSe 2 , ZrTe 2 , Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 S 3 , SiO 2 , GeO 2 , GeS, GeS 2 , GeSe, GeSe 2 , GeTe, SnO 2 , SnS, SnS 2 , SnSe, SnSe 2 , SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , In 2 Se 3 , In 2 Te 3 , La 2 O 3 , La 2 S 3 , CeO 2 , CeS 2 , Pr 6 O 11 , Nd 2 O 3 , NdS 2 , La 2 O 3 , Tl 2 O, Sm 2 O 3 , SmS 2 , Eu 2 O 3 , EuS 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , PoO 2 , SeO 2 , Cs 2 O, Tb 4 O 7 , TbS 2 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , ErS 2 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , FeS, FeS 2 , Co 3 S 4 , CoSe, Co 3 O 4 , NiO, NiSe 2 , NiSe, Ni 3 Se 4 , Gd 2 O 3 , BeO, TeO 2 , Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, Tc 2 O 7 , As 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, or a mixture thereof.

[0219] According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide inorganic material include but are not limited to: InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.

[0220] According to one embodiment, examples of metalloid inorganic material include but are not limited to: Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or a mixture thereof.

[0221] According to one embodiment, examples of metallic alloy inorganic material include but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh-Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, Fe-Co, Co-Ni, Fe-Ni or a mixture thereof.

[0222] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises garnets.

[0223] According to one embodiment, examples of garnets include but are not limited to: Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , Y 3 Fe 2 (FeO 4 ) 3 , Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , Y 4 Al 2 O 9 , YAlO 3 , Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mn 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Cr 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Al 5 Lu 3 O 12 , GAL, GaYAG, or a mixture thereof.

[0224] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al y O x , Ag y O x , Cu y O x , Fe y O x , Si y O x , Pb y O x , Ca y O x , Mg y O x , Zn y O x , Sn y O x , Ti y O x , Be y O x , CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0225] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al 2 O 3 , Ag 2 O, Cu 2 O, CuO, Fe 3 O 4 , FeO, SiO 2 , PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0226] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: aluminium oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenium, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminium, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0227] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises a material including but not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, garnets such as for example Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , Y 3 Fe 2 (FeO 4 ) 3 , Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , Y 4 Al 2 O 9 , YAlO 3 , Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mn 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Fe 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Ca 3 Cr 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Al 5 Lu 3 O 12 , GAL, GaYAG, or a mixture thereof.

[0228] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises organic molecules in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole%, 55 mole%, 60 mole%, 65 mole%, 70 mole%, 75 mole%, 80 mole% relative to the majority element of said inorganic material.

[0229] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material does not comprise SiO 2 .

[0230] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material does not consist of pure SiO 2 , i.e. more than 96% SiO 2 .

[0231] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material does not consist of pure Al 2 O 3 , i.e. 100% Al 2 O 3 .

[0232] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material does not comprise glass.

[0233] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material does not comprise vitrified glass.

[0234] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises additional heteroelements, wherein said additional heteroelements include but are not limited to: Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, Be, Ir, Sc, Nb, Ta or a mixture thereof. In this embodiment, heteroelements can diffuse in the composite particle during heating step. They may form nanoclusters inside the composite particle. These elements can limit the degradation of the specific property of said composite particle during the heating step, and / or drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor, and / or evacuate electrical charges.

[0235] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises additional heteroelements in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole% relative to the majority element of said inorganic material.

[0236] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , IrO 2 , SnO 2 , BaO, BaSO 4 , BeO, CaO, CeO 2 , CuO, Cu 2 O, DyO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , GeO 2 , HfO 2 , Lu 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , Sc 2 O 3 , TaO 5 , TeO 2 , or Y 2 O 3 additional nanoparticles. These additional nanoparticles can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor, and / or evacuate electrical charges, and / or scatter an incident light.

[0237] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material comprises additional nanoparticles in small amounts at a level of at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1300 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1600 ppm, 1700 ppm, 1800 ppm, 1900 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2100 ppm, 2200 ppm, 2300 ppm, 2400 ppm, 2500 ppm, 2600 ppm, 2700 ppm, 2800 ppm, 2900 ppm, 3000 ppm, 3100 ppm, 3200 ppm, 3300 ppm, 3400 ppm, 3500 ppm, 3600 ppm, 3700 ppm, 3800 ppm, 3900 ppm, 4000 ppm, 4100 ppm, 4200 ppm, 4300 ppm, 4400 ppm, 4500 ppm, 4600 ppm, 4700 ppm, 4800 ppm, 4900 ppm, 5000 ppm, 5100 ppm, 5200 ppm, 5300 ppm, 5400 ppm, 5500 ppm, 5600 ppm, 5700 ppm, 5800 ppm, 5900 ppm, 6000 ppm, 6100 ppm, 6200 ppm, 6300 ppm, 6400 ppm, 6500 ppm, 6600 ppm, 6700 ppm, 6800 ppm, 6900 ppm, 7000 ppm, 7100 ppm, 7200 ppm, 7300 ppm, 7400 ppm, 7500 ppm, 7600 ppm, 7700 ppm, 7800 ppm, 7900 ppm, 8000 ppm, 8100 ppm, 8200 ppm, 8300 ppm, 8400 ppm, 8500 ppm, 8600 ppm, 8700 ppm, 8800 ppm, 8900 ppm, 9000 ppm, 9100 ppm, 9200 ppm, 9300 ppm, 9400 ppm, 9500 ppm, 9600 ppm, 9700 ppm, 9800 ppm, 9900 ppm, 10000 ppm, 10500 ppm, 11000 ppm, 11500 ppm, 12000 ppm, 12500 ppm, 13000 ppm, 13500 ppm, 14000 ppm, 14500 ppm, 15000 ppm, 15500 ppm, 16000 ppm, 16500 ppm, 17000 ppm, 17500 ppm, 18000 ppm, 18500 ppm, 19000 ppm, 19500 ppm, 20000 ppm, 30000 ppm, 40000 ppm, 50000 ppm, 60000 ppm, 70000 ppm, 80000 ppm, 90000 ppm, 100000 ppm, 110000 ppm, 120000 ppm, 130000 ppm, 140000 ppm, 150000 ppm, 160000 ppm, 170000 ppm, 180000 ppm, 190000 ppm, 200000 ppm, 210000 ppm, 220000 ppm, 230000 ppm, 240000 ppm, 250000 ppm, 260000 ppm, 270000 ppm, 280000 ppm, 290000 ppm, 300000 ppm, 310000 ppm, 320000 ppm, 330000 ppm, 340000 ppm, 350000 ppm, 360000 ppm, 370000 ppm, 380000 ppm, 390000 ppm, 400000 ppm, 410000 ppm, 420000 ppm, 430000 ppm, 440000 ppm, 450000 ppm, 460000 ppm, 470000 ppm, 480000 ppm, 490000 ppm, or 500 000 ppm in weight compared to the composite particle.

[0238] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13.

[0239] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a luminescent inorganic nanoparticle.

[0240] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a fluorescent nanoparticle.

[0241] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a phosphorescent nanoparticle.

[0242] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle is a chemiluminescent nanoparticle.

[0243] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle absorbs the incident light with wavelength lower than 50 µm, 40 µm, 30 µm, 20 µm, 10 µm, 1 µm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or lower than 200 nm.

[0244] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 50 µm.

[0245] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits blue light.

[0246] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits green light.

[0247] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits yellow light.

[0248] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits red light.

[0249] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 µm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits near infra-red, mid-infra-red, or infra-red light.

[0250] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0251] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum strictly lower than 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0252] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0253] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.

[0254] According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a semiconductor nanoparticle.

[0255] According to one embodiment, the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a semiconductor nanocrystal.

[0256] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of semiconductor nanoplatelets.

[0257] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle.

[0258] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a dielectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0259] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0260] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a catalytic nanoparticle.

[0261] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has photovoltaic properties.

[0262] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a pyro-electric nanoparticle.

[0263] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a light scattering nanoparticle.

[0264] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is electrically insulating.

[0265] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is electrically conductive.

[0266] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1×10 -20< to 10 7< S / m, preferably from 1×10 -15< to 5 S / m, more preferably from 1×10 -7< to 1 S / m.

[0267] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1×10 -20< S / m, 0.5×10 -19< S / m, 1×10 -19< S / m, 0.5×10 -18< S / m, 1×10 -18< S / m, 0.5×10 -17< S / m, 1×10 -17< S / m, 0.5×10 -16< S / m, 1×10 -16< S / m, 0.5×10 -15< S / m, 1×10 -15< S / m, 0.5×10 -14< S / m, 1×10 -14< S / m, 0.5×10 -13< S / m, 1×10 -13< S / m, 0.5×10 -12< S / m, 1×10 -12< S / m, 0.5×10 -11< S / m, 1×10 -11< S / m, 0.5×10 -10< S / m, 1×10 -10< S / m, 0.5×10 -9< S / m, 1×10 -9< S / m, 0.5×10 -8< S / m, 1×10 -8< S / m, 0.5×10 -7< S / m, 1×10 -7< S / m, 0.5×10 -6< S / m, 1×10 -6< S / m, 0.5×10 -5< S / m, 1×10 -5< S / m, 0.5×10 -4< S / m, 1×10 -4< S / m, 0.5×10 -3< S / m, 1×10 -3< S / m, 0.5×10 -2< S / m, 1×10 -2< S / m, 0.5×10 -1< S / m, 1×10 -1< S / m, 0.5 S / m, 1 S / m, 1.5 S / m, 2 S / m, 2.5 S / m, 3 S / m, 3.5 S / m, 4 S / m, 4.5 S / m, 5 S / m, 5.5 S / m, 6 S / m, 6.5 S / m, 7 S / m, 7.5 S / m, 8 S / m, 8.5 S / m, 9 S / m, 9.5 S / m, 10 S / m, 50 S / m, 10 2< S / m, 5×10 2< S / m, 10 3< S / m, 5×10 3< S / m, 10 4< S / m, 5×10 4< S / m, 10 5< S / m, 5×10 5< S / m, 10 6< S / m, 5×10 6< S / m, or 10 7< S / m.

[0268] According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.

[0269] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is thermally conductive.

[0270] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W / (m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W / (m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W / (m.K).

