Primary shell structure consisting of plane load-bearing modules made of elements

Abstract

Primary shell structures are made up of surface structure modules consisting of elements which are given by upper and lower, spaced-apart secondary shell elements, and which are joined to form a double-shell surface structure in the form of a primary shell structure by means of statically necessary filler bars, which include transverse bars and diagonal bars.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to the production of buildings and other structures from further developed shell-like structures known from EP 3 583 274 B1, which serve to produce primary shell structures and, after a corresponding first development step, also form the basis for the complex building support structures described in PCT / EP2020 / 025197. The term "primary shell structure" is defined more narrowly here and refers below to horizontal shell structures produced from the shell-like structures described here, primarily for the formation of building ceilings and foundation slabs. The different combination of various new features also allows the production of civil engineering structures such as surface foundations for wind turbines, bridges, or other structures.

[0002] US 2019 / 0203458 is known as "A structural frame for a building, comprising: adjacent first and second columns; at least one precast concrete floor slab having first and second corner notches located in two adjacent corners and a first elongated edge beam defined between the first and second corner notches, the first elongated edge beam being arranged between the first and second columns such that the first and second columns are received in the first and second corner notches and the first elongated edge beam abuts the first and second columns;and a first tendon assembly extending between the first and second columns and configured to be tensioned to compress the first elongated edge beam between the first and second columns, the first tendon assembly comprising at least one left cable and at least one right cable symmetrically disposed on either side of a vertical center plane of the first and second columns.";

[0003] A disadvantage of the aforementioned state of the art is that the serially produced, identical tensile load-bearing modules cannot be easily adapted to different load situations, even within a building. The static design of tensile load-bearing modules has so far been based on loads in the upper range of those expected in order to cover a large portion of typical usage situations. In this case, a significant portion of the identical modules are therefore utilized at a low to very low load-bearing capacity, which is uneconomical. Furthermore, the previously known, fully prefabricated tensile load-bearing modules require a very large transport volume and have a higher minimum assembly weight.

