BUILDING BLOCK FOR THE ERECTION OF A BUILDING AND METHOD FOR THE ERECTION OF A BUILDING

Description

Technical field

[0001] The invention relates to a building block for manufacturing a building and a method of manufacturing a building. State of the art

[0002] There are various manufacturing methods for building construction, including the assembly of modular building blocks that are joined together and then fixed to form the building structure. It is known to make building blocks from multiple materials. Pre-assembled building blocks allow the structure to be built under more controlled conditions. The blocks are made well before assembly, which allows for faster building construction because drying times are eliminated.

[0003] When designing building blocks, it is important to consider the dimensions of the building to be constructed and, above all, the number of floors to be supported and the seismic zoning. The greater the number of floors and / or the higher the seismic zoning value, the greater the mechanical strength of the building blocks must be, which naturally results in the construction of a heavier building block. This increases the difficulty in transporting and assembling the building block. As a result, it is particularly difficult to construct buildings with floors from already constructed building blocks.

[0004] Prefabricated panels can be made of wood or metal, but they lack the properties of concrete. In particular, wood or metal building blocks have limited fire resistance. It also appears that these building blocks have poor thermal comfort and lower mechanical stability than concrete. Concrete building blocks are heavy, which complicates transportation.

[0005] WO 2009 / 112037 discloses a prefabricated self-supporting building element for forming multi-story buildings. The side walls are formed by a reinforced concrete frame filled with lightweight concrete. The outer face of the side walls is covered with insulation that defines grooves. Metal rods are attached to the insulation layer and are embedded in the lightweight concrete inside the frame to reinforce the lightweight concrete of the side walls. Two building elements are arranged next to each other and a casting step is carried out to form support columns and beams. Prior to the casting step, a U-shaped connecting element is attached to two adjacent building elements. It appears that such a building block remains relatively heavy due to its reinforced concrete frames. Statement of the invention

[0006] An object of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks, and more particularly to provide a building block which has a reduced mass, in comparison with an equivalent structure in reinforced concrete or that of the prior art, while having mechanical strength and assembly compatible with the construction of a multi-story building.

[0007] These disadvantages are tended to be solved by means of a building block for the manufacture of a building comprising the characteristics of claim 1.

[0008] According to one aspect of the invention, the first metal rods define at least one ring and / or hook projecting from the support forming the connectors.

[0009] Preferably, the first metal rods have a rising connection portion projecting from the support, the rising connection portion being bent to fit into the vertical groove of the external wall of one of the walls.

[0010] Advantageously, the first metal rods have a downward connection portion arranged projecting from the support, the downward connection portion is bent to project from the floor in the extension of the longitudinal direction of the vertical groove of one of the walls.

[0011] In a particular embodiment, the walls are fixed to the floor by means of a plurality of screws.

[0012] According to another aspect, a wall of the plurality of walls is formed by two single-piece pieces made of a third mixture and separated from each other by a housing, the housing being filled with hardened concrete and at least one metal rod at least partially embedded in the hardened concrete, the concrete having a volume content of particles of a plant material lower than that of the third mixture or zero.

[0013] The invention also relates to a building which is easy to construct while being sufficiently strong to support several floors.

[0014] This is achieved by means of a building comprising a first and a second building block according to any of the preceding configurations. The first building block is mounted adjacent to the second building block so that the vertical groove of the first building block is opposite the vertical groove of the second building block to form a first mold receiving a concrete pylon.

[0015] In a particular embodiment, the building comprises a third and a fourth building block according to any of the preceding configurations. The third building block is mounted adjacent to the fourth building block such that the vertical groove of the third building block is opposite the vertical groove of the fourth building block to form a second mold receiving a concrete pylon, the third building block being mounted on the first building block, the fourth building block being mounted on the second building block, the second mold extending the first mold.

[0016] The invention also relates to a method which makes it possible to easily produce a building from building blocks. Such a result is achieved by means of a method which comprises: providing first and second building blocks according to any of the preceding configurations; arranging the first building block adjacent to the second building block such that the vertical groove of the first building block is opposite the vertical groove of the second building block to form a first mold; pouring concrete into the first mold to form a concrete pylon. Description of the drawings

[0017] Other advantages and characteristics will emerge more clearly from the following description of particular embodiments and implementations of the invention given as non-limiting examples and represented in the appended drawings, in which: there figure 1 , schematically illustrates a perspective view of a building block according to the invention; the figure 2, schematically illustrates a perspective view of the connection means between the floor in a building block according to the invention; the figure 3 , schematically illustrates a perspective view of a building formed by a plurality of building blocks mounted on top of each other and next to each other; the figure 4 , schematically illustrates a sectional view of a floor manufacturing process; the Figure 5 schematically illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a floor; the figure 6 schematically illustrates a perspective view of a floor in which the support and part of the covering layer are removed; figure 7 schematically illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a wall; the figure 8 schematically illustrates a perspective view of another embodiment of a wall; the figure 9 schematically illustrates a perspective view of a corner wall; the figure 10 schematically illustrates a perspective view of another embodiment of the flat panel; the figure 11 schematically illustrates the steps of a process for manufacturing a wall with a reinforcing element embedded in the wall; figure 12 schematically illustrates the steps of another method of manufacturing a wall with single-piece elements connected by a reinforcing element. figure 13 schematically illustrates, in section, an embodiment of a wall fixed to a floor. Detailed description

[0018] THE figures 1 to 3illustrate one or more building blocks 1 which are modular blocks for the manufacture of a building 2. The building block 1 has a floor 3 and a plurality of walls 4. The floor 3 and the walls 4 are integral with each other to form a single-piece building block 1. The building block 1 can be transported and lifted by conventional means of transport and lifting. It is preferable that the building block has a width less than or equal to 4m and a length less than or equal to 25m. It is also preferable that the building block 1 has a mass less than 70 Tonnes.

[0019] In order to provide an interesting technical solution from an economic and mechanical point of view, compromises must be made for the formation of floor 3 and walls 4.

