An insect feed including a potassium or magnesium bearing mineral

Abstract

There is provided an insect feed composition comprising a mineral in a concentration of between 0.1%-10% w / w of said composition, and wherein said mineral comprises Potassium, Magnesium or both.

Description

[0001] AN INSECT FEED INCLUDING A POTASSIUM OR MAGNESIUM

[0002] BEARING MINERAL

[0003] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The present invention relates to an insect feed composition that comprises Potassium or Magnesium enriched minerals and a process for the preparation thereof.

[0005] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0006] World population is expected to grow by over a third, reaching over 9 billion people in 2050 having as main consequence that the world will have to produce 70% more food. Consequently, livestock production (in particular that of poultry and swine) will grow exponentially reaching up to double of the current production.

[0007] Therefore, the foremost gamble will be to guarantee the global capacity to provide enough animal feed (in particular protein ingredients) trying to avoid as much as possible competition with human food demand. For this purpose, insects have been already proposed as a high quality, efficient and sustainable alternative protein and nutrient source, which may be achieved, for example, using insect farming.

[0008] Insects are rich in protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals, and their production requires significantly less land, water, and feed compared to traditional livestock. For example, crickets require six times less feed than cattle to produce the same amount of protein, and they emit 80 times less methane than cows. Insects can be grown on diverse organic wastes, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, which further reduces their environmental impact and helps address the problem of food waste.

[0009] Insect farming is the practice of raising and breeding insects as livestock, also referred to as minilivestock or micro stock. Insects may be farmed for the commodities they produce (like silk, honey, lac or insect tea), or for them themselves; to be used as food, as feed, as a dye, and otherwise.

[0010] Despite these benefits, the use of insects as food sources is not yet widely adopted, and there is a need for innovative solutions to increase their production and consumption. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new technologies and methods that can facilitate the sustainable and efficient production of insects as food, and their incorporation into the global food system.

[0011] Numerous attempts have been made to produce or substantially grow insects for the various purposes described hereinabove.

[0012] US2021 / 0137137, for example, teaches of a method to produce insect frass, water- depleted insects, lipid-depleted insects, and insect lipids.

[0013] CN110214857 discloses an easily rotten waste conversion insect protein feed system.

[0014] One of the most promising insect species identified for industrial production in the Western world is the Black Soldier Fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L.). The black soldier fly has a high potential to become one of the alternative protein sources for animal feed. BSF larvae can feed on diverse organic wastes and increase their body weight by impressive rates as high as 8,000 -fold within approximately two weeks only. After larvae growth on organic wastes, they start to create pupas, leaving behind their manure, organic wastes called frass. The frass contains high organic matter content and minerals composed of larvae secretions, undigested feed, dead larvae, and exuviate.

[0015] DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1 is a graph depicting the results of a oneway analysis of larvae fresh weight after adding different potassium or magnesium bearing minerals to the larvae feed, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0017] Figure 2 is a graph depicting the results of a oneway analysis of larvae fresh weight after adding different potassium or magnesium bearing minerals to the larvae feed, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0018] Figure 3 is a graph depicting the summary of average larvae biomass growth after adding different potassium or magnesium bearing minerals to the larvae feed, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. Figure 4 is a graph depicting the larvae weight growth after adding Polyhalite to the larvae feed in comparison with a control group, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0019] Figure 5 includes graphs of the Phosphorus content (A) in the frass of larvae fed by a Polyhalite feed, and the Nitrogen content (B) in the frass of larvae fed by a Polyhalite feed, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0020] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0021] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising a Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral in a concentration of between 0. l%-10% w / w of the composition.

[0022] According to some embodiments, the Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral may be selected from the group including Polyhalite, Muriate of Potash (MOP), Carnallite, Magnesium Oxide fertilizers (such as MagiK®) Kieserite, NPK fertilizers or combinations thereof.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the mineral may preferably be a Potassium bearing mineral may be selected from the group including Polyhalite, Muriate of Potash (MOP), Carnallite, NPK fertilizers or combinations thereof.

[0024] According to some embodiments, the insect may be selected from the group including worms, bees, flies, lac insects, cochineals, crickets, cockroaches, ants.

