Novel bio-based diols from renewable raw materials, their use for the production of diglycidyl ethers and their coatings

Abstract

The invention relates to diols derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, diformyl furan, or derivatives thereof. The invention further relates to diglycidyl ethers derived from the diols of the invention, curable coating compositions containing the diglycidyl ethers, and objects coated with the curable coating compositions. The invention also relates to composites, composites, adhesives, and films containing the diglycidyl ethers of the invention. The invention also relates to methods of making the diols, diglycidyl ethers, and curable coating compositions.

Description

Novel Bio-based Diols From Sustainable Raw Materials, Uses Thereof to Make DiglycidylEthers, and Their CoatingsDean C. Webster, Mukund P. Sibi, Catherine Sutton, Deep J. Kalita, and Eric M. SerumCross-Reference to Related Application

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 62 / 871,387, filed July 8, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference.Statement of U.S. Government Support

[0002] This invention was made with government support under grant IIA-1355466 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.Background

[0003] The development of green chemical methods for the synthesis of novel monomers for polymer applications has received intense scrutiny in the past two decades. Furthermore, the use of bio-based feedstocks for monomer synthesis has become important due to the projected depletion of fossil fuels in the near future [Kucherov et al., ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018, 6(7):8064-8092; Isikgor et al., Polymer Chemistry 2015, 6(25):4497-4559; Delidovich et al., Chemical Reviews 2016, 116(3):1540-1599; Mulhaupt et al., Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2013, 214(2):159-174; Galbis et al., Chemical Reviews 2016, 116(3):1600- 1636] Diols serve as important monomers for the synthesis of a variety of polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes. Currently, most of the diols used in polymer applications are derived from petroleum.

[0004] Of the three important sources of biomass, cellulosic biomass provides access to compounds with a furan skeleton. Two compounds derived from cellulose, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) [Yu et al., Bioresource Technology 2017, 238:716-732; van Putten et al., Chemical Reviews 2013, 113(3):1499-1597] and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) [Jong et al., Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), A Versatile Building Block for a Very Interesting Class of Polyesters. In Biobased Monomers, Polymers, and Materials, American Chemical Society: 2012;Vol. 1105, pp 1-13; Sousa et al., Polymer Chemistry 2015, 6(33):5961-5983], have been identified as the top feedstock compounds for monomer synthesis. HMF has two functional groups at different oxidation states that can be selectively manipulated to provide access to other furan- based monomers. Diformylfuran (DFF) is readily available by selective oxidation of HMF.

[0005] The diols are useful monomers in the synthesis of a variety of polymers [Mou et al., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2016, 4(12):7118-7129] For example, they are used extensively in the synthesis of polyesters [Li et al., J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56:968-976] Also, the glycidyl ethers derived from diols can be cured with diamines to furnish epoxies. The different diols currently used extensively in polymer synthesis are (1) aliphatic diols, (2) bisphenols, and (3) mixed diols. In contrast, the use of diol monomers derived from cellulosic biomass with a furan skeleton has received only limited attention.Summary of the Invention

[0006] The invention relates to novel diols derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), diformyl furan (DFF), or derivatives thereof. The invention also relates to the synthesis of the diols.

[0007] The invention further relates to diglycidyl ethers derived from the diols of the invention. The invention also relates to the synthesis of the diglycidyl ethers. The invention also relates to composites and adhesives containing the diglycidyl ethers.

[0008] The invention further relates to curable coating compositions containing the diglycidyl ethers with amine curing agents, and object coating with the curable coating compositions.Detailed Description of the Invention

[0009] The invention relates to a diol having the following structure:wherein R1R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl,with the proviso that the diol cannot have the following structure:

[0010] As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a linear, branched, saturated hydrocarbon group, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like.

[0011] As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to a linear, branched hydrocarbon group containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, iso-propenyl, n-butenyl, iso- butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and the like.

[0012] As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Preferred aryl groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryl groups contain 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl (Ph), naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, phenanthryl, and the like.

[0013] The diol preferably has the following structure:, wherein R and R2are as defined above. Preferably, R and R2are both methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, c-pentyl, allyl, or benzyl.

[0014] The diol also preferably has the following structure:, wherein R2is as defined above. Preferably, R2is n-butyl, t-butyl, c-pentyl, allyl, or benzyl.

[0015] The diol also preferably has the following structure:

[0016] The invention also relates to a method of making the diols of the invention, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:reacting 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), diformyl furan (DFF), or a derivative thereof with a Grignard reagent,under conditions sufficient to form the diol.

[0017] Preferably, the Grignard reagent is RMgCI, wherein R is H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, or C1-C6alkyl-aryl.

[0018] Preferably, the derivative used in the method of making the diols of the invention has the following structure:

[0019] The invention also relates to a diglycidyl ether having the following structure:wherein R R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl,with the proviso that R1, R2, R3, and R cannot all be H.

[0020] Preferably, the diglycidyl ethers have the following structure:Preferably, R2is methyl or phenyl.

[0021] Preferably, the diglycidyl ethers also have the following structure:, wherein R1and R2are as defined above. Preferably, R1and R2are both methyl, n-butyl, or allyl.

[0022] Preferably, the diglycidyl ether also has following structure:

[0023] The invention also relates to a method for making the diglycidyl ethers of the invention comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:reacting a diol with epichlorohydrin under conditions sufficient to form the diglycidyl ether,wherein the diol has the following structure:wherein R, R2, R3, and R are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl.