[0020] On the figure 4 , through the Figures 4a, 4b and 4c, an embodiment of a floor 3 is shown. The floor 3 comprises a support 5, a metal frame 6 and a covering layer 7. The support 5 can be a single piece or the support 5 is formed by several elements assembled together as illustrated in Figures 4a to 4c .

[0021] According to a preferred embodiment, the support 5 is made of a first material. The first material is a first mixture containing a mineral binder and particles of a plant material. The mineral binder is preferably cement or concrete. The first mixture comprises at least 50% by volume of particles of plant material. This high content of particles of plant material makes it possible to reduce the density of the support 5 and therefore the final weight of the building block 1 compared to an equivalent construction made of concrete. The particles of plant material are embedded in the mineral binder, that is to say that the particles are completely covered by the mineral binder except possibly on the external faces of the support 5. The particles of plant material have a maximum dimension which is less than the thickness of the support 5. The particles of plant material are bound to each other by the mineral binder.The plant material particles can be of different sizes. The organic element of plant origin can be wood, straw, cellulose, hemp or cork. The plant material particles are preferably wood particles. Preferably, the plant material particles are predominantly wood (by volume). The wood elements are wood chips with a length between 1 and 100 mm. Preferably, the wood chips have a length between 1 and 60 mm. Preferably, the wood elements have a maximum mass concentration between 20 and 60 mm. These wood chips have a thickness between 1 mm and 5 mm. When using wood chips with a length between 1 and 100 mm, microcavities are obtained on the surface of the part, because the concrete coats the wood chips.More specifically, we obtain a distribution of surface cavities representing between 30% and 50% of the total surface area of ​​the part. In addition, we obtain a roughness of between 6 and 15 mm. Roughness corresponds to the maximum height between a peak and a trough on the surface.

[0022] It is noted that raw formwork concrete, that is to say the construction elements made of raw concrete with formwork, have a roughness between 0.3 and 3 mm and a distribution of surface cavities less than 30% of the total surface of the construction element. Thus, thanks to the mixture using plates of length between 1 and 100 mm and more preferably between 20 and 60 mm, more microcavities and microcavities that are deeper are created than raw formwork concrete. A part made with such a material provides significant microcavities, in number and depth, allowing a subsequently deposited hardenable mixture to enter these microcavities. Thus, a strong bond is obtained between the hardenable mixture and the part made of hardened mixture, preferably hardened concrete-wood. In addition, a mass ratio of wood plates between 30% and 70% of the total mass of the part to be made can be used.

[0023] The first mixture is a mixture containing a mineral binder, for example concrete, within which are embedded particles of a plant element, for example wood. The mineral binder is a binding material that is configured to bind the particles of plant material together. Preferably, the mineral binder is chosen from cement, blast furnace slag or lime. It is also possible to use a concrete that is a mixture containing water, a binder, for example cement, and other elements, for example sand and possibly gravel. By misuse of language, a wood concrete is a mixture containing wood particles and a mineral binder chosen from cement, blast furnace slag, lime or concrete.

[0024] The material loaded with plant particles, preferably wood-concrete, provides improved fire-resistant properties to the floor 3. Indeed, wood is a better thermal insulator than the sand used in conventional concrete. In addition, the mineral binder coats plant-based elements such as wood and protects them from flames. Il It has been observed that under the effect of fire, the material formed by the first mixture expands less than its equivalent in raw concrete or a steel floor. It has also been observed that the floor does not explode under the thermal stress of the fire or much later.

[0025] The support 5 has an upper face which is textured. The support 5 defines first grooves 8 and second grooves. The first grooves 8 have a first longitudinal direction which extends in a first direction A. The second grooves have a second longitudinal direction which extends in a second direction which is secant to the first direction, for example perpendicular. The first grooves 8 and the second grooves belong to a plane.

[0026] The floor 3 also comprises a metal frame 6 which comprises a plurality of first metal rods 9 which are arranged in the first grooves 8 as well as a plurality of second metal rods which are arranged in the second grooves.

[0027] Preferably, the first metal rods 9 are mechanically fixed to the second metal rods so that the first and second metal rods form a self-supporting metal frame 6. The mechanical connections ensure the transmission of forces even without a concrete mix in the hardened state.

[0028] The metal frame 6 is installed inside the grooves of the support 5 and a liquid material is poured so as to completely fill the first grooves 8 and the second grooves as well as to cover the upper face of the support 5 and embed the metal frame 6. The liquid material is a second mixture which comprises a mineral binder, for example cement or concrete. The second mixture in the hardened state has a mechanical resistance to bending which is greater than that of the first mixture forming the support 5. The second mixture has a volume proportion of particles of a plant material of less than 20%. Once hardened, the second mixture provides, in association with the metal frame 6, significant mechanical strength to the floor 3 in comparison with what the support 5 can provide alone, including with the same volume of floor 3 and including with the metal frame 6.The combination of the support 5, the metal frame 6 and the covering layer 7 makes it possible to have a panel with a mechanical resistance which is compatible with use as a floor while having a reduced weight. Preferably, the first and second metal rods are introduced into the first and second grooves to provide improved bending resistance compared to an equivalent structure without the metal rods.

[0029] The first grooves 8 may have a section that is identical or different from the sections of the second grooves. The first and second grooves may have a section chosen from a square, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal section or any other shape.

[0030] Preferably, several metal rods are arranged in each groove. In the grooves, the multiple metal rods are arranged relative to each other to form a three-dimensional structure, for example in the form of a tube. The rods extend in the longitudinal direction of the grooves which they fill. The metal frame 6 is perforated so as to be traversed by the second mixture in the liquid state.

[0031] By using a support 5 which comprises at least 50% by volume of particles of plant material, the support 5 has a significant surface porosity. The support 5 has surface asperities which are introduced by the particles of plant material. The surface asperities provide a significant roughness which improves the mechanical strength between the second mixture and the support 5. The porosity of the support 5 is particularly advantageous because it allows good mechanical strength between the support 5 on one side and the covering layer 7 which is reinforced with the metal frame 6 without it being necessary to form grooves 8 having a specific shape or without it being necessary to add an additional attachment element.