[0025] According to some embodiments, the insect may preferably be a Black Soldier Fly (BSF).

[0026] According to some embodiments, the concentration of the Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral in the feed may be 0.3%-2% w / w, preferably, 0.5%-l% w / w.

[0027] According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a method for producing an insect feed comprising a Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral, wherein the method comprises mixing the mineral with the feed, wherein the feed may be a biowaste and wherein the mineral may be in a concentration between 0.2%-5% w / w of the composition.

[0028] According to some embodiments, the mineral may be in powder form, granular or in a suspension form. According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a use of a Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral in a feeding regimen of an insect comprising adding the mineral to the insect feed in a concentration between 0.2%-5% w / w of the feed.

[0029] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein a method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during insect rearing, the method comprising feeding the insect with the insect feed composition comprising a Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral in a concentration of between 0. l%-10% w / w.

[0030] According to some embodiments, the reduced greenhouse gas emissions may include reduced methane, carbon dioxide, or ammonia emissions.

[0031] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect biomass produced using the composition of the present invention, wherein the insect biomass has enhanced growth, nutritional value, or both.

[0032] According to some embodiments, the composition may further include a protein source selected from the group consisting of soybean meal, fishmeal, algae meal, or combinations thereof and a carbohydrate source selected from the group consisting of cornmeal, wheat bran, rice bran, or combinations thereof.

[0033] According to some embodiments, the composition may further include a binder selected from the group consisting of starch, cellulose, lignin, or combinations thereof.

[0034] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an Insect feed enriched with a mineral which comprises Potassium, Magnesium or both.

[0036] According to some embodiments, the term "insect" as used herein, may refer to any invertebrates from the class Insecta, including for example, worms (such as silkworms, mealworms, buffaloworms, waxworms) bees, flies, lac insects, cochineals, crickets, cockroaches, ants and the like. Specifically, the term "insect" as referred to herein may refer to a larvae of the invertebrates from the class Insecta.

[0037] According to some embodiments, the insect may preferably be a fly, most preferably, a Black Soldier Fly.

[0038] According to some embodiments, feeding insect larvae can present several challenges depending on the specific species of insect being raised and the methods used to rear them, including, for example: Nutritional requirements: Insect larvae have specific nutritional requirements and feeding them an inappropriate diet can lead to poor growth, development, and survival. Some larvae require a specific type of food or a specific nutrient balance, making it difficult to find suitable food sources.

[0039] Contamination: Insect larvae can be susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination, especially if their food source is not kept clean and sterile. Contaminated food can cause disease and increase mortality rates among the larvae.

[0040] Quality of food: The quality of the food source can affect the health and growth of the larvae. For example, if the food source is of low quality or not fresh, it may not provide the necessary nutrients for the larvae to grow and develop properly. According to some embodiments, and as will be shown hereinbelow, the mineral of the present invention may enrich poor quality food sources and enable the proper or even enlarged growth of insects nonetheless.

[0041] Cannibalism: Some insect species, such as mealworms, can become cannibalistic if they are overcrowded or not given enough food. This can lead to a reduction in the number of larvae available for further development or sale.

[0042] Environmental conditions: Insect larvae are sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, nitrogenous gasses emitted by the growing larvae, and lighting. The optimal conditions for rearing larvae can vary by species and must be carefully controlled to ensure healthy growth and development.

[0043] During the rearing process of insects, e.g., BSF larvae, and the decomposition of organic substrates, several gases may be released. Some of the primary gases emitted during the rearing may include:

[0044] Carbon dioxide (CO2): As the BSF larvae break down the organic matter, they respire and produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of their metabolism.

[0045] Methane (CH4): Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that can be produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.

[0046] Ammonia (NH3): The breakdown of proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the organic waste can result in ammonia emissions. Ammonia is a strongsmelling gas that can contribute to odor issues if not managed properly.

[0047] Other volatile organic compounds (VOCs): A variety of VOCs can also be released during the decomposition process, including compounds that contribute to odors. The specific VOCs emitted depend on the composition of the organic waste being processed by the larvae. According to some demonstrative embodiments, the use of the mineral of the present invention in a feed, may also enable a partial or complete control or diminishment of gases released during the rearing of the insects, for example, larvae.

