Construction clad with facade panels and method for producing such a construction

Description

Technical field

[0001] The invention relates to constructions intended to form a building and to methods of manufacturing such a construction. State of the art

[0002] Currently, there are various structures for constructing a building, such as a house or a building. Traditionally, prefabricated hollow concrete blocks or bricks are used, assembled with mortar as the wall is built. However, these walls must be built on site, and these methods are time-consuming to implement.

[0003] Prefabricated concrete modules can be made and assembled together. It is then necessary to transport the prefabricated modules from their place of manufacture to their place of assembly.

[0004] It is also known to build buildings that have a load-bearing frame that is clad with a metal or glass facade. This technical solution remains complex to implement and does not always represent a good compromise between construction costs and the thermal insulation provided by the facade.

[0005] Document US 5,239,798 discloses a facade structure mounted on a supporting structure. The facade structure has a steel support plate fixed to two consecutive slabs of the supporting structure. A plurality of facing plates are fixed independently of each other on the support plate. This technical solution is not satisfactory because it provides insufficient durability and poor thermal resistance while being relatively expensive.

[0006] Document FR2349696 discloses a building comprising a load-bearing structure with façade panels fixed to the load-bearing structure. The façade panels comprise phenolic foam or polyurethane foam arranged inside a polymer envelope. To absorb the relative thermal deformations between the panels and the load-bearing structure, the panels are fixed by rectangular steel shovels whose width is between 10 and 20 cm. Such a configuration is not satisfactory because this thermal solution has poor durability over time, low mechanical strength and poor thermal resistance.

[0007] Document FR1427593 discloses a method for attaching a building facade using curtain walls. The building comprises a supporting structure, and facade panels are attached to the supporting structure. The facade panel is made of concrete, fiber cement, wood, steel, or aluminum. The facade panels are mounted on top of each other, and each is attached to the supporting structure by a disc that fits into a notch in the side wall of the facade panel. The panels are attached to each other and to the supporting structure using a layer of mortar. This solution is not satisfactory because this technical solution does not provide good resistance over time, from a mechanical and thermal point of view. This configuration also appears expensive. Statement of the invention

[0008] An object of the invention is to provide a construction, according to claim 1, which has facade panels capable of providing good wind resistance and presenting a good compromise between the thermal insulation provided and the cost of construction while ensuring good resistance over time. This result is tended to be achieved by means of a construction which has: a load-bearing structure made of concrete reinforced by metal rods, the load-bearing structure having at least a first level with a first slab and first posts and a second level with a second slab and second posts and a third slab; a plurality of facade panels fixed to the load-bearing structure to form at least a portion of a facade of the construction, the plurality of facade panels having at least a first facade panel mounted under at least a second facade panel.

[0009] The construction is remarkable in that: each facade panel is made from a mixture containing a material capable of hardening within which organic elements of plant origin are embedded, the mixture in the hardened state having a density of less than 1000 kg / m3 and a compressive strength of between 2 and 6 MPa; each facade panel is mounted in a load-bearing manner over at least 75% of the length of the foot of the facade panel; the at least one first facade panel is mounted to be mobile at least relative to the second slab in a vertical direction, the at least one second facade panel is mounted to be mobile at least relative to the third slab; and the at least one second facade panel is in load-bearing manner exclusively on the second slab or the at least one second facade panel is in load-bearing manner exclusively on the at least one first facade panel.

[0010] In a particular embodiment, the at least one second facade panel is supported exclusively by the second slab and the at least one second facade panel is separated from the at least one first facade panel by a sealing member configured to provide watertightness.

[0011] Preferably, the at least one second facade panel is supported exclusively by the at least one first facade panel. The at least one first facade panel has a recess intended to receive one end of the second slab, the recess being arranged in an upper part of the at least one first facade panel and being separated from the second slab by an elastically deformable layer.

[0012] In an advantageous embodiment, the recess extends over the entire length of the at least one first facade panel. The length of the first slab is greater than the length of the at least one first facade panel.

[0013] In a preferred embodiment, the plurality of facade panels are attached to the supporting structure by means of a plurality of connectors. The facade panels of the plurality of facade panels are made of a mixture of wood elements and cement and / or lime. Connectors are attached directly into the facade panels of the plurality of facade panels by screwing.

[0014] Advantageously, the at least one second facade panel is fixed to the at least one first facade panel by an adhesive mortar.

[0015] According to another aspect, there is provided a method, according to claim 7, of manufacturing a panel construction as defined above. This result is tended to be achieved by means of a method which comprises the following successive steps: providing a first slab (1a) of a first level of a load-bearing structure made of concrete reinforced by metal rods; placing a foot of at least one first facade panel on the first slab; adjusting the plumb line of the first facade panel and fixing the first facade panel on the first slab by means of a plurality of connectors; forming a second slab of a second level of the load-bearing structure above the first level, the second slab being made of concrete reinforced by metal rods, the second slab being fixedly mounted on the first slab by means of the first posts, the at least one first facade panel being fixed to the second slab and mounted vertically movable relative to the second slab; placing a foot of at least one second facade panel on a top of the at least one first facade panel; adjusting the plumb line of the second facade panel and fixing the second facade panel on the second slab by means of a plurality of connectors;forming a third slab of a third level of the supporting structure above the second level, the third slab being made of concrete reinforced by metal rods, the third slab being fixedly mounted on the second slab by means of the second posts, the at least one second facade panel being fixed to the third slab and mounted vertically movable relative to the third slab. ;

[0016] The process is remarkable in that each facade panel is made from a mixture containing a material capable of hardening within which organic elements of plant origin are embedded, the mixture in the hardened state having a density of less than 1000 kg / m3 and a compressive strength of between 2 and 6 MPa.