[0024] Preferably, the diols used in the methods for making the diglycidyl ethers of the invention cannot have the following structure:

[0025] The invention also relates to a coating, composite, adhesive, or film comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least one diglycidyl ether of the invention.

[0026] The invention further relates to a curable coating composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:a) at least one diglycidyl ether of the invention; andb) an amine.

[0027] Preferably, the amine is an aliphatic, an aromatic, a cycloaliphatic, or a polyether amine. For example, the aliphatic amine may be Priamine 1075, 1,8-diaminooctane, diethylenetriamine, or tetraethylenepentamine; the aromatic amine may be m-xylylenediamine; the cycloaliphatic amine may be l,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, isophorone diamine, or bis(p-aminocyclohexyl) methane; and the polyether amine may be JEFFAMINE EDR-148 (XTJ-504), JEFFAMINE D-400, JEFFAMINE D-230, or JEFFAMINE T-403.

[0028] The curable coating compositions of the invention may be coated onto a substrate and cured using techniques known in the art. The substrate can be any common substrate such as paper, polyester films such as polyethylene and polypropylene, metals such as aluminum and steel, glass, urethane elastomers, primed (painted) substrates, and the like.

[0029] Pigments and other additives known in the art to control coating rheology and surface properties can also be incorporated in a curable coating composition of the invention. For example, a curable coating composition of the invention may further contain coating additives. Such coating additives include, but are not limited to, one or more leveling, rheology, and flow control agents such as silicones, fluorocarbons, or cellulosics; extenders; reactive coalescing aids such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,026, incorporated herein by reference; plasticizers; flatting agents; pigment wetting and dispersing agents and surfactants; ultraviolet (UV) absorbers; UV light stabilizers; tinting pigments; colorants; defoaming and antifoaming agents; anti-settling, anti-sag and bodying agents; anti-skinning agents; anti-flooding and anti-floating agents; biocides, fungicides and mildewcides; corrosion inhibitors; thickening agents; or coalescing agents. Specific examples of such additives can be found in Raw Materials Index, published by the National Paint & Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Further examples of such additives may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,148, incorporated herein by reference.

[0030] Solvents may also be added to the curable coating formulation in order to reduce the viscosity. Hydrocarbon, ester, ketone, ether, ether-ester, alcohol, or ether-alcohol type solvents may be used individually or in mixtures. Examples of solvents can include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatic 100, aromatic 150, acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl amylketone, butyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, ethylethoxy propionate, isopropanol, butanol, butoxyethanol, etc.

[0031] The invention further relates to a cured coating composition, wherein the curable coating composition of the invention is cured at ambient conditions or by heating.

[0032] The invention also relates to an object coated with the curable coating composition of the invention.

[0033] Examples:

[0034] Materials

[0035] Commercially available HMF was purified by column chromatography or by dissolving it in diethyl ether and drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate and decolorizing with Norrit A. The compound was stored in a freezer prior to use. Diformylfuran (2) was synthesized by oxidation of pure HMF with manganese dioxide and ethyl acetate as a solvent (Scheme 1). The product was recrystallized from iso-propanol before use.Scheme 1. Synthesis of diformylfuran

[0036] Fischer esterification of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) 3 with ethanol provided the diethyl ester 4 in high yield. The diol, 2,5-bihydroxymethylfuran (5) was synthesized by sodium borohydride reduction of HMF 1 in ethanol (Scheme 2) [Li et al., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5(12): 11752-11760; Vijjamarri et al., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6(2):2491-2497]Scheme 2. Synthesis of starting materials

[0037] Synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetrical diols

[0038] The formyl group in HMF was converted to a secondary alcohol by the addition of a Grignard reagent. Several variables such as solvent, temperature, stoichiometry and counterion of the Grignard reagent were investigated for obtaining the product diols in high purity and yield. Table 1 lists isolated yields for the unsymmetrical diol 6. The table also lists the physical state of the diol. As can be discerned from the table, the diols are obtained in excellent yield from the Grignard addition. Also, most of the compounds have not been reported previously (References are given for known compounds in Table 1). The product diols were extensively characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The synthesis of diols from HMF is shown Scheme 3 ("R" defined in Table 1).