[0004] The object of the invention is to develop tensile load-bearing modules made of elements that can be easily and continuously adapted to different loads in the structure while simultaneously reducing transport volume. This task is achieved by further developing tensile load-bearing modules of known design and are presented as follows: Primary shell structure made up of surface-loading modules, which consist of elements, each of which includes two secondary shell elements, usually identical in structure, plane-symmetrical and spaced apart from each other, which thus delimit the surface-loading module volume and which are formed from quadrangular, normally rectangular surface elements made of suitable materials in suitable dimensions and with a suitable thickness that is significantly smaller than the length and width of the surface, but sufficient to accommodate several adjacent grooves running parallel to the outer edges in each side surface, in the extension of which there are holes on both sides, which are preferably executed centrally in the transverse direction by square tube pieces, which are installed in cutouts at the corners of the surface elements with a one-sided overhang towards the inside of the module and which also protrude beyond the surface of the surface elements in terms of their cross-section,so that when several secondary shell elements are placed flush against one another, mutual distances are formed which are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent surface elements and by the respective projecting side surface areas of the square tube pieces, whereby the distance and position of the two module-defining secondary shell elements are determined by cross bars which, at least at their ends, consist of hollow profiles whose inner cross-sectional area corresponds to the outer surface of the square tube pieces lying against one another at the system nodes and which are inserted over the module-inside projections of the square tube pieces and then fastened with secured bolts or screws in corresponding holes, so that not every surface structure module has its own cross bars in each edge running at right angles to the secondary shell plane,Instead, only one crossbar is provided for all module corners adjacent to a primary shell structure node, and normal force elements run in the grooves. These consist of bars made of sufficiently strong material and, after passing through the adjacent holes in the square tube sections, are initially or partially anchored using connecting sleeves or anchoring elements. Primary shell structure made of surface structural modules, which consist of elements in which the grooves run at the same height in the two side surfaces running in the same basic direction, i.e., parallel in the case of rectangular surface elements, and are arranged at a height offset in the two remaining side surfaces to avoid collisions between continuous normal force elements. In which at least one normal force element is initially installed on each side of the surface elements and anchored in the square tube section to initially form the secondary shell elements.if the surface elements and square tube sections are not already connected to each other in another force-locking manner and the remaining grooves can be used to install different numbers of normal force elements with variable, appropriate strengths and lengths, depending on the local loading of the primary shell structure, which can also extend over several surface structure modules and which can be extended or anchored in widenings of the grooves using connecting sleeves or anchoring elements, whereby the normal force elements can be removed or added at any time and with little effort due to the accessibility guaranteed by the resulting distances, after which the distances are reversibly filled with one or more bars of suitable cross-section and with the necessary strengths, which can also be used to transfer compressive forces,if or to the extent that the spacings are not used in whole or in part for other purposes, these bars, if their cross-section is continuously or partially enlarged beyond the height of the primary shell structure and is connected to the adjacent, adjoining bar, can be used to strengthen the tensile force dissipation in the secondary shell plane. Primary shell structure made of surface structural modules consisting of elements in which the plug-in connections between the projecting square tubes and the cross bars attached to them are not made with a precise fit but with a suitably large clearance, in order to be able to compensate for this if necessary by sensible, alternating installation of intermediate plates in the thickness of the connection clearance, with any necessary holes or slots for the passage of the normal force elements,To cause the extension of one secondary shell plane while simultaneously shortening the other, thus creating curvatures in the resulting primary shell structure. A primary shell structure consisting of surface-loaded modules, consisting of elements in which the shear forces of the primary shell structures are absorbed by diagonal bars. These are installed in a form-fitting and force-fitting manner and are primarily intended to absorb compressive forces. For more efficient and clear load transfer, additional angle profile pieces can be installed. These are then attached with slightly extended connecting bolts between protruding square tube pieces and cross bars, which should also be arranged vertically offset in the two parallel directions. These can also be installed or removed during use.In these situations, the diagonal bars must be relieved by means of spreading devices or targeted supports for the primary shell structure. A primary shell structure made of surface-loading modules consisting of elements where, in cases where the diagonal bars are disruptive, e.g., when containers or mini-plant factories are to be moved, the diagonal bars are replaced by two-part shear frames. These frames must be able to be installed and removed at any time and are therefore designed in two parts, and for which the distance between the secondary shell elements is to be utilized. Angle profiles can be used for the frame transoms, the leg of which extends in the frame plane into the distance between the secondary shell elements, and the angle encompasses the inner edge of the surface element, and at whose ends, rectangular tubes, for example, are welded as frame posts at right angles to the frame transom and thus in the direction of the cross bars.which are slightly shorter than half the length of the cross bars and have a connection at the cross bars, whereby, depending on the load, these shear force frames can be installed once, i.e. only on one module, or twice, i.e. on both modules, in the case of modules lying next to one another, and the shear force frames can be manufactured in such a way that when two frames are installed at a surface structure module boundary, there is still space between the legs of the angle profiles used as frame bars in the distance between the secondary shell elements for a third frame, which would have to be made of flat bars and which would be installed between the previously described shear force frames and connected to them by a lateral connection, which would make it possible to adapt the overall stiffness of the shear force frames to the actual loads in three or more stages,The shear force frames can also be used to further increase the force transmission in the secondary shell plane. Primary shell structure consisting of shell-like structural modules, consisting of elements in which the lower foundation secondary shell elements of the foundation primary shell structure are made of robust materials such as reinforced concrete, the thickness of which is selected according to the load, and in which the lateral grooves and square tube sections, and thus also the cutouts in the corners, can be omitted. Instead, each corner is provided with a built-in and appropriately anchored internally threaded sleeve, which is open at the top and is initially used for the attachment of mounting lugs. The foundation primary shell structure is enlarged all around by L-shaped base elements to provide robust lateral closure and to later accommodate the exterior walls of buildings in the thickness of the exterior walls.which are expediently made of the same material as the foundation secondary shell elements and whose horizontal leg also receives the previously described threaded sleeves at its free corners, and the upstanding, vertical leg forms the lateral building boundary over the height of the foundation primary shell structure, on which the external wall loads also rest, whereby the base elements in the building corners are to be modified so that corner base elements are created. Primary shell structure made of surface structural modules, which consist of elements in which the foundation cross bars in the foundation primary shell structure have protruding base plates with holes corresponding to the threaded sleeves in the foundation secondary shell elements, and are screwed onto the nodes of the foundation secondary shell elements, which simultaneously ensures the slab effect of the foundation level and where, to compensate for any,For manufacturing-related height differences in the plane of the foundation secondary shell elements or for subsequent compensation of local settlement differences, the foundation crossbars can be mounted in a height-adjustable and vertically alignable manner by installing additional nuts below the projecting base plates. For higher loads, the base plates must then be partially or fully supported. Buildings and other structures made of primary shell structures made of shell structural modules consisting of elements in which the load-bearing interior walls, columns, and shafts are connected to the primary shell slabs by means of straps or dowels to form complex structural elements.which are guided into or through the square tube sections in the corners of the secondary shell elements and then screwed through any free holes in the square tube sections at the height of the tensile structure module elements, or are integrated into the connection between the square tube sections and the crossbars, or alternatively, connecting elements such as threaded rods are guided through the square tube sections and also the crossbars and thus through the entire element and anchored with plates on the opposite side. Buildings and other structures made of primary shell structures made of tensile structure modules, which consist of elements in which the exterior wall elements and exterior wall extension elements are also made of prefabricated components, manufactured in a width in the grid of the tensile structure module size and fastened with exterior wall clamps that encompass their respective corners, with the clamps having vertical hollow sections on the side facing away from the wall,whose length corresponds to the projection of the square tube pieces in the corners of the secondary shell elements and which are inserted into the respective free cross-section of the cross bars or foundation cross bars, filling this and being secured in the same way as the square tube pieces in the cross bars, whereby the clamps are designed in a width sufficient to securely hold two adjacent external wall elements and on the outside of the building by vertical bores which correspond to, for example, threaded sleeves in the upper sides of the vertical legs of the base elements and by whose screw connection the adjacent base elements are also connected to each other on the top side, whereby in the corner areas of the building, accordingly modified corner external wall clamps are used. Method for the assembly and disassembly of buildings and other structures from surface load-bearing modules which are assembled using the building jacking method, whereby first a foundation level consisting of foundation secondary shell elements,Base elements, corner base elements, and foundation crossbars are manufactured. After the diagonal bars and / or shear frames, as well as installations and other desired items and devices, the primary shell structure is closed at the foundation level by inserting and securing the secondary shell elements from above. After this, a next lower layer of secondary shell elements is laid out, the crossbars are inserted and secured, and everything desired or necessary is installed. The necessary diagonal bars and shear frames are installed, and the upper secondary shell elements are inserted and secured. Module-sized openings are left in this primary shell structure in a suitable number and arrangement. Building lifting devices are placed at the foundation level with which the entire primary shell structure, or in the case of large building footprints, suitable sections, are lifted upwards by one storey height plus an assembly surcharge.After that, a next primary shell structure is constructed in the same way on the foundation level, and all walls, supports and possibly parts of the fittings and furnishings are installed between the two last constructed primary shell structures, in order to then lower the upper primary shell structure by the assembly allowance and fix it in place to ensure load transfer, after which the entire finished building section above the foundation level is lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of floors is reached or the lifting equipment has exhausted its load-bearing capacity. In the case of tall buildings, the method can also be applied in sections by extending the lifting equipment upwards or re-erecting it at higher levels.This may then necessitate temporary support of the installation areas, and finally, the lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by inserting and securing the missing secondary shell elements. Pre-assembled and pre-installed segments of primary shell structures can also be delivered to the construction site, assembled there, and integrated into the building lifting process. The building lifting process can be slightly modified and applied at a later time, making it possible to subsequently install building floors in or remove them from existing buildings of this type. For this purpose, the wall-ceiling connections at the top or bottom can be loosened, the upwardly movable structural part can be lifted, and a new floor can be inserted or removed. A method for assembling and disassembling buildings and other structures made of shell and tensile modules.Alternatively, the shell structure module elements can be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, although temporary supports would also be necessary, which could be particularly applicable to small buildings such as single-family homes, as the individual elements can be assembled, at least partially, by hand. Modification of primary shell structures made of shell structure modules, consisting of elements in which the secondary shell elements are modified in such a way that they can also be used for the construction of civil engineering structures such as highly stressed shell foundations or bridges. Both secondary shell elements are made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete, and the spacing between the secondary shell elements is omitted. Foundation secondary shell elements, which do not require any spacing anyway, can also be used for the lower level.whereby, instead of the grooves in the side surfaces of the surface elements, corresponding through holes are provided next to the side surfaces of the now modified secondary shell elements and foundation secondary shell elements, through which, after partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure, the required reinforcement, which may also be prestressed, is threaded and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose in accordance with the state of the art, and at appropriate locations, recesses can also be created in the modified surface elements, each of which starts from the inside of the surface elements and partially exposes the through holes for receiving the normal force elements, in which connecting sleeves or anchoring elements for normal force elements can be installed if these are to end in a staggered manner or be extended, and whereby the lateral termination of these primary shell structures is formed by C-shaped modified base elements,which have additional upper, horizontal legs, symmetrical to the lower ones.