[0017] Alternatively, this result is achieved by means of a method, according to claim 8, which comprises the following successive steps: providing a load-bearing structure made of reinforced concrete by metal rods provided with at least a first slab of a first level and a second slab of a second level arranged above the first level and a third slab of a third level arranged above the second level; placing a foot of at least one first facade panel on the first slab; adjusting the plumb line of the at least one first facade panel and fixing the at least one first facade panel on the first slab by means of a plurality of connectors; placing a foot of at least one second facade panel on the second slab; adjusting the plumb line of the at least one second facade panel and fixing the at least one second facade panel on the second slab by means of a plurality of connectors.

[0018] The process is remarkable in that each facade panel is made from a mixture containing a material capable of hardening within which organic elements of plant origin are embedded, the mixture in the hardened state having a density of less than 1000 kg / m3 and a compressive strength of between 2 and 6 MPa. Description of the drawings

[0019] Other advantages and characteristics will emerge more clearly from the following description of particular embodiments and implementations of the invention given as non-limiting examples and represented in the appended drawings, in which: there figure 1 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of a first embodiment of a part of a construction according to the invention, at a distance from the posts; the figure 2 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the connection between a slab and two facade panels shown in figure 1; there figure 3 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the embodiment of a panel shown in figure 1 at the level of the posts; the figure 4 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the connection between two facade panels, a slab and two posts as shown in figure 3 ; there Figure 5 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of a second embodiment of a part of a construction according to the invention; the figure 6 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the connection between a slab and two facade panels shown in Figure 5 ; there figure 7 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the second embodiment of a part of a construction according to the invention at the level of the posts; figure 8 schematically illustrates a vertical sectional view of the connection between two facade panels, a slab and two posts as shown in figure 7 ; there figure 9 schematically illustrates a view of the internal face of the construction according to the implementation illustrated in figures 1 to 8 with a first type of connectors; the figure 10 schematically illustrates a view of the internal face of the construction according to the implementation illustrated in figures 1 to 8 with another type of connectors the figure 11 , schematically illustrates a view of a connector intended to be molded into a pole. Detailed description

[0020] On the figures 1 to 10 are illustrated various sectional views of a construction intended to form a residential building, a commercial building or another type. The construction has several levels, for example two levels, three levels, at least three levels or at least four levels. The construction may have a ground floor, a first floor and for example at least a second floor.

[0021] The building has a load-bearing structure made of reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is formed by a concrete mix that is reinforced by rods made of metal material, preferably steel rods. The reinforced concrete load-bearing structure is advantageously made using the same techniques and conditions as reinforced load-bearing structures in the field of construction and civil engineering. The load-bearing structure ensures the mechanical strength of the construction, that is to say, the load-bearing structure ensures the mechanical integrity of the building with or without the presence of facade panels. The load-bearing structure defines at least one lower level and one upper level that is just above the lower level.

[0022] Each level has a slab. The construction has at least a first slab 1a and a second slab 1b. The supporting structure has at least first columns 2a and second columns 2b. The first columns 2a are arranged projecting from the first slab 1a and connect the first slab 1a to the second slab 1b. The second columns 2b are arranged projecting from the second slab 1b and connect the second slab 1b to the third slab 1c. The slabs 1a and 1b are mechanically connected to each other by columns also called pillars. The third slab 1c can be a slab intended to receive third columns or it can be the structure receiving the roof of the construction. Depending on the configuration, the third slab 1c can be made of reinforced concrete, concrete or another technology.

[0023] The supporting structure is clad with a plurality of facade panels 3a / 3b. The facade panels comprise one or more first facade panels 3a and one or more second facade panels 3b. The facade panels 3a / 3b are arranged around the perimeter of the supporting structure. The facade panels 3a / 3b form an envelope that separates the interior of the construction and the exterior of the construction. In a particular embodiment, the facade panels 3a / 3b form only the side walls of the construction. The foot and the top of the construction are formed by another technique, for example slabs. The facade panels 3a / 3b are said to be "non-structural", that is to say they are not configured to withstand the vertical forces applied to the supporting structure, nor to provide bracing for the supporting structure.3a / 3b facade panels are configured to form a facade that is watertight and airtight as well as to form a thermal barrier between the interior of the building and the exterior of the building.

[0024] The 3a / 3b facade panels can be openwork with one or more 4-reservations. A 4-reservation can be intended for the installation of a door, a window, a French window or any other element that allows communication between the interior and the exterior of the building. figures 8 And 9 illustrate reservations 4 in the form of windows on the second level and in the form of bay windows on the first level.

[0025] It is particularly interesting to form a construction that is not too heavy and / or whose supporting structure is not too imposing in order to provide maximum available interior space. There is therefore a need to use 3a / 3b facade panels that have a low density to reduce the weight of the facade. It is also interesting to form a construction that is thermally insulating by using insulating facade panels. 3a / 3b facade panels with a reasonable construction cost are also sought.

[0026] It is particularly advantageous to use one or more 3a / 3b facade panels that are made from a mixture of a hardening material in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded. An organic element of plant origin can be wood, straw, cellulose, rice husks, bamboo shavings, hemp or cork. An organic element includes carbon that has been little or not worked so as to have a favorable carbon balance. Preferably, the hardening material comprises a hydraulic binder, that is to say a binder that reacts with water to harden. In other words, to obtain the hardening material, the hydraulic binder is mixed with water. When the material dries, it hardens by a chemical reaction between the binder and the water. The binder is, for example, cement or lime. For example, the hardening material is a mortar.The mortar is made from cement or lime and may or may not include sand. According to the invention, the facade panel(s) 3a / 3b are made from wood-concrete, i.e. a mixture comprising a mortar in which wooden elements are embedded.