[0271] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W / (m.K), 0.2 W / (m.K), 0.3 W / (m.K), 0.4 W / (m.K), 0.5 W / (m.K), 0.6 W / (m.K), 0.7 W / (m.K), 0.8 W / (m.K), 0.9 W / (m.K), 1 W / (m.K), 1.1 W / (m.K), 1.2 W / (m.K), 1.3 W / (m.K), 1.4 W / (m.K), 1.5 W / (m.K), 1.6 W / (m.K), 1.7 W / (m.K), 1.8 W / (m.K), 1.9 W / (m.K), 2 W / (m.K), 2.1 W / (m.K), 2.2 W / (m.K), 2.3 W / (m.K), 2.4 W / (m.K), 2.5 W / (m.K), 2.6 W / (m.K), 2.7 W / (m.K), 2.8 W / (m.K), 2.9 W / (m.K), 3 W / (m.K), 3.1 W / (m.K), 3.2 W / (m.K), 3.3 W / (m.K), 3.4 W / (m.K), 3.5 W / (m.K), 3.6 W / (m.K), 3.7 W / (m.K), 3.8 W / (m.K), 3.9 W / (m.K), 4 W / (m.K), 4.1 W / (m.K), 4.2 W / (m.K), 4.3 W / (m.K), 4.4 W / (m.K), 4.5 W / (m.K), 4.6 W / (m.K), 4.7 W / (m.K), 4.8 W / (m.K), 4.9 W / (m.K), 5 W / (m.K), 5.1 W / (m.K), 5.2 W / (m.K), 5.3 W / (m.K), 5.4 W / (m.K), 5.5 W / (m.K), 5.6 W / (m.K), 5.7 W / (m.K), 5.8 W / (m.K), 5.9 W / (m.K), 6 W / (m.K), 6.1 W / (m.K), 6.2 W / (m.K), 6.3 W / (m.K), 6.4 W / (m.K), 6.5 W / (m.K), 6.6 W / (m.K), 6.7 W / (m.K), 6.8 W / (m.K), 6.9 W / (m.K), 7 W / (m.K), 7.1 W / (m.K), 7.2 W / (m.K), 7.3 W / (m.K), 7.4 W / (m.K), 7.5 W / (m.K), 7.6 W / (m.K), 7.7 W / (m.K), 7.8 W / (m.K), 7.9 W / (m.K), 8 W / (m.K), 8.1 W / (m.K), 8.2 W / (m.K), 8.3 W / (m.K), 8.4 W / (m.K), 8.5 W / (m.K), 8.6 W / (m.K), 8.7 W / (m.K), 8.8 W / (m.K), 8.9 W / (m.K), 9 W / (m.K), 9.1 W / (m.K), 9.2 W / (m.K), 9.3 W / (m.K), 9.4 W / (m.K), 9.5 W / (m.K), 9.6 W / (m.K), 9.7 W / (m.K), 9.8 W / (m.K), 9.9 W / (m.K), 10 W / (m.K), 10.1 W / (m.K), 10.2 W / (m.K), 10.3 W / (m.K), 10.4 W / (m.K), 10.5 W / (m.K), 10.6 W / (m.K), 10.7 W / (m.K), 10.8 W / (m.K), 10.9 W / (m.K), 11 W / (m.K), 11.1 W / (m.K), 11.2 W / (m.K), 11.3 W / (m.K), 11.4 W / (m.K), 11.5 W / (m.K), 11.6 W / (m.K), 11.7 W / (m.K), 11.8 W / (m.K), 11.9 W / (m.K), 12 W / (m.K), 12.1 W / (m.K), 12.2 W / (m.K), 12.3 W / (m.K), 12.4 W / (m.K), 12.5 W / (m.K), 12.6 W / (m.K), 12.7 W / (m.K), 12.8 W / (m.K), 12.9 W / (m.K), 13 W / (m.K), 13.1 W / (m.K), 13.2 W / (m.K), 13.3 W / (m.K), 13.4 W / (m.K), 13.5 W / (m.K), 13.6 W / (m.K), 13.7 W / (m.K), 13.8 W / (m.K), 13.9 W / (m.K), 14 W / (m.K), 14.1 W / (m.K), 14.2 W / (m.K), 14.3 W / (m.K), 14.4 W / (m.K), 14.5 W / (m.K), 14.6 W / (m.K), 14.7 W / (m.K), 14.8 W / (m.K), 14.9 W / (m.K), 15 W / (m.K), 15.1 W / (m.K), 15.2 W / (m.K), 15.3 W / (m.K), 15.4 W / (m.K), 15.5 W / (m.K), 15.6 W / (m.K), 15.7 W / (m.K), 15.8 W / (m.K), 15.9 W / (m.K), 16 W / (m.K), 16.1 W / (m.K), 16.2 W / (m.K), 16.3 W / (m.K), 16.4 W / (m.K), 16.5 W / (m.K), 16.6 W / (m.K), 16.7 W / (m.K), 16.8 W / (m.K), 16.9 W / (m.K), 17 W / (m.K), 17.1 W / (m.K), 17.2 W / (m.K), 17.3 W / (m.K), 17.4 W / (m.K), 17.5 W / (m.K), 17.6 W / (m.K), 17.7 W / (m.K), 17.8 W / (m.K), 17.9 W / (m.K), 18 W / (m.K), 18.1 W / (m.K), 18.2 W / (m.K), 18.3 W / (m.K), 18.4 W / (m.K), 18.5 W / (m.K), 18.6 W / (m.K), 18.7 W / (m.K), 18.8 W / (m.K), 18.9 W / (m.K), 19 W / (m.K), 19.1 W / (m.K), 19.2 W / (m.K), 19.3 W / (m.K), 19.4 W / (m.K), 19.5 W / (m.K), 19.6 W / (m.K), 19.7 W / (m.K), 19.8 W / (m.K), 19.9 W / (m.K), 20 W / (m.K), 20.1 W / (m.K), 20.2 W / (m.K), 20.3 W / (m.K), 20.4 W / (m.K), 20.5 W / (m.K), 20.6 W / (m.K), 20.7 W / (m.K), 20.8 W / (m.K), 20.9 W / (m.K), 21 W / (m.K), 21.1 W / (m.K), 21.2 W / (m.K), 21.3 W / (m.K), 21.4 W / (m.K), 21.5 W / (m.K), 21.6 W / (m.K), 21.7 W / (m.K), 21.8 W / (m.K), 21.9 W / (m.K), 22 W / (m.K), 22.1 W / (m.K), 22.2 W / (m.K), 22.3 W / (m.K), 22.4 W / (m.K), 22.5 W / (m.K), 22.6 W / (m.K), 22.7 W / (m.K), 22.8 W / (m.K), 22.9 W / (m.K), 23 W / (m.K), 23.1 W / (m.K), 23.2 W / (m.K), 23.3 W / (m.K), 23.4 W / (m.K), 23.5 W / (m.K), 23.6 W / (m.K), 23.7 W / (m.K), 23.8 W / (m.K), 23.9 W / (m.K), 24 W / (m.K), 24.1 W / (m.K), 24.2 W / (m.K), 24.3 W / (m.K), 24.4 W / (m.K), 24.5 W / (m.K), 24.6 W / (m.K), 24.7 W / (m.K), 24.8 W / (m.K), 24.9 W / (m.K), 25 W / (m.K), 30 W / (m.K), 40 W / (m.K), 50 W / (m.K), 60 W / (m.K), 70 W / (m.K), 80 W / (m.K), 90 W / (m.K), 100 W / (m.K), 110 W / (m.K), 120 W / (m.K), 130 W / (m.K), 140 W / (m.K), 150 W / (m.K), 160 W / (m.K), 170 W / (m.K), 180 W / (m.K), 190 W / (m.K), 200 W / (m.K), 210 W / (m.K), 220 W / (m.K), 230 W / (m.K), 240 W / (m.K), 250 W / (m.K), 260 W / (m.K), 270 W / (m.K), 280 W / (m.K), 290 W / (m.K), 300 W / (m.K), 310 W / (m.K), 320 W / (m.K), 330 W / (m.K), 340 W / (m.K), 350 W / (m.K), 360 W / (m.K), 370 W / (m.K), 380 W / (m.K), 390 W / (m.K), 400 W / (m.K), 410 W / (m.K), 420 W / (m.K), 430 W / (m.K), 440 W / (m.K), or 450 W / (m.K).

[0272] According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be measured by steady-state methods or transient methods.

[0273] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is thermally insulating.

[0274] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a local high temperature heating system.

[0275] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not a magnetic nanoparticle.

[0276] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not a metal nanoparticle.

[0277] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise only metal nanoparticles.

[0278] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise only magnetic nanoparticles.

[0279] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a colloidal nanoparticle.

[0280] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is amorphous.

[0281] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is crystalline.

[0282] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is totally crystalline.

[0283] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is partially crystalline.

[0284] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is monocrystalline.

[0285] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, each inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises at least one grain boundary.

[0286] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, carbides, nitrides, halides, chalcogenides, phosphates, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, or metallic alloys, or ceramics such as for example oxides, carbides, or nitrides. Said inorganic nanoparticle 13 is prepared using protocols known to the person skilled in the art.

[0287] According to one embodiment, a chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one more electropositive element.

[0288] According to one embodiment, the at least one metallic nanoparticle is selected in the group of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, vanadium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, rhenium nanoparticles, yttrium nanoparticles, mercury nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, osmium nanoparticles, chromium nanoparticles, tantalum nanoparticles, manganese nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, zirconium nanoparticles, niobium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, rhodium nanoparticles, tungsten nanoparticles, iridium nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles, iron nanoparticles, or cobalt nanoparticles.

[0289] According to one embodiment, the at least one metallic nanoparticle is selected in the group of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, vanadium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, rhenium nanoparticles, yttrium nanoparticles, mercury nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, osmium nanoparticles, chromium nanoparticles, tantalum nanoparticles, manganese nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, zirconium nanoparticles, niobium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, rhodium nanoparticles, tungsten nanoparticles, or iridium nanoparticles.

[0290] According to one embodiment, examples of carbide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al 4 C 3 , LaC 2 , HfC, Si x C y , W x C y , B x C y , Mo x C y , Ti x C y , Al x C y , La x C y , Fe x C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0291] According to one embodiment, examples of nitride nanoparticle include but are not limited to: TiN, Si 3 N 4 , MoN, VN, TaN, Zr 3 N 4 , HfN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti x N y , Si x N y , Mo x N y , V x N y , Ta x N y , Zr x N y , Hf x N y , Fe x N y , Nb x N y , Ga x N y , Cr x N y , Al x N y , In x N y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0292] According to one embodiment, examples of halide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: BaF 2 , LaF 3 , CeF 3 , YF 3 , CaF 2 , MgF 2 , PrF 3 , AgCl, MnCl 2 , NiCl 2 , Hg 2 Cl 2 , CaCl 2 , CsPbCl 3 , AgBr, PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI 2 , BiI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0293] According to one embodiment, examples of chalcogenide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, CuS, Cu 2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, Au 2 O 3 , Au 2 S, PdO, PdS, Pd 4 S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS 2 , PtSe, PtTe, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , RhS2, Rh 2 S 3 , RhSe 2 , Rh 2 Se 3 , RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO 2 , ReS 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Cr 2 S 3 , MoO 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , WO 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 2 S 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , NbS 2 , NbSe 2 , HfO 2 , HfS 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZrS 2 , ZrSe 2 , ZrTe 2 , Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 S 3 , SiO 2 , GeO 2 , GeS, GeS 2 , GeSe, GeSe 2 , GeTe, SnO 2 , SnS, SnS 2 , SnSe, SnSe 2 , SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , In 2 Se 3 , In 2 Te 3 , La 2 O 3 , La 2 S 3 , CeO 2 , CeS 2 , Pr 6 O 11 , Nd 2 O 3 , NdS 2 , La 2 O 3 , Tl 2 O, Sm 2 O 3 , SmS 2 , Eu 2 O 3 , EuS 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , PoO 2 , SeO 2 , Cs 2 O, Tb 4 O 7 , TbS 2 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , ErS 2 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , FeS, FeS 2 , Co 3 S 4 , CoSe, Co 3 O 4 , NiO, NiSe 2 , NiSe, Ni 3 Se 4 , Gd 2 O 3 , BeO, TeO 2 , Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, Tc 2 O 7 , As 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, or a mixture thereof.

[0294] According to one embodiment, the at least one chalcogenide nanoparticle is selected in the group of CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, CuS, Cu 2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, Au 2 O 3 , Au 2 S, PdO, PdS, Pd 4 S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS 2 , PtSe, PtTe, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , RhS2, Rh 2 S 3 , RhSe 2 , Rh 2 Se 3 , RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO 2 , ReS 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Cr 2 S 3 , MoO 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , WO 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 2 S 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , NbS 2 , NbSe 2 , HfO 2 , HfS 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZrS 2 , ZrSe 2 , ZrTe 2 , Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 S 3 , SiO 2 , GeO 2 , GeS, GeS 2 , GeSe, GeSe 2 , GeTe, SnO 2 , SnS, SnS 2 , SnSe, SnSe 2 , SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , In 2 Se 3 , In 2 Te 3 , La 2 O 3 , La 2 S 3 , CeO 2 , CeS 2 , Pr 6 O 11 , Nd 2 O 3 , NdS 2 , La 2 O 3 , Tl 2 O, Sm 2 O 3 , SmS 2 , Eu 2 O 3 , EuS 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , PoO 2 , SeO 2 , Cs 2 O, Tb 4 O 7 , TbS 2 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , ErS 2 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , BeO, TeO 2 , Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, Tc 2 O 7 , As 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, or a mixture thereof.

[0295] According to one embodiment, examples of oxide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , CeO 2 , BeO, IrO 2 , CaO, Sc 2 O 3 , NiO, Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, PbO, Ag 2 O, V 2 O 5 , TeO 2 , MnO, B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, GeO 2 , As 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, SrO, Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , WO 2 , MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Tc 2 O 7 , ReO 2 , RuO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , OsO, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu 2 O, Au 2 O 3 , CdO, HgO, Tl 2 O, Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , PoO 2 , SeO 2 , Cs 2 O, La 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 , Nd 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 , Eu 2 O 3 , Tb 4 O 7 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , or a mixture thereof.