[0005] The following development eliminates the disadvantages and creates new advantages and possibilities. The following describes the further developed shell structure module and the construction of buildings and other structures based on it, based on the Figures 1 to 7 and the embodiment will be explained in more detail.

[0006] This shows Fig.1: An exemplary secondary shell element 1 with identification of the surface element 1.1, including the grooves 1.2 in the side surfaces with their widenings 1.4 and an externally shown normal force element 1.3 with exemplary internally threaded sleeves as connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5 with square tube pieces 1.6 in the corners of the surface element 1.1 and bores 1.7 in the square tube pieces 1.6 Fig.2: An exemplary surface structure module, shown without normal force elements 1.3 with schematically arranged cross bars 7 Fig.3: Part of an unfinished foundation primary shell structure including the secondary shell elements 1, foundation secondary shell elements 3 with internally threaded sleeves 4, a base element 5, a corner base element 6, foundation cross bars 9, a corner outer wall clamp 18 and the connections 8; representation without screws Fig.4: Larger part of an unfinished foundation primary shell structure with marking of the distance 2 between the upper secondary shell elements and two externally shown bars 2.1 for installation in the distances 2 as well as representation of the external wall clamps 17 Fig.5: Part of a single-storey building corner with exemplary diagonal bars 10 and external wall elements 16 and 16.1 Fig.6: Detail from . Fig. 5 with connection of the diagonal bar 10 with the angle profile piece 11, shown without screws Fig.7: Part of a primary shell structure with externally shown and installed, exemplary, two-part shear frame 12, shown without screws

