Support structure and corresponding support device

Abstract

The invention relates to a support structure (1) comprising at least one central anchoring rod (3), intended to be driven by one end into a ground in order to form an anchor, at least two bars (51, 52) arranged so as to form a central cross (5) configured to be crossed by the central anchoring rod (3), and a frame surrounding the central cross (5). According to the invention, the at least two bars (51, 52) of the central cross (5) each have two end plates (11) respectively comprising a cable passage (111), and in that said structure (1) comprises at least one peripheral cable (7) arranged around a central cross (5) passing through the cable passages (111), so as to form the frame.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a retaining structure, particularly of the type used to prepare or reinforce earthworks and in the development of sloping terrain. The invention also relates to a retaining device comprising one or more retaining structures.

[0002] It is known to use walls, usually made of stone, metal, or wood, to create retaining structures. Such structures serve, for example, to hold back earth on a slope, so that a strip of flat land can be created, particularly for building a road or a building on top of it.

[0003] These earthwork structures are subject to strong stresses due to the weight of the retained earth, and the structures must therefore be designed to withstand them.

[0004] A well-known example is the retaining wall, also known as a dam. Such a wall is usually built of stone, concrete, or metal sheet piles on a slope. The earth is held back behind the wall and presses against it in a force that tends both to push the wall outward and to cause it to topple.

[0005] It is known, for example, to anchor the retaining wall to one or more dead bodies, to associate it with a cantilevered footing, to add buttresses or even to drive a portion of the wall into the ground to resist the previously mentioned forces, when the weight of the wall alone is no longer sufficient.

[0006] These methods, however, are costly, require significant resources or equipment, and are often laborious to implement. For example, sheet piles require vibrators or pistons for driving. Dead bodies for anchoring must, if not naturally present, be relocated and properly buried, and cantilever footings must also be buried deep enough to fulfill their purpose.

[0007] A constant challenge is being able to adapt easily to different terrain configurations. Furthermore, it is important to prevent and limit potential ground subsidence.

[0008] To address at least some of these problems, a rigid, all-steel structure was developed, featuring a central cross made of steel bars and surrounded by a steel frame. The frame is pressed against the ground to be reinforced to contain the earth pressure, and a grid attached to the frame allows for drainage.

[0009] However, such a structure is very heavy, for example around 300 kg, complicating transport and installation on site. In certain challenging geotechnical situations, it is preferable to install lighter retaining structures to avoid destabilizing the ground.

[0010] Such an all-steel structure is also relatively expensive to build and install. Furthermore, a steel structure does not necessarily blend seamlessly or harmoniously into its surroundings.

[0011] Furthermore, their transport and storage can be complicated. It is important to facilitate the transport and storage of retaining structures.

[0012] Finally, a very important challenge is to reduce the environmental footprint for the construction and installation of retaining structures.

[0013] Document EP1728924A1 discloses a structure according to the preamble of independent claim 1.

[0014] The invention aims to overcome, at least partially, the aforementioned drawbacks by providing a retaining structure that is less expensive, lighter, and easier to transport and install, thereby limiting environmental impact while maintaining good technical performance for consolidating and reinforcing soil. Another objective is to facilitate the integration of such a structure into the landscape.

[0015] To this end, the invention relates to a support structure, comprising at least one central anchor rod, intended to be driven by one end into the ground to form an anchor, at least two bars arranged to form a central cross configured to be crossed by the central anchor rod, and a frame surrounding the central cross.

[0016] According to the invention, the at least two bars of the central cross each have two end plates, each comprising a cable passage. The structure includes at least one peripheral cable arranged around the central cross, passing through the cable passages, so as to form the frame.

[0017] This solution results in a lighter, less expensive structure that is easier to transport and install compared to prior art solutions, particularly those with a steel frame. The retaining structure may also incorporate one or more of the following features, described below, either individually or in combination.

[0018] According to the invention, the end plates are fixed to the ends of at least two bars of the central cross.

[0019] The end plates are, according to the invention, generally rectangular in shape.

[0020] According to the invention, the ends of at least two bars of the central cross are arranged along a diagonal of the corresponding end plate. According to the invention, the ends of at least two bars of the central cross are arranged at a predetermined non-zero distance from an outer corner of the end plate. The outer corner may, in particular, coincide with a corner of the frame formed by the perimeter cable and carrying the cable passage on the other side.

[0021] Cable passages are, for example, achieved using tubes fixed to the end plates. These are, in particular, bent tubes.

[0022] Advantageously, the structure includes a reinforcing frame in the general shape of a pyramidal point, connected to the bars of the central cross, and configured to be crossed by the central anchor rod.

[0023] The structure has a significant load-bearing capacity thanks to its pyramidal or diamond-shaped reinforcement bars. These reinforcement bars prestress the structure, limiting any potential ground decompression movement. This prevents the structure from being subjected to uneven pressure in the event of ground decompression.

[0024] According to one embodiment, the structure comprises at least one reinforcing piece having a central opening through which the central anchor rod passes, and a predetermined number of reinforcing cables. These cables are respectively connected to a bar of the central cross and join at the reinforcing piece, arranged in a general pyramidal shape with the reinforcing piece at its apex.

[0025] In general, the structure includes additional fixing elements provided on the one hand at the level of the reinforcement piece and on the other hand at the level of the reinforcement cables.

[0026] The reinforcing piece includes, for example, a main face with the central opening.