[0296] According to one embodiment, examples of oxide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0297] According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: Si y S x , Al y S x , Ti y S x , Zr y S x , Zn y S x , Mg y S x , Sn y S x , Nb y S x , Ce y S x , Be y S x , Ir y S x , Ca y S x , Sc y S x , Ni y S x , Na y S x , Ba y S x , K y S x , Pb y S x , Ag y S x , V y S x , Te y S x , Mn y S x , B y S x , P y S x , Ge y S x , As y S x , Fe y S x , Ta y S x , Li y S x , Sr y S x , Y y S x , Hf y S x , W y S x , Mo y S x , Cr y S x , Tc y S x , Re y S x , Ru y S x , Co y S x , Os y S x , Rh y S x , Pt y S x , Pd y S x , Cu y S x , Au y S x , Cd y S x , Hg y S x , Tl y S x , Ga y S x , In y S x , Bi y S x , Sb y S x , Po y S x , Se y S x , Cs y S x , mixed sulfides, mixed sulfides thereof or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0298] According to one embodiment, examples of phosphate nanoparticle include but are not limited to: InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.

[0299] According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.

[0300] According to one embodiment, examples of metalloid nanoparticle include but are not limited to: Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or a mixture thereof.

[0301] According to one embodiment, examples of metallic alloy nanoparticle include but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh-Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, or a mixture thereof.

[0302] According to an embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, x and y are not 0.

[0303] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x E y , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, or mixtures thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of Va, VIa, VIIa, or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0304] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x E y , wherein M is selected from group consisting of Cd, Zn, Hg, Ge, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Fe, In, Al, Ti, Mg, Ga, Tl, Mo, Pd, W, Cs, Pb, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0305] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x E y , wherein E is selected from group consisting of S, Se, Te, O, P, C, N, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

[0306] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0307] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a core comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0308] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M and / or N is selected from the group consisting of Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, or mixtures thereof; E and / or A is selected from the group consisting of Va, VIa, VIIa, or mixtures thereof; w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0309] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal is selected from the group consisting of a IIb-VIa, IVa-VIa, Ib-IIIa-VIa, IIb-IVa-Va, Ib-VIa, VIII-VIa, IIb-Va, IIIa-VIa, IVb-VIa, IIa-VIa, IIIa-Va, IIIa-VIa, VIb-VIa, and Va-VIa semiconductor.

[0310] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, FeS, FeS 2 , InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , CdO, ZnO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TlN, TlP, TlAs, TlSb, MoS 2 , PdS, Pd 4 S, WS 2 , CsPbCl 3 , PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0311] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te FeS, FeS 2 InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , CdO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TlN, TlP, TlAs, TlSb, MoS 2 , PdS, Pd 4 S, WS 2 , CsPbCl 3 , PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0312] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgTe, AlAs, MoS 2 , PdS, Pd 4 S, WS 2 , CsPbCl 3 , PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0313] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material M x N y E z A w selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, FeS, FeS 2 , InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , CdO, ZnO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TlN, TlP, TlAs, TlSb, MoS 2 , PdS, Pd 4 S, WS 2 , CsPbCl 3 , PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0314] According to one embodiment, the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material M x N y E z A w selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , CdO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TlN, TlP, TlAs, TlSb, MoS 2 , PdS, Pd 4 S, WS 2 , CsPbCl 3 , PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.

[0315] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoplatelet, nanosheet, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanodisk, nanocube, nanoring, magic size cluster, or sphere such as for example quantum dot.

[0316] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of semiconductor nanoplatelets.

[0317] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoplatelet, nanosheet, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanodisk, nanocube, magic size cluster, or nanoring.

[0318] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a core 133 / shell 134 nanocrystal, wherein the core 133 is partially or totally covered with at least one shell 134 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

[0319] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell 134 comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0320] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises two shells (134, 135 ) comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0321] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135 ) comprise different materials.

[0322] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135 ) comprise the same material.

[0323] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0324] According to one embodiment, examples of core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal include but are not limited to: CdSe / CdS, CdSe / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe / CdS / ZnS, CdSe / ZnS / CdS, CdSe / ZnS, CdSe / Cd x Zn 1-x S / ZnS, CdSe / ZnS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe / CdS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe / ZnSe / ZnS, CdSe / ZnSe / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe x S 1-x / CdS, CdSe x S 1-x / CdZnS, CdSe x S 1-x / CdS / ZnS, CdSe x S 1-x / ZnS / CdS, CdSe x S 1-x / ZnS, CdSe x S 1-x / Cd x Zn 1-x S / ZnS, CdSe x S 1-x / ZnS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe x S 1-x / CdS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, CdSe x S 1-x / ZnSe / ZnS, CdSe x S 1-x / ZnSe / Cd x Zn 1-x S, InP / CdS, InP / CdS / ZnSe / ZnS, InP / Cd x Zn 1-x S, InP / CdS / ZnS, InP / ZnS / CdS, InP / ZnS, InP / Cd x Zn 1-x S / ZnS, InP / ZnS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, InP / CdS / Cd x Zn 1-x S, InP / ZnSe / ZnS, InP / ZnSe / Cd x Zn 1-x S, InP / ZnSe x S 1-x , InP / GaP / ZnS, In x Zn 1-x P / ZnS, wherein x is a decimal number from 0 to 1.

[0325] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal is ZnS rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a ZnS monolayer.

[0326] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal is CdS rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a CdS monolayer.

[0327] According to one embodiment, the core / shell semiconductor nanocrystal is Cd x Zn 1-x S rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a Cd x Zn 1-x S monolayer, wherein x is a decimal number from 0 to 1.

[0328] According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is a cation-rich monolayer of cadmium, zinc or indium.

[0329] According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is an anion-rich monolayer of sulfur, selenium or phosphorus.

[0330] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a core / crown semiconductor nanocrystal.

[0331] According to one embodiment, the core / crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown 137 comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

[0332] According to one embodiment, the core / crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0333] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises an atomically flat core. In this embodiment, the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.

[0334] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal is a semiconductor nanoplatelet.

[0335] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet is atomically flat. In this embodiment, the atomically flat nanoplatelet may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.

[0336] According to one embodiment, illustrated in figures 13A-B and 14A-C, the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an atomically flat core. In this embodiment, the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.

[0337] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet is 2D-shaped.

[0338] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness tuned at the atomic level.

[0339] According to one embodiment, the core 133 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet is an initial nanoplatelet.

[0340] According to one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelet comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0341] According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet comprises an alternate of atomic layers of M and E.

[0342] According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet comprises an alternate of atomic layers of M, N, A and E.

[0343] According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet partially or completely covered with at least one layer of additional material.

[0344] According to one embodiment, the at least one layer of additional material comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0345] According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet partially or completely covered on a least one facet by at least one layer of additional material.

[0346] In one embodiment where several layers cover all or part of the initial nanoplatelet, these layers can be composed of the same material or composed of different materials.

[0347] In one embodiment where several layers cover all or part of the initial nanoplatelet, these layers can be composed such as to form a gradient of materials.

[0348] In one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelet is an inorganic colloidal nanoplatelet.

[0349] In one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelet comprised in the semiconductor nanoplatelet has preserved its 2D structure.

[0350] In one embodiment, the material covering the initial nanoplatelet is inorganic.

[0351] In one embodiment, at least one part of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness greater than the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet.

[0352] In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises the initial nanoplatelet totally covered with at least one layer of material.

[0353] In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises the initial nanoplatelet totally covered with a first layer of material, said first layer being partially or completely covered with at least a second layer of material.

[0354] In one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0355] According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the initial nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85; at least 90; at least 95; at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000.

[0356] In one embodiment, the initial nanoplatelet has lateral dimensions of at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0357] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0358] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet has lateral dimensions of at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0359] According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelet is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the semiconductor nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85; at least 90; at least 95; at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000.

[0360] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelets are obtained by a process of growth in the thickness of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet by deposition of a film or a layer of material on the surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet; or a process lateral growth of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet by deposition of a film or a layer of material on the surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet; or any methods known by the person skilled in the art.

[0361] In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet can comprise the initial nanoplatelet and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers covering all or part of the initial nanoplatelet, said layers begin of same composition as the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition than the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition one another.

[0362] In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet can comprise the initial nanoplatelet and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers in which the first deposited layer covers all or part of the initial nanoplatelet and the at least second deposited layer covers all or part of the previously deposited layer, said layers being of same composition as the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition than the initial nanoplatelet and possibly of different compositions one another.

[0363] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness quantified by a M x N y E z A w monolayer, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0364] According to one embodiment, the core 133 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 1 M x N y E z A w monolayer, at least 2 M x N y E z A w monolayers, at least 3 M x N y E z A w monolayers, at least 4 M x N y E z A w monolayers, at least 5 M x N y E z A w monolayers, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0365] According to one embodiment, the shell 134 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness quantified by a M x N y E z A w monolayer, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.

[0366] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hydrophobic.

[0367] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hydrophilic.

[0368] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an average size of at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0369] According to one embodiment, the largest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0370] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0371] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is smaller than the largest dimension of said inorganic nanoparticle 13 by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85; at least 90; at least 95; at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000.

[0372] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 are polydisperse.

[0373] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 are monodisperse.

[0374] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 have a narrow size distribution.

[0375] According to one embodiment, the size distribution for the smallest dimension of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 is inferior than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said smallest dimension.

[0376] According to one embodiment, the size distribution for the largest dimension of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 is inferior than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said largest dimension.

[0377] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 do not have a broad size distribution, i.e. a size distribution superior to 60%.

[0378] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hollow.

[0379] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not hollow.

[0380] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is isotropic.

[0381] According to one embodiment, examples of shape of isotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: sphere 131 (as illustrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4), faceted sphere, prism, polyhedron, or cubic shape.

[0382] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is spherical.

[0383] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is anisotropic.

[0384] According to one embodiment, examples of shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: rod, wire, needle, bar, belt, cone, or polyhedron shape.

[0385] According to one embodiment, examples of branched shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, star, or octopod shape.

[0386] According to one embodiment, examples of complex shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: snowflake, flower, thorn, hemisphere, cone, urchin, filamentous particle, biconcave discoid, worm, tree, dendrite, necklace, or chain.

[0387] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 5, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a quasi 2D structure 132.

[0388] According to one embodiment, examples of shape of quasi 2D inorganic nanoparticle 132 include but are not limited to: sheet, platelet, ribbon, wall, plate triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, disk, or ring.

[0389] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 3, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 have a 2D shape 132.

[0390] According to one embodiment, examples of shape of 2D inorganic nanoparticles 132 include but are not limited to: sheet, platelet, plate, ribbon, wall, plate triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, disk or ring.

[0391] According to one embodiment, a nanoplatelet is different from a disk or a nanodisk.

[0392] According to one embodiment, nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, the section along the other dimensions than the thickness (width, length) of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets is square or rectangular, while it is circular or ovoidal for disks or nanodisks.

[0393] According to one embodiment, nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, none of the dimensions of said nanosheets and nanoplatelets can be defined as a diameter nor the size of a semi-major axis and a semi-minor axis contrarily to disks or nanodisks.

[0394] According to one embodiment, nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, the curvature at all points along the other dimensions than the thickness (length, width) of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets is below 10 um -1< , while the curvature for disks or nanodisks is superior on at least one point.

[0395] According to one embodiment, a nanoplatelet is different from a quantum dot, or a spherical nanocrystal. A quantum dot is spherical, thus is has a 3D shape and allow confinement of excitons in all three spatial dimensions, whereas the nanoplatelet has a 2D shape and allow confinement of excitons in one dimension and allow free propagation in the other two dimensions. This results in distinct electronic and optical properties, for example the typical photoluminescence decay time of semiconductor platelets is 1 order of magnitude faster than for spherical quantum dots, and the semiconductor platelets also show an exceptionally narrow optical feature with full width at half maximum (FWHM) much lower than for spherical quantum dots.

[0396] According to one embodiment, a nanoplatelet is different from a nanorod or nanowire. A nanorod (or nanowird) has a 1D shape and allow confinement of excitons two spatial dimensions, whereas the nanoplatelet has a 2D shape and allow confinement of excitons in one dimension and allow free propagation in the other two dimensions. This results in distinct electronic and optical properties.

