Connecting device for fixing a railing

Abstract

A connecting device for fastening a railing, in particular an all-glass railing (50), to a building or civil engineering structure is specified. The connecting device has a substructure (40) with a vertical connecting section (41) and a horizontal supporting section (42), which extend along a longitudinal direction (L) and together form a T- or L-shaped cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (L). The connecting section (41) is designed for attaching the substructure (40) to a vertical surface of the building. The supporting section (42) forms a supporting surface (43) which is designed to support the railing.The connecting device also has one or more spacers (45) which are arranged or can be arranged at a distance from one another in the longitudinal direction (L) between the supporting surface (43) of the support section (42) and an underside (52) of the railing placed thereon in such a way that any water from the emergency drainage can flow away horizontally transversely to the longitudinal direction (L) between the supporting surface (43) and the underside (52) of the railing.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to a connecting device for fastening a railing, in particular an all-glass railing, to a building or civil engineering structure. STATE OF THE ART

[0002] Railings, and in particular all-glass railings, must not only be securely attached to the building in question, but also in such a way that the building's intended functions, such as emergency drainage and thermal insulation, are not compromised. Particularly with all-glass railings, the challenge is to ensure emergency drainage to the outside over the edge of the building and to prevent waterlogging, despite the glass surface extending to the ground as seamlessly as possible. Therefore, emergency drainage in accordance with standards must also be ensured in the area of the railing. Emergency drainage is often implemented with lateral emergency overflows or an overflow-proof roof edge is created. Furthermore, layers are often provided on the outside of buildings whose function should ideally not be compromised at all or only to the extent necessary by the railing connection.Such layers particularly relate to insulation layers or films used for thermal insulation, which serve, for example, as a vapor barrier or for roof waterproofing.

[0003] WO 2022 / 073080 A1 describes a system in which glass panes of a balcony or terrace are mounted in brackets that are themselves mounted in a drainage channel. Water can drain through the brackets into the drainage channel.

[0004] A railing connection system is disclosed in DE 20 2005 015 697 U1, which forms a support for a gutter between a balcony base plate and the railing to be attached to it.

[0005] DE 10 2018 007 029 A1 discloses a railing slab support system with a profile element that has a U-shaped channel for receiving railing slabs. Bores provided in the channel base allow water to drain out of the channel. The bores open into a leakage inlet channel extending below the channel, which is also formed by the profile element. From there, water drains via a leakage drain hole and a leakage drain pipe. The leakage inlet channel is only suitable for draining small amounts of water that accumulate at the railing itself. In order to also drain water flowing from the structure to the railing, the profile element, in another disclosed embodiment, has a drainage channel for surface drainage.

[0006] EP 3 812 531 A1 discloses a profile system for supporting a railing for balconies or terraces. For drainage, an outlet channel is provided in the base area of a U-shaped channel designed to accommodate a glass pane. The profile also forms a gutter in the area between the U-shaped channel and the building structure connection, from which accumulating water can drain via a drain outlet. EP 4 230 820 A1 discloses a profile for attaching a balcony cladding, which has a gutter arranged between the balcony railing to be attached and the building structure.

[0007] The conventional solution for draining water in the area of the connecting device is to provide a gutter between the structure and the railing or below the railing. The water is collected in the gutter, which runs along the entire length of the railing, and drained through one or more drain outlets. However, this requires relatively large volumes of water to be drained from the drain outlet(s), necessitating additional measures, such as the provision of drainpipes.

[0008] CH 716 033 B1 discloses a mounting system for a flush-mounted all-glass railing, in which a support profile for holding the railing is attached to a spacer. A gap is formed between the spacer and the front panel of a mounting bracket attached to the ceiling structure, which serves to drain water. A drain profile allows water to drain away below the support profile along the entire length of the railing.

[0009] The connection device disclosed in CH 716 033 B1 and many other such prior art systems have a complex design, often involving multiple parts, and / or are cumbersome to use. Furthermore, many known connection devices are only applicable to specific railings and cannot be used with different railing types and / or dimensions. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] It is an object of the present invention to provide a connection device for fastening a railing to a building which is easy to manufacture and handle and which ensures emergency drainage to the outside over the edge of the building.