[0027] A predefined number of fixing tabs configured to cooperate with complementary fixing elements of the reinforcement cables, can extend from the main face of the reinforcement piece.

[0028] The reinforcing frame can be attached to the bars of the central cross, for example, in the middle of the bars. Alternatively, the reinforcing frame can be attached to the end plates.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the structure comprises a predefined number of fixing brackets arranged around the bars of the central cross.

[0030] The fixing brackets each include at least one assembly member configured to cooperate with a complementary fixing element of a reinforcing cable.

[0031] According to another embodiment, the end plates may respectively include at least one fixing tab configured to cooperate with a complementary fixing element of a reinforcing cable.

[0032] Reinforcing cables have fastening elements at their ends, for example in the form of fastening rings.

[0033] The fixing tabs or fixing lugs, depending on the embodiment variant, may respectively have an opening around which a cable fixing ring is attached.

[0034] According to one variant, the reinforcing frame is designed to be placed in the ground, so that the apex of the pyramidal point faces in the same direction as the end of the anchor rod intended to be driven into the ground. The reinforcing cables and the reinforcing piece can also be designed to be placed in the ground.

[0035] According to a second variant, the reinforcing frame is intended to be arranged in the ground, so that the apex of the pyramidal point points in the opposite direction to that of the end of the anchor rod intended to be driven into the ground.

[0036] According to one embodiment, the bars of the central cross are metallic or made of metallic alloy, in particular steel.

[0037] In another embodiment, the central crossbars are made of wood. This solution is even less expensive and reduces the carbon footprint compared to steel bars. It is also more aesthetically pleasing and blends more easily into a natural environment. Furthermore, wooden central crossbars have the advantage of being easily and quickly adjusted as needed, for example, directly on the construction site.

[0038] The structure may include first end sleeves fixed to the end plates, receiving the first ends of the bars of said cross.

[0039] The structure may include second end sleeves fixed to a central plate disposed in the center of said cross, receiving from the second ends of the bars of said cross.

[0040] In another aspect, the structure includes at least one transverse beam fixed to two successive end plates. It is intended to be positioned at the top of the structure when it is put in place.

[0041] The crossbeam is advantageously made of the same material as the bars of the central cross. The crossbeam can be made of metal and welded to the end plates. Alternatively, the crossbeam can be made of wood and attached to the end plates.

[0042] According to one embodiment, the structure also includes a predetermined number of reinforcing anchor rods, in addition to the central anchor rod. These can be arranged around the periphery of the structure.

[0043] One or more of the following elements may be made of a metallic or metallic alloy material, in particular steel: the anchor rod(s), the end plates, the central plate, the reinforcing piece, the end sleeves.

[0044] The structure also includes a metal grid attached to the perimeter cable. A jute fabric can be added over the grid to allow for vegetation.

[0045] The ends of the central cross bars are positioned along a diagonal of the corresponding end plate, at a predetermined, non-zero distance from an outer corner of the end plate, coinciding with a corner of the frame formed by the perimeter cable. This outer corner has a cable passage on its opposite side, for example, in the form of a bent tube. This allows the central crosses to be stacked on the side with the cable passages, preventing them from slipping.

[0046] A kit for assembling one or more support structures on the construction site is being considered.

[0047] Elements of the same type, especially central crosses, from different structures can be stacked.

[0048] The invention also relates to a support device, comprises at least one support structure, or even a plurality of support structures as defined previously.

[0049] Other advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent upon reading the following description, given by way of illustrative and non-limiting example, and the accompanying drawings, among which are: [ Fig. 1 [ ] is a front view of a metal retaining structure according to a first embodiment comprising a central cross, a peripheral cable surrounding the central cross, and a grid attached to the cable. Fig. 2] is a perspective view partially showing two structures of the figure 1 assemblies. Fig. 3 [ ] is an enlarged view showing an end plate of a bar forming the central cross. Fig. 4 ] is a profile view of the structure of the figure 1 . [ Fig. 5 [ ] is a rear view of two structures according to the first embodiment in which the grids have been removed and showing the pyramidal-shaped reinforcing bars of the structures. Fig. 6 [ ] is a view of a reinforcing piece at the top of the cabled pyramidal-shaped reinforcement frame. Fig. 7 ] partially shows the connection between the reinforcing piece and the reinforcing cables of the pyramidal-shaped reinforcing frame. Fig. 8 [ ] shows a mounting bracket for attaching a reinforcement cable to a bar of the central cross. ] Fig. 9] is a front perspective view of a metal retaining structure according to a second embodiment comprising a pyramidal-shaped reinforcement made of metal beams. Fig. 10 ] is a rear perspective view of the metal support structure of the figure 9 . [ Fig. 11 ] shows a third embodiment of a retaining structure without pyramidal-shaped reinforcement. Fig. 12 ] shows a stack of two central crosses, partly made of wood and surrounded by peripheral cables of support structures according to a fourth embodiment. Fig. 13 [ ] is an enlarged view showing the interlocking ends of the bars. Fig. 14 ] is a front perspective view of the central cross to which a reinforced, pyramidal-shaped, cable-linked structure is attached. Fig. 15 ] is a rear perspective view of the figure 14 . [ Fig. 16[ ] is a front view of a retaining structure partly made of wood. Fig. 17 ] is a profile view of the structure of the figure 16 showing a reinforced, pyramidal-shaped, cable-linked structure attached to the end plates. Fig. 18 ] is a perspective view of the central cross of the structure of the Figures 16 and 17 . [ Fig. 19 ] is a front view of a metal retaining structure according to a fifth embodiment further comprising a transverse beam. Fig. 20 ] shows two partially wooden retaining structures, each comprising a transverse beam. Fig. 21 ] shows different examples of the application of a support system comprising one or more support structures.