[0397] According to one embodiment, a nanoplatelet is different from a disk

[0398] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 6A, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core nanoparticle 133 without a shell.

[0399] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises an atomically flat core nanoparticle 133. In this embodiment, the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.

[0400] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 6B-C, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one shell (134 , 135 ).

[0401] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is partially or totally covered with a shell 134 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

[0402] According to one embodiment, the at least one shell (134 , 135 ) has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0403] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the shell 134 are composed of the same material.

[0404] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the shell 134 are composed of at least two different materials.

[0405] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a luminescent inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0406] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a plasmonic inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0407] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a dielectric inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0408] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a piezoelectric inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and luminescent inorganic material.

[0409] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with an insulator shell 136. In this embodiment, the insulator shell 136 prevents the aggregation of the inorganic cores 133.

[0410] According to one embodiment, the insulator shell 136 has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, or 450 nm.

[0411] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 6D, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / shell nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with at least one shell (134, 135 ) and an insulator shell 136.

[0412] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / insulator shell 136 nanoparticle, wherein examples of insulator shell 136 include but are not limited to: non-porous SiO 2 , or mesoporous SiO 2 , non-porous MgO, mesoporous MgO, non-porous ZnO, mesoporous ZnO, non-porous Al 2 O 3 , mesoporous Al 2 O 3 , non-porous ZrO 2 , mesoporous ZrO 2 , non-porous TiO 2 , mesoporous TiO 2 , non-porous SnO 2 , mesoporous SnO 2 , MgO, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , or a mixture thereof. Said insulator shell 136 acts as a supplementary barrier against oxidation and can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor.

[0413] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135, 136 ) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may be composed of the same material.

[0414] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135, 136 ) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may be composed of at least two different materials.

[0415] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135, 136 ) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may have the same thickness.

[0416] According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135, 136 ) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may have different thickness.

[0417] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 6E, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle with a quasi 2D structure, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one crown 137.

[0418] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 6E, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle with a 2D structure, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one crown 137.

[0419] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is covered with a crown 137 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

[0420] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the crown 137 are composed of the same material.

[0421] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the crown 137 are composed of at least two different materials.

[0422] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a luminescent inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0423] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a plasmonic inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0424] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a dielectric inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.

[0425] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a piezoelectric inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and luminescent inorganic material.

[0426] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133 / crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with an insulator crown. In this embodiment, the insulator crown prevents the aggregation of the inorganic cores 133.

[0427] According to one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 7, the core 11 comprises a combination of at least two different inorganic nanoparticles (131, 132 ). In this embodiment, the resulting composite particle 1 will exhibit different properties.

[0428] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0429] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein said luminescent inorganic nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

[0430] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 750 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be a white light emitter.

[0431] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be a white light emitter.

[0432] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 750 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 will be a white light emitter.

[0433] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 will be a white light emitter.

[0434] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum.

[0435] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein said luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

[0436] In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum.

[0437] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one magnetic inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0438] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0439] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.

[0440] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle.

[0441] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of core 133 / shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and core 133 / insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13.

[0442] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one core 133 / shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and core 133 / insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13.

[0443] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one core 133 / insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and core 133 / shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13.

[0444] In a preffered embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one plasmonic nanoparticle.

[0445] According to one embodiment, the core 11 comprises at least two inorganic nanoparticles 13.

[0446] According to one embodiment, the core 11 does not comprise a single inorganic nanoparticle 13.

[0447] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 represents at least 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% by weight of the composite particle 1.

[0448] The loading charge of inorganic nanoparticles 13 in a composite particle 1 is at least 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0449] According to one embodiment, the loading charge of inorganic nanoparticles 13 in a composite particle 1 is less than 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0450] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 are not aggregated.

[0451] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 have a packing fraction of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, or 95%.

[0452] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 do not touch, are not in contact.

[0453] According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 are not aggregated.

[0454] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is encapsulated in the core 11.

[0455] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is ROHS compliant.

[0456] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm in weight of cadmium.

[0457] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight of lead.

[0458] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight of mercury.

[0459] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be replaced by at least one organic nanoparticle. In this embodiment, the organic nanoparticles are composed of a material selected in the group of carbon nanotube, graphene and its chemical derivatives, graphyne, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanosheets, phosphorene and Si 2 BN.

[0460] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one organic nanoparticle.

[0461] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one organic nanoparticle.

[0462] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, or 240 nm.

[0463] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a thickness homogeneous all along the core 11, i.e. the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a same thickness all along the core 11.

[0464] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell is completely vitrified.

[0465] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise nanometer pore glass.

[0466] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise uniform connected pores.

[0467] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 is not porous.

[0468] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm. In this embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not absorb any light allowing the core 11 to absorb all the incident light.

[0469] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises or consists of: Si y O x , B y O x , P y O x , Ge y O x , As y O x , Al y O x , Fe y O x , Ti y O x , Zr y O x , Ni y O x , Zn y O x , Ca y O x , Na y O x , Ba y O x , K y O x , Mg y O x , Pb y O x , Ag y O x , V y O x , P y O x , Te y O x , Mn y O x , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0. Oxides such as Si y O x , B y O x , P y O x , Ge y O x , As y O x , Al y O x form the vitrified network and oxides such as Fe y O x , Ti y O x , Zr y O x , Ni y O x , Zn y O x , Ca y O x , Na y O x , Ba y O x , K y O x , Mg y O x , Pb y O x , Ag y O x , V y O x , P y O x , Te y O x , Mn y O x , even in small amounts can decrease the glass-transition temperature.

[0470] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-100 mole% Si y O x .

[0471] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not consist of pure SiO 2 , i.e. more than 96% SiO 2 .

[0472] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% B y O x .

[0473] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% P y O x .

[0474] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% Ge y O x .

[0475] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% As y O x .

[0476] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Al y O x .

[0477] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Fe y O x .

[0478] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Ti y O x .

[0479] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Zr y O x .

[0480] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Ni y O x .

[0481] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Na y O x .

[0482] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% K y O x .

[0483] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Ca y O x .

[0484] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% Ba y O x .

[0485] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% Mg y O x .

[0486] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% Pb y O x .

[0487] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% Zn y O x .

[0488] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% Ag y O x .

[0489] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% V y O x .

[0490] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% P y O x .

[0491] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% Te y O x .

[0492] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% Mn y O x .

[0493] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise a material made of 94-98 mole% SiO 2 , 1-3 mole% B 2 O 3 and 1-3% Al 2 O 3 .

[0494] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises additional heteroelements, wherein said additional heteroelements include but are not limited to: Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, or a mixture thereof. In this embodiment, heteroelements can diffuse in the composite particle 1 during heating step and form nanoclusters in situ inside the composite particle 1.

[0495] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises additional heteroelements in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole%.

[0496] According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 has a glass-transition temperature T g of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.

[0497] Another object of the invention is the composite particle 1 of the invention, wherein said composite particle 1 is functionalized.

[0498] A functionalized composite particle 1 can then be dispersed in a host material for further use.

[0499] According to one embodiment, the host material may comprise an ionic crystal based on acetate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, or sulfate.

[0500] Some applications, for example biological applications, require particles to be functionalized with a biocompatible agent for example.

[0501] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention is functionalized with a specific-binding component, wherein said specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralens, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, virus and combinations thereof. Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to: neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates. Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumins, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins, hormones, toxins and growth factors. Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single- or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA / RNA hybrids, or incorporating an unusual linker such as morpholine derivatized phosphates, or peptide nucleic acids such as N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units, where the nucleic acid contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, more typically fewer than 25 nucleotides. The functionalization of the composite particle 1 of the invention can be made using techniques known in the art.

[0502] Another object of the invention relates to a method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention.

[0503] In one embodiment, the method comprises the following steps: (a) mixing in solution of: at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; optionally, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium; at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; optionally, at least one organic solvent; optionally, at least one aqueous solvent; optionally, at least one base or one acid; optionally, water; and optionally, at least one surfactant; optionally, at least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof; (b) forming droplets of said mixing solution; (c) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; (d) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell 12 around the composite particles 1; (e) cooling of said composite particles 1; and (f) separating and collecting said composite particles 1.

[0504] In this embodiment, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , or TiO 2 nanoparticles added in the mixing solution can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor.

[0505] In one embodiment, the method comprises the following steps: (a) mixing in solution of: at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; optionally, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, phosphorus; at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; at least one organic solvent; optionally, at least one base or one acid; optionally, water; and optionally, at least one surfactant; optionally, at least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof; (b) forming droplets of said mixing solution; (c) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; (d) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell 12 around the composite particles 1; (e) cooling of said composite particles 1; and (f) separating and collecting said composite particles 1.

[0506] In one embodiment, the method comprises the following steps: (a) mixing in solution of: at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; optionally, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, phosphorus; at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; at least one aqueous solvent; optionally, at least one base or one acid; optionally, water; and optionally, at least one surfactant; optionally, at least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof; (b) forming droplets of said mixing solution; (c) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; (d) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell 12 around the composite particles 1; (e) cooling of said composite particles 1; and (f) separating and collecting said composite particles 1.

[0507] According to one embodiment, the organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, alcohols such as for example methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-ol, ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol or a mixture thereof.

[0508] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above comprises said element and is capable of liberating said element in solution.

[0509] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an alkoxide precursor of formula XM a (OR) b , wherein: M is said element; R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms, R includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or octyl; X is optional and is a linear alkyl chain that can comprise an alcohol group, a thiol group, an amino group, or a carboxylic group, comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; and a and b are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5.

[0510] According to one embodiment, the alkoxide precursor of formula XM a (OR) b includes but is not limited to: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethyoxysilane, n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxylsilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11- mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, aluminium tri-sec butoxide, aluminium isopropxide, aluminium ethoxide, aluminium tert-butoxide, titanium butoxide, isopropxide, aluminium ethoxide, aluminium tert-butoxide, or a mixture thereof.

[0511] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic halide precursor.

[0512] According to one embodiment, the halide precursor includes but is not limited to: halide silicates such as for example ammonium fluorosilicate, sodium fluorosilicate, or a mixture thereof.

[0513] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is a pure solid precursor.

[0514] According to one embodiment, the pure solid precursor includes but is not limited to: pure solid silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, or a mixture thereof.

[0515] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic oxide precursor.

[0516] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic hydroxide precursor.

[0517] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic salt.

[0518] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an inorganic complex.

[0519] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an inorganic cluster.

[0520] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an organometallic compound M a (Y c R b ) d , wherein: M is said element; Y is an halogenide, or a amide; R is an alkyl chain or alkenyl chain or alkinyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms, R includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or octyl; a, b, c and d are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5.

[0521] According to one embodiment, examples of the organometallic compound Ma(Y c R b ) d include but are not limited to: Grignard reagents; metallocenes; metal amidinates; metal alkyl halides; metal alkyls such as for example dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dimethylcadmium, diethylcadmium, dimethylindium or diethylindium; metal and metalloid amides such as Al[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 , Cd[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , Hf[NMe 2 ] 4 , In[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 , Sn(NMe 2 ) 2 , Sn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , Zn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 or Zn[(NiBu 2 ) 2 ] 2 , dineopentylcadmium, bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)cadmium, (2,2'-bipyridine)dimethylcadmium, cadmium ethylxanthate; or a mixture thereof.

[0522] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group described above includes but is not limited to: carboxylates, carbonates, thiolates, oxides, phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, acetates, chlorides, bromides, acetylacetonate or a mixture thereof.

[0523] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of cadmium includes but is not limited to: cadmium carboxylates Cd(R-COO) 2 , wherein R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; cadmium oxide CdO; cadmium sulfate Cd(SO 4 ); cadmium nitrate Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O; cadmium acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 Cd·2H 2 O; cadmium chloride CdCl 2 ·2.5H 2 O; dimethylcadmium; dineopentylcadmium; bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)cadmium; (2,2'-bipyridine)dimethylcadmium; cadmium ethylxanthate; cysteine or a mixture thereof.