[0039] Typical experimental procedure: A reaction vessel containing solution of purchased Grignard reagent (6.6 mmol, diluted from 1.0 -3.4 M to a 0.5 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was flushed with N2and kept under positive N2pressure. A solution of HMF (3 mmol) dissolved to form a 0.2 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was added dropwise via syringe into the dry 50 mL round bottom flask reaction vessel. The reaction was monitored by TLC, until the reaction was complete (1-2 h). To quench the reaction, 6 mL of 0.1 M trisodium citrate (aq) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was filtered through filter paper, then the THF was removed in vacuo. The resulting oil was then diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL x 3) in a 60 mL separatory funnel. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, then filtered and solvent removed in vacuo to obtain the product.Scheme 3. Synthesis of unsymmetrical diols from HMFTable 1. Synthesis of unsymmetrical Diols from HMF: Yield and Physical StateHMF Based DiolsCompound 6a:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.20 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.8S (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 1.51 (d, 6.6 Hz, 3H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 157.5, 153.3,108.2, 105.8, 63.3, 57.1, 21.0. FTIR (neat) cm-13316, 2979, 2932, 1635, 1557, 1369, 1320,1239, 1187, 1072. HRMS calculated for C7Hi0O3Na: 165.0528; Found: 165.0537.Compound 6b:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.17 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 1H), 3.29 (s, 1H), 1.94 - 1.75 (m, 2H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 156.5,153.3, 108.7, 106.5, 69.0, 57.0, 28.3, 10.0. FTIR (neat) cm-13304, 2965, 2933, 2876, 1556, 1378,1318, 1242, 1183, 960. HRMS calculated for C8H12O3Na: 179.0684; Found: 179.0730.Compound 6c:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.20 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 2.93 (s, 1H), 2.82 (s, 1H), 1.83 (dtd, J = 8.0, 6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 1.42 - 1.30(m, 4H), 0.91 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d156.9, 153.3, 108.2, 106.4, 67.6, 57.2, 35.0,27.7, 22.4, 14.0. FTIR (neat) cm-13315, 2955, 2931, 2861, 1724, 1559, 1457, 1377, 1243, 1182. HRMS calculated for C10H16O3Na: 207.0997; Found: 207.0982.Compound 6d:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 6.24 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 0.98 (s, 9H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 155.7, 152.8, 108.2, 107.8, 76.4,57.4, 35.7, 25.8. FTIR (neat) cm-13396, 2955, 2870, 1723, 1552, 1479, 1464, 1394, 1364, 1197. HRMS calculated for C10H16O3Na: 207.0997; Found: 207.0997Compound 6e:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 6.19 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.37 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (s, 1H), 2.74 (s, 1H), 2.37 (q, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.90 - 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.66- 1.47 (m, 6H), 1.25 - 1.18 (m, 1H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 156.7,153.2, 108.2, 106.9, 71.8, 57.3,44.4, 29.2, 25.5. FTIR (neat) cm-13327, 2949, 2867, 1704, 1559, 1449, 1362, 1311, 1885, 931. HRMS calculated for C11H16O3Na: 219.0997; Found: 219.0999.Compound 6f:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 6.19 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (td, J = 17.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.18 - 5.11 (m, 2H), 4.67 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 3.26 (s, 1H), 3.20 (s, 1H), 2.59 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6156.0, 153.4, 133.8, 118.3, 108.3, 106.8, 66.9, 57.2,39.8. FTIR (neat) cm-13320, 2923, 1641, 1557, 1416, 1316, 1182, 916, 860, 793. HRMS calculated for C9H12O3Na: 191.0684; Found: 191.0721.Compound 6g:1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 7.41 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.37 - 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.30 - 7.24 (m, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H);13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 157.1, 155.1, 143.1, 128.4, 127.6, 127.0, 107.8, 107.3, 68.9, 56.1. FTIR (neat) cm-13242, 2881,1601, 1555, 1491, 1452, 1291, 1263, 1193, 1008. HRMS calculated for Ci Hi 03Na: 227.0684; Found: 227.0686.Compound 6h:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 7.31 - 7.17 (m, 5H), 6.17 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (dd, J = 7.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s, 1H), 3.13 (qd, J = 13.7, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (s, 1H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 155.7, 153.4, 137.5, 129.4, 128.4, 126.6, 108.4, 107.1, 68.6, 57.2, 42.0. FTIR (neat) cm-13379, 3027, 2922, 1702, 1602, 1495, 1453, 1416, 1360, 1221. HRMS calculated for Ci3Hi403Na: 241.0841; Found: 241.0839.

[0040] Reaction of DFF 2 with excess Grignard reagent gave access to diols 7 (Scheme 4) ("R" defined in Table 2). Table 2 lists the isolated yield of the symmetric diols. As can be seen from the table, the diols are produced in high yields and all of them are liquids. Another noteworthy feature of the diols is that most of them are new compounds. The diols are produced as a mixture of meso and DL products. The products were extensively characterized by spectroscopic techniques. No attempt was made to ascribe chemical shifts to meso and DL products.