[0050] In these figures, identical elements bear the same reference numbers.

[0051] The following are examples. Although the description refers to one or more embodiments, this does not necessarily mean that each reference relates to the same embodiment, or that the features apply only to a single embodiment. Simple features from different embodiments can also be combined or interchanged to provide other embodiments.

[0052] In the description, certain elements can be indexed, such as "first" or "second." This can be a simple indexing method to differentiate and name similar but not identical elements. This indexing does not necessarily imply priority of one element over another, and such designations can easily be interchanged without departing from the scope of this description. Nor does this indexing necessarily imply a chronological order. SUPPORT STRUCTURE

[0053] With reference to figures 1 and 2 The invention relates to a support structure 1 which can be intended for different applications depending on the geotechnical context.

[0054] In general, retaining structure 1 is designed for use in soil and ground stabilization or reinforcement. It can be used to prepare or reinforce earthworks, or in the development of sloping or difficult-to-access areas or terrain. It can also be used as an alternative to traditional special works such as shotcrete soil nailing or Berlin walls. It can also be used as an alternative to road widening or access track construction using riprap or concrete walls. Furthermore, it can be used for widening ski slopes or to address specific ski-related issues, for example, by creating a raised section to contain snow or a gooseneck to equip structures with skier safety nets. General structure

[0055] Such a structure 1 comprises at least one central anchor rod 3 (also called central anchor bar), a central cross 5, and at least one peripheral cable 7 arranged around the central cross 5 so as to form a frame surrounding the central cross 5.

[0056] Structure 1 also includes a retention layer. This is advantageously a metallic grid 9, particularly made of stainless steel. Thanks to this grid 9, structure 1 does not retain the hydrostatic pressure of the ground; it allows drainage. Other variations for the retention layer can be considered.

[0057] Advantageously, structure 1 also includes one or more means of reinforcement allowing to strengthen and stiffen structure 1, examples of which are described below.

[0058] The different elements composing structure 1 are described in more detail below.

[0059] The central anchor rod 3 is intended to be driven by one of its ends into the ground, for example until it reaches a sufficiently hard layer, to form an anchor.

[0060] The central anchor rod 3 is, for example, made from a solid or hollow bar, the latter being called a self-drilling or self-drilling bar, in the form of a thread. It is intended, for example, to be installed using destructive drilling techniques in soil or to be connected to a dead body, at one of its ends, particularly by screwing, which results in a tapped hole around the hole formed during the installation of the central anchor rod 3. This tapped hole retains the central anchor rod 3 once it is in place.

[0061] Alternatively, the central anchor rod 3, such as a solid or hollow bar known as a self-drilling rod, is designed to be encased in cement or concrete. The rod 3 is then inserted into a borehole created by prior or simultaneous destructive drilling during self-drilling, into which the cement or concrete has been injected. The cement or concrete is then allowed to set, acting as a deadweight. For increased strength, the outer wall of at least the end portion of the rod 3 can be knurled, serrated, or at least roughly roughened to improve cement or concrete adhesion.

[0062] The central cross 5 is formed of at least two intersecting bars 51, 52. Alternatively, it can be formed of four bars arranged in the shape of a cross.

[0063] Structure 1 includes end plates 11 fixed to the ends of the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5. An end plate 11 is fixed to each longitudinal end of the two intersecting bars 51, 52 forming the central cross 5.

[0064] According to the alternative of the central cross formed by four bars arranged in a cross shape, an end plate 11 can be fixed to one end of each bar. This is the end opposite the center of the central cross.

[0065] Four end plates 11 are arranged at the four corners of the frame formed by the peripheral cable 7. The peripheral cable 7 passes through cable passages 111 provided on the end plates 11.

[0066] As more clearly seen on the figure 3 A cable passage 111 may have a tubular shape. In particular, it may be a tube that is bent.

[0067] The end plates 11 are, for example, generally rectangular or square in shape. They respectively have a flat surface 113. A cable passage tube 11 may be provided on the peripheral edge of the end plates 11. It extends around the periphery of two contiguous edges of a rectangular end plate 11.

[0068] According to the embodiment shown, the bent tube extends on either side of an external corner of the end plate 11, that is to say, the corner furthest from the center of the cross.

[0069] On the inner side of the bent tube defining the cable passage 111, that is to say on the side closest to the center of the central cross 5, the flat surface 113 and this bent tube make it possible to delimit a housing 115 for receiving one end of a bar 51, 52 of another similar central cross 5, in order to allow them to be stacked as described later.

[0070] The cable passage 111 thus corresponds to a corner of structure 1, as shown on the figures 1 and 2 .

[0071] The tubes allowing the passage of the cable are fixed to the end plates 11, on the opposite side to the ends of the bars 51, 52. The tubes are for example welded to the end plates 11.

[0072] During the assembly of structure 1, the perimeter cable 7 therefore passes, or slides, inside these tubes. According to one embodiment, the tubes can have a diameter of approximately 12mm to 20mm.

[0073] In addition, the ends of the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5 are arranged along a diagonal of the corresponding end plate 11. They stop at a predetermined non-zero distance d1 from the outer corner of the end plate 11, that is to say which coincides with a corner of the frame formed by the peripheral cable 7. This distance d1 is for example on the order of 2cm to 3cm.