[0011] To achieve this object, a connecting device is proposed as defined in claim 1. Claim 9 specifies a railing unit comprising such a connecting device and a railing or a railing support. Advantageous embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.

[0012] The present invention therefore provides a connecting device for fastening a railing, in particular an all-glass railing, to a building or civil engineering structure, comprising a substructure having a vertical connecting portion and a horizontal supporting portion extending along a longitudinal direction and together forming a T- or L-shaped cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, wherein the connecting portion is configured for attaching the substructure to a vertical surface of the building, and wherein the supporting portion forms a supporting surface configured for supporting the railing. The connection device also has one or more spacers, which are arranged or can be arranged at a distance from one another in the longitudinal direction between the supporting surface of the support section and an underside of the railing placed thereon in such a way that any water from the emergency drainage can flow away horizontally transversely to the longitudinal direction between the supporting surface and the underside of the railing.

[0013] By placing spacers on the supporting section of the substructure and attaching the railing to the substructure on top of them, a gap can be created very easily beneath the railing to allow any water from the emergency drainage to drain away. The water is advantageously not collected in this way, but can drain directly outwards across the length of the railing. This avoids areas where large amounts of water are concentrated. The connection device preferably allows water to drain away from the spacers along the entire length of the railing. The influence of the connection device and the railing on the water drainage of the structure can thus be minimized.Due to the simple design of the connecting device with the spacers provided on the support section, it is also possible to easily design the connecting device in a modular manner for different railing types and railing dimensions.

[0014] Building structures are structures that extend above and above ground level. Civil engineering structures, on the other hand, are mostly located at or below ground level. The structure can, in particular, be a building, in which case the connecting device preferably serves to attach a railing to a building edge. The connecting device is particularly preferably used to attach a railing to a balcony or terrace. The railing is then therefore a balcony railing or a terrace railing.

[0015] Within the scope of this document, height and direction specifications such as "top", "bottom", "up", "down", etc., as well as specifications regarding the position of planes such as "vertical" and "horizontal", are generally, unless otherwise stated, to be understood in relation to the direction of gravity and a connecting device properly mounted on a building. The railing held by the connecting device usually extends vertically upwards from the ground (e.g., of a balcony or terrace), where the connecting device is attached to the building. In the case of an all-glass railing, the glass surface of the railing usually extends in the vertical plane. In principle, however, embodiments are also conceivable in which the railing extends upwards from the connecting device at an angle to the direction of gravity.The longitudinal direction of the connecting section and the supporting section, which usually also corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the railing, usually extends in a horizontal plane and in most cases along an outer edge of the structure.

[0016] The cross-section of the substructure, at least as far as the connecting section and the support section are concerned, is preferably constant over the entire longitudinal extent of the substructure. The cross-sectional plane generally extends perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the substructure.

[0017] In cross-sectional view, the substructure may also have additional sections that complement the T- or L-shaped form. For the connecting section and the support section to jointly form a T- or L-shaped cross-section, it is generally sufficient for the connecting section to have at least one vertical element and the support section to have at least one horizontal element, which, when the connecting device is properly installed, are connected to one another at one point or abut one another. Both the connecting section and the support section can have any number of additional elements in addition to the vertical or horizontal element.

[0018] In cross-sectional view, the connecting section therefore preferably extends along the vertical. If it even extends exclusively along the vertical, the connection device is particularly easy to manufacture. The connecting section is therefore preferably formed by a flat plate. Because it extends along the vertical in cross-section, the connecting section can be very easily attached to a vertical surface of the building. For example, the connecting section can have one or more drill holes that allow the substructure to be screwed to the building. When installed as intended, the upper edge of the connecting section is preferably arranged at the height of a right-angled edge of the building or protrudes slightly beyond it. This enables the railing to be attached flush with a horizontal surface of the building.

[0019] The support section preferably has a flat, horizontally extending upper surface, which forms the supporting surface for supporting the railing. The railing, which is advantageously held in a U-shaped profile rail, is preferably placed on the supporting surface, meaning that its weight rests on the supporting surface. The support section preferably supports a large portion, particularly preferably even the entire weight, of the railing resting on it via the supporting surface.