[0524] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of selenium includes but is not limited to: solid selenium; tri-n-octylphosphine selenium such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine selenide or tri-n-octylphosphine selenide; selenium oxide SeO 2 ; hydrogen selenide H 2 Se; diethylselenide; methylallylselenide; salts such as for example magnesium selenide, calcium selenide, sodium selenide, potassium selenide; or a mixture thereof.

[0525] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of zinc includes but is not limited to: zinc carboxylates Zn(R-COO) 2 , wherein R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; zinc oxide ZnO; zinc sulfate Zn(SO 4 ),xH 2 O where x is from 1 to 7; zinc nitrate Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ,xH 2 O where x is from 1 to 4; zinc acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 Zn·2H 2 O; zinc chloride ZnCl 2 ; diethylzinc (Et 2 Zn); chloro(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)zinc; or a mixture thereof.

[0526] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of sulfur includes but is not limited to: solid sulfur; sulfur oxides; tri-n-alkylphosphine sulfide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine sulfide or tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide; hydrogen sulfide H 2 S; thiols such as for example n-butanethiol, n-octanethiol or n-dodecanethiol; diethylsulfide; methylallylsulfide; salts such as for example magnesium sulfide, calcium sulfide, sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide; or a mixture thereof.

[0527] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of phosphorus includes but is not limited to: solid phosphorus; phosphine; tri-n-alkylphosphine sulfide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine sulfide or tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide; tri-n-alkylphosphine selenide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine selenide or tri-n-octylphosphine selenide; or a mixture thereof.

[0528] According to one embodiment, molecular oxygen and / or molecular water are removed from the aqueous solvent prior to step (a).

[0529] According to one embodiment, molecular oxygen and / or molecular water are removed from the organic solvent prior to step (a).

[0530] According to one embodiment, methods to remove molecular oxygen and / or molecular water known to those of skill in the art may be used to remove molecular oxygen and / or molecular water from solvents, such as for example distillate or degas said solvent.

[0531] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; optionally the at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, phosphorus; optionally the at least one base or one acid; optionally water can be mixed in advance, prior to step a). In this embodiment, the hydrolysis and / or condensation of the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese starts prior to step a).

[0532] According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; optionally the at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, phosphorus; optionally the at least one base or one acid; optionally water can be mixed one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, eight days, nine days, ten days, or two weeks in advance.

[0533] According to one embodiment, the base includes but is not limited to: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, sodium tetraborate decahydrated, sodium ethoxide, imidazole, methylamine, potassium tert-butoxide, ammonium pyridine, a tetra-alkylammonium hydroxide such as for example tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.

[0534] According to one embodiment, the acid includes but is not limited to: acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, lipoic acid, urocanic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, phosphonic acid such as for example butylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid and dodecylphosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof.

[0535] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is suspended in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, octadecene, squalane, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, dimethylformamide, alcohols such as for example ethanol, methanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-ol, ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, or a mixture thereof.

[0536] According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is suspended in water.

[0537] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is transferred in an aqueous solvent by exchanging the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13. In this embodiment, the exchanging ligands include but are not limited to: 2-mercaptoacetic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 12-mercaptododecanoic acid, 2-mercaptoehtyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-mercaptododecyltrimethoxysilane.

[0538] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn.. In this embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand comprises at least one atom of at least one precursor of the shell 12 allowing the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 to be homogeneously distributed in the composite particle 1. In the case of at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 can be silanized prior to step a).

[0539] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn includes but is not limited to: mercapto-functional silanes such as for example 2-mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-mercaptododecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane; or a mixture thereof.

[0540] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are partially exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn.. In this embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn. includes but is not limited to: n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n- octyltrimethoxylsilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane.

[0541] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium is added to the at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13. In this embodiment, the at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium includes but is not limited to: n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxylsilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane. In this embodiment, the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium are interdigitated at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13, allowing the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 to be homogeneously distributed in the composite particle 1.

[0542] According to one embodiment, prior to step a), the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer.

[0543] In one embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprises at least 2 monomers, said monomers being: (a) one anchoring monomer comprising a first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; and (b) one hydrophilic monomer comprising a second moiety M B having a high water solubility.

[0544] In one embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula I:         (A)x(B)y wherein A comprising at least one anchoring monomer comprising a first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 as described here above; B comprising at least one hydrophilic monomer comprising a second moiety M B having a high water solubility; and each of x and y is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249, from 1 to 99, or from 1 to 24.

[0545] In one embodiment of the invention, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula II: wherein R A represents a group comprising the first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 as described here above; R B represents a group comprising the second moiety M B having a high water solubility, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyle, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate; each of x and y is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 499.

[0546] In another embodiment of the invention, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has the following formula II': wherein R A ' and R A " represent respectively a group comprising the first moiety M A ' and M A " having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13, R B ' and R B " represent respectively a group comprising the second moiety M B ' and M B " having a high water solubility; R 1 ', R 2 ', R 3 ', R 1 ", R 2 ", R 3 ", R 4 ', R 5 ', R 6 ', R 4 ", R 5 ", R 6 " can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyle, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate; each of x' and x" is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of x' and x" is not 0; each of y' and y" is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of y' and y" is not 0.

[0547] In one embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 2 monomers, said monomers being: (c) one anchoring monomer wherein M A is a dithiol group; (d) one hydrophilic monomer wherein M B is a sulfobetaine group.

[0548] In another embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, said monomers being: (e) one anchoring monomer as defined here above; (f) one hydrophilic monomer as defined here above; and (g) one functionalizable monomer comprising a reactive function M C .

[0549] In one embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula III:         (A) x (B) y (C) z wherein A comprises at least one anchoring monomer comprising a first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of a nanocrystal as described here above, B comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer comprising a second moiety M B having a high water solubility, C comprises at least one functionalizable monomer comprising a third moiety M C having a reactive function, and each of x, y and z is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 498.

[0550] In said embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula IV: wherein R A , R B , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are defined here above; R C represents a group comprising the third moiety M C ; and R 8 , R 9 and R 10 can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alcoxy, carboxylate; each of x, y and z is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 498.

[0551] In another embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has the following formula IV': wherein R A ', R A ", R B ', R B ", R 1 ', R 2 ', R 3 ', R 1 ", R 2 ", R 3 ", R 4 ', R 5 ', R 6 ', R 4 ", R 5 ", and R 6 " are defined here above; R C ' and R C " represent respectively a group comprising the third moiety M C ' and M C "; and R 8 ', R 9 ', R 10 ', R 8 ", R 9 ", and R 10 " can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alcoxy, carboxylate; each of x' and x" is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of x' and x" is not 0; each of y' and y" is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of y' and y" is not 0; each of z' and z" is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of z" and z" is not 0.

[0552] According to one embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is obtained from at least 2 monomers, said monomers being: (a) one anchoring monomer M A having a side-chain comprising a first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; and (b) one hydrophilic monomer M B having a side-chain comprising a second moiety M B being hydrophilic; and wherein one end of copolymer is H and the other end comprises a functional group or a bioactive group.

[0553] According to one embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (V):         H-P[(A)x-co-(B)y]n-L-R wherein A represents an anchoring monomer having a side-chain comprising a first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; B represents a hydrophilic monomer having a side-chain comprising a second moiety M B being hydrophilic; n represents a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 1000, preferably from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99; x and y represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; wherein x+y is equal to 100% of n; R represents: (a) a functional group selected from the group comprising -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated ester such as for example N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxyglutarimide ester or maleimide ester; activated carboxylic acid such as for example acid anhydride or acid halide; isothiocyanate; isocyanate; alkyne; azide; glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride; hydrazide; chloroformate, maleimide, alkene,silane, hydrazone, oxime and furan; and (b) a bioactive group selected from the group comprising avidin or streptavidin; antibody such as a monoclonal antibody or a single chain antibody; sugars; a protein or peptide sequence having a specific binding affinity for an affinity target, such as for example an avimer or an affibody (the affinity target may be for example a protein, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a metabolite or a small molecule), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipid, lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, liposome hormone, polysaccharide, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorophores; and L represents a bound or a spacer selected from the group comprising alkylene, alkenylene, arylene or arylalkyl linking groups having 1 to 50 chain atoms, wherein the linking group can be optionally interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof; or a spacer selected from the group comprising DNA, RNA, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), polysaccharide, peptide.

[0554] In a specific embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-a): wherein n, x, y, L, R, M A and M B are as defined above; wherein q is an integer ranging from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably 2, 3, 4, m is an integer ranging from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, preferably 2, 3, 4 and p is an integer ranging from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6, preferably 3, 4, 5.

[0555] In a specific embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-b): wherein n, x, y, L and R are as defined in formula (V) above; or a reduced form thereof.

[0556] In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-c): wherein n, x, y and L are as defined in formula (V) above; or a reduced form thereof.

[0557] In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-d): wherein n, x, y and L are as defined in formula (V) above; or a reduced form thereof.

[0558] In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-e): wherein n, x, y and L are as defined in formula (V) above; or a reduced form thereof.

[0559] According to an embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VI): wherein n, x, y, Land R are as defined in formula (V); R A represents a group comprising the first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; R B represents a group comprising the second moiety M B being hydrophilic; R 1< , R 2< , R 3< , R 4< , R 5< and R 6< represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide.

[0560] According to an embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VII): wherein L and R are as defined in formula (V); R A ' and R A " represent respectively a group comprising a first moiety M A ' and a group comprising a first moiety M A ", said moieties M A ' and M A " having affinity for the surface of a the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13; R B ' and R B " represent respectively a group comprising a second moiety M B ' and a group comprising a second moiety M B ", said moieties M B ' and M B " being hydrophilic; R 1< ', R 2< ', R 3< ', R 4< ', R 5< ', R 6< ', R 1< ", R 2< ", R 3< ", R 4< ", R 5< " and R 6< " represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide; n represents a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 1000, preferably from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99; x' and x" represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein at least one of x' and x" is different from 0% of n; wherein x' and x" are different from 100% of n, preferably x' and x" are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 50% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; y' and y" represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein at least one of y' and y" is different from 0% of n; wherein y' and y" are different from 100% of n, preferably y' and y" are from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 50% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; wherein x' + x" + y' + y" is equal to 100% of n.

[0561] In another embodiment, of the invention, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, said monomers being: (c) one anchoring monomer A as defined above; (d) one hydrophilic monomer B as defined above; (e) one hydrophobic monomer C having a side-chain comprising a hydrophobic function Mc;

[0562] and wherein one end of copolymer is H and the other end comprises a functional group or a bioactive group.

[0563] According to an embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VIII):         H-P[(A) x -co-(B) y -co-(C) z ] n -L-R wherein A, B, L, R and n are as defined above; C represents an hydrophobic monomer having a side-chain comprising a moiety M C being hydrophobic; x, y and z represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably x, y and z are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n and wherein x+y+z is equal to 100% of n.

[0564] According to an embodiment, the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (IX): wherein n, L, R, R A , R B , R 1< , R 2< , R 3< , R 4< , R 5< and R 6< are as defined above; R C represents a group comprising the third moiety M C being hydrophobic; R 8< , R 9< , and R 10< represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide; x, y and z represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably x, y and z are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; and wherein x+y+z is equal to 100% of n.

[0565] In one embodiment of the invention, x+y is ranging from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25. In one embodiment of the invention, x+y+z is ranging from 5 to 750, 5 to 500, 5 to 150, 5 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 5 to 50, 15 to 25, 5 to 25. In one embodiment of the invention, x'+x"+y'+y" is ranging from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25. In one embodiment of the invention, said x is equal to x'+x". In one embodiment of the invention, said y is equal to y'+y". In one embodiment of the invention, x'+x"+y'+y"+z'+z" is ranging from 5 to 750, 5 to 500, 5 to 150, 5 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 5 to 50, 15 to 25, 5 to 25. In one embodiment of the invention, said z is equal to z'+z".

[0566] In one embodiment, the first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has preferably affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 or for a material present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof.

[0567] In one embodiment of the invention, said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has a plurality of monomers including the monomer A and the monomer B. In one embodiment, said ligand is a random or block copolymer. In another embodiment, said ligand is a random or block copolymer consisting essentially of monomer A and monomer B. In one embodiment of the invention, said ligand is a multi-dentate ligand.