[0074] Several central crosses 5 can be stacked and nested, for example, for transport. A first and second central cross 5 are considered below. The ends of the bars 51, 52 of the second central cross 5 fit into the slots 115 ( figure 3 ) on the inner side of the bent tubes defining the cable passages 111 at the level of the end plates 11 of the first central cross 5, and so on.

[0075] The ends of the bars 51, 52 of the second central cross 5 do not come into contact with the bent tubes defining the cable passages 111, the distance d1 is chosen so that there is a little margin.

[0076] This interlocking of the ends of bars 51 and 52 into the slots 115 on the inside of the bent tubes prevents the bars 51 and 52 from slipping. More specifically, this prevents operators from encountering a sliding load during loading and unloading, thus limiting the risk of crushing. It also facilitates storage before installation.

[0077] Furthermore, the end plate 11 may have openings 117, for example two openings, which may be oblong in shape. According to a particular embodiment, these openings 117 are configured to cooperate, on the side opposite the ends of the bars 51, 52, with an alignment piece 12 (visible on the figure 2), such as a metal angle bracket, which is intended to be fixed with the end plate 11 of a neighboring structure 1 to restore the alignment of the two structures 1. This connection is adjustable thanks to the oblong holes 117.

[0078] Furthermore, the central cross 5 is configured to be crossed by the central anchor rod 3.

[0079] For this purpose, the central cross 5 has a hole in its center, through which the central anchor rod 3 can pass.

[0080] A central plate 13 is for example placed at the junction of the bars 51, 52, at the center of the central cross 5. This central plate 13 is in this case also provided with a central hole 131 to allow the passage of the central anchor rod 3.

[0081] Regarding the grid 9 (also called mesh or netting), it is attached to the perimeter cable 7. This can be done by tying, specifically by pneumatic and manual tying. Furthermore, when several structures 1 are assembled, during installation, the grid 9 can be tied to an adjacent perimeter cable 7, i.e., to the neighboring structure 1. Advantageously, the grid 9 can be doubled.

[0082] In addition, a burlap sack can be added to grid 9 to allow for vegetation.

[0083] The dimensions of structure 1 can range from approximately 2000 mm to 2400 mm by 3000 mm. The components of structure 1 are sized accordingly. In particular, the length of the central anchor rod 3 can be several meters, adapted to the estimated drilling depth for proper anchoring. The diameter of the central anchor rod 3 can be a few centimeters, for example, from approximately 2 cm to 8 cm.

[0084] Alternatively, Structure 1 can be smaller. Its dimensions can be approximately 1000 mm by 1250 mm. In this case, the dimensions of the grid 9 and the central anchor rod 3 are adjusted. This smaller Structure 1 is particularly well-suited to landscaping projects. It allows for the creation of low-height access points as an alternative to traditional poured concrete walls, always with the aim of reducing the carbon footprint. Such a small Structure 1 can also be used to create anchor points for snow groomers on ski slopes, as well as anchor points for larger Structure 1s.

[0085] Different types of assembly of structure 1 are possible depending on the terrain configurations, as explained below.

[0086] Several embodiments of structure 1 are described in more detail below. First method of implementation

[0087] According to a first embodiment, represented on the figures 1 to 8 , the central cross 5 ( figures 1 to 5 ) comprises two intersecting bars 51, 52 which are metallic or made of metallic alloy. They are notably made of steel. In particular, the entire structure 1 is a metallic or metallic alloy structure.

[0088] The metal bars 51 and 52 can, for example, be segments of hollow beams. They have, for example, a square cross-section, approximately ten centimeters on each side, specifically ranging from 5 cm to 20 cm. These bars 51 and 52 can have walls with a thickness ranging from approximately 3 mm to 10 mm.

[0089] Other forms or configurations of the intersecting bars 51, 52 forming the central 5 are conceivable. For example, the bars 51, 52 can be segments of an H-shaped beam, with a central web and lateral flanges (IPN type beams).

[0090] The central plate 13 and the end plates 11 are also metallic or made of metallic alloy, for example steel.

[0091] The central plate 13 can be welded to the junction of bars 51, 52 at the center of the central cross 5. The central plate 13 can have a rectangular or square shape ( figure 1 ), or even a cross shape ( figure 2 ) complementary to the shape at the junction of the two intersecting bars 51, 52.

[0092] The ends of the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5 are for example welded to the end plates 11.

[0093] In addition, structure 1 includes a reinforcing frame 15, more clearly visible on the Figures 4 and 5 according to a general shape of a pyramidal point or diamond point. It allows the structure 1 to be prestressed, in order to limit the deformations of the structure 1.

[0094] According to the first embodiment, this reinforcing structure or frame 15 comprises at least one central reinforcing piece 17, and a predefined number of reinforcing cables 19. The reinforcing frame 15 is therefore cabled, it also has an "octopus" shape.

[0095] The reinforcing cables 19 join at the reinforcing piece 17, arranged in a general pyramidal shape. The reinforcing cables 19 form the edges of the pyramidal shape, the base of which lies in the plane of the central cross 5 and the apex of which is the reinforcing piece 17.

[0096] In general, structure 1 includes additional fixing elements provided on the one hand at the level of the reinforcement piece 17 and on the other hand at the level of the reinforcement cables 19.