[0020] The support section is preferably firmly connected to the connecting section, meaning it cannot be separated from the connecting section without a suitable tool. Depending on the embodiment, the connecting section and the support section can also be formed as a single piece. An embodiment in which the support section is welded to the connecting section is particularly preferred. However, embodiments in which at least the connecting section and the support section are each formed as a single piece are advantageous due to their ease of manufacture.

[0021] In a particularly simple design, the spacers each take the form of simple, cuboid blocks. To simplify handling of the connecting device at the installation site, the spacers are preferably permanently attached to the substructure. They can be screwed, welded, or glued to the support section. Conversely, with regard to the adaptability of the connecting device to local conditions, it can also be advantageous if the spacers are not yet permanently connected to the substructure, but are attached to the support section at the appropriate locations on site.

[0022] It is generally possible for the substructure to have only a single spacer. In this case, several substructures, each with a spacer, can be arranged one behind the other along the longitudinal direction. Preferably, the multiple substructures are then arranged directly behind each other, meaning that they are adjacent to each other along the longitudinal direction.

[0023] The spacers preferably rest directly on the supporting surface of the support section, i.e. they contact the supporting surface. From above, the underside of the railing preferably rests directly on the spacers. The underside of the railing can in particular be formed by a bracket, for example in the form of a U-profile, which serves to hold a pane of glass, for example, and together with it forms the railing. In this case, the spacers are arranged along the vertical direction between the support section and the railing, contacting their supporting surface or underside. The (preferably entire) weight of the railing is then borne by the spacers and transferred to the substructure.

[0024] To achieve even weight distribution, the spacers are preferably arranged at equal intervals along the longitudinal direction. Due to the spacing of the spacers along the longitudinal direction, any water from the emergency drainage can easily drain away below the railing, i.e., into the space remaining between the supporting surface and the underside of the railing. The drainage direction is then perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

[0025] A particularly simple production of the substructure is possible if the connecting section or the support section, preferably the connecting section and the support section, are made of a metal, advantageously of a stainless metal, and in particular of sheet metal. The metal can in particular be a chromium-nickel steel (CNS). When manufactured from sheet metal, the connecting section and the support section can be manufactured using simple work steps such as punching, bending, and possibly drilling. In a subsequent work step, the connecting section and the support section can then be welded, screwed, or glued together.

[0026] In order to enable any water from the emergency drainage to drain away not only horizontally below the railing, but also vertically between the connecting section and the railing, the support section is preferably designed to attach the railing at a distance from the connecting section. In this case, the railing and advantageously its holder, such as a U-profile, is preferably attached to the supporting surface of the support section via the spacers during assembly in such a way that a gap remains between the connecting section and the railing, i.e. in particular the railing holder, which gap serves to drain away the water from the emergency drainage. The water can then flow away first vertically between the connecting section and railing and then horizontally between the support section and railing. The vertical and horizontal gaps preferably have approximately the same gap width.

[0027] To facilitate the attachment of the support section to the connecting section, the support section preferably has an L- or U-shaped cross-section. An L- or U-shaped cross-section, in particular a U-shaped cross-section, also provides the support section with particularly good stability and load-bearing capacity.

[0028] To attach the substructure to the structure, the connecting section preferably has drill holes.

[0029] The present invention further relates to a railing unit comprising a connecting device as specified above and a railing or a railing support, wherein the railing is designed for attachment to a building or civil engineering structure by means of the connecting device. The railing unit can thus comprise the connecting device and a railing, or it can comprise the connecting device and the railing support.

[0030] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the railing is an all-glass railing. An all-glass railing typically comprises at least one glass pane and a bracket for holding the glass pane. The bracket can, in particular, be a U-shaped profile.

[0031] The railing or bracket is preferably mounted on the supporting surface of the support section, or is configured for mounting on the supporting surface, in such a way that the railing or bracket is spaced apart from both the connecting section and the support section. This spacing allows water to drain away easily.