[0007] It is proposed to break down the previously fully prefabricated tensile structural modules into elements. This would facilitate the manufacture of the elements, allow adaptation to different local loads, reduce transport volume, and create new, efficient possibilities for use and assembly in the construction of buildings and other structures.

[0008] The individual elements that are combined to form the shell structure modules, which are later combined to form primary shell structures, initially include two secondary shell elements 1 per shell structure module. Regardless of their position, with exceptions described later, these are all generally manufactured identically and arranged at a distance from one another in a plane-symmetrical manner. The plane of symmetry is located halfway up the height of the primary shell structure and runs parallel to its horizontal surfaces. The secondary shell elements 1 are formed from quadrangular, normally rectangular surface elements 1.1 made of suitable materials in suitable dimensions and with a suitable thickness that is significantly smaller than the length and width of the surface, but sufficient to accommodate several adjacent grooves 1.2 running parallel to the outer edges in each side surface. To save material, circumferential bars of greater height can also be used to accommodate the grooves 1.2 and the surface area in between are produced with a smaller thickness. This design variant is also shown in the drawings. The grooves 1.2 are located at the same height in the two side surfaces running in the same basic direction, i.e. in the case of rectangular surface elements 1.1, parallel side surfaces. In contrast, in the two remaining side surfaces, they have a uniform height offset in order to avoid collisions of the normal force elements 1.3 that are installed there later and described below and may cross each other. In the exemplary embodiment described here, three grooves 1.2 are shown as examples. The grooves 1.2 are widened in some areas, preferably at their ends, in order to accommodate connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5, such asNuts, internally threaded sleeves, reinforcement clamping sleeves, wedge anchors known from prestressed concrete construction, or other suitable devices used to connect sections of the axial force elements 1.3 and / or to transmit their forces to the structural nodes. The grooves 1.2 should be at least deep enough that even the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5 do not protrude beyond the side surfaces of the surface elements 1.1. The term "node of the structure" or "node" for short refers here to the areas where several corners of adjacent secondary shell elements 1 meet. In the corners of the surface elements 1.1, there are rectangular cutouts that accommodate square tube pieces 1.6, which run perpendicular to the surface element plane. These end flush with the outer surface of the surface elements 1.1 on one side, which will later become the outer side of the shell structural modules, and protrude beyond it on the other side.In their transverse direction, preferably centrally, the square tube sections 1.6 are provided with bores 1.7 in all side surfaces, which correspond in their longitudinal direction to the grooves 1.2 in the side surfaces of the surface elements 1.1, i.e. are also offset in height in the two main directions. The depth of the cutouts in the corners of the surface elements 1.1 is therefore determined from the cross-sectional dimensions of the square tube sections 1.6 and amounts to approximately half the cross-sectional width of the square tube sections 1.6 plus half the diameter of the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5. The normal force elements 1.3 are installed in the grooves 1.2 in the side surfaces of the surface elements 1.1. These consist of high-strength bars made of metal or other suitable materials and at least one of which on each side is passed through the bores 1.7 of the square tube sections 1.6 and there, inside the square tube sections 1.6, is connected to connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5.5 to initially form the secondary shell elements 1, if the surface elements and square tube sections are not already force-locked to one another in another way. When using, for example, internally threaded sleeves or connecting sleeves, adjacent shell modules can also be connected to one another here using short pieces of the normal force elements. Depending on the number and arrangement of the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5, the normal force elements 1.3 can also transfer compressive forces if buckling stabilization is sufficient. Longer or continuous normal force elements 1.3 can later be inserted into the remaining grooves 1.2 and thus through the remaining holes 1.7 in the square tube sections 1.6 and anchored or extended at the nodes if necessary. The number, length and strength of the required normal force elements 1.3 depends on the loading. Normal force elements 1.3 can also be added to the finished structure if the loading changes.3 can be added or removed, since the projection of the square tube pieces 1.6 results in distances 2 between adjacent secondary shell elements 1, which are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent surface elements 1.1 and by the projecting side surfaces of the square tube pieces 1.6, thus ensuring accessibility to the normal force elements 1.3. Normally, after installation of all necessary normal force elements 1.3, the distances 2 are filled by the reversible installation of single- or multi-part bars 2.1 with a suitable cross-section, which, depending on their cross-section and material selection, can contribute to the transfer of compressive forces in the primary shell structure to a necessary or appropriate extent.In special cases, these bars can be used to strengthen the tensile force dissipation in the secondary shell plane if their cross-section is continuously or partially increased beyond the height of the primary shell structure and connected to the adjacent, adjoining bar.