[0097] In the assembled state of structure 1, the reinforcing piece 17 protrudes from the plane containing the central cross 5. The reinforcing piece 17 is for example metallic or made of metallic alloy, for example steel.

[0098] The reinforcing piece 17 is designed to be traversed by the central anchor rod 3. For this purpose, it has a central opening 171, more clearly visible on the figure 6 .

[0099] According to the example of implementation illustrated on the figures 6 and 7 The reinforcing piece 17 includes a main face 173 having the central hole 171. At the assembly of the structure 1, this central hole 171 can contribute with the drilling of the central cross 5 to the alignment of the central anchor rod 3 with respect to the plane of the central cross 5.

[0100] The main face 173, for example, is generally rectangular or square in shape.

[0101] A predefined number of fixing tabs 175 extend from this main face 173. In this example, the fixing tabs 175 extend along a plane inclined relative to the plane defined by the main face 173.

[0102] The 175 fixing tabs can, for example, be generally triangular in shape.

[0103] These fixing tabs 175 are configured to cooperate with additional fixing elements of the reinforcing cables 19. For this purpose, they respectively have at least one hole 177.

[0104] The reinforcing cables 19 are attached to the reinforcing piece 17. To this end, the reinforcing cables 19 have fastening elements at their ends, for example, fastening rings 191, in particular strops. These fastening elements, such as fastening rings 191, can be hooked onto the holes 177 at the fastening tabs, for example. The reinforcing cables 19 are, for example, pre-crimped and, without limitation, can be connected to the reinforcing piece 17 using shackles.

[0105] Furthermore, referring again to figures 1, 2 And 4 and 5 The central cross 5 supports the reinforcing cables 19 with the reinforcing piece 17 at the center. The reinforcing cables 19 are thus attached to the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5. The reinforcing cables 19 can extend, forming an angle of 10° to 40°, preferably 30°, with the plane defined by the central cross 5.

[0106] For this purpose, a predefined number of fixing brackets 21 are arranged around the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5. They can, for example, be arranged in the middle of the bars 51, 52, or near the middle.

[0107] The 21 mounting brackets, an example of which is best seen on the figure 8 , define a "U" shape.

[0108] They each comprise at least one fastener 211 configured to cooperate with a fastening element such as the fastening ring 191, which complements a reinforcing cable 19. In the example shown, the fastener 211 extends transversely between the two arms defining the "U" shape of the fastening bracket 21. This is, for example, a bolt. Referring again to figures 2 And 5During the installation of structure 1, the reinforcing frame 15 is intended to be placed in the ground. To do this, the reinforcing cables 19 and the reinforcing piece 17 are arranged so that the apex of the pyramidal shape points in the same direction as the end of the central anchor rod 3, which is to be driven into the ground. The space behind structure 1 is filled with backfill, for example, soil, rubble, or sand. Once structure 1 is in place, the cabled reinforcing frame 15, or "octopus," is positioned at the rear of structure 1, on the buried side.

[0109] This type of assembly can be used in embankment configurations, particularly for aesthetic reasons and to avoid protrusions on the front face of structure 1.

[0110] Thus, the central anchor rod 3 provides anchorage by directly fixing the structure 1 in the ground, thereby containing the earth pressure. The reinforcing frame 15, along with the reinforcing cables 19 and the reinforcing piece 17 at the top, prestresses the structure 1. This limits, or even stops, any potential ground decompression from a geotechnical perspective. For example, prestressing reduces uncontrolled and subsequent settlement of the retained soil and / or slows erosion through soil compaction.

[0111] Structure 1 may further include one or more additional 3' reinforcing anchor rods. Such 3' anchor rods may be similar to the central anchor rod 3.

[0112] An additional 3' reinforcing anchor rod can be fixed to a support plate 23, an example of which is best seen on the figure 5Depending on the orientation of structure 1 on the figure 5 which corresponds to its orientation once in place, the support plate 23 is provided at the base of structure 1 for example.

[0113] The support plate 23 is, for example, designed to be fixed to two adjacent end plates 11, that is, to two neighboring structures 1 when there are several structures 1. The support plate 23 may have an angled shape. Positioned at the junction of two structures 1, it thus provides vertical and horizontal support for the two neighboring structures 1.

[0114] The anchor rod(s), i.e. the central anchor rod 3 and possibly peripheral anchor rods 3', are intended to engage with a dead body made of cement or concrete, or with a structure similar to structure 1 according to the invention but of smaller dimensions.

[0115] The metal structure 1 according to this first embodiment, with the peripheral cable 7 and the reinforcing cable 15, also called the "octopus," is half the weight, much less expensive, and reduces the carbon footprint compared to a structure with a frame made of steel bars according to the prior art. Furthermore, it can be easily assembled on site.

[0116] Finally, the different elements can be easily adapted for different sizes of bars 51, 52 forming the central cross 5, according to the desired dimensions of the structure 1. Second embodiment

[0117] A second embodiment is shown in simplified form on the Figures 9 and 10 Only the differences compared to the first embodiment are detailed below.

[0118] According to this second embodiment, the reinforcing frame 15 comprises four beams 25, forming the edges of the pyramidal shape whose base is in the plane of the central cross 5.

[0119] The beams 25, for example, are metallic, specifically made of steel. They can be similar to the bars 51, 52 of the central cross 5 as described previously.

[0120] The four beams 25 are on one side fixed to the bars 51, 52 and on the other side meet in such a way as to form the apex 27 of the pyramidal shape.

