Powder made from insects for the prevention or reduction of stress in farmed fish

Description

[0001] The invention relates to an insect powder for use in preventing or reducing stress and mortality in fish during rearing. WO2009140327 describes the treatment of stress arising from the transition from freshwater to saltwater in young fish of the Salmonidae family, through nutrition enhanced with arachidonic acid.

[0002] By "insect powder" we mean a composition, in the form of particles, prepared solely from insects and possibly water.

[0003] The residual moisture content of the insect powder is between 2 and 15%, preferably between 5 and 10%, and more preferably between 4 and 8%. This moisture content can, for example, be determined according to the method from EC Regulation 152 / 2009 of 27 January 2009 (103 °C / 4 h).

[0004] It should be noted that in the context of this application, and unless otherwise stipulated, the ranges of values ​​indicated are understood to include the limits.

[0005] Throughout the application, where no date is specified for a regulation, standard or directive, it refers to the regulation, standard or directive in force at the filing date.

[0006] When insect powder is ground to a particle size acceptable for human or animal consumption, it can be designated as "insect meal". By "particle size acceptable for human or animal consumption", we mean a particle size between 100 µm and 1.5 mm, preferably between 300 µm and 1 mm, more preferably between 500 and 800 µm.

[0007] The term "insects" refers in particular to beetles, flies, butterflies, orthopterans, hymenopterans, dictyopterans including cockroaches, including isopterans, and mantotters, phasmopterans, hemiptera, heteropterans, mayflies and mecopterans, or mixtures thereof, preferably beetles.

[0008] Preferably, beetles belong to the families of Tenebrionidae, Melolonthidae, Dermestidae, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae, Carabidae, Buprestidae, Cetoniidae, Dryophthoridae, or mixtures thereof.

[0009] More specifically, these are the following beetles: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Zophobas morio, Tenebrio obscurus, Tribolium castaneum and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, or mixtures thereof, even more preferably A plotter of darkness.

[0010] The insect powder targeted by the invention is a beetle powder of the genus A plotter of darkness.

[0011] Advantageously, insect powder is obtained from the larval stage of the insect species referred to above.

[0012] Fish farming refers to the production, maintenance, and growth of fish, from the fry stage to the adult stage.

[0013] More specifically, the farming targeted by the invention is a commercial farming operation, allowing the intensive production of fish, such as farming in enclosed spaces (basins, traps or cages).

[0014] Stress refers more specifically to stress due to handling (particularly that referred to as "commercial condition handling") such as handling during the retrieval of fish from their enclosed space, during the transfer from one enclosed space to another, during the transfer to the processing and slaughter plant, and during the slaughter itself.

[0015] The invention relates to insect powder for use in preventing or reducing stress and mortality in fish following (or resulting from) their transfer from fresh water to seawater or salt water during rearing.

[0016] The fish targeted by the invention are fish belonging to the family Salmonidae, which are intended to be transferred, during their rearing, from fresh water to sea water.

[0017] These fish are therefore fish which, during their life cycle in the wild, migrate from fresh water to sea water.

[0018] These fish reproduce in freshwater and complete most of their growth in seawater. Insect powder is used, according to the invention, to prevent or reduce stress and mortality during the rearing of fish belonging to the family Salmonidae.

[0019] Preferably, the fish belong to the genus Salmon, Salvelinus, Onchorynchus, and / or Hucho, more preferably Salmon .

[0020] The species particularly preferred according to the invention are: Saltwater salmon (Atlantic salmon), Salmon trout (Brown trout or Common trout), Oncorhynchus kisutch (Pacific salmon) Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Royal salmon), Onchorynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) and Alpine salmon (Arctic char).

[0021] Smoltification refers to the set of physical and physiological (particularly metabolic) processes that allow freshwater fish to adapt to living conditions in seawater.

[0022] Indeed, following their transfer to seawater, fish can be subjected to stressful conditions, such as those resulting from environmental changes (salinity, diet, overcrowding), to which they must adapt. The intensity of these stressful conditions can vary depending on the rearing method. For example, we speak of minimal stress conditions (experimental conditions including, for instance, handling precautions) or, for more intense stress, standard rearing stress conditions.