[0041] Typical experimental procedure: A reaction vessel containing solution of purchased Grignard reagent (6.6 mmol, diluted from 1.0 -3.4 M to a 0.5 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was flushed with N2and kept under positive N2pressure. A solution of DFF (3 mmol) dissolved to form a 0.2 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was added dropwise via syringe into the dry 50 mL round bottom flask reaction vessel. The reaction was monitored by TLC, until the reaction was complete (1-2 h). To quench the reaction, 6 mL of 0.1 M trisodium citrate (aq) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was filtered through filter paper, then the THF was removed in vacuo. The resulting oil was then diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL x 3) in a 60 mL separatory funnel. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, then filtered and solvent removed in vacuo to obtain the product.Scheme 4. Synthesis of symmetrical diols from DFFTable 2. Synthesis of symmetrical diols from DFF: Yield and Physical StateDFF-based DiolsCompound 7a:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.15 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 156.9, 105.6, 63.5, 21.0. FTIR (neat) cm-13391, 2980, 2934, 1764, 1702, 1446, 1370, 1302, 1238, 1192. HRMS calculated for C8H12O3Na: 179.0684; Found: 179.0713.Compound 7b:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.13 (s, 2H), 4.51 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (s, 2H), 1.86 - 1.79 (h, 7.2 Hz, 4H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 195.9, 106.3, 69.0, 28.4, 9.9. FTIR (neat) cm-13316, 2964, 2934, 2876, 1557, 1456, 1377, 1315, 1187, 1094. HRMS calculated for C10H16O3Na : 207.0997; Found: 207.1007.Compound 7c:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.19 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 1.83 (q, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 1.44 - 1.29 (m, 8H), 0.91 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 156.0, 106.1, 67.4, 36.9, 27.7, 22.4, 13.9. FTIR (neat) cm-13337, 2955, 2930, 2860, 1725, 1557, 1457, 1376, 1242, 1104. HRMS calculated for C14H2403Na: 263.1623; Found: 263.1639.Compound 7d:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.19 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 2.49 (s, 2H), 0.97 (m, 18H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 154.6, 107.5, 76.4, 35.7, 25.8. FTIR (neat) cm-13429, 3101, 2956, 2871, 1561, 1513, 1413, 1365, 1241, 1189. HRMS calculated for C14H24O3Na: 263.1623; Found: 263.1628.Compound 7e:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.20 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (s, 1H), 2.72 (s, 1H), 2.37 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 1.91 - 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.65 - 1.47 (m, 12H), 1.25 - 1.19 (m, 2H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 156.6, 153.2, 108.2, 106.9, 71.8, 57.3, 44.4, 29.3, 29.2, 25.6, 25.5. FTIR (neat) cm-13332, 2951, 2867, 1710, 1650, 1450, 1187, 1011, 794, 622. HRMS calculated for C16H24O3Na: 287.1623; Found: 287.1623.Compound 7f:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.20 (s, 2H), 5.88 - 5.76 (m, 2H), 5.21 (q, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 5.14 (m, lHf), 4.73 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 3H), 2.62 (m, 3H), 2.39 (s, 2H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 155.4, 133.8, 118.3, 106.6, 66.9, 39.9. FTIR (neat) cm-13309, 3076, 2914, 1640, 1431, 1310, 1186, 859, 794, 643. HRMS calculated for C12H16O3Na: 231.0997; Found: 231.1004.Compound 7g:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d7.39 - 7.20 (m, 10H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.91 (ddd, J = 8.0, 5.6, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.20 - 3.10 (s, 4H), 1.91 (s, 2H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 155.2, 137.3, 129.4, 128.5, 126.7, 107.1, 68.7, 42.1. FTIR (neat) cm-13346, 2955, 2905, 2869, 1682, 1557, 1479, 1462, 1389, 1365. HRMS calculated for C20H20O3Na: 331.1310; Found: 331.1311.

[0042] Synthesis of glycidyl ethers

[0043] The formation of glycidyl ethers began by synthesizing a known compound as shown in Scheme 5. Treatment of bishydroxymethylfuran 5 with epichlorohydrin, 50% NaOH, tetra n- butylammonium bromide (TBABr, catalyst) at 50 °C gave the diglycidyl ether 8 in 85% isolated yield. The physical and spectral characteristics of 8 were in complete agreement with those reported in the literature [Shen et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2017, 56(38):10929-10938; Ding et al., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5(9):7792-7799; Hu et al., Macromolecules 2014, 47(10) :3332-3342]

[0044] Typical experimental procedure:Scheme 5. Synthesis of diglycidyl ether from 2,5-bishydroxymethylfuranCompound 8:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.S1 (s, 2H), 4.58 - 4.43 (m, 4H), 3.78 (dd, J = 11.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (dd, J = 11.5, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (ddt, J = 5.8, 4.1, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (dd, J = 5.0, 4.2 Hz,2H), 2.63 (dd, J = 5.0, 2.7 Hz, 2H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 151.8, 110.3, 70.7, 65.1, 50.7, 44.3;FTIR (neat) cm-12930, 2871, 1734, 1636, 1457, 1373, 1243, 1090, 929, 855.

[0045] After establishing reaction conditions for glycidation, the synthesis of diglycidyl ethers of unsymmetrical diols 6 was undertaken (Scheme 6) ("R" defined in Table 3). The goal was to prepare a diverse set of diglycidyl ethers and evaluate them in epoxy formation using different diamines. The reaction with diol 6 was optimized to obtain the diglycidyl ether 9 in high yield (Table 3). The products were characterized by spectroscopy. The NMR spectra of the products were complex because of the presence of multiple chiral centers. Two different sources for epichlorohydrin were evaluated. A 100% biobased epichlorohydrin gave diglycidyl ethers with a better impurity profile.