[0568] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 includes, but is not limited to, a thiol moiety, a dithiol moiety, an imidazole moiety, a catechol moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiophene moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a phenol moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.

[0569] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a material selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof, includes, but is not limited to, an imidazole moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.

[0570] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moiety M A is not a dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) moiety.

[0571] In another embodiment of the invention, said first moiety M A is not an imidazole moiety.

[0572] In one embodiment, monomers A and B are methacrylamide monomers.

[0573] In one embodiment of the invention, said second moiety M B having a high water solubility includes, but is not limited to, a zwitterionic moiety (i.e. any compound having both a negative charge and a positive charge, preferably a group with both an ammonium group and a sulfonate group or a group with both an ammonium group and a carboxylate group) such as for example an aminocarboxylate, an aminosulfonate, a carboxybetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a sulfobetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a phosphobetaine wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a phosphorylcholine, a phosphocholine moiety, and combinations thereof or a PEG moiety.

[0574] An example of a suitable PEG moiety is -[O-CH2-CHR'] n -R", wherein R' can be H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, R" can be H, -OH, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, or arylalkoxy and n can be an integer in the range of 1 to 120, preferably of 1 to 60, more preferably of 1 to 30.

[0575] In one embodiment, when B comprises a monomer comprising a second moiety M B which is a PEG moiety, then B further comprises at least one monomer comprising a second moiety M B which is not a PEG moiety.

[0576] In another embodiment of the invention, said second moiety M B having a high water solubility is not a PEG moiety.

[0577] In one embodiment of the invention, said moiety M A comprises said moieties M A ' and M A ".

[0578] In one embodiment of the invention, said moiety M B comprises said moieties M B ' and M B ".

[0579] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moieties M A ' and M A " having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 include, but is not limited to, a thiol moiety, a dithiol moiety, an imidazole moiety, a catechol moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiophene moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a phenol moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.

[0580] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moieties M A ' and M A " having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a material selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof, include, but is not limited to, an imidazole moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.

[0581] In one embodiment of the invention, said first moiety M A ' having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a dithiol moiety and said first moiety M A " having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is an imidazole moiety.

[0582] In one embodiment of the invention, said second moieties M B ' and M B " having a high water solubility include, but is not limited to, a zwitterionic moiety (i.e. any compound having both a negative charge and a positive charge, preferably a group with both an ammonium group and a sulfonate group or a group with both an ammonium group and a carboxylate group) such as for example an aminocarboxylate, an aminosulfonate, a carboxybetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a sulfobetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a phosphobetaine wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a phosphorylcholine, a phosphocholine moiety, and combinations thereof or a PEG moiety, or a poly(ether)glycol moiety, wherein if M B ' is a PEG moiety, then M B " is not a PEG moiety and inversely.

[0583] In one embodiment of the invention, said second moiety M B ' having a high water solubility is a sulfobetaine group and said second moiety M B " having a high water solubility is a PEG moiety.

[0584] In one embodiment of the invention, said third moiety M C having a reactive function can form a covalent bond with a selected agent under selected conditions and includes, but is not limited to, any moiety having an amine group such as a primary amine group, any moiety having an azido group, any moiety having an halogen group, any moiety having an alkenyl group, any moiety having an alkynyl group, any moiety having an acidic function, any moiety having an activated acidic function, any moiety having an alcoholic group, any moiety having an activated alcoholic group, any moiety having a thiol group.

[0585] It can also be a small molecule, such as biotin, that can bind with high affinity to a macromolecule, such as a protein or an antibody.

[0586] According to one embodiment, the reactive function of M c may be protected by any suitable protective group commonly used in the chemical practice. Protection and deprotection may be performed by any suitable method known in the art and adapted to the structure of the molecule to be protected. The reactive function of M c may be protected during the synthesis of the ligand and removed after the polymerization step. The reactive group of M C may alternatively be introduced in the ligand after the polymerization step.

[0587] In another embodiment of the invention, said third moiety M C having a reactive function can form a non covalent bond with a selective binding counterpart and said third moiety M C having a reactive function includes, but is not limited to, biotin that binds its counterpart streptavidin, a nucleic acid that binds its counterpart a sequencecomplementary nucleic acid, FK506 that binds its counterpart FKBP, an antibody that binds its counterpart the corresponding antigen.

[0588] In one embodiment of the invention, R C comprising the third moiety M C can have the formula -L C -M C , wherein L C can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, a PEG moiety, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and M C corresponds to the third moiety as described here above. An example of a suitable PEG moiety is -[O-CH 2 -CHR'] n -, wherein R' can be H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and n can be an integer in the range of 0 to 30.

[0589] According to one embodiment, the functional group is selected from the group comprising -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated ester such as for example N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxyglutarimide ester or maleimide ester; activated carboxylic acid such as for example acid anhydride or acid halide; isothiocyanate; isocyanate; alkyne; azide; glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride; hydrazide; chloroformate, maleimide, alkene,silane, hydrazone, oxime and furan.

[0590] According to an embodiment, the bioactive group is selected from the group comprising avidin or streptavidin; antibody such as a monoclonal antibody or a single chain antibody; sugars; a protein or peptide sequence having a specific binding affinity for an affinity target, such as for example an avimer or an affibody (the affinity target may be for example a protein, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a metabolite or a small molecule), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipid, lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, liposome hormone, polysaccharide, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorophores.

[0591] In one embodiment of the invention, R A comprising the first moiety M A can have the formula -L A -M A , wherein L A can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and M A corresponds to the first moiety as described here above.

[0592] In one embodiment of the invention, R B comprising the second moiety M B can have the formula - L B -M B , wherein L B can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and M B corresponds to the second moiety as described here above.

[0593] According to one embodiment, the at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a concentration in said inorganic nanoparticle 13 of 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 95% by weight.

[0594] According to one embodiment, nanoparticles 13 are not synthetized in a composite particle 1 in situ during the method.

[0595] According to one embodiment, nanoparticles 13 are not grown in a composite particle 1 in situ during the method.

[0596] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 13 are encapsulated into the core 11 during the formation of said core 11. For example, said nanoparticles are not inserted in nor put in contact with a previously obtained core 11. When the core 11 comprises an inorganic material, the nanoparticles 13 are encapsulated into the inorganic material during the formation of said inorganic material.

[0597] According to one embodiment, examples of the surfactant include but are not limited to: carboxylic acids such as for example oleic acid, acetic acid, octanoic acid; thiols such as octanethiol, hexanethiol, butanethiol; 4-mercaptobenzoic acid; amines such as for example oleylamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, octylamine; phosphonic acids; antibodies or a mixture thereof.

[0598] According to one embodiment, the surfactant is not an Igepal surfactant.

[0599] According to one embodiment, the method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention is not surfactant-free. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles may be better stabilized in solution during the method allowing to limit or prevent any degradation of their chemical or physical properties during the method. Furthermore, the colloidal stability of composite particles 1 may be enhanced, especially it may be easier to disperse the composite particles 1 in solution at the end of the method.

[0600] According to one embodiment, the method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention is surfactant-free. In this embodiment, the surface of the composite particle 1 obtained or obtainable by the method of the invention will be easy to functionalize as said surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecule.

[0601] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution described above are formed by spray-drying or spray-pyrolysis.

[0602] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution and composite particle 1 described above are not formed by flame pyrolysis.

[0603] According to one embodiment, after formation, the droplets are dispersed and entrained by a gas flow. In this embodiment, no solid particles are entrained in the gas flow by themselves, i.e. without being in a droplet.

[0604] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution described above are formed by a drop by drop delivering system using gravity, centrifuge force or static electricity.

[0605] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are spherical.

[0606] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are polydisperse.

[0607] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are monodisperse.

[0608] According to one embodiment, the size of the composite particles 1 is correlated to the diameter of the droplets. The smaller the size of the droplets, the smaller the size of the resulting composite particles 1.

[0609] According to one embodiment, the size of the composite particles 1 is smaller than the diameter of the droplets.

[0610] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution have a diameter of at least 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 µm, 50 µm, 100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm, 250 µm, 300 µm, 350 µm, 400 µm, 450 µm, 500 µm, 550 µm, 600 µm, 650 µm, 700 µm, 750 µm, 800 µm, 850 µm, 900 µm, 950 µm, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2 mm, 2.1 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.9 mm, 3 mm, 3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 3.3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.6 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.9 mm, 4 mm, 4.1 mm, 4.2 mm, 4.3 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.6 mm, 4.7 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.9 mm, 5 mm, 5.1 mm, 5.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 5.4 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.6 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.8 mm, 5.9 mm, 6 mm, 6.1 mm, 6.2 mm, 6.3 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.6 mm, 6.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 6.9 mm, 7 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.5 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.7 mm, 7.8 mm, 7.9 mm, 8 mm, 8.1 mm, 8.2 mm, 8.3 mm, 8.4 mm, 8.5 mm, 8.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.9 mm, 9 mm, 9.1 mm, 9.2 mm, 9.3 mm, 9.4 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.6 mm, 9.7 mm, 9.8 mm, 9.9 mm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, or 2 cm.

[0611] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are dispersed in a gas flow, wherein the gas includes but is not limited to: nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, dioxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, NO, NO 2 , N 2 O, F 2 , Cl 2 , H 2 Se, CH 4 , PH 3 , NH 3 , SO 2 , H 2 S or a mixture thereof.

[0612] According to one embodiment, the gas flow has a speed ranging from 0.01 to 1000 cm 3< / s.

[0613] According to one embodiment, the gas flow has a rate ranging from 0.01 to 1×10 10< cm 3< / s.

[0614] According to one embodiment, the gas inlet pressure is 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 bar.

[0615] According to one embodiment, the gas flow has a rate of at least 0.01 cm 3< / s, 0.02 cm 3< / s, 0.03 cm 3< / s, 0.04 cm 3< / s, 0.05 cm 3< / s, 0.06 cm 3< / s, 0.07 cm 3< / s, 0.08 cm 3< / s, 0.09 cm 3< / s, 0.1 cm 3< / s, 0.15 cm 3< / s, 0.25 cm 3< / s, 0.3 cm 3< / s, 0.35 cm 3< / s, 0.4 cm 3< / s, 0.45 cm 3< / s, 0.5 cm 3< / s, 0.55 cm 3< / s, 0.6 cm 3< / s, 0.65 cm 3< / s, 0.7 cm 3< / s, 0.75 cm 3< / s, 0.8 cm 3< / s, 0.85 cm 3< / s, 0.9 cm 3< / s, 0.95 cm 3< / s, 1 cm 3< / s, 1.5 cm 3< / s, 2 cm 3< / s, 2.5 cm 3< / s, 3 cm 3< / s, 3.5 cm 3< / s, 4 cm 3< / s, 4.5 cm 3< / s, 5 cm 3< / s, 5.5 cm 3< / s, 6 cm 3< / s, 6.5 cm 3< / s, 7 cm 3< / s, 7.5 cm 3< / s, 8 cm 3< / s, 8.5 cm 3< / s, 9 cm 3< / s, 9.5 cm 3< / s, 10 cm 3< / s, 15 cm 3< / s, 20 cm 3< / s, 25 cm 3< / s, 30 cm 3< / s, 35 cm 3< / s, 40 cm 3< / s, 45 cm 3< / s, 50 cm 3< / s, 55 cm 3< / s, 60 cm 3< / s, 65 cm 3< / s, 70 cm 3< / s, 75 cm 3< / s, 80 cm 3< / s, 85 cm 3< / s, 90 cm 3< / s, 95 cm 3< / s, 100 cm 3< / s, 5×10 2< cm 3< / s, 1×10 3< cm 3< / s, 5×10 3< cm 3< / s, 1×10 4< cm 3< / s, 5×10 4< cm 3< / s, 1×10 5< cm 3< / s, 5×10 5< cm 3< / s, or 1×10 6< cm 3< / s.

[0616] According to one embodiment, the feed rate of solution, i.e. the flow of solution sprayed into the device, is in the range from 1 mL / h to 10000 mL / h, from 5 mL / h to 5000 mL / h, from 10 mL / h to 2000 mL / h, from 30 mL / h to 1000 mL / h.