[0023] However, some fish fail to adapt to these conditions and die.

[0024] This lack of adaptation or acclimatization of fish to living conditions in seawater or salt water can therefore be remedied by using insect powder.

[0025] The invention therefore also relates to an insect powder for use in preventing or reducing mortality in fish belonging to the family Salmonidae during their rearing.

[0026] More specifically, the invention relates to an insect powder for use in preventing or reducing mortality in these fish following (or resulting from) their transfer from fresh water to sea or salt water during their rearing.

[0027] Advantageously, administering insect powder to these fish reduces their mortality during rearing by 5% compared to the mortality of fish to which insect powder was not administered.

[0028] By "administration" we mean the act of making fish ingest or feeding fish.

[0029] Preferably, administering insect powder completely prevents mortality in these fish during rearing.

[0030] In particular, the administration of insect powder makes it possible to completely prevent the mortality of these fish following their transfer from fresh water to sea water during farming.

[0031] Indeed, it has been shown that the mortality rate of these fish fed with insect powder is equal to 0% following their transfer from fresh water to salt water, such as for example 3 weeks after this transfer.

[0032] On the contrary, the mortality rate of fish that have not been fed with insect powder but with fishmeal is at least 5% following their transfer from fresh water to salt water, such as for example 3 weeks after this transfer.

[0033] The effect of insect powder on the mortality of these fish during rearing is detailed further in Example 3 below.

[0034] Advantageously, the insect powder according to the invention comprises at least 67% by weight of protein and at least 0.1% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0035] By "protein," we mean the quantity of crude protein. The quantification of crude protein is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, one can cite the method

[0036] Dumas or the Kjeldhal method. Preferably, the Dumas method, corresponding to the standard NF EN ISO 16634-1 (2008), is used.

[0037] Examples of such a powder are described in Examples 1 and 2 below.

[0038] Preferably, the insect powder comprises 68% by weight of crude protein, more preferably 70% by weight of crude protein, more preferably 71% by weight of crude protein, the percentages by weight being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0039] According to the invention, "chitin" means any type of chitin derivative, that is, a derivative of polysaccharides comprising N-acetylglucosamine units and D-glucosamine units, in particular chitin-polypeptide copolymers (sometimes referred to as "chitin-polypeptide composites"). These copolymers may also be associated with pigments, often of the melanin type.

[0040] Chitin is the second most synthesized polymer in the living world after cellulose. Indeed, chitin is synthesized by numerous species: it forms part of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and the lateral cell wall that surrounds and protects fungi. More specifically, in insects, chitin makes up 3 to 60% of their exoskeleton.

[0041] The chitin content is determined by extraction. One such method is AOAC method 991.43.

[0042] According to a first embodiment, the insect powder according to the invention comprises at least 67% by weight of protein and at least 5% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0043] Preferably, this insect powder comprises between 5 and 16% by weight of chitin, more preferably between 8 and 14% of chitin, the percentages by weight being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0044] Advantageously, this insect powder has an ash content of less than or equal to 4% by weight on the total weight of insect powder, and even more advantageously less than or equal to 3.5%.

[0045] The ashes constitute the residue resulting from the combustion of the composition according to the invention.

[0046] The method for determining ash content is well known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the ash content was determined according to the method specified in Regulation (EC) No 152 / 2009 of 27 January 2009.

[0047] The fat content of this insect powder is preferably between 5 and 20% by weight of the total weight of insect powder, more preferably between 9 and 17%.

[0048] The methods for determining fat content are well known to those skilled in the art. As an example, and preferably, this content will be determined according to the method described in EC Regulation 152 / 2009.

[0049] The terms "fat" and "lipids" are used interchangeably throughout the application.

[0050] Advantageously, the proteins in this insect powder have a digestibility greater than or equal to 70%, preferably greater than or equal to 85% by weight on the total weight of crude protein.

[0051] Digestibility is pepsin digestibility measured by the method described in Directive 72 / 199 / EC.

[0052] More preferably, digestibility is greater than or equal to 86%, even more preferably, greater than or equal to 88% by weight on the total weight of crude protein.