[0027] It is particularly advantageous to form a 3a / 3b facade panel having a density of less than 1200kg / m3 or even less than 1000kg / m3 or 800kg / m3 in order to have a 3a / 3b facade panel that is easy to transport and install. To obtain such a facade panel, it is particularly advantageous to use a mixture of a material capable of hardening in which organic elements of plant origin are embedded. The mixture comprises at least 50% by volume of organic elements of plant origin. Advantageously, the mixture comprises at least 70% by volume of organic elements of plant origin or even at least 80% by volume of organic elements of plant origin. Such a content of organic elements of plant origin makes it possible to form a 3a / 3b facade panel that is breathable to water vapor, which facilitates the formation of a building with good hygrothermal regulation.As illustrated in the various figures, the mixture extends from one end to the other of the facade panel 3a / 3b in the vertical direction and in the longitudinal direction to achieve the mechanical integrity of the facade panel.

[0028] The use of a 3a / 3b façade panel with a high content of organic elements of plant origin makes it possible to form a façade panel which has a density significantly lower than that of its concrete equivalent, for example at least 2 or 3 times lower than that of concrete. The weight of the façade is reduced, which limits the stresses on the supporting structure.

[0029] The use of organic elements of plant origin embedded in a hardenable material makes it possible to form a facade panel that has good fire resistance and provides good insulation against rising temperatures. Since organic elements of plant origin have a significantly lower density than concrete, the facade panel has a very low combustible mass in relation to the volume of the panel and especially in relation to the surface area of ​​the panel. The facade panel has a mobilizable combustion heat value CCM < 0.4MJ / kg. This value is significantly lower than facades made with a wooden frame. The mobilizable combustion value can be calculated according to Appendix 2 of Technical Instruction 249 version 2010 (Order of May 24, 2010).

[0030] The facade panel formed by organic elements of plant origin and the hardenable material has a textured wall which is particularly advantageous for carrying out a subsequent stage of depositing a coating, for example a roughcast.

[0031] According to the invention, the organic elements of plant origin are wooden elements. The wooden elements may be wooden slabs having a length of less than 75 mm, preferably between 10 and 75 mm, and even more preferably between 20 and 60 mm. For example, the wood-concrete comprises between 80% and 95%, relative to the total mass of the wooden elements, of wooden elements having a length of between 10 and 60 mm, preferably between 20 and 60 mm.

[0032] More specifically, these wood chips have a thickness between 1 mm and 5 mm. When using wood chips with a length between 20 and 60 mm, microcavities are obtained on the surface of the 3a / 3b facade panel, due to the concrete coating the wood chips. Such microcavities facilitate the adhesion of a surface coating on the inner and / or outer face of the facade panel.

[0033] The use of 3a / 3b facade panels with a thickness of at least 10cm also provides good sound absorption as well as good air and water tightness.

[0034] The use of a 3a / 3b facade panel with a significant content of organic elements of plant origin and a significant concrete content makes it possible to form a facade panel with a thermal inertia at least equal to approximately 0.6h / cm for facade panels with a thickness of at least 10cm. Preferably, the facade panels have a thermal inertia at least equal to 8h. In other words, it takes at least 8 hours for the heat applied to the external face of the facade panel to reach the internal face of the facade panel. Such a result is not easily achievable with a panel having a wooden frame or with a concrete panel.

[0035] The construction has a plurality of facade panels 3a / 3b which are fixed to the supporting structure to form at least a portion of a facade of the construction. The facade panels 3a / 3b are self-supporting and they do not provide any mechanical support to the supporting structure capable of providing load absorption and / or wind bracing. The facade panels 3a / 3b have a compressive strength of between 2 and 6 MPa which makes it possible to absorb fixing forces, lateral forces relative to the external face of the panel as well as pressure forces due to the wind. The plurality of facade panels 3a / 3b has at least one upper facade panel mounted above a lower facade panel. The first facade panel(s) 3a form the lower panel(s). The second facade panel(s) 3b form the upper panel(s).

[0036] Facade panels are made of a material that is a good thermal insulator, has a low density and is low in manufacturing cost, which allows for an attractive construction. On the other hand, 3a / 3b facade panels in combination with their fixings do not have mechanical performance that ensures good mechanical strength of the facade panel in all conditions. IlIt is therefore important that each of the facade panels is supported load-bearing over at least 75% of its length, preferably 100% of the length. The weight of the facade panel is taken up over the vast majority of the base of the facade panel, which is much more advantageous than a one-off support on two or three pads to ensure good mechanical strength over time. The weight of the facade panel is applied almost exclusively to the base of the facade panel. Depending on the configuration, the facade panel 3a / 3b is directly supported on a slab and / or on a lower facade panel. The mixture is supported over at least 75% of the length of the facade panel so as to provide a facade panel that has significant support with the support face immediately below, which ensures good transfer of forces over the entire height of the building facade. This also allows for good distribution of forces over the entire length of the panel.

[0037] Each of the facade panels 3a / 3b is fixed to the supporting structure. Each facade panel 3a / 3b has a foot which rests on a lower slab or a lower facade panel and a head which is fixed to an upper slab. Preferably, each facade panel 3a / 3b is fixed at its two longitudinal ends to the supporting structure. A facade panel has a height measured vertically, a length measured horizontally and a thickness measured horizontally in a direction perpendicular to the two previous ones. The thickness is significantly less than the length.

[0038] As the day progresses and the year progresses, the temperature outside the building and the temperature inside the building change. Other parameters also change, such as humidity. The 3a / 3b facade panel tends to deform differently from the supporting structure. There is also deformation of the supporting structure following the application of loads or during an earthquake. The supporting structure must not apply stresses to the side panel to prevent the facade panel from breaking and possibly detaching.