[0048] According to some embodiments, feeding insect larvae requires careful attention to their nutritional requirements, quality of food, environmental conditions, and handling to ensure their healthy growth and development.

[0049] According to some embodiments, the specific use of potassium or magnesium enriched minerals, preferably, potassium enriched minerals, in the feeding regimen of the insect larvae may be beneficial in reducing the risk factors described hereinabove, and enable the normal growth of insect larvae in poor conditions / feeds or better growth of the larvae in normal feeding conditions, in comparison to the lack of such use.

[0050] According to some embodiments, specifically feeding Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae can present some unique challenges compared to feeding other insect larvae, including, for example:

[0051] Larvae require high-quality protein: BSF larvae require a high-quality protein source for optimal growth and development. This protein source can be challenging to find, and a poor-quality protein source can lead to poor growth or even death. According to some embodiments, the addition of at least one potassium or magnesium bearing mineral of the present invention, may diminish the effect of poor quality protein on the larvae, and may enable the proper growth of the larvae even in less than optimal conditions.

[0052] According to some embodiments, it is estimated that the specific use of one or more potassium or magnesium bearing minerals, unlike the mere addition of potassium or magnesium to the feeding regimen, may contribute to the overall protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. According to some embodiments, the use of a complete mineral bearing potassium, magnesium or both, also helps maintain proper water balance and pH levels in the larvae's bodies. As a result, BSF larvae that are fed a diet containing one or more minerals including potassium may experience the following benefits: 1. Improved growth: Potassium bearing minerals can enhance larval growth by promoting muscle development and increasing body weight. 2. Improved nutrient utilization: Potassium bearing minerals may help improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization in BSF larvae. This means that the larvae can extract more nutrients from their food, leading to improved growth and development. 3. Increased survival: BSF larvae that are fed a diet containing one or more minerals having adequate levels of potassium may have a higher survival rate than larvae that are deficient in potassium.

[0053] However, according to some embodiments, it is important to note that too much potassium or magnesium in the diet can also have negative effects on the larvae. High levels of potassium or magnesium can be toxic to the larvae, which might lead to reduced growth and even death, especially if the potassium or magnesium is not balanced with other essential nutrients (as can be seen, for example below with regard to table 3).

[0054] According to some embodiments, the one or more minerals containing potassium or magnesium of the present invention may provide optimal amounts of potassium or magnesium optionally together with other beneficial elements, including, for example, sulfur and more, to enable enhanced growth of the larvae, e.g., when compared to an ordinary diet.

[0055] According to some embodiments, the one or more minerals containing potassium or magnesium of the present invention may be selected from the group including: Polyhalite, Muriate of Potash (MOP), Carnallite, Kieserite, NPK fertilizers, Mg & K fertilizers (including for example, MagiK® by ICL) or combinations thereof.

[0056] According to some preferable embodiments, the one or more minerals contains potassium and may be selected from the group including: Polyhalite, Muriate of Potash (MOP), Carnallite, NPK fertilizers, Mg & K fertilizers (including for example, MagiK® by ICL) or combinations thereof.

[0057] According to some embodiments, there is a high preference for the potassium or magnesium bearing mineral to be a fertilizer mineral, for example, since at least some of the fertilizer may be secreted in the frass of the insect.

[0058] According to some embodiments, the one or more minerals of the present invention may be used in a concentration between 0.1 %- 10% w / w of the total feed, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w.

[0059] According to some embodiments, it has been surprisingly found that low concentrations of 0.3%-2% w / w, e.g., 0.5-1.5% w / w, yield superior results in terms of larvae growth (which is counter intuitive and surprising).

[0060] According to some embodiments, the one or more minerals may preferably include Polyhalite, MOP, Carnallite, NPK fertilizers and Kieserite or a combination thereof.

[0061] According to some embodiments, the one or more minerals containing potassium most preferably may include Polyhalite, MOP, Carnallite or a combination thereof. According to some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the insect may be a Black soldier Fly. Black Soldier Fly farming is presently the most widespread form of insect farming in the world. The Black Soldier Fly is ideally suited for food production due to its rapid production cycle and high concentration of protein. The high percentage of protein in the larvae makes them an ideal source of food for a wide variety of animals.