[0053] Advantageously, this insect powder according to the invention comprises between 35 and 65% by weight of soluble proteins relative to the total weight of proteins, and at least 50% of the soluble proteins have a size less than or equal to 12400g / mol.

[0054] By "total protein weight" is meant the weight of crude protein present in the insect powder according to the invention.

[0055] By "soluble proteins" we mean, among crude proteins, those which are soluble in an aqueous solution with a pH between 6 and 8, advantageously between 7.2 and 7.6.

[0056] Preferably, the aqueous solution is a buffer solution with a pH between 6 and 8, advantageously between 7.2 and 7.6. Preferably, the buffer solution is a phosphate buffer NaCl solution, with a pH of 7.4 + / - 0.2.

[0057] Advantageously, this insect powder comprises between 38 and 60% by weight, preferably between 43 and 55% by weight of soluble proteins relative to the total weight of proteins.

[0058] Preferably, at least 60%, preferably at least 70% of the soluble proteins have a size less than or equal to 12400g / mol.

[0059] More specifically, soluble proteins have a size between 6500 and 12400g / mol.

[0060] Advantageously, less than 10%, preferably less than 8%, more preferably less than 6% of soluble proteins have a size greater than or equal to 29000g / mol.

[0061] This insect powder can be prepared by a process involving the following steps: i) killing of insects, ii) pressing of insects to obtain a press cake, and iii) grinding of the press cake.

[0062] Insects can be killed by boiling or blanching, as described in more detail in Example 1 below.

[0063] Similarly, the pressing and grinding stages are described in more detail in this Example.

[0064] Finally, the preparation process may also include a step of drying the press cake.

[0065] The drying stage is advantageously carried out after the pressing stage and before the grinding stage and is also described in more detail in Example 1 below.

[0066] According to a second embodiment, the insect powder according to the invention comprises at least 71% by weight of protein and comprises between 0.1 and 2% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0067] Preferably, this insect powder has a protein content greater than or equal to 72% by weight, more preferably greater than or equal to 74% by weight, even more preferably greater than or equal to 75% by weight, on the total dry weight of powder.

[0068] More specifically, this powder has a chitin content of between 0.5 and 3% by weight, more preferably between 0.8 and 2% by weight, even more preferably between 0.8 and 1.7% by weight on the total dry weight of powder.

[0069] Preferably, this powder comprises between 5 and 20% by weight, preferably between 7 and 17% by weight of lipids, on the total dry weight of powder.

[0070] More specifically, this powder comprises between 1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 6% by weight of ash, on the total dry weight of powder.

[0071] Advantageously, the proteins in this insect powder have a digestibility greater than or equal to 70%, preferably greater than or equal to 85% by weight on the total weight of crude protein.

[0072] More preferably, digestibility is greater than or equal to 88%, even more preferably, greater than or equal to 92% by weight on the total weight of crude protein.

[0073] This insect powder can be prepared by a process involving the following steps: slaughter of insects, separation of cuticles from the soft part of insects, separation of the soft part of insects into a solid fraction, an oily fraction and an aqueous fraction, drying of the solid fraction to obtain a dry solid fraction; grinding of the dry solid fraction to obtain an insect powder.

[0074] Insects can be killed by boiling or blanching, as described in more detail in Example 1 below.

[0075] The cuticle is the outer layer (or exoskeleton) secreted by the epidermis of insects. It is generally formed of three layers: the epicuticle, the exocuticle and the endocuticle.

[0076] The term "soft parts" refers to the flesh (including muscles and viscera) and the juices (including biological fluids, water, and hemolymph) of insects. Specifically, the soft parts do not include insect juice.

[0077] The separation of the cuticles from the soft part of insects can be carried out using a filter press or a belt separator.

[0078] By belt separator, we mean a device which includes a clamping belt (or press belt) and a perforated drum.

[0079] The insect powder according to the invention is obtained from a species of insect belonging to the order Coleoptera, preferably from the species Darkness, the plotter, and this regardless of the embodiment of the invention. The insect powder according to the invention is then a beetle powder, preferably a powder of A plotter of darkness.