[0039] IlIt is therefore particularly advantageous for each facade panel 3a / 3b to be mounted vertically movable relative to the supporting structure by introducing a vertical functional clearance with the upper slab to which each facade panel is fixed. The value of the vertical functional clearance is preferably between 0.5 and 1.5 cm. It is then possible for the facade panel 3a / 3b to adapt its deformation between the two slabs to reduce as much as possible the forces between the facade panel 3a / 3b and the slabs 1a / 1b / 1c which hold it. The first facade panel 3a is mounted vertically movable relative to the second slab 1b. The second facade panel 3b is mounted vertically movable relative to the third slab 1c. Each functional clearance makes it possible to absorb the differential expansion between the facade panel and the supporting structure.

[0040] In order to reduce their mass, the 3a / 3b facade panels are preferably devoid of metal reinforcements, for example devoid of a metal mesh which extends over the entire surface of the panel, inside the panel. However, on the edges of the reservations, it is advantageous to install a reinforcement structure which is preferably a wooden reinforcement structure, for example wooden battens. Preferably, the reinforcement structure can be a prefabricated wooden frame advantageously treated against rain, for example a frame made from a multi-ply wooden panel.

[0041] Facade panels are configured to withstand a threshold compressive force before failure. This threshold compressive force can represent a threshold number of facade panels supported by the lower panel before failure. If this threshold force corresponds to three facade panels, it is possible to construct a building with four or fewer levels. Il It is advantageous to stack the facade panels 3a / 3b on top of each other. In other words, an upper facade panel 3b rests on a lower facade panel 3a. For example, the facade panel on the ground floor supports the weight of the facade panels on the upper floors.

[0042] On the contrary, if the building has more than four floors, then it is advantageous to fix each 3a / 3b facade panel independently to the supporting structure, each panel is placed on a slab. It is still possible to combine the two techniques in the same construction, for example by placing the second facade panel on the first facade panel and placing the third facade panel on the slab.

[0043] Preferably, a 3a / 3b facade panel has a length that is at least equal to 1 meter, preferably between 1 and 10 meters. Advantageously, the height of a 3a / 3b facade panel is at least equal to 80 cm. It is advantageous for the height of the 3a / 3b facade panel to be less than 400 cm. It is also preferable for the thickness of the 3a / 3b facade panel to be greater than 10 cm and less than 80 cm, even more preferably less than 40 cm. It is particularly advantageous to form facade panels whose thickness is between 15 and 20 cm.

[0044] In order to facilitate the installation of the facade panel 3a / 3b on the supporting structure, each facade panel 3a / 3b comprises one or a plurality of lifting rings which are intended to ensure the lifting of the facade panel 3a / 3b by a crane. Preferably, the lifting rings are installed in the mold intended to form the facade panel 3a / 3b during the pouring of the mixture into the mold.

[0045] Preferably, the tops of the lifting rings protrude from the top side wall of the facade panel 3a / 3b. The lifting rings are arranged in the median plane of the facade panel 3a / 3b. The facade panel is lifted by a crane pulling on the lifting ring(s) to place the facade panel on the supporting structure.

[0046] The foot of the first facade panel 3a is fixed to the first slab 1a by one or more first connectors 5. The first connector(s) may be brackets. The first connectors 5 may be installed in a fixed or removable manner. The first connectors 5 make it possible to define the position of the facade panel according to the direction of the thickness.

[0047] The top of the first facade panel 3a is fixed to the second slab 1b by one or more second connectors 6. The second connectors 6 ensure vertical mobility between the top of the first facade panel 3a and the second slab 1b. The second connector(s) 6 may be brackets.

[0048] The base of the first facade panel 3a is placed on the first slab 1a and it is fixed to the first slab 1a by means of the first connector 5. Depending on the configurations, the supporting structure can be formed on site in one or more operations. Alternatively, the supporting structure is formed by prefabricated elements which are fixed to each other, for example by keying. Depending on the manufacturing method of the supporting structure, different configurations of connectors 5 / 6 are available.

[0049] In the embodiment illustrated in figures 1 to 4 , the facade panels 3a / 3b are arranged on top of each other. The lowest facade panel 3a supports the weight of the other facade panels 3b.

[0050] Preferably, the first facade panel 3a, i.e. the lowest facade panel, is placed resting on the first slab 1a which represents the lowest slab. It is particularly advantageous to place the first facade panel 3a on the first slab 1a to control the alignment of the first facade panel 3a relative to the supporting structure. The adjustment of the plumb line of the first facade panel 3a is carried out once the first facade panel 3a is placed on the first slab 1a. The adjustment of the plumb line makes it possible to fix the verticality of the first facade panel 3a.

[0051] Once the plumb line has been set, the connectors fix the position and more particularly the verticality of the first facade panel in relation to the supporting structure.

[0052] On the other hand, the fixing of the first facade panel 3a with the supporting structure is preferably carried out in such a way as to prevent transverse functional play, i.e. in the direction of the thickness of the facade panel 3a / 3b. The vertical and possibly longitudinal functional play makes it possible to mechanically separate the supporting structure and the vertical facade panel.

[0053] Once the first facade panel 3a is fixed, the second facade panel 3b is placed on its support. Depending on the embodiments, the support is formed by the top of the first facade panel 3a or by the second slab 1b. Once the second facade panel 3b is installed, the plumb line of the second facade panel 3b is adjusted relative to the supporting structure. The adjustment of the plumb line makes it possible to define the verticality of the second facade panel 3b relative to the slabs and the lower facade panel 3a.

[0054] Once the verticality of the second facade panel 3b has been adjusted, the angle of inclination relative to the vertical direction is fixed by means of several connectors. Connectors are used to fix the foot of the second facade panel 3b with the second slab 1b. Connectors are used to fix the top of the second facade panel 3b with the third slab 1c. Connectors are used to fix the foot of the second facade panel 3b with second posts 2b.

[0055] The connectors that fix the foot of the second facade panel 3b with the second slab 1b can be used independently of the configuration chosen for its support (second slab 1b or first facade panel 3a).