[0617] According to one embodiment, the feed rate of solution is at least 1 mL / h, 1.5 mL / h, 2.5 mL / h, 3 mL / h, 3.5 mL / h, 4 mL / h, 4.5 mL / h, 5 mL / h, 5.5 mL / h, 6 mL / h, 6.5 mL / h, 7 mL / h, 7.5 mL / h, 8 mL / h, 8.5 mL / h, 9 mL / h, 9.5 mL / h, 10 mL / h, 10.5 mL / h, 11 mL / h, 11.5 mL / h, 12 mL / h, 12.5 mL / h, 13 mL / h, 13.5 mL / h, 14 mL / h, 14.5 mL / h, 15 mL / h, 15.5 mL / h, 16 mL / h, 16.5 mL / h, 17 mL / h, 17.5 mL / h, 18 mL / h, 18.5 mL / h, 19 mL / h, 19.5 mL / h, 20 mL / h, 20.5 mL / h, 21 mL / h, 21.5 mL / h, 22 mL / h, 22.5 mL / h, 23 mL / h, 23.5 mL / h, 24 mL / h, 24.5 mL / h, 25 mL / h, 25.5 mL / h, 26 mL / h, 26.5 mL / h, 27 mL / h, 27.5 mL / h, 28 mL / h, 28.5 mL / h, 29 mL / h, 29.5 mL / h, 30 mL / h, 30.5 mL / h, 31 mL / h, 31.5 mL / h, 32 mL / h, 32.5 mL / h, 33 mL / h, 33.5 mL / h, 34 mL / h, 34.5 mL / h, 35 mL / h, 35.5 mL / h, 36 mL / h, 36.5 mL / h, 37 mL / h, 37.5 mL / h, 38 mL / h, 38.5 mL / h, 39 mL / h, 39.5 mL / h, 40 mL / h, 40.5 mL / h, 41 mL / h, 41.5 mL / h, 42 mL / h, 42.5 mL / h, 43 mL / h, 43.5 mL / h, 44 mL / h, 44.5 mL / h, 45 mL / h, 45.5 mL / h, 46 mL / h, 46.5 mL / h, 47 mL / h, 47.5 mL / h, 48 mL / h, 48.5 mL / h, 49 mL / h, 49.5 mL / h, 50 mL / h, 50.5 mL / h, 51 mL / h, 51.5 mL / h, 52 mL / h, 52.5 mL / h, 53 mL / h, 53.5 mL / h, 54 mL / h, 54.5 mL / h, 55 mL / h, 55.5 mL / h, 56 mL / h, 56.5 mL / h, 57 mL / h, 57.5 mL / h, 58 mL / h, 58.5 mL / h, 59 mL / h, 59.5 mL / h, 60 mL / h, 60.5 mL / h, 61 mL / h, 61.5 mL / h, 62 mL / h, 62.5 mL / h, 63 mL / h, 63.5 mL / h, 64 mL / h, 64.5 mL / h, 65 mL / h, 65.5 mL / h, 66 mL / h, 66.5 mL / h, 67 mL / h, 67.5 mL / h, 68 mL / h, 68.5 mL / h, 69 mL / h, 69.5 mL / h, 70 mL / h, 70.5 mL / h, 71 mL / h, 71.5 mL / h, 72 mL / h, 72.5 mL / h, 73 mL / h, 73.5 mL / h, 74 mL / h, 74.5 mL / h, 75 mL / h, 75.5 mL / h, 76 mL / h, 76.5 mL / h, 77 mL / h, 77.5 mL / h, 78 mL / h, 78.5 mL / h, 79 mL / h, 79.5 mL / h, 80 mL / h, 80.5 mL / h, 81 mL / h, 81.5 mL / h, 82 mL / h, 82.5 mL / h, 83 mL / h, 83.5 mL / h, 84 mL / h, 84.5 mL / h, 85 mL / h, 85.5 mL / h, 86 mL / h, 86.5 mL / h, 87 mL / h, 87.5 mL / h, 88 mL / h, 88.5 mL / h, 89 mL / h, 89.5 mL / h, 90 mL / h, 90.5 mL / h, 91 mL / h, 91.5 mL / h, 92 mL / h, 92.5 mL / h, 93 mL / h, 93.5 mL / h, 94 mL / h, 94.5 mL / h, 95 mL / h, 95.5 mL / h, 96 mL / h, 96.5 mL / h, 97 mL / h, 97.5 mL / h, 98 mL / h, 98.5 mL / h, 99 mL / h, 99.5 mL / h, 100 mL / h, 200 mL / h, 250 mL / h, 300 mL / h, 350 mL / h, 400 mL / h, 450 mL / h, 500 mL / h, 550 mL / h, 600 mL / h, 650 mL / h, 700 mL / h, 750 mL / h, 800 mL / h, 850 mL / h, 900 mL / h, 950 mL / h, 1000 mL / h, 1500 mL / h, 2000 mL / h, 2500 mL / h, 3000 mL / h, 3500 mL / h, 4000 mL / h, 4500 mL / h, 5000 mL / h, 5500 mL / h, 6000 mL / h, 6500 mL / h, 7000 mL / h, 7500 mL / h, 8000 mL / h, 8500 mL / h, 9000 mL / h, 9500 mL / h, or 10000 mL / h.

[0618] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at a temperature sufficient to evaporate the solvent from the said droplet and vitrify materials constituting the shell 12 and comprised in said droplets to transform the droplets into vitrified particles comprising a core 11 and a shell 12, wherein the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.

[0619] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at a temperature, above the glass-transition temperature of the materials constituting the shell 12 and comprised in said droplets. Heating above the glass-transition temperature will transform the droplets into solid vitrified particles comprising a core 11 and a shell 12, wherein the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.

[0620] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at least at 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.

[0621] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at least at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.

[0622] According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated at less than 0°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.

[0623] According to one embodiment, the droplets are dried at least at 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.

[0624] According to one embodiment, the droplets are dried at less than 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.

[0625] According to one embodiment, the time of heating step is 0.1 seconds, 0.2 seconds, 0.3 seconds, 0.4 seconds, 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 1.5 seconds, 2 seconds, 2.5 seconds, 3 seconds, 3.5 seconds, 4 seconds, 4.5 seconds, 5 seconds, 5.5 seconds, 6 seconds, 6.5 seconds, 7 seconds, 7.5 seconds, 8 seconds, 8.5 seconds, 9 seconds, 9.5 seconds, 10 seconds, 10.5 seconds, 11 seconds, 11.5 seconds, 12 seconds, 12.5 seconds, 13 seconds, 13.5 seconds, 14 seconds, 14.5 seconds, 15 seconds, 15.5 seconds, 16 seconds, 16.5 seconds, 17 seconds, 17.5 seconds, 18 seconds, 18.5 seconds, 19 seconds, 19.5 seconds, 20 seconds, 21 seconds, 22 seconds, 23 seconds, 24 seconds, 25 seconds, 26 seconds, 27 seconds, 28 seconds, 29 seconds, 30 seconds, 31 seconds, 32 seconds, 33 seconds, 34 seconds, 35 seconds, 36 seconds, 37 seconds, 38 seconds, 39 seconds, 40 seconds, 41 seconds, 42 seconds, 43 seconds, 44 seconds, 45 seconds, 46 seconds, 47 seconds, 48 seconds, 49 seconds, 50 seconds, 51 seconds, 52 seconds, 53 seconds, 54 seconds, 55 seconds, 56 seconds, 57 seconds, 58 seconds, 59 seconds, or 60 seconds.

[0626] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are heated using a flame.

[0627] According to one embodiment, the droplets of the mixing solution are not heated using a flame.

[0628] According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by convection as heat transfer.

[0629] According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by infra-red radiation.

[0630] According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by micro-waves.

[0631] According to one embodiment, the droplets are not heated by micro-waves.

[0632] According to one embodiment, the droplets are not heated by induction.

[0633] According to one embodiment, the droplets are not heated by laser sources.

[0634] According to one embodiment, the heating step takes place in a tubular furnace.

[0635] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are cooled down at a temperature inferior to the heating temperature.

[0636] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are cooled down at a temperature of -200°C, -180°C, -160°C, -140°C, -120°C, -100°C, -80°C, -60°C, -40°C, -20°C, 0°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C, 100°C.

[0637] According to one embodiment, the cooling step is fact and the time of cooling step is 0.1°C / s, 1°C / s, 10°C / sec, 50°C / sec, 100°C / sec, 150°C / sec, 200°C / sec, 250°C / sec, 300°C / sec, 350°C / sec, 400°C / sec, 450°C / sec, 500°C / sec, 550°C / sec, 600°C / sec, 650°C / sec, 700°C / sec, 750°C / sec, 800°C / sec, 850°C / sec, 900°C / sec, 950°C / sec, 1000°C / sec.

[0638] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not separated depending on their size and are collected using a unique membrane filter with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 µm.

[0639] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not separated depending on their size and are collected using at least two membrane filters with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 µm.

[0640] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using at least two successive membrane filters with different pore sizes ranging from 1 nm to 300 µm.

[0641] According to one embodiment, the membrane filter includes but is not limited to: hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene, hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, nylon, cellulose, glass fibers, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, silver, polyolefin, polypropylene prefilter, or a mixture thereof.

[0642] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected as powder from the membrane filter by scrubbing the membrane filter.

[0643] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected as powder on a conveyor belt used as membrane filter. In this embodiment, said conveyor belt is activated to collect the powder continueously during the method by scrubbing said conveyor belt.

[0644] According to one embodiment, the conveyor belt used as membrane filter has a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 µm.

[0645] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an organic solvent.

[0646] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an aqueous solvent.

[0647] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in a polar solvent.

[0648] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an apolar solvent.

[0649] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size.

[0650] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their loading charge.

[0651] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their packing fraction.

[0652] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their chemical composition.

[0653] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using a temperature induced separation or magnetic induced separation.

[0654] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using an electrostatic precipitator.

[0655] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using a sonic or gravitational dust collector.

[0656] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated depending on their size by using a cyclonic separation.

[0657] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in a spiral-shaped tube. In this embodiment, the composite particles 1 will deposit on the inner walls of said tube, then the composite particles 1 can be recovered by the introduction of an organic or aqueous solvent into said tube.

[0658] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution containing potassium ions.

[0659] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution.

[0660] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in an organic solution.

[0661] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in a polar solvent.

[0662] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in an apolar solvent.

[0663] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected onto a support comprising a material such as for example silica, quartz, silicon, gold, copper, Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, SnO 2 , MgO, GaN, GaSb, GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, InP, SiGe, InGaN, GaAlN, GaAlPN, AlN, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, AlGaN, AlGaInN, ZnSe, Si, SiC, diamond, boron nitride.

[0664] In one embodiment, the support is reflective.

[0665] In one embodiment, the support comprises a material allowing to reflect the light such as for example a metal like aluminium or silver, a glass, a polymer.

[0666] In one embodiment, the support is thermally conductive.

[0667] According to one embodiment, the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.5 to 450 W / (m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W / (m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W / (m.K).