[0080] The invention therefore relates more particularly to a beetle powder, preferably of Darkness, the plotter, for its use in reducing stress in fish belonging to the family Salmonidae during rearing, more specifically to prevent or reduce mortality of these fish during rearing, following their transfer from fresh water to sea water.

[0081] The invention also relates to the use of insect powder to prevent or reduce stress in fish during their rearing, resulting from their transfer from fresh water to sea water during said rearing.

[0082] The invention also relates to the use of insect powder to prevent or reduce mortality in fish belonging to the family Salmonidae during their rearing.

[0083] More specifically, the invention relates to the use of an insect powder to prevent or reduce the mortality of these fish following their transfer from fresh water to sea water during their rearing.

[0084] Thus, according to the invention, insect powder is used at least during the freshwater rearing period of these fish, that is to say before the transfer of the fish from freshwater to seawater.

[0085] Advantageously, this insect powder is also used to feed the fish following this transfer, preferably throughout the entire rearing period.

[0086] Insect powder advantageously presents the characteristics described above.

[0087] The fish are advantageously the preferred fish described above.

[0088] The invention also relates to a method for raising fish belonging to the family Salmonidaein which, during the rearing process, the fish are transferred from fresh water to salt water, and in which insect powder is administered to the fish within 10 days before and / or within 10 days after the transfer of the fish from fresh water to salt water.

[0089] The fish targeted by the rearing process according to the invention are the preferred ones described above, and the insect powder advantageously has the characteristics described above, and in particular, the insect powder is a beetle powder, preferably a powder of A plotter of darkness.

[0090] Preferably, insect powder is administered within 15 days, more preferably within 25 days prior to the transfer of fish.

[0091] Preferably, insect powder is administered within 15 days, more preferably within 25 days following the transfer of the fish.

[0092] Advantageously, the insect powder is administered in the days mentioned above preceding and following the transfer of the fish.

[0093] Advantageously, insect powder is administered to fish on a daily basis, preferably several times a day.

[0094] More specifically, the insect powder administered to the fish constitutes at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 15% by weight, even more preferably at least 20% by weight of the total weight of their diet.

[0095] In this application, "diet" means all the constituents administered to the fish, in given proportions, the constituents being able to be administered simultaneously or separately.

[0096] The invention also relates to a diet for fish belonging to the family Salmonidaecomprising at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 15% by weight, even more preferably at least 20% by weight of insect powder as defined in claims 1, 2, 9 and 10 on the total weight of their diet.

[0097] The insect powder according to the invention can, for example, be used as an alternative to fishmeal, which is generally administered in fish feed. It can partially or completely replace fishmeal. Preferably, the insect powder replaces fishmeal at a rate of 25% or more, by weight of fishmeal, and preferably at 50% or more, by weight of fishmeal.

[0098] Substituting fishmeal with insect powder helps to prevent or reduce stress, and more specifically fish mortality, during rearing, following their transfer from freshwater to seawater during rearing.

[0099] Preferably, insect powder replaces 50% of the fishmeal usually given to fish.

[0100] Insect powder can also replace all of the fishmeal usually given to fish.

[0101] Advantageously, the diet according to the invention comprises an insect powder comprising at least 71% by weight of protein and comprising between 0.1 and 2% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on the total weight of insect powder.

[0102] The other constituents of the diet are advantageously chosen from fishmeal, soymeal, peas, wheat, corn, wheat gluten, corn gluten, vegetable protein concentrates such as soy, soy lecithin, oils (especially fish, rapeseed), vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, natural food pigments including carotenoids such as astaxanthin, amino acids such as methionine, lysine, threonine, and / or food additives such as thickeners (guar gum), monosodium phosphate.

[0103] Vitamins and / or minerals can, for example, be provided in the form of a premix.

[0104] The invention also relates to a method for preventing or reducing stress, and more particularly for preventing or reducing mortality, in fish belonging to the family Salmonidaeduring the rearing process, including the administration to these fish of an insect powder, specifically a beetle powder.

[0105] This insect powder advantageously presents the characteristics described above.

[0106] Insect powder can also be used to promote or increase the weight gain of fish during rearing.