[0056] The upper facade panel 3b is mounted resting on its support, i.e. on the common length between the facade panel 3b and its support, i.e. at least 75% of the length of the panel 3b, which makes it possible to achieve effective absorption of the load-bearing force. The second facade panel 3b is fixed to the supporting structure at its base and at its top by means of first connectors and second connectors. Preferably, the longitudinal ends of the second facade panel 3b are fixed to the supporting structure by connectors.

[0057] The fixing of each 3a / 3b facade panel to the supporting structure makes it possible to adjust the plumb line of each 3a / 3b facade panel so as to provide a facade with a better appearance and better management of water flow along the facade. The fixing of the 3a / 3b facade panel with the supporting structure makes it possible to absorb the pressure and depression forces linked to the circulation of the wind around the construction without generating any transmission of force in the vertical direction.

[0058] As illustrated in figures 2 And 4, the first facade panel 3a is covered by a separating layer 7. The separating layer 7 is made of a hardenable and deformable material in the liquid or pasty state. When mounting the second facade panel 3b on the first facade panel 3a, the separating layer 7 deforms to ensure homogenization of the load-bearing forces between the two panels 3a and 3b. The increase in the load-bearing surface makes it possible to improve the service life of the lower facade panels. The hardenable material hardens and acts as an adhesive between the first facade panel 3a and the second facade panel 3b.

[0059] In another particular embodiment illustrated in figures 5 to 8, each facade panel 3a / 3b is supported on one of the slabs 1a / 1b of the supporting structure and not on another facade panel 3a / 3b. Each facade panel 3a / 3b is fully supported by a slab 1a / 1b of the supporting structure. When the facade panel is mounted supported on a slab 1a / 1b, it is advantageous to place a layer of adhesive mortar between the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b. The layer of adhesive mortar allows the facade panel 3a / 3b to be fixed to the slab to reduce the movements between the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b and this also improves the air and water tightness at the foot of the facade panel 3a / 3b.

[0060] As with the previous embodiment, each facade panel 3a / 3b is fixed to the supporting structure at its base and at its top by first and second connectors as well as preferably at its longitudinal ends.

[0061] It is particularly advantageous for each facade panel 3a / 3b to be supported in a load-bearing manner on the end of the slab 1a / 1b and for the base of the facade panel 3a / 3b to project from the end of the slab 1a / 1b. Preferably, the facade panel is supported on the slab over a distance at least equal to 10% but not more than 70% of the thickness of the facade panel.

[0062] Preferably, the height of the first facade panel 3a is slightly less than the distance which separates the two upper faces of the two slabs 1a and 1b on which the first facade panel 3a is fixed. Il It is particularly advantageous to provide that the height of the facade panel is less than the said distance which separates the two upper faces by a value between 1 cm and 4 cm. The same can be true for each facade panel 3a / 3b.

[0063] As illustrated in figures 5 to 8, the gap existing between the first facade panel 3a and the second facade panel 3b allows the installation of a sealing member 8 which is configured to provide watertightness between the two facade panels 3a and 3b. It is also advantageous to fill part of the gap with a layer of adhesive mortar or any other hardenable separating material 9 which ensures continuous contact between the two facade panels and thus seals the space between the two facade panels to provide a flat outer face facilitating the evacuation of water. Preferably, the sealing member is installed after the facade panels have been fixed to the supporting structure.

[0064] As illustrated in figures 1 to 8, advantageously, the top of the facade panel 3a / 3b has a recess 10 which extends inside the facade panel 3a / 3b over a first distance. The recess 10 receives the nose of the slab and / or a layer of thermal insulation 11. The layer of thermal insulation 11 separates the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b.

[0065] It is advantageous to avoid any direct contact between the facade panel 3a / 3b and the slab 1a / 1b. It is preferable to separate the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b by one or more elastically deformable elements and more particularly by sealing members. It is advantageous to install an elastically deformable element which forms a thermal insulator 11 between the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b in the direction of the thickness of the facade panel 3a / 3b.

[0066] The elastically deformable element extends along the length direction of the facade panel 3a / 3b. It is also advantageous to install an elastically deformable element which is preferably a thermal insulator and / or a sealing member 12 between the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b in a vertical direction inside the recess 10.

[0067] A thermal insulator is a layer made of a material which has a thermal resistivity greater than the thermal resistivity of the material forming the slab.

[0068] In the embodiment illustrated in figures 5 to 8, the slab sinks a predetermined distance into the recess 10. The foot of the facade panel 3a / 3b rests on the slab 1a / 1b with the same distance. This configuration allows better control of the plumb line of each facade panel 3a / 3b. Preferably, the recess 10 extends over less than 50% of the thickness of the facade panel.

[0069] Preferably, at least one or each facade panel 3a / 3b has a recess 10 intended to receive the upper slab 1b to which it is fixed. The recess 10 is arranged in an upper part of the facade panel 3a, i.e. in the top of the facade panel. The recess 10 is illustrated in the vertical sectional views of the figures 1 to 8 .

[0070] In an advantageous embodiment, the thermal insulator 11 is replaced by a sealing element configured to provide fire resistance and / or acoustic sealing. Advantageously, the sealing member 12 is configured to provide air sealing.

[0071] In a particular embodiment, the recess 10 extends over the entire length of the facade panel 3a / 3b. The length of the slab 1b is greater than the length of the facade panel 3a. Several facade panels 3a and / or 3b can be arranged side by side along the length direction.

[0072] Preferably, in a horizontal section, two 3a / 3b facade panels of the same level are separated from each other by a second separating layer made of a material that can be hardened and deformed in a liquid or pasty state, for example an adhesive mortar. The use of an adhesive mortar installed to fill the gap between two adjacent facade panels reduces water infiltration and prevents the formation of an air circulation circuit. This configuration improves the watertightness of the facade as well as its thermal insulation.