[0009] Normally, the lowest foundation shell structure of a building lies largely or entirely below ground level. Due to their contact with the subsoil and the high surface loads, the lower secondary shell elements are made of robust materials such as reinforced concrete. These are referred to below as foundation secondary shell elements 3. Their thickness is selected according to the load; the lateral grooves 1.2 and the square tube sections 1.6, and thus also the cutouts in the corners, are normally omitted. The foundation secondary shell elements 3 are provided with at least one installed and appropriately anchored internally threaded sleeve 4 in each corner. This sleeve is open at the top and is initially used for the temporary attachment of mounting lugs.At the edges of the primary foundation shell structure, extending downwards from the building's outer walls, L-shaped base elements 5 are used, which are expediently made of the same material as the secondary foundation shell elements 3. The horizontal leg of the base elements 5 increases the area of ​​the foundation by the thickness of the load-bearing outer walls and also has the previously described threaded sleeves 4 at its free corners. The upright, vertical leg forms the lateral, robust building boundary at the level of the primary foundation shell structure, on which the outer wall loads also rest. To connect adjacent base elements 5, precautions should also be taken, such as threaded sleeves for screwing on connecting straps. It is expedient to integrate these into the outer wall clamps 17 described later. In the building corners, the corner base elements 6 must be adapted accordingly.

[0010] In contrast to the prior art, the shell modules no longer have their own cross bars in each of the four edges running perpendicular to the secondary shell elements. Instead, a common cross bar 7 is installed for all adjoining shell modules per node. This cross bar has a hollow cross section at least at both ends, into which the square tube pieces 1.6 protruding from the inside of the shell module and located in the corners of the secondary shell elements 1 are inserted. The internal cross section of the cross bar ends is therefore determined by the number of shell modules adjacent to the node and the cross section of the square tube pieces 1.6 used. The plug-in connection between the protruding square tube pieces 1.6 in the corners of the secondary shell elements 1 and the cross bars 7 is secured by corresponding holes in the side surfaces of the hollow profiles 1 involved.6 and 7, into which screws or secured bolts 8 are installed. These must also be installed at different heights in both directions. In this way, not only can the resulting normal forces be absorbed in the cross bars 7, but the plug-in connection also partially or completely realizes the force-locking, mutual connection of adjacent shell modules for loads in the planes of the secondary shell elements 1. The resulting plug-in connections between the protruding square tube pieces 1.6 and the plug-on cross bars 7 can be manufactured with different amounts of clearance, i.e., they cannot be precisely fitted. By alternately installing intermediate plates with the thickness of the connection clearance, with any necessary holes or slots for the passage of the normal force elements 1.3, one secondary shell plane is lengthened while the other is simultaneously shortened.This allows curvatures of the resulting primary shell structure to be created, for example, to create drainage gradients or to compensate for load-induced deflections. In the area of ​​the primary foundation shell structure, the cross bars are provided with projecting base plates with bores that correspond to the internally threaded sleeves 4 in the secondary foundation shell elements 3. The so-called foundation cross bars 9 are screwed onto the nodes of the secondary foundation shell elements 3, which simultaneously ensures the slab effect of the foundation plane. To compensate for any manufacturing-related height differences in the plane of the secondary foundation shell elements 3 or to subsequently compensate for local settlement differences, the foundation cross bars 9 can be mounted in a height-adjustable and vertically alignable manner by installing additional nuts below the projecting base plates.For higher loads, the footplates must be partially or fully lined.

[0011] The shear forces of the primary shell structures are absorbed by diagonal bars 10, which are installed with a force-locking and form-fitting connection and, in the embodiment described here, are designed to absorb only compressive forces. The diagonal bars 10 can be made of various materials, although wood appears to be appropriate, at least for corresponding loads. For more efficient and clear load transfer to the diagonal bars 10, additional angle profile pieces 11 can be installed, which are then secured by the slightly extended connecting bolts 8. The diagonal bars 10 can also be installed or removed during use; in these cases, the diagonal bars 10 must be relieved of load by means of spreading devices or targeted supports of the primary shell structure.