[0121] At the connection between the bars 51, 52 forming the central cross 5 and the beams forming the reinforcing frame 15 in pyramidal point, metal reinforcements 29 can be provided, coming respectively against the bars 51, 52 and the beams 25, by being welded or screwed to them.

[0122] The apex 27 at the junction of the four beams 25 has an opening 271, through which the central anchor rod 3 has passed. The central anchor rod 3 can be held in translation at the central opening 171, for example via a screw head, or with the help of one or more nuts.

[0123] According to an example of assembly (not shown) similar to the first embodiment, during the installation of structure 1, the pyramidal reinforcing frame 15 formed by the beams 25 can be intended to be placed in the ground. The apex 27 of the pyramidal point faces in the same direction as the end of the central anchor rod 3 intended to be driven into the ground.

[0124] Alternatively, as shown on the Figures 9 and 10This reinforcing frame 15 is designed to be installed above ground. In this case, the beams 25 are arranged to form, when assembled, a pyramidal shape whose apex 27 points in the opposite direction to that of the end of the central anchor rod 3, which is intended to be driven into the ground. In other words, once the structure 1 is in place, the reinforcing frame 15, or diamond point, is positioned at the front of the structure 1 and is oriented in the opposite direction to the retained ground.

[0125] This type of assembly can be used in cutting configurations, particularly to limit earthworks so as not to destabilize the ground.

[0126] In addition to the central anchor rod 3, one or more additional reinforcing anchor rods 3' can be provided.

[0127] When positioned at the base of structure 1, they can be fixed respectively to a support plate 23 as described previously, for example, intended to be fixed to two adjacent end plates 11, i.e., to two neighboring structures 1 when there are several structures 1. Similarly, at least one additional reinforcing anchor rod 3' can be provided at the top or apex of structure 1, depending on the orientation of the elements on the Figures 9 and 10The reinforcing anchor rod 3' can be fixed to a connecting plate 31, advantageously made of metal, also called a claw plate. This connecting plate 31 has a hole in the center to allow the additional reinforcing anchor rod 3' to be fixed. This connecting plate 31 is intended, for example, to be fixed to two adjacent structures 1 when there are several structures 1, for example at the level of the perimeter cables 7. It allows the load-bearing capacity of the anchor to be distributed over two structures 1. Third mode of implementation

[0128] A third embodiment is shown on the figure 11 differs from the first or second embodiment in that structure 1 does not include a reinforcing frame in the shape of a pyramidal point, or diamond point.

[0129] This type of diamond-pointless mounting can be used in cut-out configurations, especially when there is not enough space.

[0130] To compensate for the removal of the diamond point, one or more additional anchors may be provided. To this end, structure 1 includes a predetermined number of reinforcing anchor rods 3', in addition to the central anchor rod 3.

[0131] Reinforcing anchor rods 3' can be arranged around the periphery of structure 1. Reinforcing anchor rods 3' at the base of structure 1 can be fixed respectively to a support plate 23 as described previously.

[0132] The reinforcing anchor rods 3' at the top or summit part of the structure 1, can be fixed respectively to a connecting plate 31 as described previously.

[0133] In the illustrated example, structure 1 has five anchor rods 3, 3'. When a plurality of structures 1 are connected, the peripheral reinforcing anchor rods 3' can be shared by two adjacent structures 1. Therefore, there are not five anchor rods 3, 3' per structure 1, but rather, each time, a peripheral reinforcing anchor rod 3' contributes to the anchoring of one structure 1 and, if present, of the adjacent structure 1. Fourth mode of implementation

[0134] A fourth embodiment is shown on the figures 12 to 18 Only the differences of this fourth embodiment compared to the first embodiment are detailed below.

[0135] According to the fourth embodiment, the central cross 5 is made at least partly of wood. In particular, structure 1 can be a mixed wood and metal structure. Such a partially wooden structure 1 allows for more adaptable and subtle integration into the landscape. Preferably, such a partially wooden structure 1 is not placed in direct contact with the embankment. Gravel is generally placed between the two layers to allow water or other liquids to drain away and enable structure 1 to dry quickly. This prevents the wood from rotting.

[0136] The central cross 5 comprises four wooden bars or beams 51, 52, 53, 54. With such wooden bars 51 to 54, structure 1 is more efficient from an ecological point of view, but also from the point of view of the energy consumption of the raw material.

[0137] Such a solution is also particularly suitable for interlocking several central crosses 5 as shown schematically on the Figures 12 And 13 with the ends of the bars 51, 52, 53, 54 of a central cross 5 fitting into the housings 115 on the inside of the bent tubes defining the cable passages 111 at the level of the end plates 11 of another central cross 5, and so on.

[0138] In addition, the length of the wooden bars 51 to 54 can be adjusted, shortened, particularly in situ during installation on the construction site, and their shape can be easily adapted.

[0139] Finally, when structure 1 is apparent in the environment in which it is located, these wooden bars 51, 52, 53, 54, which are visible, allow for a softer, more pleasant, more elegant integration, because they blend better into a natural environment.

[0140] The wooden bars 51, 52, 53, 54 can be assembled to the end plates 11 by advantageously metallic parts. These are in particular the first end sleeves 33a ( figure 14 ) inside which the first ends of the bars 51, 52 are fitted. The first end sleeves 33a are fixed to the end plates 11, for example by being welded.