[0046] Typical experimental procedure: A 50 mL round bottom flask reaction vessel under N2, containing 50 w / v % NaOH, aq. (4.0 g in 4 mL Dl H2O), tetrabutylammonium bromide (32.2 mg, 0.1 mmol) and epichlorohydrin (20 mL) was placed in a 50 °C water bath. Before stirring and placing reaction vessel into hot oil bath, a solution of diol (1 mmol) in epichlorohydrin (10 mL) was added to the reaction vessel dropwise. The vessel was lowered into the hot oil bath (50 °C) and stirring started. The reaction was monitored via TLC, and upon completion (2-14 h), the hot reaction mixture was poured over ice. The resulting liquid was transferred to a 125 mL separatory funnel and diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). Then the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered through filter paper, and then the organic solvent was removed in vacuo to obtain the diglycidyl ether.Scheme 6. Synthesis of diglycidyl ethers from diols 6Table 3. Diglycidyl ethers derived from unsymmetrical diols 6HMF-based diglycidyl ethersCompound 9a:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.28 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.56 - 4.43 (m, 3H), 3.76 (dd, J = 12.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (ddd, J = 20.7, 11.4, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.48 - 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.15 (dq, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dq, J = 7.6, 3.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.80 - 2.75 (m, 2H), 2.63 - 2.52 (m, 2H), 1.52 (dd, 7 = 8.6, 6.6 Hz, 3H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 155.7, 155.5, 151.1, 151.0, 110.1, 110.0, 107.9, 107.7, 71.1, 71.0, 70.6, 69.5, 68.6, 65.1, 50.9, 50.7, 44.6, 44.4, 44.2, 19.7, 19.5;13C-DEPT-135 (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 110.0 (CH ), 107.9 (CH2), 107.7 (CH2), 71.1 (CH2), 71.0 (CH / CH3), 69.5 (CH / CH3), 68.6 (CH / CH3), 65.1 (CH / CH3), 50.7 (CH2), 44.6(CH / CH3), 44.4(CH / CH3), 44.2 (CH / CH3), 19.7 (CH2), 19.7 (CH2);1H-13C HSQC (400 MHz / 101MHz, CDCh) d (6.28, 110.1), (6.23, 107.8), (4.54, 71.1), (4.50, 65.1), (3.77, 70.6), (3.68, 69.5), (3.44, 70.6), (3.33, 69.5), (3.15, 50.7), (2.78, 44.3), (2.62, 44.3), (2.54, 44.4), (1.52, 19.7). FTIR (neat) cm-12986, 2867, 1711, 1443, 1372, 1322, 1252, 1090, 1013, 911. HRMS calculated for Ci3Hi805Na: 277.1052; Found: 277.1062.Compound 9b:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 7.45 - 7.29 (m, 5H), 6.26 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 6.11 - 6.06 (m, 1H), 5.48 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.54 - 4.44 (m, 2H), 3.75 (ddd, J = 18.9, 11.4, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.58 - 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.22 - 3.11 (m, 2H), 2.80 - 2.75 (m, 2H), 2.62 - 2.56 (m, 2H);13C NMR (101MHz, CDCI3) d 154.6, 154.5, 151.6, 138.7, 138.6, 128.4, 128.1, 128.1, 127.3, 127.1, 110.2, 109.5, 109.3, 77.5, 70.5, 69.8, 69.5, 65.1, 50.8, 50.6, 44.4;13C-DEPT-135 (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 128.4(CH / CH3), 127.3(CH / CH3), 127.1(CH / CH3), 110.2(CH / CH3), 109.5(CH / CH3), 109.3(CH / CH3), 77.5(CH / CH3), 70.5(CH2), 69.8(CH2), 69.56(CH2), 65.1(CH2), 50.7(CH / CH3), 50.6(CH / CH3), 44.4(CH2);1H-13C HSQC (400 MHz / 101MHz, CDCI3) d (7.44, 127.2), (7.37, 128.2), (6.27, 110.2), (6.09, 109.5), (5.48, 77.5), (4.49, 65.1), (3.76, 69.6), (3.74, 70.5), (3.62, 69.8), (3.55, 70.5), (3.48, 69.6), (3.42, 70.5), (3.20, 50.7), (3.13, 50.6), (2.77, 44.4), (2.59, 44.3). FTIR (neat) cm-12998, 2921, 1555, 1494, 1452, 1334, 1252,1060, 1021, 845. HRMS calculated for Ci8H20O5Na: 339.1208; Found: 339.1208.

[0047] The diglycidyl ethers of symmetrical diols 7 were also synthesized (Scheme 7) ("R" defined in Table 4). The reactions were slightly less efficient as compared to reactions with unsymmetrical diols (Table 4). The products were fully characterized by spectroscopy.Scheme 7. Synthesis of diglycidyl ethers from diols 7Table 4. Diglycidyl ethers derived from symmetrical diols 7DFF-based diglycidyl ethersCompound 10a:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.22 (s, 2H), 4.54 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (ddd, J = 16.4, 11.4, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 3.54 - 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.15 - 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.84 - 2.74 (m, 2H), 2.63 (dd, J = 4.8, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 2.59 - 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.59 - 1.46 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H);13C-DEPT-135 (101 MHz, CDCI3)d 155.0, 107.6, 71.1, 69.5, 68.6, 50.9, 44.4, 19.4; FTIR (neat) cm-13061, 2985, 2928, 2864, 1446, 1372, 1253, 1089, 913, 851. HRMS calculated for C14H20O5Na: 291.1208; found:Compound 10b:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.25 (q, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H), 5.76 (dqd, J = 17.2, 6.9, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 5.18 - 4.96 (m, 4H), 4.48 - 4.34 (m, 2H), 3.72 - 3.55 (m, 2H), 3.47 (dt, J = 11.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.32 (ddd, J = 11.4, 6.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (tt, J = 8.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (q, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H), 2.75 - 2.49 (m, 6H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 153.7, 133.8, 117.4, 108.8, 108.6, 75.1, 75.0, 69.6, 68.8, 50.8, 50.6, 44.6, 44.3, 38.5;13C-DEPT-135 (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 133.9(CH ), 117.4(CH / CH3), 108.9(CHZ), 108.6(CH2), 75.2(CH2), 74.9(CH2), 69.6(CH / CH3), 68.7(CH / CH3), 50.9(CH2), 50.6(CH2), 44.6(CH / CH3), 44.3(CH / CH3), 38.5(CH / CH3);1H-13C HSQC (400 MHz / 101MHz, CDCI13) d (6.25, 108.8), (5.76, 133.7), (5.12, 117.3), (5.06, 117.3), (4.40, 75.0), (3.71, 69.5), (3.59, 68.8), (3.48, 68.7), (3.33, 69.5), (3.10, 50.8), (2.79, 44.5), (2.68, 38.5), (2.64, 44.5), (2.53, 44.3). FTIR (neat) cm-13074, 2998, 2918, 1641, 1431, 1316, 1252, 1160, 1190, 992. HRMS calculated for C18H24O5Na : 343.1521; found: 343.1519.Compound 10c:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.21 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (dt, J = 13.8, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.65 - 3.50 (m, 2H), 3.48 - 3.35 (m, 2H), 3.29 (ddt, J = 11.4, 6.1, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (tq, J = 7.9, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (q, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (dd, J = 5.1, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (dt, J = 5.1, 2.7 Hz, 4H), 1.97 - 1.72 (m, 4H), 1.44 - 1.10 (m, 6H), 0.87 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 154.2, 108.3, 75.4, 69.5, 68.7, 50.9, 50.6, 44.6, 44.3, 33.7, 27.7, 22.4, 13.9;13C-DEPT-135 (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 108.5 (CH / CH3), 75.7 (CH / CH3), 69.5 (CH2), 68.7(CH2), 50.9(CH / CH3), 50.6(CH / CH3), 44.6 (CH2), 44.3 (CH2), 33.7(CH2), 27.7(CH2), 22.44(CH2), 13.9(CH / CH3);1H-13C HSQC (400 MHz / 101MHz, CDCI13) d (6.21, 108.0), (4.32, 75.5), (3.62, 69.5), (3.54, 68.7), (3.45, 68.7), (3.29, 69.5), (3.07, 50.8), (2.75, 44.5), (2.60, 44.6), (2.50, 44.3), (1.89, 33.7), (1.82, 33.7), (1.34, 27.7), (1.33, 22.4), (1.21, 27.6), (0.88, 14.0). FTIR (neat) cm-12955, 2930, 2861, 1466, 1379, 1320, 1253, 1090, 1013, 795. HRMS calculated for C20H32O5Na: 375.2147; found: 375.2146.