[0062] According to some embodiments, during the breeding phase, also referred to as the hatchery phase, the eggs deposited by adult Black Soldier Flies are placed in vertically racked containers filled with compost consisting of residual waste streams such as organic food waste. Under completely controlled climate conditions, the eggs hatch very quickly into tiny Black Soldier Fly larvae.

[0063] According to some embodiments, during the production phase, temperature, humidity, and food supply are carefully controlled and optimized for growth of the larvae, which reach their maximum body mass in only 6 days. During this period, the larvae rapidly consume nutrients from the organic waste in order to prepare themselves for the following stage of their life as an adult fly.

[0064] According to some embodiments, adding the mineral of the present invention to the feed of the larvae may provide beneficial results in terms of larvae survival, larvae growth, protein and fat contents in the larvae, overall health of the larvae and the like.

[0065] According to some embodiments, when they are ready to be harvested, the larvae consist for 40% to 65% of (wet) protein and other essential nutrients for humans and animals.

[0066] The dried insects may then be processed to provide an insect meal that is ready for distribution and further processing, e.g., for animal feed (also larvae fats).

[0067] According to some embodiments, the use of one or more minerals containing potassium or Magnesium in the feeding regimen of a BSF larvae, may also be beneficial for overcoming the need for a constant food source. Generally, BSF larvae have a high appetite and require a constant supply of food. This can be challenging if a reliable food source is not available or if the food source requires frequent replenishment. A mineral containing Potassium such as MOP, polyhalite or Carnallite, may allow for the larvae to store food in the digestive system, and be better prepared for inconstant supply of food. According to these embodiments, by improving the nutritional quality of their diet, BSF larvae may store some food in their digestive system in the crop, which is a sac-like structure (reservoir) that serves as a temporary storage area for food. According to some embodiments, the mineral of the present invention may have the ability to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment, for example, especially due to the existence of potassium and chloride and / or potassium and sulphate in the mineral. According to some embodiments, BSF larvae require a specific moisture content in their food, which can be challenging to maintain if the food source is not properly prepared or stored, and during larvae rearing, when they produce heat that further heats the organic feeding substrates. If the food is too dry or too wet, it can lead to decreased growth and development. According to some embodiments, the unique use of a potassium bearing mineral, preferably MOP, Carnallite and / or Polyhalite, can allow for the preservation of moisture content in the food of the larvae.

[0068] According to some embodiments, BSF larvae can be susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination, especially if their food source is not kept clean and sterile. Contaminated food can cause disease and increase mortality rates among the larvae. However, according to some embodiments, adding the mineral of the present invention to the feeding regimen of the larvae may increase the overall health of the larvae, e.g., due to the previously detailed reasons, and as such reduce the risk of contamination.

[0069] According to some demonstrative examples, there is provided a method for producing an insect feed comprising a mineral containing Potassium, Magnesium or both, wherein said method comprises mixing the mineral, e.g., in a pellet, granule, powder, suspension, emulsifiable concentrate, or dust form, with an insect feed, e.g., biowaste.

[0070] According to some embodiments, a general process for the manufacture of the insect feed may include the steps of: Grinding of raw materials, mixing and optionally crumbling or pelletizing for easier consumption by the insect.

[0071] According to some embodiments, the mineral containing Potassium, Magnesium or both may preferably be added at one or more of the following steps: grinding, mixing, pelletizing and / or crumbling.

[0072] According to some embodiments, the mineral may be added at the grinding and / or mixing stage.

[0073] According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a use of a mineral containing Potassium, Magnesium or both in the feeding regimen of an insect, wherein the use includes adding the mineral to an insect feed in a concentration between 0.25%- 10% w / w of the feed, preferably, no more than 2% w / w, most preferably around 1% w / w. According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a use of a mineral containing Potassium, Magnesium or both in the manufacture of an insect feed, wherein the manufacturing includes adding between 0.25%-10% w / w of the mineral to a composition intended for feeding an insect, preferably, no more than 2% w / w, most preferably around 1% w / w.

[0074] Polyhalite is an evaporite mineral, a hydrated Sulphate of Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium with formula: K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4 2H2O.