[0032] The distance between the railing or bracket and the connecting section is preferably approximately the same as the distance to the wing. The water passage is thus approximately the same along the vertical and horizontal directions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the drawings, which are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting. In the drawings: Fig. 1 is a perspective, partially cutaway view of an embodiment of a connecting device according to the invention, which serves to fasten an all-glass railing to a building by means of two substructures; Fig. 2 is a side view of the connecting device of the Fig. 1 ; Fig. 3 an exploded perspective view of the connection device of the Fig. 1 ; and Fig. 4 an enlarged detailed view of the Fig. 3 dashed area. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0034] In the Figures 1 to 4a preferred embodiment of a connecting device according to the invention is shown in various views, by means of which a railing unit in the form of an all-glass railing 50 is attached to a building.

[0035] In the present embodiment, two or more connecting devices, each with a substructure 40, are provided, which are arranged directly adjacent to one another on a concrete structure 11 of the building in order to jointly hold an all-glass railing 50 to the building. In principle, it would also be possible for the substructures 40 to be connected to one another, in particular integrally connected to one another, thus forming a single common substructure.

[0036] The concrete structure 11 can, in particular, be part of a balcony or a terrace. The concrete structure 11, which can form a cantilevered part of the building, has a horizontal and a vertical surface. A vapor barrier / retardant 71 is applied to the horizontal surface of the concrete structure 11 to prevent moisture transport by diffusion and convection when installed airtight. An insulation layer 72 lies on the vapor barrier / retardant 71, which serves to provide thermal insulation to the outside of the building. A lower waterproofing membrane 74 and an upper waterproofing membrane 75 are applied to the top side of the insulation layer to prevent moisture from penetrating the insulation layer 72. The waterproofing membranes 74 and 75 can, in particular, each be made of a plastic, bitumen, or polymer bitumen.As the uppermost element of the balcony or terrace, one or more floor elements 76 are placed on the waterproofing membranes 74, 75. The floor elements 76 form a tread surface of the balcony or terrace.

[0037] The all-glass railing 50 must now be attached to the structure using the connecting device in such a way that the glass pane or panes 53 of the railing extend as flush as possible down to the tread surface, thereby forming a particularly aesthetically pleasing floor finish. The all-glass railing 50 can, of course, also be installed higher than the tread surface. Furthermore, the all-glass railing must, of course, meet certain safety requirements, meaning it must be securely anchored to the concrete structure 11 using the connecting device. Another essential requirement for the attachment of the all-glass railing 50 is ensuring the drainage of any water from the emergency drainage system on the balcony or terrace.

[0038] In order to meet these requirements, the all-glass railing 50 is attached to the structure by means of the connection device according to the invention, which is designed as follows and anchored in the concrete structure 11.

[0039] The connecting device comprises a substructure 40 having a connecting section 41 and a supporting section 42. The connecting section 41 is formed by a flat rectangular sheet metal extending in the vertical plane and serving to attach the substructure to a vertical surface of the building, and in particular to the concrete structure 11. The supporting section 42 is formed by a sheet metal with a U-shaped cross section, which, when properly installed, extends perpendicular to the cross-sectional area along a longitudinal direction L parallel to the vertical surface of the concrete structure 11 and thus parallel to the all-glass railing 50. The U-shaped cross section of the supporting section 42 facilitates its attachment to the connecting section 41 and also increases its load-bearing capacity.The U-shaped configuration of the support section 42 is formed by two vertically downwardly projecting outer legs, which are connected to each other via a horizontal connecting leg. Via one outer leg, the support section 42 is welded to the surface of the connecting section 41 slightly above the center. From the point where the support section 42 is attached, the connecting section 41 thus extends both downward and slightly upward.

[0040] To securely attach the substructure 40 to the structure, it is anchored by means of several anchoring rods 21, which represent parts of a cantilever slab connection and extend deep into the concrete structure 11. The anchoring rods 21 are preferably grooved on the outside and have an external thread. Drill holes 44 are provided in the connecting section 41 to fasten the substructure 40 to the anchoring rods 21. The ends of the anchoring rods 21 that protrude from the concrete structure 11 each extend through a drill hole 44. The substructure 40 is fixed to the anchoring rods 21 and thus to the concrete structure 11 by means of screw nuts 22.