[0012] In cases where the diagonal bars 10 have a disruptive effect, e.g. when containers or mini-plant factories are to be moved according to the state of the art, the diagonal bars 10 are replaced by two-part shear force frames 12. Since the distance 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 is to be used for the shear force frames 12, these must be designed in two parts as an upper and lower sub-frame to enable them to be installed and removed at any time. It is proposed to use angle profiles as frame bars 12.1, the leg running in the frame plane protrudes into the distance between the secondary shell elements 2. The angle encompasses the inner edge of the surface element 1.1. At the ends of the angles, rectangular tubes, for example, are welded at right angles in the direction of the cross bars as frame posts 12.2. These tubes are slightly shorter than half the cross bar length and are connected to the cross bars 7.These connections 13 can conveniently be constructed as screw connections, which are also offset in height in the two main directions. Depending on the load, the shear force frames 12 can be installed once, i.e., only on one module, or twice, i.e., on both modules, when the shell and tensile structures are arranged side by side. The shear force frames 12 can be constructed in such a way that, when two frames are installed at a module boundary, between the vertical angle legs of the frame bars 12.1 at a distance 2 between the secondary shell elements 1, there is still space for a third frame 14, which would have to be made of flat bars and installed between the previously described shear force frames 12 and connected to them by a lateral connection 15. The overall stiffness of the shear force frames 12, 14 could thus be adapted to the actual loads in three or more stages.In addition, the shear force frames 12 can also be used to further increase the force transfer in the secondary shell plane. If no or only one shear force frame 12 is installed, the entire or remaining distance 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 must be filled with bars 2.1 of appropriate cross-section and made of suitable material, as described above. In the foundation primary shell structure, the lower subframes of the shear force frames 12 are omitted or adapted accordingly.

[0013] The load-bearing interior walls, columns, and shafts for the vertical connection of the floors, whose position should be aligned with the surface structure module grid, are constructed according to the state of the art. The shafts can consist of geometrically adapted surface structure modules installed at a 90° angle. The walls are to be constructed in disc-like or truss-like configurations, and these and the shafts are to be connected in a force-fitting manner if complex spatial building structures are to be created. Shafts the size of surface structure modules are required if, for example, containers or miniature plant factories are to be moved through the entire building, i.e., also vertically. The interior walls, columns, and shafts are connected to the ceilings made of primary shell structures by means of brackets or mandrels that are guided into or through the square tube sections 1.6 in the corners of the secondary shell elements 1 and then through any free holes in the square tube sections 1.6 can be screwed at the height of the shell module elements 1 or integrated into the connection 8 between the square tube sections 1.6 and the cross bars 7. This is only easily possible if the normal force elements 1.3 are not or only partially passed through the node areas. Alternatively, connecting elements such as threaded rods can be passed through the square tube sections 1.6 and the cross bars 7 through the entire element and anchored with plates on the opposite side.

[0014] The exterior wall elements 16 also consist of prefabricated components, in the described embodiment of timber frame construction elements. Their width is manufactured in the grid of the tensile structure module size and is fastened with exterior wall clamps 17, which encompass their respective corners. Appropriately designed filler elements with a square cross-section are to be installed in the building corners. The exterior wall clamps 17 are provided with vertical hollow profiles on the side facing away from the wall, the length of which corresponds to the projection of the square tube pieces 1.6 in the corners of the secondary shell elements 1. These are inserted into the respective free cross-section of the cross bars 7 or foundation cross bars 9 and fill it, thus establishing the connection between the tensile structure modules and the exterior wall elements 16. The securing corresponds to that of the square tube pieces 1.6 in the cross bars 7.The exterior wall clamps 17 are designed with a width sufficient to securely hold two adjacent exterior wall elements 16 and are connected on the outside of the building by vertical bores which correspond to, for example, internally threaded sleeves analogous to 4 in the upper sides of the vertical legs of the base elements 5 and by screwing to which the adjacent base elements are also connected to one another on top. Appropriately modified corner exterior wall clamps 18 are used in the corners of the building. Appropriate wall elements or wall frames with appropriate paneling, referred to as exterior wall extension elements 16.1, are installed at the exterior wall level over the height of the surface load-bearing modules located above ground level. These wall elements or wall frames close off the building to the outside in these areas and transfer the exterior wall loads. These are attached to the exterior wall elements 16 by screw connections through free holes in the cross bars 7 or by screwing.Closable holes can be made in the external wall elements 16, including the external wall clamps 17, 18 located at this height, through which, in the state of use, fully or partially continuous normal force elements 1.3 can be removed or additionally installed and, if necessary, anchored at the ends in the event of changing loads.