[0075] According to some embodiments, the addition of Polyhalite to the insect diets may provide a positive effect on the growth of the insect, as well as on the nutritional values of such insect, e.g., when used for feeding purposes.

[0076] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising Polyhalite in a concentration between 0. 1%- 10% w / w, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w. According to some embodiments, the most preferable concentration of Polyhalite may be around 0.5-1% w / w.

[0077] According to some embodiments, Polyhalite may be added to an insect feed to be used as a growth enhancer for the insects since Potassium and Sulfur are important minerals for the growth of the insect.

[0078] According to some embodiments, some of the Polyhalite upon consumption by the insect, may be secreted, whether as Polyhalite and / or components thereof, and may be present (potentially its degradation products) in the insect's firass.

[0079] According to some embodiments, this firass may be used to fertilize plants and further contribute to the growth of plants. Frass contains chitin which is considered as a plant biostimulant that can help in plant biotic and non-biotic stress conditions.

[0080] According to some embodiments, the specific concentration of Polyhalite in the insect feed may directly impact the quality of the insect frass as a biofertilizer.

[0081] According to some preferable embodiments, the insect may be a fly, more preferably, a Black Soldier Fly (BSF).

[0082] According to some embodiments, the addition of Polyhalite to the BSF diets may provide a positive effect on the growth of the BSF larvae, as well as on the nutritional values of such larvae, e.g., when used for feeding purposes. According to some embodiments, BSF flies are fed with various feeds including, organic waste of all kinds, such as, fruits, vegetables, flour-based products, e.g., bread, pasta, brane, brewery spent grains and the like.

[0083] According to some embodiments, the fly might often be fed with non-varied feed, also known as mono-food or "poor feed". Examples of such mono-foods or poor feeds may include branes, single fruits or vegetables, and the like. Feeding the small larvae with poor feed often yields mature larvae encompassing lower concentrations of protein and / or fats and the like, when compared to mature larvae which were feed with a variety of foods.

[0084] According to some embodiments, enriching poor feeds with polyhalite may be of particular benefit, as Polyhalite may act as a substantial source for missing elements and nutrients. Enabling the larvae to produce amino acids, proteins and fats, which are not otherwise possible.

[0085] According to some demonstrative embodiments, it might be challenging to combine Polyhalite as part of the feed composition.

[0086] Specifically, Polyhalite has full water solubility but with a prolonged release pattern of its nutrients and as such cannot be mixed with any substance, especially organic food substances that are made to be consumed at the same time with Polyhalite (since different solubility characteristics might affect different absorption rates and impact the uptake of the nutrients).

[0087] Furthermore, according to some embodiments, combining an inorganic substance like Polyhalite with organic substances such as the ones present in bio waste, such as is intended for insect consumption, may cause repellent forces and mixing of the two may be a cumbersome task.

[0088] However, according to some embodiments, specifically using less than 10% w / w of polyhalite with the insect feed, preferably no more than 2%, and most preferably around 1% w / w, allows for both an optimal growth and content of the larvae and / or mineral enriched frass content, and proper mixing with the feed, without substantial separation of the polyhalite from the feed.

[0089] According to some embodiments, the Polyhalite of the present invention may be added as an additive to the insect feed. However, according to some preferable embodiments, the insect feed may be enriched with Polyhalite, e.g., by mixing the Polyhalite with the feed.

[0090] According to some embodiments, the insect feed of the present invention may be a biowaste, including, for example, manure, sawdust, food scraps, biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants or any other suitable organic matter.

[0091] According to some demonstrative examples, there is provided a method for producing an insect feed comprising polyhalite, wherein said method comprises mixing polyhalite, e.g., in a pellet, granule, powder, suspension or dust form, with a feed, e.g., biowaste.

[0092] According to some embodiments, a general process for the manufacture of the insect feed may include the steps of: Grinding of raw materials, mixing and optionally crumbling or pelletizing for easier consumption by the insect.

[0093] According to some embodiments, the process may include extruding the minerals into the feed types.

[0094] According to some embodiments, polyhalite is preferably added at one or more of the following steps: grinding, mixing, pelletizing and / or crumbling.