[0032] Advantageously, one or more screws are screwed into the first grooves 8 and / or the second grooves of the support 5 before pouring the second mixture so as to better secure the support 5 and the covering layer 7 formed from the second mixture which has hardened.

[0033] It is particularly advantageous if the metal frame 6 only has connections between the first metal rods 9 and the second metal rods in the connection areas between the first grooves 8 and the second grooves. Alternatively, additional metal rods connect the first metal rods 9 and the second metal rods above the walls delimiting the grooves. In this embodiment, the thickness of the covering layer 7 can be greater to completely cover the metal frame 6.

[0034] It is possible to provide that at least a portion of the first rods 9 is fixed to the support 5, for example by screwing a hooking element which ensures the mechanical connection between the first rods 9 and the support 5. Il The same may apply to the second rods and support 5.

[0035] In a particular embodiment, the first rods 9 of the same first groove 8 are arranged with each other to form a first beam, that is to say a mechanically self-supporting structure without the aid of the support 5 and without the aid of the second mixture. Il The same can be said for the second rods in the second grooves. Self-supporting means that the beam supports its own weight.

[0036] It is advantageous that the first beams in the first grooves 8 and / or the second beams in the second grooves are not in direct contact with the support 5. It is advantageous that the beams are separated from the support 5 by the second mixture as illustrated in Figure 4b . The support 5 being formed from a material having a high content of plant material particles, it is porous and advantageously breathable. It is preferable to completely cover the metal frame with the covering layer in order to protect the metal frame from moisture passing through the support 5.

[0037] It is possible to pour a portion of the second mixture into the bottom of the first grooves 8 and / or the second grooves before installing the rods of the metal frame 6. Once the second mixture solidifies, the rods of the metal frame 6 are installed in the second mixture which may have the consistency of a paste. The second mixture is viscous enough to prevent the metal frame 6 from falling under its own weight.

[0038] Once the second mix has solidified or during the solidification of the second mix present in the bottom of the grooves, the remainder of the second mix is ​​poured to fill the grooves.

[0039] Alternatively, the metal reinforcement 6 is held at a distance from the bottom of the grooves by a support device, for example a crane or equivalent device or by pins arranged in the bottom of the grooves. The second mixture is poured while the metal reinforcement 6 is supported.

[0040] The metal frame 6 is separated from the lower wall of the floor 3 by the support 5 which contains particles of a plant element. The floor 3 has good thermal resistance. This configuration makes it possible to improve the fire-resistant property of the floor 3. When flames are in contact with the lower surface of the floor 3, the flames are not in direct contact with the beams. The support 5 limits the spread of heat in the event of a fire. In addition, the support 5 made from a first mixture makes it possible to protect the beams from excessive expansion which could occur in the event of a fire.

[0041] In a particular embodiment, the top of the metal frame 6 has a visible part, that is to say which protrudes from the second mixture and the grooves. The plate formed at this stage of the process is lightened since the metal frame 6 is not entirely coated.

[0042] The second mixture is mostly or exclusively a mineral binder, such as concrete or cement. Concrete is a mixture of different elements, such as gravel, sand, a binder, and water. The binder can be cement or lime. The proportions of the different elements in concrete vary depending on the desired hardness.

[0043] In a particular embodiment, one end or at least one end of a support 5 has a connecting portion 10. The connecting portion 10 is configured to cooperate with the complementary connecting portion 10 of an adjacent support 5 to form a larger floor 3 as illustrated in the diagrams of the figure 4. In a particular configuration, the supports 5 are used separately to form floor parts 3 and the floor parts 3 are associated together to form a floor 3. In another embodiment, the supports 5 are associated together and the metal frame 6 is common to the two adjacent supports 5. It is also advantageous to cast the second mixture onto the two adjacent supports 5 to produce a mechanical unit.

[0044] In one embodiment, a single step of casting the second mixture is carried out to fill the grooves and completely cover the metal reinforcement 6 and form the covering layer 7. The composition of the second mixture is substantially identical over the entire height of the covering layer 7. In an alternative embodiment, the covering layer 7 is produced with several successive steps of casting the second mixture. The composition between the castings may be identical or it may vary. It is possible to provide that the upper part of the floor 3 is formed by a layer of concrete which is free of particles of plant material or even that the entire covering layer 7 is a concrete free of particles of plant material.

[0045] In a particular configuration illustrated in the Figure 4c, the first beams are connected to each other by a mesh 11 which is arranged above the grooves. The mesh 11 can be fixed to the beams for example by welding or by other means, for example cables are used in order to ensure a mechanical connection without the second mixture. Alternatively, the mechanical connection between the mesh 11 and the beams is achieved by the second mixture.

[0046] THE Figures 4a to 4c represent a particular embodiment of a method of implementing a method of manufacturing a floor. The method of manufacturing the floor comprises: a supply of a single-piece support 5 defining first grooves 8 and second grooves; a placement of first metal rods 9 in the first grooves 8 and second metal rods in the second grooves, the first and second metal rods preferably forming a self-supporting metal frame 6, a pouring of the second mixture into the first grooves 8 and the second grooves so as to form a reinforced beam in each of the first and second grooves and fix the frame 6 to the support 5. The first and second reinforced beams extend in intersecting directions in the same plane.

[0047] On the Figure 4c , a method of implementing a method of manufacturing a floor 3 has been shown and the method further comprises: a supply of a floor 3 as defined above; and a pouring of a covering layer 7 forming the upper part of the floor 3.

[0048] The covering layer 7 is formed from the second mixture which preferably contains mainly or exclusively concrete. When the concrete covering is poured, the metal mesh 11 can be added, so as to provide a covering layer 7 of reinforced concrete.

[0049] As illustrated in the Figure 5, the floor 3 comprises several first reinforced beams arranged horizontally or substantially horizontally. The first beams extend in the first direction A. The first beams are connected to each other by second reinforced beams which extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction. The reinforced beams form a support grid on which the connectors arranged projecting from the support are fixed. The support grid ensures the mechanical strength of the building block during lifting operations. The holes in the support floor are filled with the first mixture which is less dense than the material forming the support grid. The figure 6 illustrates a configuration in which the support 5 has been eliminated. In the right part of the floor 3, the covering layer 7 is present. The latter has been eliminated in the left part which then represents the reinforced beams.