[0048] A tertiary diol 11 was synthesized from by the addition of excess methylmagnesium chloride to FDCA diethyl ester 4 in 85% yield (Scheme 7). The solid diol was not stable andunderwent dehydration readily. However, the compound could be stored in a freezer without decomposition.Scheme 7. Synthesis of a tertiary diolProcedure: A reaction vessel containing solution of purchased Grignard reagent (13.5 mmol eq, diluted from 1.0 -3.4 M to a 0.5 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was flushed with N2and kept under positive N2pressure. A solution of substrate (3 mmol, dissolved to form a 0.1 M solution in inhibitor-free drysolv THF) was added dropwise via syringe into the dry 50 mL round bottom flask reaction vessel. The reaction was monitored by TLC, until the reaction was complete (1-2 h). To quench the reaction, 6 mL of 0.1 M trisodium citrate (aq) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was filtered through filter paper, then the THF was removed in vacuo. The resulting oil was then diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL x 3) in a 60 mL separatory funnel. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, then filtered, and solvent removed in vacuo to obtain the diol product in 85% yield.Compound 11:1H (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.09 (s, 2 H), 2.49 (s, 2 H), 1.58 (s, 12 H);13C (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 159.0, 104.0, 68.7, 28.5. FTIR (neat) cm-13362, 2979, 2900, 1375, 1267, 1164, 1115,1022, 959, 840. HRMS calculated for C10H16O3Na : 207.0997; Found: 207.0994.

[0049] The glycidation of 11 to provide diglycidyl ether 12 was successful and gave the product in 75% yield (Scheme 8). It is interesting to note highly hindered ether such as 12 could be accessed. However, the glycidation was slow as compared to reactions with less hindered alcohols.

[0050] Scheme 8. Synthesis of a diglycidyl ether from a tertiary diolCompound 12:1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) d 6.17 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), S.S7 (dd, J = 11.0, S.7 Hz, 2H), S.22 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.06 - 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.75 (t, 5 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (dd, J = 5.1, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (s, 6H), 1.56 (s, 6H);13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) d 159.87,155.8, 107.5, 103.7, 73.3, 68.7, 64.4, 51.0, 44.9, 28.5, 25.7. FTIR (neat) cm-12968, 2905, 1375, 1350, 1252, 1168, 1112, 1018, 963, 837. HRMS calculated for Ci6H2405Na: 319.1521; found: 319.1513.

[0051] Reaction of diglycidyl ethers with diamines

[0052] To evaluate the curing ability of the diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers with four different types of amine curatives, high throughput and conventional methods were used to extract maximum property information of the crosslinked networks with minimal material in a short period of time. The properties of the networks formed from the novel diglycidyl ether bis- epoxymonomers as a function of curative type, cure temperature, and time of curing are disclosed. For comparison, commercial BPA based epoxy resin EPON 828 (Momentive) was used as reference. To evaluate the relative crosslink density of the crosslink networks high throughput dye extraction and nano-indentation technique were used. Conventional methods such as Konig pendulum hardness and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to further evaluate the crosslinked networks.