[0107] In particular, insect powder helps to promote or increase the weight gain of these fish during the freshwater rearing period, that is, before the transfer of the fish from freshwater to seawater.

[0108] The effect of using insect powder on fish weight gain is shown in Example 3.

[0109] The invention also relates to the use of an insect powder comprising at least 67% by weight of protein and comprising at least 0.1% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on the total weight of insect powder, as a food supplement in fish nutrition.

[0110] Insect powder used as a feed supplement in fish nutrition may contain at least 67% by weight of protein and at least 5% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on a basis of the total weight of insect powder. This refers to insect powder of the first embodiment described above, including all advantageous, special, and preferred characteristics and its method of production.

[0111] Alternatively, insect powder used as a feed supplement in fish nutrition may contain at least 71% by weight of protein and between 0.1 and 2% by weight of chitin, the percentages being given on a basis of the total weight of insect powder. This is then the insect powder of the second embodiment described above, including all advantageous, special, and preferred characteristics and its method of production.

[0112] Insect powder is a powder made from beetles, preferably a powder made from A plotter of darkness.

[0113] Other features and advantages of the invention will appear in the following examples, given by way of illustration.

[0114] There Figure 1concerns the weights of the "standard stress conditions" group during the transfer from fresh water to sea water, corresponding to fish receiving a diet chosen from three different diets including fishmeal replaced by 0% insect powder (100FM-0TMP also called diet A), 50% insect powder (50FM-50TMP also called diet B) or 100% insect powder (0FM-100TMP also called diet C).

[0115] There Figure 2 concerns the food consumption of fish fed with diet A, B or C after transfer from fresh water to sea water. EXAMPLE 1 : Procédé de préparation d'une poudre d'insectes

[0116] The composition according to the invention is prepared from larvae of A plotter of darkness.Upon receipt of the larvae, they can be stored at 4°C for 0 to 15 days in their rearing trays before slaughter without significant deterioration. The weight of the larvae relative to their age varies, and consequently, their composition may also vary, as illustrated in Table 1 below: Table 1 Darkness is the creator : Biochemical composition of larvae according to their weight. Biomass (Insects) mg 23 35 58 80 108 154 Dry matter %* 34 34 34,2 37,9 39,6 39,5 Ashes %* 1,59 1,52 1,6 1,75 1,67 1,43 Crude proteins %* 22,6 22,2 22 23,2 23,1 23,2 Lipids %* 6,62 6,88 7,98 10,3 10,9 11,7 * Les % sont expressed en poids sec par rapport au poids humide de larves. • Stage 1: Blanching of insects

[0117] Live larvae (at temperatures between 4°C and 25°C) are conveyed in a layer 2 to 10 cm thick on a perforated belt (1 mm) to a bleaching chamber. The insects are then bleached with steam (nozzles or steam bed) at 98°C, or with water at 100°C (spray nozzles), or using a combination of water and steam. The residence time in the bleaching chamber is between 1 and 15 minutes, ideally 5 minutes.

[0118] The temperature of the larvae after blanching is between 75°C and 98°C. • Step 2: Pressing

[0119] Once blanched, the larvae are conveyed to the feed hopper of a continuous single-screw press. During pressing, the larvae are kept at a temperature above 70°C to increase oil extraction yields. The oil extraction process involves pressurizing the material inside a cylindrical cage using an arrangement of screws and bushings mounted on the central axis. The cage is lined internally with bars arranged in sections and separated by gaps of varying thicknesses depending on the working zone. These gaps allow the oil fraction to flow through while limiting the passage of the so-called "dry" material, the protein fraction, known as the "press cake," which thus contributes to the pressure application.

[0120] The pressing yields obtained are between 48 and 55%. R gâteau = masse gâteau / masse jus + masse gâteau

[0121] The press cake obtained contains 35 to 40% dry matter, 67 to 75% protein and 13 to 17% fat, the percentages by weight being given on the dry weight of the press cake. • Step 3: Drying

[0122] The press cake is then placed on a tray in a thin layer (approximately 2 cm) and is dried in ventilated / stirred air at 90°C for 5 hours in order to obtain a press cake with a dry matter content greater than 92%.

[0123] This step helps to prevent any contamination that may have occurred since the slaughter.