[0050] This configuration makes it possible to form a floor 3 whose mass is reduced thanks to the use of a support 5 loaded with plant particles and whose mechanical strength is sufficient to withstand the mechanical stresses corresponding to a floor 3.

[0051] The floor 3 has connectors that protrude at the ends of the first grooves 8, i.e. beyond the support 5. The connectors are configured to ensure the lifting of the building block 1 during the transport and positioning phases. The connectors are fixed to the reinforced beams to allow the lifting of the building block only by means of the floor 3.

[0052] The building block 1 has a wall 4, among the plurality of walls 4, which has a through-reservation 12. The through-reservation 12 defines for example a door, a window, a French window or a through passage between two building blocks.

[0053] The walls 4 are fixed to the floor 3 and the walls 4 are fixed to each other. The walls 4 and the floor 3 form a single-piece and transportable element. The structure is sufficiently strong and rigid to allow the transport of the building block without this resulting in deformation of the second work which is formed inside the building block. For example, the building block may have one or more windows and / or one or more doors. It is also possible for the block to have electrical circuitry and / or hydraulic circuitry before its coupling to another building block 1.

[0054] The walls 4 of the plurality of walls 4 are made from a third mixture which comprises a mineral binder and particles of a plant material. The particles of a plant material are embedded in the mineral binder, the volume proportion of particles of a plant material in the third mixture being greater than 50%. The third mixture comprises at least 50% by volume of particles of plant material. This high content of particles of plant material makes it possible to reduce the density of the wall and therefore the final weight of the building block 1. The particles of plant material are embedded in the mineral binder, that is to say that the particles are completely covered by the mineral binder except possibly on the external faces of the wall. The particles of plant material have a maximum dimension which is less than the thickness of the wall 4. The particles of plant material are bound to each other by the mineral binder.The plant material particles can be of different sizes. An organic element of plant origin can be wood, straw, cellulose, hemp or cork. The plant material particles are preferably wood particles. Preferably, the plant material particles are predominantly wood (by volume). The third mixture conforms to the definition given above for the first mixture. In a particular embodiment, the third material forming the walls 4 is identical to the first material forming the support 5.

[0055] The walls 4 are made of a material that is lighter than their equivalent made solely of concrete or reinforced concrete, which makes it possible to form a lighter and therefore more easily transportable building block. The walls made of mineral binder and plant material particles are less mechanically efficient than their equivalent made of concrete and reinforced concrete. The walls are devoid of connectors ensuring the lifting of the building block because the walls are not able to withstand such an operation. The walls may be devoid of a metal mesh. It is advantageous for the plant material particle content to be identical from one end of the wall to the other in the lengthwise and heightwise direction, which facilitates its manufacture and reduces the risks of stresses and therefore accelerated aging linked to differential expansion phenomena.

[0056] The walls 4 define, on their external wall, a vertical groove 13 extending over the height of the walls 4. The vertical groove 13 preferentially opens onto the projecting connectors of the floor 3 and in particular of the support 5 and the reinforced beams. The use of walls 4 made of a material comprising a mineral binder and particles of plant material makes it possible to form a breathable wall which improves the quality of life in the dwelling. However, the use of walls 4 made of mineral binder with particles of plant material results in a degradation of the mechanical performance of the walls 4 which greatly complicates the installation of a heavy roof or the manufacture of a building 2 with several floors.

[0057] The building block 1 is advantageous because the groove 13 forms a mold portion for making a vertical pylon 14 or vertical post. The vertical pylon 14 is made of concrete or any other material having mechanical performance superior to that of the material forming the walls 4, for example the second mixture. The material is poured into the mold to form the pylon 14. The vertical pylon 14 is formed by a fourth mixture which may be a concrete devoid of plant material particles or a concrete which contains less than 20% by volume of plant material particles.

[0058] Once building block 1 is installed, it is possible to quickly form a reinforcing pylon 14, as illustrated in figure 3. Wall 4 is made of a material containing a high proportion of plant particles, which generates roughness. The concrete poured into groove 13 will fit into the crevices, which improves the mechanical connection between pylon 14 and wall 4.

[0059] Advantageously illustrated in the Figures 1 and 2, the floor 3 has a recess at the end of the first grooves 8. The recess allows connectors to be arranged protruding from the first groove 8 to be easily accessible without increasing the size of the building block 1. Preferably, with the exception of the recesses, the external face of the wall 4 is flat or substantially flat and the connectors do not protrude from this flat surface so that the pylon 14 can be formed within the initial size of the building block 1. Installing the connectors in a recess in the building block 1 allows a building block 1 to be placed in contact or almost in contact with an adjacent building block. The recess is preferably present in the support 5.

[0060] Advantageously, one or more rods or screws are installed in the vertical groove 13 before pouring the fourth mixture so as to increase the quality of the mechanical connection which exists between the wall 4 and the pylon 14.

[0061] In a particular embodiment, the connectors define at least one ring 15 and / or one hook projecting from the floor 3 for lifting the building block 1. The first metal rods 9 are installed in a concrete beam or any other material having better mechanical strength than the support 5. The rings / hooks 15 are fixed in the reinforced concrete beams which makes it easy to lift the building block by means of the floor 3 and not by means of the walls 4. Preferably, the first metal rods 9 define at least one ring 15 and / or one hook projecting from the support 5 forming the connectors.

[0062] Document WO2020 / 016531 discloses a floor formed by a support made of a hardenable material coating wood particles and which defines grooves receiving reinforcement. Unlike this prior art, it is intended to use the mechanical strength of the floor 3 to support the prefabricated building block and to use the metal rods 9 held fixedly to the floor to carry out the stress absorption of the final construction.

[0063] In a particular embodiment, at least one recess and preferably each recess has a connector in the form of a ring or a hook for lifting the building block 1 and an additional reinforcement preferably in the form of a ring and intended to transmit the forces between the floor 3 and the pylon 14. The additional reinforcement preferably corresponds to one or more rings larger than the ring of the connector. The additional reinforcement can be formed by one or more first metal rods 9.