[0141] The wooden bars 51, 52, 53, 54 can also be assembled to the central plate 13 by advantageously metallic parts. These are in particular second end sleeves 33b ( figure 15 ) inside which are fitted the second ends of bars 51 to 54 opposite the first ends.

[0142] In addition to the shape of the junction of bars 51, 52, 53, 54, the central plate 13 has a generally cruciform shape. Advantageously, it is also a metallic central plate 13. The second end sleeves 33b are fixed to the central plate 13, for example by welding.

[0143] The end sleeves 33a, 33b can be of standard dimensions or custom-made. Similar to the first embodiment, the central cross 5 can support the reinforcing frame 15, which is cabled via fixing brackets 21.

[0144] According to an alternative shown on the figures 16 to 18 The reinforcing frame 15, which is wired, can be attached to the end plates 11. This can be advantageous, in particular, when the structure 1 is smaller in size.

[0145] To achieve this, the end plates 11 each have at least one fixing tab 35, more clearly visible on the figures 17 And 18 .

[0146] The fixing bracket 35 extends, for example, perpendicularly to the plane defined by the end plate 11. It extends on the side of the end plate 11 opposite the ends of the bars 51 - 54.

[0147] Such a mounting bracket 35 is configured to cooperate with a complementary fastening element of a reinforcing cable 19. The mounting brackets 35 may each have an opening 351 around which a fastening ring of a cable 19 can be attached. In the illustrated example, there are as many mounting brackets 35 as there are reinforcing cables 19.

[0148] According to yet another embodiment not shown, the reinforcing wire 15 could be replaced by a reinforcing wire according to the second embodiment. An alternative without a diamond point, as described in the third embodiment, could also be considered. Fifth mode of implementation

[0149] According to a fifth embodiment illustrated on the figure 19 Or 20 Structure 1 comprises at least one transverse beam 37, fixed to two successive end plates 11 of structure 1. This transverse beam 37 is advantageously fixed to the apex of structure 1 according to the orientation of the latter once in place. It is intended to be arranged horizontally once structure 1 is in place.

[0150] This fifth embodiment can be in addition to either of the embodiments previously described.

[0151] The crossbeam 37 is advantageously chosen from the same material as the bars 51, 52 or 51 to 54 forming the central cross 5.

[0152] Thus, when associated with a metallic structure 1 according to the first three embodiments, the transverse beam 37 is metallic ( figure 19). It can be welded to the end plates 11.

[0153] Alternatively, when associated with a structure 1 partly made of wood according to the fourth embodiment, the transverse beam 37 is a wooden beam ( Figure 20 ). It can be fixed to the end plates 11 for example by screwing, and / or via end sleeves similar to those of the wooden bars 51 to 54.

[0154] Such a crossbeam 37 allows one or more accessories or equipment, for example ski slope equipment, to be attached to the structure 1. These accessories or equipment may include safety devices. Examples include: a protective barrier, a snow barrier, a gooseneck for a skier's safety net, a terrace extension, a pedestrian platform, or other similar items.

[0155] Such a transverse beam 37 also helps to limit possible deformations of the structure 1 at the head of the structure, which can be particularly advantageous when it is surmounted by existing structures. ASSEMBLY KITS

[0156] The elements of one or more structures 1 can be brought in kits for assembly of the respective structure 1 or structures 1 on the construction site.

[0157] Elements of the same type from different structures can be stacked. This is also called packing.

[0158] In particular, as depicted on the Figures 12 And 13 5 central crosses of different structures 1 can be stacked. Each central cross 5 can be surrounded by an associated peripheral cable 7 passing through the bent tubes 111 on the end plates 11.

[0159] Also, grids of the same dimensions can be stacked. Reinforcing bars 15 or diamond points according to the second embodiment ( figure 9 The reinforcement pieces 17, according to the first embodiment, can also be stacked for transport to the construction site, for example. Finally, the anchor rods 3, 3' of the same dimensions can be transported together for assembly on site.

[0160] The assembly kit also includes all the necessary fixing, assembly, and connection tools for installing one or more structures. These include, but are not limited to, alignment pieces, support plates, fixing brackets, connecting plates or claw plates, and fasteners (screws, bolts, nuts), etc. SUPPORT DEVICE

[0161] There figure 21shows different examples of support devices 100 each comprising at least one structure 1 according to one or the other of the embodiments previously described.

[0162] A plurality of structures 1 can be arranged and assembled side-by-side to form a retaining device 100. Alternatively, a single structure 1 can be used to form a retaining device 100.

[0163] One or more lateral reinforcement structures 1' can be assembled to structure 1 or plurality of structures 1.

[0164] The assembly of a structure 1 with another similar adjacent support structure 1 or with a lateral reinforcement structure 1' can be carried out by any suitable means of assembly. For example, the assembly can be carried out using alignment pieces 12, support plates 23 fixed to end plates 11.

[0165] Different configurations of 100 support device installations are shown on the figure 21 .

[0166] According to a first example of configuration A, the retaining structure 100 can be used to create a level platform to address an unusable slope. To improve integration into the environment, a barrier, a balcony, or vegetation can be added to structure 1.

[0167] According to a second example of configuration B, the 100 support device can be used as an alternative to a nailed wall, to create temporary or permanent supports during major earthworks, for example for the construction of chalets, buildings or other structures.

[0168] According to a third example of configuration C, the support device 100 can be used for downstream reinforcement of a ski lift pylon.