[0073] In order to facilitate independent or quasi-independent deformation between two adjacent 3a or 3b facade panels of the same level, it is particularly advantageous to leave a gap of at least 1 cm, or even 2 cm.

[0074] As illustrated in figures 1, 2 , 3 , 5, 6 , 7, 8 And 10, it is particularly advantageous to form recesses 14 in the inner face of the facade panels 3a / 3b to facilitate the installation of the connectors 5 and 6 between the facade panel 3a / 3b and one of the two slabs 1a / 1b on which it is fixed. The recesses 14 are made during the molding of the facade panel and define the position of the connectors 5 and 6. This makes it possible to simply define the position of the connectors as well as their number. This also makes it possible to quickly detect an oversight in the installation of a connector.

[0075] As illustrated in figures 1 to 8 , in order to limit the heat flow between the exterior and the interior of the construction, it is advantageous to install a thermal insulator 15 between a beam 2a / 2b and the facade panel 3a / 3b. The thermal insulator 15 is for example a foam seal, preferably with closed pores.

[0076] The thermal insulation is elastically deformable so as to accept a displacement between the elements which are in contact with the thermal insulation. The thermal insulation is preferably airtight. Preferably, the foam seal is made of polyurethane. It is even more preferable to use a strip of rock wool or another insulation which is in the form of a felt or a strip and to add a polyurethane foam seal at each of its ends. Preferably, the thermal insulation comprises a foam which separates two joints in the longitudinal direction of the facade panel. In a particular embodiment, before assembly, the facade panels define a groove intended to receive the foam so as to ensure good fixing and good insulation. The groove is preferably formed during the molding of the facade panel.

[0077] In a particular embodiment, the facade panel 3a / 3b is separated from a beam 2a / 2b or a partition wall of the supporting structure by a thermal insulator which may be rock wool. The thermal insulator 9 is configured to block the heat flow between the slab and the facade panel.

[0078] It is particularly advantageous to provide that a facade panel 3a / 3b is fixed at each of its longitudinal ends to a beam 2a / 2b of the supporting structure or to a partition wall of the supporting structure. It is also very advantageous for a beam or a partition wall of the supporting structure to ensure the fixing of two adjacent facade panels 3a / 3b. It is preferable to use a third connector 16, a particular embodiment of which is illustrated in figure 11 .

[0079] The third connector 16 has oblong holes 17 oriented in the vertical direction when the third connector is fixed to the facade panel 3a / 3b. In the particular embodiment illustrated in figure 11 , the connector 16 is configured to connect two adjacent facade panels. The connector 16 has hooks or rings 18 which are intended to be inserted into a beam during casting of the beam. The hook(s) prevent the connector from being extracted from the beam once the concrete has dried.

[0080] Preferably, the third connector 16 is fixed to one or more facade panels by screws 19 which are inserted directly into the mixture forming the facade panel.

[0081] It is particularly advantageous to use a 3a / 3b facade panel made from a mixture containing a material capable of hardening within which organic elements of plant origin are embedded and containing a content of organic elements of plant origin of at least 50% by volume. Such a content of organic elements of plant origin makes it possible to provide a facade panel which can be cut using a saw. A step of cutting the facade panel using a saw makes it possible to modify the shape of the 3a / 3b facade panel in order to compensate for a hazard on the supporting structure.

[0082] The use of such a facade panel also allows the facade panel 3a / 3b to be fixed directly with the connector that makes the mechanical connection between the slab 1a / 1b and the facade panel 3a / 3b. It is particularly advantageous to carry out the fixing by screwing directly into the facade panel 3a / 3b, which makes it easier to install the facade panel 3a / 3b. Such an embodiment makes it possible to adjust the verticality of the facade panel 3a / 3b as well as the alignment of the facade panels 3a / 3b relative to each other on the different levels. The screwing is carried out directly without the formation of a preliminary hole or the use of a dowel.

[0083] Construction can be carried out in different ways with different degrees of advancement of the supporting structure when installing one or more facade panels of one level.

[0084] In a first embodiment, a supporting structure is provided which has at least a first slab 1a, a second slab 1b, a first set of first posts 2a connecting the first slab 1a to the second slab 1b and a second set of second posts 2b projecting from the second slab 1b and separated from the first set of second posts 2a by the second slab 1b. The supporting structure may also have a third slab 1c mounted on the second set of second posts 2b to form a roof or a support for the roof.

[0085] A first facade panel 3a is installed and then fixed to the supporting structure. A second facade panel 3b is installed resting on the first facade panel 3a and then fixed to the supporting structure. If a third facade panel is used, the latter is installed resting on the second facade panel and then fixed to the supporting structure. The facade panels are installed and fixed one after the other.

[0086] Each facade panel 3a / 3b is fixed to the supporting structure by means of one or more first connectors 5 which provide the mechanical connection between the foot of each facade panel 3a / 3b and the slab 1a / 1b which faces the foot in a horizontal direction. Preferably, the first connectors 5 are fixed to the slab before mounting the first facade panel opposite the corresponding level of the construction.

[0087] It is preferable to mount the first connectors 5 flush with the nose of the slab, i.e. the end of the slab so as to adjust the plumb line of the facade panel 3a / 3b.

[0088] Preferably, the facade panel 3a / 3b is also fixed at each of its longitudinal ends to a beam 2a / 2b or possibly to a partition wall by means of third connectors 16. The third connectors 16 can be installed on the facade panel 3a / 3b or on the second posts or partition walls before the installation of the upper facade panel.

[0089] Each facade panel is fixed to the supporting structure by means of one or more second connectors 6 which provide the mechanical connection between the top of each facade panel 3a / 3b and the slab facing the top in a horizontal direction. Preferably, the second connectors 6 are fixed to the slab 1b / 1c before mounting the first facade panel 3a / 3b opposite the construction level.