[0053] 1.1. Materials

[0054] The materials used are described in Table 5.Table 5. Starting materials

[0055] 1.2. Preparation of formulations

[0056] Formulations from the diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers and EPON 828 were prepared with four types of amine curatives (total twelve amine curatives listed in Table 6) toinvestigate the reactivity of the diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers towards different amine curatives and simultaneously the impact of the nature of amine curative on the properties of the cured coatings. To evaluate the relative performance of curatives towards crosslinking, the dye extraction method previously reported by Bach et al. [Bach et al., Farbe Lack 2002, 108:30; 2. Bach et al., in High-Throughput Analysis: A Tool for Combinatorial Materials Science, eds. R. A. Potyrailo and E. J. Amis, Springer US, Boston, MA, 2003, pp. 525-549.] was used. Prior to making formulations, a 3 mM solution of perylene dye in toluene was prepared. A representative procedure for making dye incorporated formulation of EPON 828 with isophorone diamine as curative is as follows: 1.14 g of EPON 828 resin was transferred into a 20 mL glass vial, where, 2.56 mL of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent and 202 pL of perylene dye solution were subsequently added and mixed using Teflon coated magnetic stir bar at 900 rpm on multi position magnetic stirring plates for 25 min. Next, 0.26 g of isophorone diamine (Epoxy to amine ratio was 1:1) was added to the mixture and mixed for another 20 min prior to deposition on primed aluminum discs. For all the formulations and the amount of dye per formulation unit volume was kept constant.Table 6. List of amine curatives used to study properties of crosslinked networks.

[0057] 2. Methods and Instruments

[0058] 2.1. Dye Extraction

[0059] Preparation for the dye extraction method was carried out by punching out 10 mm epoxy primed aluminum discs and affixing them to a 4" x 8" aluminum panel in a 6 x 11 array format. 75 pL of each formulation was deposited on six discs using an Eppendorf repeat pipettor. Coatings were then allowed to dry overnight under ambient conditions. Array panels were thencured at room temperature for 7 days, 60 °C and 100 °C using preheated oven for 1 h., 3 h., or 6 h. to evaluate the optimum curing condition. After curing, three discs from each set (same formulation and curing regime) were transferred into 24 well (6x4) polypropylene microtiter plates, each row of wells containing two sets of discs. The discs were affixed to the bottom of each well with double-sided tape and were allowed to adhere for 18+ hours prior to dye extraction.

[0060] Dye extraction was performed by adding 500 mL of toluene to each well of the microtiter plate using an Eppendorf repeat pipettor. Toluene was quickly added to each row of the microtiter plate with 15 s intervals between the rows. Formulations were allowed to soak for 10 min on an orbital shaker, then 150 uL of each extraction sample was collected and transferred to a 96 well microtiter plate using a 6-channel, adjustable spacing, multichannel pipette. Each row of two sets with three replicates was collected at the same time, aspirating twice to ensure a homogenous mixture. The timing of collection for each individual formulation was held to 15 second intervals to ensure that the soaking time was precise. Fluorescence measurements (415ex / 471em) of all extraction samples using a TECAN Saffire2 plate reader were taken immediately following collection.

[0061] 2.2. Nano-Indentation

[0062] Depth sensing indentation, also called instrumented indentation or nanoindentation, was performed using a Hysitron Tribolndenter with automation (9 samples per run) using a diamond Berkovich tip. Since accurate determination of the elastic modulus from the indentation load-displacement responses requires flat sample surfaces, indentation was performed mostly near the center of the coated discs. Before every indent, the indenter was held in contact with the surface, to allow for piezoactuator stabilization (35 s) and drift correction (40 s), at a contact load of only 0.5 mN to prevent any deformation prior to the indentation experiment. The drift rate (typically 0.1 nm s21) was automatically determined over the last 20 s of the 40 s period. After lifting the tip up to 30 nm and re-approaching the surface (surface detection at a load of 0.5 mN), the tip was loaded to maximum load of 300 mN in 5 s, held at maximum load for 5 s and unloaded in 5 s. Nine measurements with a spacing of 60 pm apartwere performed per sample and the first one was left out from the analysis to further reduce the influence of drift.

[0063] 2.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry

[0064] Thermal properties of the cured coatings were characterized using Q1000 Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimeter from TA Instruments with a cooling limit up to -90 °C. About 6- 8 mg of the cured film was scraped out from the disc and the following heat / cool / heat regime was used: the sample was first equilibrated at 23 °C and then cooled to -10 °C at 10 °C / minute, held at -10 °C for 2 min and heated to 100 °C at 10 °C / minute.

[0065] 2.4. Konig Pendulum Hardness

[0066] Konig pendulum hardness was measured according to ASTM D 4366-16 by sticking two cured coated discs on a steel panel on top of which steel balls of the pendulum were placed; the result was reported in seconds.

[0067] 2.5. Drying Time Measurement

[0068] Drying time was measured according to ASTM D 1640. Due to small size of the coated discs dry-to-touch time was recorded when the coating no longer adheres to the finger and does not rub up appreciably when the finger was lightly rubbed across the surface.

[0069] 2.5. Measurement of Epoxy Equivalent Weight

[0070] Epoxy equivalent weight (EEW, g / eq.) of the diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers and EPON 828 resin were evaluated by titrating epoxy samples with 0.0925 N solution of HBr in glacial acetic acid; 1 wt.% solution of crystal violet in acetic acid was used as an indicator. EEW value was calculated using the following equation (1) and the values are reported in Table 7, where W is the sample mass in grams, N is the normality of HBr solution, and V is the volume of HBr solution used for titration in mL.Table 7. Epoxy equivalent weight (EEW, g / eq.) of the diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers and EPON 828 resin.