[0041] An insulating element 12 is arranged between the concrete structure 11 and the connecting section 41, through which the anchoring rods 21 extend. Together with the anchoring rods 21, the insulating element 12 forms the cantilever slab connection. The insulating element 12 serves as a thermal barrier between the connection device and the concrete structure 11.

[0042] In order to better distribute the holding force exerted by the screw nuts 22 to the connecting section 41, a reinforcing plate 23 can be arranged between the screw nuts 22 and the connecting section 41, as shown in the Figures 1 , 2 and 4 The reinforcement plate 23 can be easily seen, as shown in the Figure 2 shown, extend beyond the downwardly projecting outer leg of the support section 42 attached to the connecting section 41 in order to secure the support section 42 to the connecting section 41.

[0043] To facilitate the attachment and, in particular, the alignment of the substructure 40 to the concrete structure 11, a formwork panel 31 can be attached to the underside of the cantilevered concrete structure 11. To facilitate the alignment and attachment of the reinforcement plates 23, a formwork board 32 can also be arranged on the formwork panel at the locations of the drill holes 44. The formwork panel 31 and the formwork boards 32 can be removed from the substructure 40 after it has been installed on the concrete structure 11.

[0044] The upper side of the connecting leg of the support section 42 forms a horizontal supporting surface 43 extending along a longitudinal direction L, which is designed to support the all-glass railing 50. The longitudinal direction L extends parallel to the building edge to which the all-glass railing 50 is attached, and thus along the main longitudinal direction of the railing. This means that the all-glass railing 50 is placed on the supporting surface 43 and bears its entire weight on the support section 42.

[0045] Spacers 45 are arranged between the all-glass railing 50 and the support section 42. In the present embodiment, the spacers 45 are cuboid metal blocks arranged at regular intervals along the longitudinal direction L on the supporting surface 43. The spacers 45 rest directly on the supporting surface 43 and can be firmly attached thereto. For example, they can be welded to the support section 42 or screwed thereto.

[0046] The all-glass railing 50 has a U-profile 51, which serves to hold the glass pane 53. Together with the glass pane 53 and any other elements, the U-profile thus forms the all-glass railing 50. The U-profile 51 rests on the spacers 45 with its opening facing upwards and can, in particular, be screwed to them. An underside 52 of the U-profile 51 thus contacts the spacers 45, but is arranged at a distance from the supporting surface 43 of the support section 42.

[0047] However, the U-profile 51 is not only spaced apart from the support section 42, but also from the connecting section 41. The spacing from the connecting section 42 is very easily achieved by simply placing the U-profile 51 on the spacers 45 at a certain distance from the connecting section 42 and then screwing it firmly into place. Any water from the emergency drainage can thus flow unhindered through the gap between the connecting section 41 and the U-profile 51, first vertically and then horizontally through the gap between the underside 52 of the U-profile 51 and the supporting surface 43.

[0048] The glass pane 53 is inserted into the upwardly open opening of the U-profile 51 and is held in place by it. Clamping elements 54, which can in particular be wedge-shaped, serve to fix the glass pane 53 in the U-profile 51. Sealing elements 55 are arranged on the upper side of the U-profile 51, either side of the glass pane 53, to prevent water and dirt particles from penetrating the U-profile 51. A suspension plate 56 is suspended on the outside of the U-profile 51 to create an attractive visual finish. The spacers 45 serve as a holder for the suspension plate 56.

[0049] Below the support section 42, an insulation layer 61 is applied to the outside of the connecting section 41 to ensure thermal insulation of the structure in this direction as well. The insulation layer 61 is coated on the outside with an abrasion layer 62 for protection against moisture and for aesthetic reasons.

[0050] As already mentioned, to hold the Figures 1 to 4 In the all-glass railing 50 shown, several connecting devices according to the invention are provided, which are attached to the concrete structure 11 directly adjacent to one another along the longitudinal direction L. In order to prevent water drainage in the area of the joints between the respective substructures 40, a seal 77, preferably made of liquid plastic, is provided at the corresponding points, which seal covers the two adjacent substructures 40 in the area of the joint. In the present exemplary embodiment, each of the substructures 40 is assigned a single spacer 45, on which the U-profile 51 of the all-glass railing 50 rests. However, it would also be entirely possible for several spacers 45 to be assigned to a single substructure 40. It would also be conceivable that for holding the Figures 1 to 4In the all-glass railing shown, only a single, continuous substructure would be used, to which a plurality of spacers 45 are assigned. The seals 77 would no longer be necessary in this case.