[0090] The facade panel 3a / 3b is fixed to the supporting structure by its foot and its top and preferably by its lateral ends. Each of the connectors ensures a vertical displacement of the first facade panel relative to the supporting structure. Preferably, this applies to all the facade panels of the same level and even more preferably to all the facade panels of the construction. Each connector preferably has vertical oblong holes which ensure a vertical functional clearance. Il It is also possible to have a connector that has horizontal oblong holes that ensure horizontal functional clearance.

[0091] In a second embodiment, the second slab 1b is produced after the assembly of the first facade panel 3a. More generally, the slab of a level n+1 is produced after the fixing of the facade panel(s) of level n. The supporting structure has a first slab 1a with a set of first posts 2a. The first posts 2a are posts which project from the first slab 1a and which are intended to support the second slab 1b.

[0092] A first facade panel 3a is fixed to the supporting structure. The first facade panel 3a is fixed to the first slab 1a. The first facade panel 3a is fixed by means of one or more first connectors 5 which make the mechanical connection between the first facade panel 3a and the first slab 1a. The first connectors are advantageously removable connectors or comprise removable connectors. The first facade panel 3a is fixed to the first posts 2a or partition walls by the third connectors 16. Preferably, each of the longitudinal ends of the first facade panel 3 is fixed to one of the second posts 2a or to a partition wall.

[0093] As indicated above, it is advantageous to fix the first connectors 5 to the first slab 1a before installing the first facade panel 3a.

[0094] Once the first facade panel 3a is secured to the supporting structure, a second slab 1b is formed on the supporting structure. Preferably, the second slab 1b is cast. When the second slab 1b is cast, it is advantageous to secure a waterproof film in the upper recess of the first facade panel 3a. The waterproof film is configured to prevent the concrete of the second slab 1b from attaching directly to the top of the first facade panel 3a and transmitting significant forces from the supporting structure. The formwork for the second slab 1b is installed and the second slab 1b is cast. Once the concrete of the second slab 1b is dry, the detachable connectors can be removed.

[0095] Before forming the second slab 1b and the second posts 2b, it is preferable to install the second connectors 8 on the top of the first facade panel 3a. Preferably, the second connector 8 at the top has one or more hooks and / or one or more rings. The hook or ring is embedded inside the concrete used to form the second slab. The installation of the hook or ring in the second slab ensures the fixing between the first facade panel and the second slab. The second connector 8 preferably has oblong holes to allow the vertical sliding of the first facade panel relative to the second slab. Once the second slab 1b is poured and dry, the second connector 8 is inseparable from the second slab 1b. The second connector 8 may be in the form of a bracket with a hook or a ring like the one illustrated in figure 11. Other configurations are possible which prevent the disassembly of the second connector 8.

[0096] After the concrete forming the second slab 1b and the second posts 2b has dried, the second facade panel 3b can be installed. The second facade panel 3b is placed on the first facade panel 3a. The second facade panel 3b is fixed to the second slab 1b by means of a connector which allows vertical functional clearance between the second facade panel 3b and the second slab 1b.

[0097] Advantageously, the casting of the second slab 1b uses the first facade panel 3a as part of the mold. Preferably, the upper part of the first facade panel 3a defines a recess and the recess is used to complete the mold which defines the shape of the slab, it forms part of the formwork. One longitudinal end of the slab is defined by a facade panel. Preferably, the two opposite horizontal ends of the slab are defined by two facade panels. It is particularly advantageous to make the waterproof film in a layer of thermal insulation 11 to form part of the mold. Once the plumb line of the first facade panel 3a is adjusted, the second slab 1b is formed using the first facade panel 3a which makes it possible to adjust the end of the slab 1b relative to the first facade panel 3a and thus limit the stresses on the horizontal directions.The mechanical stress applied to the thermal insulation layer 11 is limited, which makes it possible not to degrade the insulating quality of the material used when the first facade panel 3a is moved. The thermal insulation layer 11 is retained, which makes it possible to improve the thermal resistance between the external face of the first facade panel 3a and the first slab 1a.

[0098] This embodiment is particularly advantageous when the facade panels are mounted directly on top of each other. The second facade panel 3b may have a slight indentation in its foot wall to avoid coming to bear on the second slab 1b.

[0099] In one configuration, the second posts 2b are cast after the formation of the second slab 1b. Alternatively, the second posts 2b are manufactured upstream and are fixed to the second slab 1b.

[0100] In a third embodiment, the first facade panel 3a is fixed to the first slab 1b before forming the second slab 2b. As in the previous embodiment, the first facade panel is used to mold the second slab 1b.

[0101] The first facade panel 3a is used to carry out the molding of one or more first posts 2a. Preferably, two adjacent facade panels 3a, in a longitudinal direction, are used to carry out the molding of a first post 2a. Advantageously, each of the two panels 3a is fixed or will be fixed to the beam 2a. The first facade panels 3a are previously supported to ensure good molding.

[0102] In a particular embodiment, the two facade panels 3a are fixed to each other by means of a third connector 16 such as that illustrated in figure 11. The connector 16 has a hook and / or a ring which are located in the mold intended to form a first post 2a. When molding the beam 2a, the hook and / or the ring 17 are embedded in the concrete of the beam 2a, which makes it possible to make the connector 16 inseparable from the beam 2a. The connector has oblong holes in the vertical direction to allow vertical sliding of the facade panel 3a relative to the supporting structure. What is said for the first facade panel 3a can be applied to a facade panel of another level.

[0103] It is particularly advantageous to cover the first facade panel with a layer of thermally insulating material, for example a layer of rock wool. The thermally insulating material forms the wall of a mold intended to form the slab.