[0015] The buildings can be erected very efficiently and easily using the structure jacking method described below. First, a foundation level is created from foundation secondary shell elements 3, base elements 5, corner base elements 6, and foundation cross bars 9. After installing the diagonal bars 10 and / or shear frames 12, as well as any installations or other required items and devices, the primary shell structure is closed at the foundation level by inserting and securing the secondary shell elements 1 from above. A subsequent lower layer of secondary shell elements 1 is laid out, the cross bars 7 are inserted and secured, and everything else required or necessary is installed. After installing the required diagonal bars 10 and / or shear frames 12 and inserting and securing the upper secondary shell elements 1, the foundation can be completed if necessary.the roof insulation and waterproofing are created, since in the best case scenario, during the complete building lifting process, the primary shell structure created in this way will form the roof ceiling. In this primary shell structure, openings the size of the surface structure module are left free in a suitable number and arrangement by temporarily removing the secondary shell elements 1, into which lifting devices or masts are placed on or in the foundation primary shell structure. The lifting devices are used to lift the entire primary shell structure, or, in the case of excessively large building floor areas, suitable sections, upwards by one storey height plus an assembly allowance. In multi-story buildings, a next primary shell structure is now constructed in the same way on the foundation level, and all walls, supports, shafts and possibly even parts of the fittings and furnishings are installed between the two last constructed primary shell structures.The upper primary shell structure is then lowered by the assembly allowance and secured to ensure its load transfer. The entire finished building section above the foundation level is then lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of floors is reached or the lifting devices have exhausted their load-bearing capacity. Of course, for tall buildings, the method can also be applied in sections by extending the lifting devices upwards or re-erecting them at higher levels, in which case temporary bracing of the installation areas may be necessary. A height section can also be just one floor. The lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by inserting and securing the missing secondary shell elements 1. If, for example,If existing buildings are to be built over independently, the building lifting method can be supplemented by horizontally moving the lifted structure or building segment manufactured next to the building to be built over. Of course, pre-assembled and pre-installed segments of primary shell structures can also be delivered to the construction site, assembled there, and integrated into the building lifting method. The building lifting method can be slightly modified and even applied staggered, making it possible to subsequently add or remove building floors at any level in existing buildings of this type. To do this, the wall-ceiling connections at the top or bottom must be loosened, the upwardly movable building section must be lifted, and a new floor must be added or removed.

[0016] Alternatively, the described elements of the tensile structure modules can also be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, although this would also require temporary supports. Since the individual elements can even be assembled, at least in part, by hand, this could be particularly useful for small buildings such as single-family homes, enabling builders to partially complete the assembly themselves.

[0017] For the construction of civil engineering structures such as highly loaded surface foundations for towers or wind turbines, which must be completely dismantled after their relatively short service life, some of the previously described features can be recombined after minor modifications may be necessary. For this purpose, both secondary shell elements 1 must be made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete, and the distance 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 can be omitted. For the lower level, foundation secondary shell elements 3, which do not create a distance 2 anyway, can also be used. Instead of the grooves 1.2 in the side surfaces of the surface elements 1.1, corresponding through holes are also provided in the foundation secondary shell elements 3, through which the normal force elements 1 can be inserted after partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure.3, here in the form of required tensile reinforcement, which can also be prestressed, is threaded and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose in accordance with the state of the art. At appropriate locations, recesses can also be created in the modified secondary shell elements 1, each of which extends from the inside of the secondary shell elements 1 and partially exposes the through holes for receiving the axial force elements 1.3. Connecting sleeves or anchoring elements 1.5 for axial force elements 1.3 can be installed in these if they are to be staggered or extended. Recesses for grouting joints should be provided on the lateral edges of the modified secondary shell elements 1 used in this way to ensure the tightness of the structure and corrosion protection when using steel reinforcement.The lateral termination of these primary shell structures is formed by modified C-shaped base elements 5 with additional upper, horizontal legs, which are designed symmetrically to the lower ones. In a similar manner, bridge structures, for example, can be constructed. After their assembly, possibly at ground level, they are moved to their installation site using the described structure lifting method, if necessary in conjunction with horizontal travel movements and rotations around a vertical axis. List of reference symbols

[0018] 1Secondary shell elements 1.1Surface elements 1.2Grooves in surface elements 1.3Normal force elements 1.4Widenings of the grooves in the surface elements 1.5Connecting sleeves or anchoring elements of the normal force elements such as nuts, internally threaded sleeves, reinforcement clamping sleeves, wedge anchors or other suitable devices 1.6Square tube sections 1.7Bore holes in square tube sections 2Spacing between secondary shell elements 2.1Single or multi-part bars for reversible installation in the spacings 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 3Foundation secondary shell elements 4 and internally threaded sleeves in foundation secondary shell elements Base elements 5Base elements 6Corner base elements 7Cross bar 8Bolt or screw connection between projecting square tube sections 1.6 and cross bars 7 9Foundation cross bars 10Diagonal bars 11Angle profile pieces 12Two-part shear frame 12.1Frame transom 12.2Frame post 13Connections between frame and cross bars 14Optional flat bar frame 15Lateral connection of the individual frames 16Exterior wall elements 16.1Exterior wall extension elements 17Exterior wall clamps 18Corner exterior wall clamps.