[0071] 3. Results

[0072] 3.1. Drying Time

[0073] Drying time was measured as a preliminary study to estimate the reactivity of the novel diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers towards various amine curatives. See Table 8. Drying time of EPON 828 was measured with the curatives as a reference.Table 8. Drying time of diglycidyl ether bis-epoxymonomers and EPON 828 with amine curatives.S - Phase separationNl - Not included in the study

[0074] 3.2. Dye Extraction Results

[0075] The dye extraction method described previously was used to estimate the relative crosslink density of the coatings. Higher values of dye extraction are related to lower crosslinked coatings and vice versa. The tables below show the dye extraction results for coatings made from the diglycidyl ethers and amine curing agents cured under room temperature (RT) conditions as well as at elevated temperatures for the times shown.Table 9. Dye extraction results of coatings formulated from GLY 23 / 24 with amine curatives.Table 10. Dye extraction results of coatings formulated from GLY 13 / 16 with amine curatives.Nl - Not included in the studyTable 11. Dye extraction results of coatings formulated from GLY 17 with amine curatives.Table 12. Dye extraction results of coatings formulated from GLY 25 with amine curatives.Nl - Not included in the studyTable 13. Dye extraction results of coatings formulated from EPON 828 with amine curatives.

[0076] 3.3. Pendulum Hardness Results

[0077] Konig pendulum hardness measurements were carried out on the coatings made by reacting the diglycidyl ethers with the amine curing agents at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperatures for the times indicated. Higher pendulum hardness value indicates a harder coating.Table 14. Pendulum hardness of coatings formulated from GLY 23 / 24 with amine curatives.PS- Phase separatedT- TackyW- WrinkledTable 15. Pendulum hardness results of coatings formulated from GLY 13 / 16 with amine curatives.Nl- Not included in the studyPS- Phase separatedTable 16. Pendulum hardness results of coatings formulated from GLY 17 with amine curatives.Nl- Not included in the studyPS- Phase separatedT- TackyTable 17. Pendulum hardness results of coatings formulated from GLY 25 with amine curatives.Nl- Not included in the studyPS- Phase separatedTable 18. Pendulum hardness of coatings formulated from EPON 828 with amine curatives.HW- Highly Wrinkled

[0078] 3.2. Results from DSCTable 19. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coatings formulated from GLY 23 / 24 with amine curatives.PS-Phase separatedTable 20. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coatings formulated from GLY 13 / 16 with amine curatives.PS-Phase separatedNl- Not included in the studyTable 21. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coatings formulated from GLY 17 with amine curatives.Nl- Not included in the studyTable 22. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coatings formulated from GLY 25 with amine curatives.Nl- Not included in the studyTable 23. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of coatings formulated from EPON 828 with amine curatives.

[0079] 3.2. Results from Nano-IndentationTable 24. Hardness (GPa) of coatings formulated from GLY 23 / 24, GLY 13 / 16, GLY 17 and EPON828 with amine curatives.PS-Phase separated S- Soft, sticky surface HW- Highly wrinkledTable 25. Reduced elastic modulus (9MPa) of coatings formulated from GLY 23 / 24, GLY 13 / 16,GLY 17 and EPON 828 with amine curatives.PS-Phase separatedS- Soft, sticky surfaceHW- Highly wrinkled

Claims

CLAIMS:The claimed invention is:

1. A diol having the following structure:wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl,with the proviso that the diol cannot have the following structure:

2. The diol of claim 1, having the following structure:

3. The diol of claim 2, wherein R1and R2are both methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, c-pentyl, allyl, or benzyl.

4. The diol of claim 1, having the following structure:

5. The diol of claim 4, wherein R2is n-butyl, t-butyl, c-pentyl, allyl, or benzyl.

6. The diol of claim 1, having the following structure:

7. A method of making a diol of any of claims 1-6, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:reacting 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), diformyl furan (DFF), or a derivative thereof with a Grignard reagent,under conditions sufficient to form the diol.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the Grignard reagent is RMgCI, wherein R is H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, or C1-C6alkyl-aryl.

9. The method of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the derivative has the following structure:

10. A diglycidyl ether having the following structure:wherein R, R2, R3, and R are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl,with the proviso that R, R2, R3, and R4cannot all be H.

11. The diglycidyl ether of claim 10 having the following structure:

12. The diglycidyl ether of claim 11, wherein R2is methyl or phenyl.

13. The diglycidyl ether of claim 10 having the following structure:

14. The diglycidyl ether of claim IB, wherein R1and R2are both methyl, n-butyl, or allyl.

15. The diglycidyl ether of claim 10 having the following structure:

16. A method for making the diglycidyl ether of any of claims 10-15, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:reacting a diol with epichlorohydrin under conditions sufficient to form the diglycidyl ether,wherein the diol has the following structure:wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkenyl, aryl, and C1-C6alkyl-aryl.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the diol cannot have the following structure:

18. A curable coating composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of: a) at least one diglycidyl ether of any of claims 10-15; andb) an amine.

19. The curable coating composition of claim 18, wherein the amine is an aliphatic, an aromatic, a cycloaliphatic, or a polyether amine.

20. The curable coating composition of claim 19, wherein the aliphatic amine is Priamine 1075, 1,8-diaminooctane, diethylenetriamine, or tetraethylenepentamine.

21. The curable coating composition of claim 19, wherein the aromatic amine is m- xylylenediamine.

22. The curable coating composition of claim 19, wherein the cycloaliphatic amine is 1,3- bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, isophorone diamine, or bis(p-aminocyclohexyl) methane.

23. The curable coating composition of claim 19, wherein the polyether amine is JEFFAMINE EDR-148 (XTJ-504), JEFFAMINE D-400, JEFFAMINE D-230, or JEFFAMINE T-403.

24. A cured coating composition, wherein the curable coating composition of any one of claims 18-23 is cured at ambient conditions or by heating.

25. An object coated with the curable coating composition of any one of claims 18-23.

26. A composite or adhesive comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least one diglycidyl ether of any of claims 10-15.