[0051] On the side of the connecting section 41 facing the structure, a wedge element 73 is also arranged, which rests on the lower sealing membrane 74 and contacts the connecting section 41. The wedge element 73 extends over the entire longitudinal extent of the all-glass railing 50 and is covered upwards by the upper sealing membrane 75. The area between the insulation layer 72 and the connecting section 41, as well as the area between the concrete structure 11 and the connecting section 41, are thus efficiently sealed against water ingress. The wedge element 73 prevents right-angled kinks and any resulting cracks in the seal 75.

[0052] The present invention is of course not limited to the exemplary embodiments given; rather, a multitude of modifications are possible. For example, the spacers 45 do not necessarily have to be formed from cuboid metal blocks, but could also be made of a plastic and have any other shape. The support section 42 does not have to be made of sheet metal and have a U-shaped cross-section. Likewise, the holder of the all-glass railing does not necessarily have to have a U-profile, even if this is preferred. Instead, the glass pane 53 could also be held only at a few discrete locations that are spaced apart from one another along the longitudinal direction L. A multitude of further modifications are conceivable. LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS

[0053] 11Concrete structure 12Insulating element 21Anchoring rod 22Screw nut 23Reinforcing plate 31Formwork panel 32Formwork board 40Substructure 41Connecting section 42Support section 43Supporting surface 44Drill hole 45Spacer 50All-glass railing 51U-profile 52Underside 53Glass pane 54Clamping element 55Sealing element 56Hanging plate 61Insulation layer 62Abrasion 71Vapour barrier / retardant 72Insulation layer 73Wedge element 74Lower waterproofing membrane 75Upper waterproofing membrane 76Floor element 77Waterproofing Longitudinal direction

Claims

1. A connecting device for fastening a railing, in particular an all-glass railing (50), to a building or civil engineering structure, comprising a substructure (40) with a vertical connecting section (41) and a horizontal supporting section (42), which extend along a longitudinal direction (L) and together form a T- or L-shaped cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (L), wherein the connecting section (41) is designed for attaching the substructure (40) to a vertical surface of the building, and wherein the supporting section (42) forms a supporting surface (43) which is designed for supporting the railing, characterized in thatthe connecting device further comprises one or more spacers (45) which are arranged or can be arranged at a distance from one another in the longitudinal direction (L) between the supporting surface (43) of the support section (42) and an underside (52) of the railing placed thereon in such a way that any water from the emergency drainage can flow away horizontally transversely to the longitudinal direction (L) between the supporting surface (43) and the underside (52) of the railing.

2. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein the connecting portion (41) is made in one piece from a sheet metal.

3. Connecting device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the support section (42) is made in one piece from a sheet metal.

4. Connecting device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the spacers (45) are screwed, glued or welded to the support section (42).

5. Connecting device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the support section (42) for attaching the railing is formed at a distance from the connecting section (41) so that any water from the emergency drainage between the connecting section (41) and the railing can flow away vertically.

6. Connecting device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the support section (42) has a U-shaped cross-section.

7. Connecting device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the connecting section (41) is plate-shaped as a whole.

8. Connecting device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the connecting section (41) has drill holes (44) for attaching the substructure (40) to the building.

9. Railing unit comprising a connecting device according to one of the preceding claims and a railing or a holder of a railing, wherein the railing is designed for attachment to a building or civil engineering structure by means of the connecting device.

10. Railing unit according to claim 9, wherein the railing is an all-glass railing (50) and the bracket is a U-profile (51).

11. Connecting device according to one of claims 9 or 10, wherein the railing or the holder is mounted on the supporting surface (43) or is designed to be mounted on the supporting surface (43) in such a way that the railing or the holder is spaced apart from both the connecting section (41) and the support section (42).

12. Connecting device according to claim 11, wherein the distance of the railing or the holder to the connecting section (41) is approximately the same as to the supporting surface (43).

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