Claims

1. Primary shell structures made up of surface support modules consisting of elements consisting of upper and lower, spaced-apart secondary shell elements, as well as by means of statically necessary filler bars, which include cross bars (7) and diagonal bars (10), joined to form a two-shell surface support structure in the form of a primary shell structure, characterized in thatthe surface load-bearing modules consist of individual elements, each of which includes two identically constructed, plane-symmetrical, spaced-apart secondary shell elements (1), which thus delimit the surface load-bearing module volume and which are formed from surface elements (1.1) which have, in each side surface, several adjacent grooves (1.2) running parallel to the outer edges, in the geometric cross-sectional extension on both sides of which there are bores (1.7), which are formed in the transverse direction, preferably centrally, by square tube pieces (1.6), which are installed in cutouts at the corners of the surface elements (1.1) with a one-sided overhang perpendicular in the direction of the surface of the secondary shell elements (1) towards the inside of the module and which also extend, with regard to their cross-section, beyond the area of ​​the surface elements (1.1) protrude, so that when several secondary shell elements (1) are placed together, mutual distances (2) are formed, which are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent surface elements (1.1) and by the respective projecting side surface areas of the square tube pieces (1.6), wherein the distance and position of the two module-defining secondary shell elements (1) are determined by cross bars (7) which, at least at their ends, consist of hollow profiles, the inner cross-sectional area of ​​which corresponds to the outer surface of the square tube pieces (1.6) lying against one another at the system nodes and which extend beyond the module-inside projections of the square tube pieces (1.6) and then fastened with secured bolts or screws (8) in corresponding bores, so that each surface structure module no longer has its own cross bars in each edge running at right angles to the secondary shell plane, but only one cross bar (7) is provided for all module corners adjacent to a primary shell structure node, and normal force elements (1.3) run in the grooves (1.2), which consist of bars and, after passing through the adjacent bores (1.7) in the square tube pieces (1.6), are initially or partially anchored in them by means of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements (1.5) or are initially or partially anchored next to them by means of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements (1.5).

2. Procedures for the assembly and disassembly of buildings and other structures made of shell and tensile modules, characterized in thatThese are assembled using the building jacking method, whereby first a foundation level is created from foundation secondary shell elements (3), base elements (5), corner base elements (6) and foundation cross bars (9) and after installation of the diagonal bars (10) and / or shear force frames (12) as well as installations and desired items and devices of the building services, the primary shell structure is closed at the foundation level by inserting and securing the secondary shell elements 1 from above, after which a next lower layer of secondary shell elements (1) is laid out, the cross bars (7) are inserted and secured, and all desired or necessary installations, the necessary diagonal bars (10) and shear force frames (12) are installed and the upper secondary shell elements (1) are inserted and secured, whereby module-sized openings are left in this primary shell structure into which building jacking devices are placed on the foundation level,with which the entire primary shell structure, or in the case of large building footprints, appropriate sections, are lifted upwards by one storey height plus an assembly allowance, after which a next primary shell structure is constructed on the foundation level in the same way and all walls, supports and possibly parts of the fittings and furnishings are installed between the two last constructed primary shell structures, in order to then lower the upper primary shell structure by the assembly allowance and fix it in place to ensure load transfer, after which the entire finished building section above the foundation level is lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of storeys is reached or the lifting devices have exhausted their load-bearing capacity. In the case of tall buildings, the method can also be applied in sections by extending the lifting devices upwards or re-erecting them at higher levels.which may then necessitate temporary shoring of the installation areas, and finally, the lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by inserting and securing the missing secondary shell elements. Pre-assembled and pre-installed segments of primary shell structures are also delivered to the construction site, assembled there, and integrated into the building lifting process. When used in existing buildings of this type of construction, the building lifting process enables building storeys to be subsequently added or removed. For this purpose, the wall-ceiling connections at the top or bottom must be loosened, the upwardly movable building section must be lifted, and a new storey must be added or removed.

3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in thatAlternatively, the surface structure module elements can also be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, although temporary supports would also be necessary, which could be used especially in small buildings such as single-family houses, since the individual elements can at least partially be assembled by hand.

4. Modification of primary shell structures from surface structure modules consisting of elements, characterized in thatthe secondary shell elements (1) are manufactured in such a way that both secondary shell elements (1) are made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete and there is no distance (2) between the secondary shell elements (1) and in the case of the lower level, foundation secondary shell elements (3), for which no distance (2) is created anyway, are also used, wherein instead of the grooves (1.2) in the side surfaces of the surface elements (1.1), corresponding through-holes are provided next to the side surfaces of the now modified secondary shell elements (1) and foundation secondary shell elements (3), through which the required reinforcement is threaded after the partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose and at points where normal force elements (1.3) end in a staggered manner or are extended, recesses are made in the modified secondary shell elements (1), each of which starts from the inside of the secondary shell elements (1) and partially exposes the through holes for receiving the normal force elements (1.3), in which connecting sleeves or anchoring elements (1.5) for normal force elements (1.3) are installed, wherein the lateral termination of these primary shell structures is formed by C-shaped modified base elements (5) which have additional upper, horizontal legs, symmetrical to the lower ones.

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