[0064] In another particular embodiment, the first metal rods 9 have a first connection portion or rising connection portion 9a which is mounted projecting from the support 5 and which is bent to fit into the vertical groove 13 of the external wall of one of the walls 4. During the operation of pouring the fourth mixture to form the reinforcement pylon 14, the rising connection portions 9a which rise along the wall 4 increase the mechanical strength of the pylon 14 and in particular the vertical mechanical performance of the building block 1. The first metal rod 9 ensures the mechanical continuity of the force absorption between the floor 3 and the reinforcement pylon 14.

[0065] It is also advantageous to provide that the first metal rods 9 have another connection portion, called the descending connection portion 9b, which is arranged projecting from the floor 3 and in particular projecting from the support 5 and which is bent to project from the floor 3 downwards in the extension of the longitudinal direction of the associated vertical groove 13 to be inserted into the vertical groove 13 of the lower building block.

[0066] In other words, the connecting portions 9a and 9b are bent and run downwards below the level of the floor 3 or upwards along the wall 4. The first rods 9 extend in the plane of the floor 3 in the longitudinal direction of the first grooves 8 before bending. The first rods 9 also extend in the vertical groove 13 in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the upper face of the floor 3. The first rods 9 extend continuously from the first grooves 8 to the vertical grooves 13 of the building block 1 or the lower building block 1.

[0067] It is advantageous to provide for the formation of a slab intended to support the building block 1 and to form a hole inside the slab to receive the downwardly directed descending connection portions 9b. When the pylon 14 is cast, it has a part forming a reinforced portion which extends inside the slab. This configuration is also very advantageous when several building blocks 1 are mounted on top of each other. The vertical groove 13 of the lower building block 1 is extended by the vertical groove of the upper building block 1. The downwardly bent metal rods 9 make it possible to reinforce the mechanical strength of the reinforcement pylon 14 in the portion which makes the mechanical connection between the floor 3 of the upper level and the portion of pylon 14 of the lower level. figure 3illustrates an embodiment where the pylon 14 extends over several floors and connects several building blocks 1 mounted on top of each other.

[0068] Advantageously, once the lower building block 1 has been laid, the pylon 14 is partially cast. The pylon 14 is not formed over the entire height of the wall 4, but only over a portion so as to leave room for the insertion of the bent downward connection portions 9b of the upper building block 1. The portion of pylon 14 that has been cast reinforces the mechanical strength of the wall 4 of the block already in place, which makes it possible to support the installation of the upper building block 1 on the lower building block 1. Once the upper building block 1 has been laid on the lower building block 1, a new concrete pour can be carried out to extend the reinforcement pylon 14 over an additional floor. The reinforcement pylon 14 is preferably formed floor by floor, as the building blocks 1 are mounted on top of each other.This construction allows the mechanical stresses on the walls of the building blocks to be released and thus the weight of the building block to be reduced. Alternatively, the pylon 14 is cast in one go for several floors. It is also possible to provide for the pylon to be formed in several stages. For example, the pylon extends over several floors, preferably at least four floors, and the pylon is made in at least two or three stages.

[0069] Preferably, pylon 14 has several metal rods embedded along its height to form an armed pylon.

[0070] It is possible to form a building 2 comprising a ground floor and one or more floors by using building blocks 1 stacked on top of each other. Preferably, the walls are without metal rod reinforcement to limit the weight of the walls and therefore the weight of the building block. By refraining from using metal rod reinforcement, it is more difficult to take up vertical forces, that is to say the weight of the building blocks and other loads mounted on the building block. In the absence of metal rods, it is more difficult to withstand dynamic forces, for example the stresses present in seismic zones or wind. However, by forming a reinforcement pylon 14 which extends from the ground and which continuously connects all the building blocks 1 stacked on top of each other, it is possible to reinforce the structure.We take advantage of a building block 1 whose mass is reduced, which facilitates the transport and positioning of the building block 1. We then carry out a step of reinforcing the walls 4 by means of a pylon 14 which is a vertical beam which is fixed to the ends of the first rods 9. This architecture makes it possible to form a resistant load-bearing structure with few additional operations after the installation of the building block 1. The pylons 14 are fixed directly to the floors 3 by means of the first metal rods 9. The vertical posts and the reinforced beams of the floor 3 form the load-bearing frame of the building.

[0071] In order to fix the walls 4 to the floor 3, it is advantageous to use screws 16. The screws 16 connect a wall 4 to the support 5 by passing through the covering layer 7. The high content of plant material particles makes it possible to screw directly into the wall 4 without having to first make a hole and without having to use a dowel or chemical sealant. The same applies to the support 5. It is therefore advantageous to fix the wall 4 to the support 5 by means of one or more screws 16 without using a chemical sealant and without a dowel. The screw 16 is directly in contact with the plant material particles. In comparison, in a concrete structure, it is necessary to make a preliminary hole and then fill this hole with a dowel or chemical sealant to ensure that the screw remains in place despite the stresses.It is also possible to fix the wall 4 to the floor 3 using glue, for example concrete glue or mortar glue, with or without screws.

[0072] In another embodiment illustrated in figure 13, a metal link 17 provides the mechanical connection between the wall 4 and the floor 3. In a preferred embodiment, a portion of the metal link 17 is embedded in the wall 4. The wall 4 is made by pouring the third mixture into a mold. A portion of the metal link 17 is installed in the mold so as to be completely coated by the third mixture. When the third mixture hardens, the metal link 17 becomes non-removable from the wall 4. Advantageously, the metal link 17 has means for preventing the metal link 17 from rotating relative to the wall 4 as well as means for blocking the translation of the metal link 17 relative to the wall 4. It is preferable for the metal link 17 to be fixedly mounted to the wall 4.