[0124] The Aw (water activity) at the drying outlet is 0.35. The microbiological results show an absence of Salmonella spp (method: IRIS Salmonella BKR 23 / 07-10 / 11) and Enterobacteriaceae values ​​below 10 CFU / g (method: NF ISO 2128-2, December 2004, 30°C and 37°C). • Step 4: Grinding

[0125] The dried press cake, consisting mainly of proteins, is then ground using a continuous hammer mill (6 reversible rollers - 8 mm thickness). The mill is fed by a hopper with a flow control gate (180 kg / h). The perforated screen used to control the output particle size is 0.8 mm. The motor speed is 3000 rpm (electric motor, power consumption 4 kW (5.5 hp)). EXAMPLE 2: Characterization of the insect powder obtained in Example 1

[0126] The insect powder prepared in Example 1 was characterized. 1. Analyses 1.1 Determination of the humidity level

[0127] The humidity level is determined according to the method from EC Regulation 152 / 2009 of 27-01-2009 (103 °C / 4 h). 1.2 Determination of the quantity of crude protein

[0128] Crude proteins are determined according to the method, known as Dumas, and corresponding to the standard NF EN ISO 16634-1 (2008). 1.3 Determination of the quantity of chitin

[0129] The dietary fiber in insect flour is mainly composed of chitin, which was therefore measured according to the AOAC 991.43 method. The values ​​thus obtained are therefore slightly overestimated. 1.4 Determination of the quantity of fat

[0130] The fat content was determined according to the method of EC Regulation 152 / 2009. 1.5 Determining the quantity of ash

[0131] The crude ash content was determined according to the method covered by EC Regulation 152 / 2009 of 27-01-2009. 1.6 Determination of the quantity of phosphorus

[0132] Phosphorus is measured by ICP (“induced coupled plasma”) with internal calibration. 1.7 Determination of energy

[0133] The energy value is obtained using the coefficients from EU regulation 1169 / 201. 1.8 Determination of amino acid and fatty acid quantities

[0134] This determination was carried out by gas chromatography after hydrolysis and derivatization of amino acids and fatty acids respectively. 1.9 Determination of pepsin digestibility

[0135] Pepsic digestibility is measured by the method described in Directive 72 / 199 / EC. 2. Results

[0136] Insect powder is detailed in Table 2 below.

[0137] Furthermore, a pepsin digestibility of 90+ / -2% is obtained. EXAMPLE 3: Effect of the insect powder obtained in Example 1 on fish mortality and weight gain 1. Materials and Methods

[0138] Pisces : Atlantic salmon with an initial weight of 60 grams.

[0139] Diets : The fish receive a diet chosen from three different diets including fishmeal replaced by 0% insect powder (diet A or "diet A"), 50% insect powder (diet B or "diet B") or 100% insect powder (diet C or "diet C").

[0140] These diets are detailed below: Regime A 0% TMP Regime B 50% TMP Regime C 100% TMP Fishmeal 20,00 10,00 0 Insect flour 0 10,00 20,00 Blé 10,75 11,30 11,75 Wheat gluten 14,50 13,90 13,30 Soy protein concentrate 18,00 18,00 18,00 Corn gluten 8,00 8,00 8,00 Soy lecithin 1,00 1,00 1,00 Oil blend 20,00 19,60 19,30 Mineral premix 0,59 0,59 0,59 Vitamin premix 2,00 2,00 2,00 Monosodium phosphate 2,50 2,50 2,50 Carop. Pink (10% Astax) 0,05 0,05 0,05 DL-Methionine 0,60 0,75 0,90 L- Lysine 1,20 1,40 1,60 Thr 0 0,10 0,20 Total 100 100 100 Calculated chemical composition in food (% in the diet) Proteins 45,0 45,0 45,0 Lipids 24,0 24,0 24,0 * TMP = insect powder, (namely « Tenebrio molitor powder ») **Fishmeal: Norse-70 LT (producer: 600031 VEDDE AS), Blue Whiting 54.6 North East Atlantic Ocean Fish, Byproduct NVG Herring 24 Norwegian Sea Fish, Byproduct Herring 13.1 Norwegian Sea Fish, Byproduct whitefish 4.4 Norwegian Sea Fish, Byproduct Mackerel 2.8 North Sea Fish, Byproduct whitefish 1.1 Norwegian Sea *** Carop. Pink (10% Astax) = astaxanthin based natural food pigment Breeding conditions: Freshwater period from April 4th to April 29th (12°C):

[0141] The fish are raised in freshwater in three aquariums using continuous light to synchronize smoltification (industry standard).