[0095] According to some embodiments a Standard grade of polyhalite may be used for incorporation into an insect feed, however, in accordance with some other embodiments, other Polyhalite products and / or appearances may be used, including, for example, the Granular (up to 5 mm particles) and the Mini -Granular (up to 2 mm particles), and their mixtures in various percentages.

[0096] According to some embodiments, polyhalite may be added at the grinding and / or mixing stage.

[0097] According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a use of polyhalite in the feeding regimen of an insect, wherein the use includes adding the polyhalite to an insect feed in a concentration between 0.25%- 10% w / w of the feed, preferably no more than 2% w / w, most preferably around 1% w / w.

[0098] According to some embodiments, there is provided herein a use of polyhalite in the manufacture of an insect feed, wherein the manufacturing includes adding between 0.25%- 10% w / w of polyhalite to a composition intended for feeding an insect.

[0099] Carnallite (also carnalite) is an evaporite mineral, a hydrated potassium magnesium chloride with formula KMgCh 6(H2O).

[0100] According to some embodiments, the addition of Carnallite to the insect diets may provide a positive effect on the growth of the insect, as well as on the nutritional values of such insect, e.g., when used for feeding purposes.

[0101] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising Carnallite in a concentration between 0. 1%- 10% w / w, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w, most preferably - 0.5-1% w / w.

[0102] According to some embodiments, with regard to BSF larvae, in addition to potassium which may possess a crucial role in maintaining the larvae's fluid balance and regulating their metabolism, Carnallite may provide a source of magnesium, which is essential for the development of the larvae's muscles and nervous system. According to some embodiments, Carnallite may also include Chloride which may be important for maintaining the larvae's acid-base balance and is necessary for the production of hydrochloric acid in their digestive system.

[0103] In addition to its nutritional benefits, according to some embodiments, carnallite can also improve the moisture content and texture of the substrate that the larvae are feeding on, which can make it more palatable and easier for the larvae to consume.

[0104] According to some embodiments, the mineral containing Potassium of the present invention may include Muriate of Potash.

[0105] Muriate of Potash is a term commonly used for Potassium Chloride (KC1), which is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a fertilizer.

[0106] The importance of Potassium in the feeding of insect larvae, preferably, BSF larvae was explained in detail above. However, MOP, as a fertilizer has additional preferability in using as an addition to the larvae feeding as at least part of the MOP may be secreted in the frass of the larvae, e.g., making the frass superior as a fertilizer.

[0107] According to some embodiments, incorporating MOP into the diet of BSF larvae can help to ensure that they receive a well-rounded and balanced diet that includes adequate levels of potassium. According to some embodiments, MOP can be added to the substrate that the larvae are feeding on, or it can be mixed with other ingredients to create a nutritionally complete diet.

[0108] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising MOP in a concentration between 0. l%-10% w / w, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w, most preferably 0.5-1% w / w.

[0109] According to some embodiments, the mineral of the present invention may include Kieserite.

[0110] Kieserite is a naturally occurring mineral that contains magnesium sulphte (MgSO4) and water (H2O). The chemical formula for kieserite is MgSO^ftO. The actual content of kieserite can vary depending on the source and processing method used, but it typically contains approximately 16-18% magnesium (Mg) and 22-27% sulfur (S) by weight.

[0111] According to some embodiments Kieserite contains magnesium, which may act as an essential nutrient for BSF larvae growth and development. According to some embodiments, Magnesium is required for the formation of proteins, enzymes, and other important molecules in the body.

[0112] In addition, according to some embodiments, Kieserite can help to balance the pH of the substrate in which the BSF larvae are feeding. BSF larvae prefer a pH range of 6.0-8.0, and kieserite can help to maintain this range by buffering any changes in acidity.

[0113] According to some embodiments, Kieserite may reduce the amount of ammonia and other harmful compounds in the substrate that can accumulate from the BSF larvae's excrement. This can improve the overall health and wellbeing of the larvae.

[0114] As a fertilizer, according to some embodiments, Kieserite may be beneficial as an addition to the Larvae feed as it may be secreted in the firass of the larvae.

[0115] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising Kieserite in a concentration between 0.1%-10% w / w, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w, most preferably around 0.5-1% w / w.