[0169] According to a fourth example of configuration D, the 100 support device can be used for road reinforcement upstream or downstream, in cut or fill, in order to address problems of road subsidence or collapse.

[0170] According to a fifth example of configuration E, the retaining structure 100 can be used to improve ski slopes, allowing for their widening and safety. Specifically, an additional flat section can be created where, without the retaining structure, the ground would naturally slope downwards. A safety net can be integrated with the retaining structure 100 to prevent skiers from falling into the drop created by the structure.

[0171] According to a sixth example of configuration F, the retaining device 100 can be used for creating a bank above a watercourse.

[0172] According to a seventh example of configuration G, the 100 support device can be used for the treatment of eroded slopes.

[0173] According to an eighth example of configuration H, one or more retaining structures 100 can be used to prevent an avalanche by being placed regularly on a slope before significant snowfall. The structures 1 retain the snow, which then deposits in place of the embankment.

[0174] Thus, the retaining structures 1 and consequently the retaining device 100 can be easily installed, without requiring heavy machinery for driving the retaining elements into the ground. The assembly equipment required is significantly reduced compared to prior art solutions. Installation can therefore be carried out in potentially more remote or difficult-to-access locations, and at a lower cost.

[0175] Structures 1, according to either of the previously described embodiments, are lighter than in known solutions. The ratio between the weight of structure 1 and the reinforced area is significantly optimized. Such lightweight structures 1 prevent destabilizing the ground.

[0176] These structures 1 have a significant load-bearing capacity thanks to the reinforcing bar 15, also known as the diamond point. Prestressing can be applied to structures 1. This increases their strength and limits deformation.

[0177] Furthermore, the environmental impact of such structures is reduced. In particular, CO2 emissions on a typical construction site are significantly lower compared to, for example, a soil-nailed wall. Moreover, due to the ease of installation and reduced weight of these structures, the machinery used for installation can be reduced, thus lowering carbon emissions.

[0178] Furthermore, several structural elements 1, in particular the central crosses 5, can be stacked easily while limiting the risk of them slipping during transport.

[0179] Finally, structures 1, particularly when partly made of wood, can be more easily modulated and adapted.

Claims

1. Retaining structure (1), comprising: - at least one central anchor rod (3), intended to be driven by one end into the ground to form an anchorage, - at least two bars (51, 52, 53, 54) arranged so as to form a central cross (5) configured to be passed through by the central anchor rod (3), and - a frame surrounding the central cross (5), said structure also having end plates (11) fastened to the ends of the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5), the at least two bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5) each having two end plates (11) respectively comprising a cable passage (111), - said structure (1) having at least one peripheral cable (7) arranged around the central cross (5), passing through the cable passages (111), so as to form the frame, characterized in that - the end plates (11) are of rectangular overall shape, and the ends of the at least two bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5) are disposed along a diagonal of the corresponding end plate (11), at a predetermined non-zero distance (d1) from an outer corner of the end plate (11) that is coincident with a corner of the frame formed by the peripheral cable (7) and bearing the cable passage (111) on the other side.

2. Structure (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the cable passages (111) are made by tubes fastened to the end plates (11).

3. Structure (1) according to either of the preceding claims, having: - at least one reinforcing piece (17) having a central orifice (171) passed through by the central anchor rod (3) and - a predefined number of reinforcing cables (19), and wherein said cables (19) are respectively connected to a bar (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5) and meet at the reinforcing piece (17), being disposed in the overall shape of a pyramidal tip of which the apex is the reinforcing piece (17).

4. Structure (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the reinforcing piece (17) comprises a main face (173) having the central orifice (171) and from which extend a predefined number of fastening tabs (175) configured to cooperate with complementary fastening elements (191) of the reinforcing cables (19).

5. Structure (1) according to either of Claims 3 and 4, having a predetermined number of fastening brackets (21) disposed around the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5) and comprising respectively at least one assembly member (211) configured to cooperate with a complementary fastening element (191) of a reinforcing cable (19).

6. Structure (1) according to either of Claims 3 and 4, wherein the end plates (11) respectively have at least one fastening lug (35) configured to cooperate with a complementary fastening element (191) of a reinforcing cable (19).

7. Structure (1) according to one of Claims 3 to 6, wherein the reinforcing cables (19) have at their ends fastening elements made in the form of fastening rings (191).

8. Structure (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5) are made of metal or a metal alloy, in particular steel, or wood.

9. Structure (1) according to the preceding claim, having: - first end sleeves (33a) fastened to the end plates (11), receiving first ends of the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of said cross (5), and - second end sleeves (33b) fastened to a central plate (13) disposed at the centre of said cross (5), receiving second ends of the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of said cross (5).

10. Structure (1) according to one of the preceding claims, having at least one transverse beam (37) fastened to two successive end plates (11).

11. Structure (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the transverse beam (37) is made of the same material as the bars (51, 52, 53, 54) of the central cross (5).

12. Structure (1) according to one of the preceding claims, also having a predetermined number of reinforcing anchor rods (3'), in addition to the central anchor rod (3), which are arranged at the periphery of said structure (1).

13. Structure (1) according to one of claims 1 or 2, 3 or 4, 9, 12, wherein at least one of the following elements is made of a metal material or a metal alloy: at least one anchor rod (3, 3'), the end plates (11), the central plate (13), the reinforcing piece (17), the end sleeves (33a, 33b).

14. Retaining device (100), characterized in that it has at least one retaining structure (1) according to one of the preceding claims.

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