[0073] The projecting portion of the metal link 17 is installed in the floor 3. Preferably, the projecting portion of the metal link 17 is installed in the mold used to form the floor 3. Advantageously, the projecting portion is installed in the mold used for pouring the second mixture. The projecting portion is then incorporated into one of the reinforced beams of the floor 3. The projecting portion is fixedly mounted relative to the floor 3. It is preferable for the metal link 17 to have a bent portion which provides the mechanical connection between the wall and the floor.

[0074] In a particular embodiment, the metal tie 17 projects from the lower wall of the wall 4. The lower wall of the wall 4 is placed on the support 5 which forms the mold for pouring the second mixture. The second mixture is poured which fills the grooves of the support 5, the metal frame 6 and the metal tie 17 preferably until reaching the lower wall of the wall 4. Once the second mixture has hardened, the wall 4 is sealed to the floor 3.

[0075] In order to improve the mechanical strength of the building block 1, the walls 4 are preferably fixed to a reinforcing ring arranged in the top part of the walls 4. The reinforcing ring makes it possible to reduce the bending of the wall 4 relative to its anchoring point on the floor 3. The reinforcing ring or reinforcing block may be made of wood or metallic material or any other suitable material.

[0076] Preferably, a building 2 comprises two building blocks 1 arranged adjacent to each other on the same level so that the vertical grooves 13 are arranged opposite each other and form a first mold which extends over the height of the walls. The two vertical grooves 13 both open onto the ends of the first rods 9 which project from the two floors 3 also arranged adjacent. The ends of the first rods 9 of the two building blocks 1 are present in the same mold. The mold is open in its top portion to allow the pouring of the fourth mixture. The mold is advantageously open in the lower part to allow the connection portion 9b to pass through if necessary.

[0077] The two vertical grooves 13 formed in the outer walls of the two adjacent building blocks 1 join to form a first mold which opens onto the first metal rods 9. The two outer walls of the walls 4 are in contact or are separated by a distance such that when the fourth mixture is poured into the mold, the fourth mixture remains in the mold. The fourth mixture fills the mold and remains in the mold or extends a distance of a few centimeters outside the mold. The fourth mixture fills the mold and completely covers the ends of the first rods 9 of the two building blocks 1. When the fourth mixture hardens, it makes the mechanical connection between the two floors 3 and the two adjacent walls 4.

[0078] Preferably, two adjacent building blocks of the same floor are separated by an insulating material, for example a thin layer of air to reduce thermal conduction between two walls. It is advantageous to place a compressible material, preferably a compressible insulating material on the wall 4 in the extension of the side walls of the vertical groove 13. When two building blocks 1 are brought into contact, the compressible material compresses and ensures the sealing of the mold before pouring the fourth mixture. The compressible material is thermally insulating when it has a thermal resistance greater than that of the material forming the wall 4.

[0079] It is also possible to install metal rods in the mold formed by the two lateral grooves 13 to reinforce the mechanical strength of the pylon 14.

[0080] When the building 2 comprises two adjacent building blocks 1 on the same floor and two adjacent building blocks 1 on a higher level, the vertical grooves 13 of the same level are arranged opposite each other to form a first mold and a second mold. The two molds join and extend. The pouring of the fourth mixture makes it possible to form a pylon 14 which mechanically couples the adjacent walls 4 of the two levels as well as the two floors 3. The pylons 14 form a concrete frame which ensures the mechanical strength of the building 2.

[0081] Building blocks 1 offer greater freedom in the construction of buildings 2. The use of a mixture of a mineral binder and particles of plant material whose volume proportion is greater than 50% makes it possible to form walls 4 which have good acoustic insulation, good fire resistance while benefiting from the speed of assembly linked to the prefabricated block.

[0082] Once completed, the building block 1 is moved from its place of manufacture to its place of use. The building blocks 1 are arranged next to each other or on top of each other to form the building 2. The mechanical structure of the building is reinforced by casting the pylons 14 onto the outer walls of the building blocks. It is therefore particularly advantageous to carry out at least part of the finishing work inside the building block 1 because the inner walls of the building block are not worked during the assembly of the building 2. This saves time on the manufacture of the building 2.

[0083] On the figures 7 to 10 , different particular embodiments of a panel intended for the manufacture of a wall 4 have been shown. In particular the figures 7 , 8 and 9illustrate a panel intended to make a facade wall, that is to say that the panel has a generally parallelepiped shape. The figure 9 illustrates a panel intended to make a corner wall, that is to say the panel has two pieces perpendicular to each other. Generally speaking, the panel is particularly suitable for making a wall of a building with one or more floors. The panel is intended to be placed vertically relative to the ground.

[0084] The panel comprises at least one single-piece part 18. More particularly, the single-piece parts 18 are each made from the third mixture, that is to say a mineral binder such as concrete within which are embedded particles of a plant element, for example wood. The wooden elements are wooden plates having a length of between 10 and 100 mm, preferably between 20 and 60 mm. These wooden plates have a thickness of between 1 mm and 5 mm. When using wooden plates having a length of between 20 and 60 mm, microcavities are obtained on the surface of the single-piece part 18, because the concrete coats the wooden plates. More particularly, a distribution of the surface cavities representing between 30% and 50% of the total surface of the single-piece part 18 is obtained. In addition, a roughness of between 6 and 15 mm is obtained. The roughness corresponds to the maximum height between a peak and a trough of the surface.It is noted that raw formwork concrete, that is to say the construction elements made of raw concrete with formwork, have a roughness of between 0.3 and 3 mm and a distribution of surface cavities of less than 30% of the total surface of the construction element. Thus, thanks to the concrete-wood material using plates of length between 20 and 60 mm, more microcavities are created and microcavities that are deeper than raw concrete. A single-piece part 18 made with such a concrete-wood material provides significant microcavities, in number and depth, allowing a hardenable product to be introduced into these microcavities. Thus, a strong bond is obtained between the hardenable product and the single-piece part 18 made of concrete-wood. In addition, a mass ratio of wood plates of between 30% and 70% of the total mass of the single-piece part 18 can be used.

[0085] The density of the wood-concrete obtained is between 600 and 1000 kg / m 3< , by varying the composition of the material, preferably it is equal to 800 kg / m 3< . This produces a material that is lighter than raw concrete, i.e. a concrete that does not contain wooden elements and whose density is approximately 2300 kg / m 3< .