[0142] The breeding conditions are as follows: Aquariums 500 L O2 output 80-99% saturation Water flow rate 12 L / min Water speed 8.8 cm / s Photoperiod 24 h Duration of feedings 1 min Time between feedings 20 min Number of feedings per day 72 Feeders Automatic conveyor Water temperature 12°C Seawater period from April 29th to September (temperature identical to that of the environment)

[0143] For each diet: 120 fish are transferred into three conical aquariums (40 fish per aquarium) under minimal stress conditions, and 120 fish are transferred into three conical aquariums (40 fish per aquarium) under standard stress conditions (e.g., standard stress condition due to overcrowding)

[0144] The total number of conical aquariums is therefore 18, and there are 6 aquariums per diet. 2. Results 2.1. Weight of the "standard stress conditions" group during the transfer from fresh water to seawater

[0145] See Figure 1 . *FM: Fish Meal *TMP = Insect Powder 2.2. Weight and mortality of the "standard stress conditions" group 3 weeks after transfer from fresh water to seawater

[0146] Replacing fishmeal with insect powder Weight Mortality Diet A, 0% insect powder 109,4 g 6,7% Diet B, 50% insect powder 109,2 g 0% Diet C, 100% insect powder 106,3 g 0% 2.3. Fish feed intake after transfer See Figure 2. 2.4. Weight 4 months after the transfer

[0147] Standard stress group Minimal stress group Total Number of fish 39-45 10 49-55 Regime A (control) 283.3 g ab 308.1 ga 287.7 GB Regime B 289.9 ga 351.4 ga 301.1 ga Diet C 271.5 GB 331.2 ga 282.4 GB

Claims

1. Beetle powder for use thereof for the prevention or reduction of stress in fish belonging to the family Salmonidae during their rearing, said stress of the fish resulting from their transfer from fresh water to seawater during said rearing.

2. Beetle powder for use thereof for the prevention or reduction of mortality in fish belonging to the family Salmonidae during their rearing, said mortality of the fish resulting from their transfer from fresh water to seawater during said rearing.

3. Beetle powder for use thereof according to claim 1 or 2, in which the fish belonging to the family Salmonidae are from the genus Salmo, Salvelinus, Onchorynchus, and / or Hucho.

4. Beetle powder for use thereof according to claim 3, in which the fish are selected from the following species: Salmo salar, Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Onchorynchus mykiss and Salvelinus alpinus.

5. Beetle powder for use thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising at least 67% by weight proteins and at least 0.1% by weight chitin, the percentages being given with respect to the total weight of insect powder.

6. Beetle powder for use thereof according to claim 5, comprising at least 67% by weight proteins and at least 5% by weight chitin, the percentages being given with respect to the total weight of insect powder.

7. Beetle powder for use thereof according to claim 5, comprising at least 71% by weight proteins and comprising between 0.1 and 2% by weight chitin, the percentages being given with respect to the total weight of insect powder.

8. Beetle powder for use thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 7, obtained from the species Tenebrio molitor.

9. Beetle powder for use in a method for rearing fish belonging to the family Salmonidae, for the prevention or reduction of stress in said fish, wherein during their rearing, the fish are transferred from fresh water to salt water, and wherein the beetle powder is administered to the fish in the 10 days preceding and / or in the 10 days following the transfer of the fish from fresh water to salt water.

10. Beetle powder for use in a method for rearing fish belonging to the family Salmonidae, for the prevention or reduction of mortality of said fish, wherein during their rearing, the fish are transferred from fresh water to salt water, and wherein the beetle powder is administered to the fish in the 10 days preceding and / or in the 10 days following the transfer of the fish from fresh water to salt water.