Claims

1. Construction comprising: - a supporting structure made from concrete reinforced by metal rods, the supporting structure having at least a first level with a first slab (1a) and first posts (2a) and a second level with a second slab (1b) and second posts (2b) and a third slab (1c); - a plurality of façade panels (3a, 3b) fixed to the supporting structure to form at least a part of a façade of the construction, the plurality of façade panels (3a, 3b) having at least one first façade panel (3a) mounted under at least one second façade panel (3b); characterised in that: - each façade panel (3a, 3b) is made from a mixture containing a curable material in which organic plant-derived elements are embedded, the mixture comprising at least 50% by volume of organic plant-derived elements, the curable material being a mortar and the organic plant-derived elements being wood particles, the mixture in the cured state having a density of less than 1000kg / m3 and a compressive strength comprised between 2 and 6MPa; - each façade panel (3a, 3b) is mounted supported by at least 75% of the length of the foot of the façade panel; - the at least one first façade panel (3a) is mounted movable at least with respect to the second slab (1b) in a vertical direction with a vertical functional clearance to adjust a difference of thermal expansion between the supporting structure and the at least one first façade panel (3a), - the at least one second façade panel (3b) is mounted movable at least with respect to the third slab (1c) with a vertical functional clearance to adjust a difference of thermal expansion between the supporting structure and the at least one second façade panel (3b); and - the at least one second façade panel (3b) is supported solely by the second slab (1b) or the at least one second façade panel (3b) is supported solely by the at least one first façade panel (3a).

2. Construction according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second façade panel (3b) is supported solely by the second slab (1b) and the at least one second façade panel (3b) is separated from the at least one first façade panel (3a) by a sealing part (6) configured to perform waterproofing.

3. Construction according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second façade panel (3b) is supported solely by the at least one first façade panel (3a) and wherein the at least one first façade panel (3a) has a recess (10) designed to receive one end of the second slab (1b), the recess (10) being located in a top part of the at least a first façade panel (3a) and being separated from the second slab (1b) by a elastically deformable layer.

4. Construction according to claim 3, wherein the recess (10) extends over the whole length of the at least one first façade panel (3a) and wherein the length of the first slab (1a) is greater than the length of the at least one first façade panel (3a).

5. Construction according to any one of the foregoing claims wherein the plurality of façade panels (3a, 3b) are fixed to the supporting structure by means of a plurality of connectors (5, 6, 16), wherein the façade panels (3a, 3b) of the plurality of façade panels (3a, 3b) are made from a mixture of wood elements and cement and / or lime, and wherein connectors (5, 6, 16) are fixed directly in the façade panels (3a, 3b) of the plurality of façade panels (3a, 3b) by screw-fastening.

6. Construction according to previous claim wherein the at least one second façade panel (3b) is fixed to the at least one first façade panel (3a) by an adhesive mortar (7).

7. Method for producing a construction comprising the following successive steps: - providing a first slab (1a) of a first level of a supporting structure made from concrete reinforced by metal rods; - placing a foot of at least one first façade panel (3a) on the first slab (1a); - adjusting the plumbness of the first façade panel (3a) and fixing the first façade panel (3a) on the first slab (1a) by means of a plurality of connectors; - forming a second slab (1b) of a second level of the supporting structure above the first level, the second slab (1b) being made from concrete reinforced by metal rods, the second slab (1b) being mounted fixedly on the first slab (1a) by means of first posts (2a), the at least one first façade panel (3a) being fixed to the second slab (1b) and mounted movable vertically with respect to the second slab (1b); - placing a foot of at least one second façade panel (3b) on the top of the at least one first façade panel (3a); - adjusting the plumbness of the second façade panel (3b) and fixing the second façade panel (3b) on the second slab (1b) by means of a plurality of connectors; - forming a third slab (1c) of a third level of the supporting structure above the second level, the third slab (1c) being made from concrete reinforced by metal rods, the third slab (1c) being mounted fixedly on the second slab (1b) by means of second posts (2b), the at least one second façade panel (3b) being fixed to the third slab (1c) and mounted movable vertically with respect to the third slab (1c), method wherein each façade panel (3a, 3b) is made from a mixture containing a curable material in which organic plant-derived elements are embedded, the mixture in the cured state having a density of less than 1000kg / m3 and a compressive strength comprised between 2 and 6Mpa, and wherein each façade panel (3a, 3b) is mounted supported by at least 75% of the length of the foot of the façade panel (3a, 3b).

8. Method for producing a construction comprising the following successive steps: - providing a supporting structure made from concrete reinforced by metal rods provided with at least a first slab (1a) and first posts (2a) of a first level and a second slab (1b) and second posts (2b) of a second level arranged above the first level, and a third slab (1c) of a third level arranged above the second level; - placing a foot of at least one first façade panel (3a) on the first slab (1a); - adjusting the plumbness of the at least one first façade panel (3a) and fixing the at least one first façade panel (3a) on the first slab (1a) by means of a plurality of connectors; - placing a foot of at least one second façade panel (3b) on the second slab (1b); - adjusting the plumbness of the at least one second façade panel (3b) and fixing the at least one second façade panel (3b) on the second slab (1b) by means of a plurality of connectors; method wherein each façade panel (3a, 3b) is made from a mixture containing a curable material in which organic plant-derived elements are embedded, the mixture comprising at least 50% by volume of organic plant-derived elements, the curable material being a mortar, the organic plant-derived elements being wood particles, the mixture in the cured state having a density of less than 1000kg / m3 and a compressive strength comprised between 2 and 6MPa, wherein the at least one first façade panel (3a) is mounted movable at least with respect to the second slab (1b) in a vertical direction with a vertical functional clearance to adjust a difference of thermal expansion between the supporting structure and the at least one first façade panel (3a), wherein the at least one second façade panel (3b) is mounted movable at least with respect to the third slab (1c) with a vertical functional clearance to adjust a difference of thermal expansion between the supporting structure and the at least one second façade panel (3b), and wherein each façade panel (3a, 3b) is mounted supported by at least 75% of the length of the foot of the façade panel (3a, 3b).