[0086] In a particular embodiment, the panel comprises at least one housing 19 intended to receive a reinforcing element 20 resistant to bending. Preferably, the housing 19 extends across the height of the wall 4.

[0087] A reinforcing element 20 is an element that has an elongated structure configured to improve the flexural strength of the panel intended to form the wall 4. More particularly, each reinforcing element 20 is formed of one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 which are in the form of an elongated element 21 coated with a curable product comprising a binder. The mechanical reinforcement 21 has an elongated shape. Each mechanical reinforcement 21 may be a rod or a bar. For example, shown in the figures 5 to 8a reinforcing element 20 comprising four mechanical reinforcements 21. The mechanical reinforcements may be made of fiberglass or carbon, and are preferably made of metal. The curable product is preferably concrete. The reinforcing element 20 may be a reinforced concrete beam which improves the flexural strength of the panel. The use of a reinforcing element 20 formed by a reinforced concrete beam provides better flexural strength compared to an equivalent structure made entirely of wood or concrete.

[0088] The 4 concrete-wood walls allow for various finishing operations, such as applying a coating (which is difficult to do on raw poured concrete), and directly fixing means of holding the panels on site, such as metal plates which can be easily screwed directly onto the concrete-wood.

[0089] There figure 7illustrates a single-piece part 18 with a through hole in the height direction. The wall 4 is in the form of a ring so as to define a housing 19 for the production of the reinforcing element 20. The through hole is not a groove. Unlike a groove, a through hole opens onto only two surfaces of the part.

[0090] On the figure 8 , another embodiment of the wall 4 is shown, in which at least two single-piece parts 18 are separated from each other by a reinforcing element 20 which extends over the entire height of the wall as well as over the entire thickness of the wall 4. The reinforcing element 20 is fixed to the two single-piece parts 18 to form a self-supporting and transportable wall 4. Preferably, the two single-piece parts 18 are formed beforehand and they have projecting elements, for example screws which will be embedded in the concrete during the production of the reinforcing element 20. figure 8 also illustrates a through-hole 12 which passes through the wall 4. As indicated previously, the through-hole can be used to install a door or a window.

[0091] On the figure 9 , a panel is shown which is particularly suitable for the manufacture of a corner wall. The panel comprises two single-piece parts 18. Each single-piece part 18 is provided with a shoulder 22. The two shoulders 22 are arranged to define a housing 19 intended to receive a reinforcing element 20. The housing 19 is preferably a through hole over the height of the wall 4. The housing 19 is filled with concrete and mechanical reinforcements 21 as described previously.

[0092] As illustrated in the figure 10, a flat facade wall can also be formed using two single-piece pieces 18 each provided with a shoulder 22. The two shoulders 22 form a housing 19 intended to receive a reinforcing element 20. The housing 19 is preferably a through hole over the height of the wall 4. The housing 19 is filled with concrete and mechanical reinforcements 21 as described previously.

[0093] Preferably, a wall 4 provided with a through hole 12 in the thickness direction as illustrated in figures 1 to 3 And 8can be reinforced by a reinforcing element 20. Unlike the previous configurations, the reinforcing element 20 is embedded inside the wall 4, that is to say coated by the third mixture on all its faces. Preferably, the reinforcing element 20 has a content of plant particles which is lower than the content of the third mixture to argue the resistance to bending. Preferably, the reinforcing element 20 is made of concrete devoid of plant particles and more preferably associated with metal rods. For example, the reinforcing elements 20 are above and below a through hole 12.

[0094] The panels reinforced by the reinforcing elements 20 are strong and can be easily transported. They can therefore be prefabricated in the factory and then mounted on the floor 3. This gives greater control over the manufacture of the panels in the factory. However, these configurations are heavier than walls made solely from the third mix. It is therefore advantageous to limit the use of these reinforcing elements to configurations for which the lateral grooves are more difficult to implement or must be supplemented by additional reinforcement.

[0095] To produce the walls 4, defined above, at least one single-piece part 18 is produced from concrete-wood, one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 are placed in a housing 19, then the hardenable product is poured into the housing 19, around the mechanical reinforcement 21 and in contact with at least one surface of the single-piece part 18. Such a method makes it possible to increase the mechanical strength of the reinforcing element 20 with the single-piece part 18. The connection between the reinforcing element 20 and the single-piece part 18 is further reinforced thanks to the microcavities created on the surface of the single-piece part 18, and to the pouring of the liquid hardenable product which is introduced into these microcavities. After the hardenable product has hardened, a strong bond resistant to shear is obtained.

[0096] THE Figures 11a to 11e illustrate the steps of a process for creating a wall in accordance with the figure 7The method comprises a first step S1 in which the mineral binder in the liquid state is poured into a mold 23 provided with at least one reservation 24 as illustrated in Figure 11a and 11b . For example, a base 25 can be placed at the bottom of the mold 23 on which the reservation 24 is positioned. After hardening of the mineral binder, the single-piece part 18 is obtained, as illustrated in Figure 11c . Then, during a second stage, illustrated in the Figure 11c , the reservation 24 is removed in order to form at least one through orifice within the single-piece part 18. Then, during a third step, illustrated in Figures 11d and 11e , one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 are placed within each through-hole formed, as illustrated in the Figures 11d and 11e. For example, one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 may be used that are higher than the height of the single-piece part 18 to obtain one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 having a protruding portion of the hardenable product and the single-piece part 18. The protruding portions make it easier to chain two adjacent panels if necessary. For example, another mineral binder in the liquid state is used to connect the protruding portions of the mechanical reinforcements together. Then, in step S2, the hardenable product comprising a binder is poured into each through-hole to coat the mechanical reinforcements 21 and fix the reinforcing element 20 to the single-piece part 18, as illustrated in Figures 11d and 11e .