[0668] According to one embodiment, the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W / (m.K), 0.2 W / (m.K), 0.3 W / (m.K), 0.4 W / (m.K), 0.5 W / (m.K), 0.6 W / (m.K), 0.7 W / (m.K), 0.8 W / (m.K), 0.9 W / (m.K), 1 W / (m.K), 1.1 W / (m.K), 1.2 W / (m.K), 1.3 W / (m.K), 1.4 W / (m.K), 1.5 W / (m.K), 1.6 W / (m.K), 1.7 W / (m.K), 1.8 W / (m.K), 1.9 W / (m.K), 2 W / (m.K), 2.1 W / (m.K), 2.2 W / (m.K), 2.3 W / (m.K), 2.4 W / (m.K), 2.5 W / (m.K), 2.6 W / (m.K), 2.7 W / (m.K), 2.8 W / (m.K), 2.9 W / (m.K), 3 W / (m.K), 3.1 W / (m.K), 3.2 W / (m.K), 3.3 W / (m.K), 3.4 W / (m.K), 3.5 W / (m.K), 3.6 W / (m.K), 3.7 W / (m.K), 3.8 W / (m.K), 3.9 W / (m.K), 4 W / (m.K), 4.1 W / (m.K), 4.2 W / (m.K), 4.3 W / (m.K), 4.4 W / (m.K), 4.5 W / (m.K), 4.6 W / (m.K), 4.7 W / (m.K), 4.8 W / (m.K), 4.9 W / (m.K), 5 W / (m.K), 5.1 W / (m.K), 5.2 W / (m.K), 5.3 W / (m.K), 5.4 W / (m.K), 5.5 W / (m.K), 5.6 W / (m.K), 5.7 W / (m.K), 5.8 W / (m.K), 5.9 W / (m.K), 6 W / (m.K), 6.1 W / (m.K), 6.2 W / (m.K), 6.3 W / (m.K), 6.4 W / (m.K), 6.5 W / (m.K), 6.6 W / (m.K), 6.7 W / (m.K), 6.8 W / (m.K), 6.9 W / (m.K), 7 W / (m.K), 7.1 W / (m.K), 7.2 W / (m.K), 7.3 W / (m.K), 7.4 W / (m.K), 7.5 W / (m.K), 7.6 W / (m.K), 7.7 W / (m.K), 7.8 W / (m.K), 7.9 W / (m.K), 8 W / (m.K), 8.1 W / (m.K), 8.2 W / (m.K), 8.3 W / (m.K), 8.4 W / (m.K), 8.5 W / (m.K), 8.6 W / (m.K), 8.7 W / (m.K), 8.8 W / (m.K), 8.9 W / (m.K), 9 W / (m.K), 9.1 W / (m.K), 9.2 W / (m.K), 9.3 W / (m.K), 9.4 W / (m.K), 9.5 W / (m.K), 9.6 W / (m.K), 9.7 W / (m.K), 9.8 W / (m.K), 9.9 W / (m.K), 10 W / (m.K), 10.1 W / (m.K), 10.2 W / (m.K), 10.3 W / (m.K), 10.4 W / (m.K), 10.5 W / (m.K), 10.6 W / (m.K), 10.7 W / (m.K), 10.8 W / (m.K), 10.9 W / (m.K), 11 W / (m.K), 11.1 W / (m.K), 11.2 W / (m.K), 11.3 W / (m.K), 11.4 W / (m.K), 11.5 W / (m.K), 11.6 W / (m.K), 11.7 W / (m.K), 11.8 W / (m.K), 11.9 W / (m.K), 12 W / (m.K), 12.1 W / (m.K), 12.2 W / (m.K), 12.3 W / (m.K), 12.4 W / (m.K), 12.5 W / (m.K), 12.6 W / (m.K), 12.7 W / (m.K), 12.8 W / (m.K), 12.9 W / (m.K), 13 W / (m.K), 13.1 W / (m.K), 13.2 W / (m.K), 13.3 W / (m.K), 13.4 W / (m.K), 13.5 W / (m.K), 13.6 W / (m.K), 13.7 W / (m.K), 13.8 W / (m.K), 13.9 W / (m.K), 14 W / (m.K), 14.1 W / (m.K), 14.2 W / (m.K), 14.3 W / (m.K), 14.4 W / (m.K), 14.5 W / (m.K), 14.6 W / (m.K), 14.7 W / (m.K), 14.8 W / (m.K), 14.9 W / (m.K), 15 W / (m.K), 15.1 W / (m.K), 15.2 W / (m.K), 15.3 W / (m.K), 15.4 W / (m.K), 15.5 W / (m.K), 15.6 W / (m.K), 15.7 W / (m.K), 15.8 W / (m.K), 15.9 W / (m.K), 16 W / (m.K), 16.1 W / (m.K), 16.2 W / (m.K), 16.3 W / (m.K), 16.4 W / (m.K), 16.5 W / (m.K), 16.6 W / (m.K), 16.7 W / (m.K), 16.8 W / (m.K), 16.9 W / (m.K), 17 W / (m.K), 17.1 W / (m.K), 17.2 W / (m.K), 17.3 W / (m.K), 17.4 W / (m.K), 17.5 W / (m.K), 17.6 W / (m.K), 17.7 W / (m.K), 17.8 W / (m.K), 17.9 W / (m.K), 18 W / (m.K), 18.1 W / (m.K), 18.2 W / (m.K), 18.3 W / (m.K), 18.4 W / (m.K), 18.5 W / (m.K), 18.6 W / (m.K), 18.7 W / (m.K), 18.8 W / (m.K), 18.9 W / (m.K), 19 W / (m.K), 19.1 W / (m.K), 19.2 W / (m.K), 19.3 W / (m.K), 19.4 W / (m.K), 19.5 W / (m.K), 19.6 W / (m.K), 19.7 W / (m.K), 19.8 W / (m.K), 19.9 W / (m.K), 20 W / (m.K), 20.1 W / (m.K), 20.2 W / (m.K), 20.3 W / (m.K), 20.4 W / (m.K), 20.5 W / (m.K), 20.6 W / (m.K), 20.7 W / (m.K), 20.8 W / (m.K), 20.9 W / (m.K), 21 W / (m.K), 21.1 W / (m.K), 21.2 W / (m.K), 21.3 W / (m.K), 21.4 W / (m.K), 21.5 W / (m.K), 21.6 W / (m.K), 21.7 W / (m.K), 21.8 W / (m.K), 21.9 W / (m.K), 22 W / (m.K), 22.1 W / (m.K), 22.2 W / (m.K), 22.3 W / (m.K), 22.4 W / (m.K), 22.5 W / (m.K), 22.6 W / (m.K), 22.7 W / (m.K), 22.8 W / (m.K), 22.9 W / (m.K), 23 W / (m.K), 23.1 W / (m.K), 23.2 W / (m.K), 23.3 W / (m.K), 23.4 W / (m.K), 23.5 W / (m.K), 23.6 W / (m.K), 23.7 W / (m.K), 23.8 W / (m.K), 23.9 W / (m.K), 24 W / (m.K), 24.1 W / (m.K), 24.2 W / (m.K), 24.3 W / (m.K), 24.4 W / (m.K), 24.5 W / (m.K), 24.6 W / (m.K), 24.7 W / (m.K), 24.8 W / (m.K), 24.9 W / (m.K), 25 W / (m.K), 30 W / (m.K), 40 W / (m.K), 50 W / (m.K), 60 W / (m.K), 70 W / (m.K), 80 W / (m.K), 90 W / (m.K), 100 W / (m.K), 110 W / (m.K), 120 W / (m.K), 130 W / (m.K), 140 W / (m.K), 150 W / (m.K), 160 W / (m.K), 170 W / (m.K), 180 W / (m.K), 190 W / (m.K), 200 W / (m.K), 210 W / (m.K), 220 W / (m.K), 230 W / (m.K), 240 W / (m.K), 250 W / (m.K), 260 W / (m.K), 270 W / (m.K), 280 W / (m.K), 290 W / (m.K), 300 W / (m.K), 310 W / (m.K), 320 W / (m.K), 330 W / (m.K), 340 W / (m.K), 350 W / (m.K), 360 W / (m.K), 370 W / (m.K), 380 W / (m.K), 390 W / (m.K), 400 W / (m.K), 410 W / (m.K), 420 W / (m.K), 430 W / (m.K), 440 W / (m.K), or 450 W / (m.K).

[0669] According to one embodiment, the substrate comprises Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Sn, Rh Pd, Mn, Ti or a mixture thereof.

[0670] According to one embodiment, the substrate comprises silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.

[0671] In one embodiment, the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container. Preferably the support is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

[0672] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are suspended in an inert gas such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe or N 2 .

[0673] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected onto a functionalized support.

[0674] According to one embodiment, the functionalized support is functionalized with a specific-binding component, wherein said specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralens, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, virus and combinations thereof. Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to: neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates. Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumins, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins, hormones, toxins and growth factors. Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single- or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA / RNA hybrids, or incorporating an unusual linker such as morpholine derivatized phosphides, or peptide nucleic acids such as N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units, where the nucleic acid contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, more typically fewer than 25 nucleotides. The functionalization of the functionalized support can be made using techniques known in the art.According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in water.

[0675] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in water.

[0676] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, alcohols such as for example ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-ol, ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, or a mixture thereof.

[0677] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are sonicated in a solution. This embodiment allows dispersion of said composite particles 1 in solution.

[0678] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in a solution comprising at least one surfactant described here above. This embodiment prevents the aggregation of said composite particles 1 in solution.

[0679] According to one embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises repeating steps d) to f) at least one time on the composite particles 1 obtained by the method of the invention. Repeating said steps several times on the same composite particles 1 will improve the densification of said composite particles 1.

[0680] According to one embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises the steps of: (g) mixing the composite particles 1 obtained by the method of the invention with at least one organic solvent; (h) forming dr...

Claims

1. A composite particle (1) comprising a core (11) and a shell (12), wherein the core (11) comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle (13) and the shell (12) is made of vitrified glass, wherein the composite particle (1) has an average size strictly inferior to 500 nm, and wherein the loading charge of inorganic nanoparticle (13) in the composite particle (1) is at least 10%, said loading charge being the mass ratio between the mass of inorganic nanoparticles (13) comprised in a composite particle (1) and the mass of said composite particle (1).

2. The composite particle (1) according to claim 1, wherein the vitrified shell (12) comprises: - SiyOx, ByOx, PyOx, GeyOx, AsyOx, AlyOx or a mixture thereof to form the vitrified network; and - FeyOx, TiyOx, ZryOx, NiyOx, ZnyOx, CayOx, NayOx, BayOx, KyOx, MgyOx, PbyOx, AgyOx, VyOx, PyOx, TeyOx, MnyOx or a mixture thereof to decrease the glass-transition temperature; where x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.

3. The composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the composite particle (1) has an average diameter ranging from 5 nm to 500 nm.

4. The composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composite particle (1) exhibits a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%.

5. The composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the composite particle (1) is a vitrified glass particle comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle (13).

6. The composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the at least one inorganic nanoparticle (13) is luminescent, preferably the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal.

7. The composite particle (1) according to claim 6, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; and w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.

8. A method for obtaining the composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising the steps of: a) mixing in solution of: - at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; - optionally, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium; - at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle (13) such that the loading charge of inorganic nanoparticle (13) in the composite particle (1) is at least 10%, said loading charge being the mass ratio between the mass of inorganic nanoparticles (13) comprised in a composite particle (1) and the mass of said composite particle (1); - optionally, at least one organic solvent; - optionally, at least one aqueous solvent; - optionally, at least one base or one acid; - optionally, water; and - optionally, at least one surfactant; - optionally, at least one solution comprising Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof; b) forming droplets of said mixing solution; c) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; d) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell (12) around the composite particles (1); e) cooling of said composite particles (1); and f) separating and collecting said composite particles (1) wherein the composite particle has an average size strictly inferior to 500 nm.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the droplets are formed by spray-drying or spray-pyrolysis.

10. The method according to any one of claims 8 to 9, further comprising repeating steps d) to f) at least one time on the composite particles (1) obtained at step f).

11. The method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, further comprising the steps of: g) mixing the composite particles (1) obtained by the method of the invention with at least one organic solvent; h) forming droplets of said mixing solution; i) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; j) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell (12) around the composite particles (1); k) cooling of said composite particles (1); l) separating and collecting said composite particles (1); and m) optionally repeating at least one time steps g to 1.

12. The method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, further comprising the steps of: n) mixing the composite particles (1) obtained by the method of the invention with: - at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese; - optionally, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group constituted by cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium; - optionally, at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle (13); - optionally, at least one organic solvent; - optionally, at least one aqueous solvent; - optionally, at least one base or one acid; - optionally, water; and - optionally, at least one surfactant; - optionally, at least one solution comprising Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof; o) forming droplets of said mixing solution; p) dispersing said droplets in a gas flow; q) heating said dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain a vitrified shell (12) around the composite particles (1); r) cooling of said composite particles (1); s) separating and collecting said composite particles (1); and t) optionally repeating at least one time steps n to s.

13. A film comprising a host material and at least one composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

14. A support supporting at least one composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or a film according to claim 13, preferably the support is a LED chip (4) or microsized LED (5).

15. An optoelectronic device comprising at least one composite particle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or a film according to claim 13.