[0097] On the figure 12 including the Figures 12a to 12e, the steps of a second mode of implementation of a method for manufacturing a panel intended to form a wall 4 are shown. According to this second mode of implementation, a panel is manufactured comprising at least two single-piece parts 18, as illustrated in Figure 12b The method comprises a first step T1 of supplying at least two single-piece parts 18 each made from a third mixture and separated from each other by at least one housing 26, as illustrated in Figure 12b . Alternatively, the supply step T1 comprises an initial step, illustrated in FIG. 10a, in which at least one reservation 24 is placed within a mold 23, as illustrated in FIG. Figure 12a , then a pouring of the third mixture, into the mold 23. Then a removal of the reservations 24 is carried out to form the housings 26.

[0098] After the supply step T1, we place, during a second step T2 illustrated in Figure 12c, one or more mechanical reinforcements 21 within each housing 26. Preferably, the mechanical reinforcements 21 rest on supports 27 to center the reinforcements within the housings 26. Then, during a third step S2 illustrated in Figure 12d , a hardenable product comprising a binder is poured into each housing 26 to coat each frame and fix it to two neighboring single-piece parts 18. By two neighboring single-piece parts 18 is meant two single-piece parts 18 separated by a housing 26. Then, during a fourth step illustrated in figure 12e , the mold 23 is removed to obtain the panel. The supports 27 can be removed or left within the housings 26.

[0099] Advantageously, the single-piece parts 18 are held together by metal plates screwed into the wood-concrete or screws, before pouring the hardenable product S2. The metal plates make it possible to limit the forces generated by the hardenable product on the single-piece parts 18.

[0100] The resulting panel has large contact surfaces between the single-piece part 18 and the reinforcing element 20. The single-piece part made in the third mixture has numerous microcavities, i.e. blind orifices, created by the wooden elements. Indeed, the concrete coats the wooden elements, which creates the microcavities on the surface of the single-piece part 18. Thus, when the hardenable product is poured into a housing provided in the single-piece part, the product will fill the numerous microcavities to increase the bonding surface between the reinforcing element 20 and the single-piece part 18. The bonding surface is further increased with a through orifice opening out at two ends of the single-piece part 18. This gives a strong bond between the hardenable product and the concrete-wood, which provides high adhesion of the reinforcing element 20 to the single-piece part 18.

[0101] This provides a panel that allows for faster construction of a wall that meets earthquake-resistant standards, as it incorporates reinforcing elements with increased bending strength. Furthermore, such a panel is simple to construct. Advantageously, the panel is strong and lighter than a panel made of raw concrete.

Claims

1. Building block (1) for construction of a building (2) comprising: - a floor (3); - a plurality of walls (4), at least one wall (4) of the plurality of walls (4) comprising a pass-through recess box (12), the walls (4) of the plurality of walls (4) being fixed to the floor (3) and fixed to one another; wherein the floor (3) comprises a support (5) and a metal armature (6), the support (5) defining a plurality of first grooves (8) and second grooves, the first grooves (8) extending from one end of the support (5) to the other and the metal armature (6) comprising a plurality of first metal rods (9) arranged in the first grooves (8) and second metal rods arranged in the second grooves; wherein the walls (4) define a vertical groove (13) extending over the height of the walls (4) on their external surface; characterised in that the support (5) is made from a first mixture comprising a mineral binder and particles of a vegetal material, the particles being sunk in the mineral binder, the volume fraction of vegetal material particles in the first mixture being more than 50%, and in that the first grooves (8) present a first longitudinal direction secant to a second longitudinal direction of the second grooves; in that the floor (3) comprises a second mixture filling the first grooves (8) and the second grooves and completely covering the metal armature (6) and the support (5) to form reinforced beams, the second mixture having a volume fraction of vegetal material particles of less than 20%; in that the metal armature (6) has connectors arranged salient from the support (5) at the two ends of the first grooves (8) in the first longitudinal direction for hoisting of the building block (1); and in that the walls (4) of the plurality of walls (4) are made from a third mixture that comprises a mineral binder and vegetal material particles, the particles being sunk in the mineral binder, the volume fraction of vegetal material particles in the third mixture being more than 50%; and in that the vertical groove (13) opens onto the connectors salient from the support (5) and onto the reinforced beams.

2. Building block (1) according to claim 1 wherein the first metal rods (9) define at least one ring (15) and / or a hook salient from the support (5) forming the connectors.

3. Building block (1) according to claim 2 wherein the first metal rods (9) have an ascending connecting portion (9a) salient from the support (5), the ascending connecting portion (9a) being angled to be installed in the vertical groove (13) of the external surface of one of the walls (4).

4. Building block (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the first metal rods (9) having a descending connecting portion (9b) arranged salient from the support (5), the descending connecting portion (9b) is angled to be salient from the floor (3) in the continuation of the longitudinal direction of the vertical groove (13) of one of the walls (4).

5. Building block (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the walls (4) are fixed to the floor (3) by means of a plurality of screws (16).

6. Building block (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5 wherein a wall (4) of the plurality of walls (4) is formed by two single-piece parts (8) made from the third mixture and separated from one another by a housing, the housing being filled with hardened concrete and at least one metal rod (9) at least partially sunk in the hardened concrete, the concrete having a lower volume content of vegetal material particles than a volume content of vegetal material particles of the third mixture or zero.

7. Building (2) comprising first and second building blocks (1) according to any one of the foregoing claims wherein the first building block (1) is erected adjacent to the second building block (1) so that the vertical groove (13) of the first building block (1) is located facing the vertical groove (13) of the second building block (1) to form a first mould receiving a concrete pylon (14).

8. Building according to claim 7 comprising third and fourth building blocks (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the third building block (1) is erected adjacent to the fourth building block (1) so that the vertical groove (13) of the third building block (1) is located facing the vertical groove (13) of the fourth building block (1) to form a second mould receiving a concrete pylon (14), the third building block (1) being erected on the first building block (1), the fourth building block (1) being erected on the second building block (1), the second mould extending the first mould.

9. Method for constructing a building (2) comprising the following steps: - providing first and second building blocks (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6; - arranging the first building block (1) adjacently to the second building block (1) so that the vertical groove (13) of the first building block (1) is facing the vertical groove (13) of the second building block (1) to form a first mould; - casting concrete in the first mould to form a concrete pylon (14).