[0116] According to some embodiments, the mineral containing Potassium of the present invention may include an NPK fertilizer.

[0117] An NPK fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that contains three essential nutrients for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These nutrients are referred to by their chemical symbols and are often displayed on fertilizer packaging as a series of three numbers, such as 10-10-10 or 20-5-10, which indicate the percentage of each nutrient in the fertilizer.

[0118] According to some embodiments, NPK fertilizers contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential nutrients for the growth and development of BSF larvae. Nitrogen is required for the formation of proteins, phosphorus is necessary for cell growth and energy transfer, and potassium helps with water regulation and stress tolerance.

[0119] According to some embodiments an NPK fertilizer can increase the biomass and productivity of the BSF larvae by providing them with additional nutrients that they need to grow and develop. As is presented in the present application, the use of NPK fertilizers in the larvae feed may lead to larger and healthier larvae, and ultimately, higher yields of mature larvae or pupae.

[0120] According to some embodiments, by providing BSF larvae with a nutrient-rich feed which includes an NPK fertilizer, they can consume more of the substrate and reduce the amount of waste and residue that accumulates. This can help to reduce the risk of odor and potential contamination, as well as make it easier to handle and dispose of the residual matter.

[0121] As a fertilizer, according to some embodiments, an NPK fertilizer may be beneficial as an addition to the larvae feed as it may be secreted in the frass of the larvae.

[0122] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein an insect feed composition comprising an NPK fertilizer in a concentration between 0.1%-10% w / w, preferably, between 0.2-5% w / w, more preferably between 0.3%-2% w / w, most preferably around 0.5-1% w / w.

[0123] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there might be a preference to using a combination of two or more minerals bearing potassium, magnesium or both, for example Polyhalite and an NPK fertilizer or Polyhalite and MOP.

[0124] According to some embodiments, the ratio between the minerals in such combinations may range between 1 :4 to 4: 1, preferably 1 :2 to 2: 1, most preferably 1 : 1.

[0125] According to these embodiments, the combinations of minerals may allow to achieve the beneficial growth of the larvae yet diminish the risk of excess or poisoning of one or more elements.

[0126] According to some demonstrative embodiments, there is provided herein a method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during insect rearing, the method comprising feeding the insect with the insect feed composition comprising a Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral in a concentration of between 0. l%-10% w / w.

[0127] According to some embodiments, the reduced greenhouse gas emissions may include reduced methane, carbon dioxide, or ammonia emissions.

[0128] According to some embodiments, the Potassium or Magnesium bearing mineral may preferably be in a concentration of between 0.5-1% w / w.

[0129] According to some embodiments, the insect feed composition may also include prebiotics and probiotics to support gut health and immunity in the insect larvae, where the concentration of prebiotics and probiotics is between 0.01%-2% w / w of the composition. In some embodiments, the insect feed composition can be utilized in both solid and liquid forms, where the liquid form may include an aqueous solution of the mineral, potentially enhancing the absorption of the mineral nutrients by the insect larvae.

[0130] According to some embodiments, the potassium or magnesium bearing mineral may also be accompanied by trace minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, which can contribute to the comprehensive nutritional profile of the insect feed composition.

[0131] In some embodiments, the insect feed composition may include flavor enhancers or attractants to increase the palatability of the feed for the insects, thus improving feed intake and growth rates.

[0132] According to some embodiments, the insect feed composition can be designed for specific stages of the insect lifecycle, with varying concentrations of the potassium or magnesium bearing mineral tailored to the nutritional needs of larvae, pupae, or adults.

[0133] In some embodiments, the insect feed composition may further comprise enzymatic additives that aid in the digestion of the feed, thus increasing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and growth of the insect larvae.

[0134] According to some embodiments, the process for producing the insect feed may include steps for coating or encapsulating the mineral within a protective matrix to control the release rate of the mineral when consumed by the insects.

[0135] In some embodiments, the insect feed composition may be modified to include organic acids such as citric acid or malic acid, which can act as natural preservatives and also aid in the mineral solubilization.

[0136] According to some embodiments, the insect feed composition can be formulated to create a biofilm on the surface of solid feed particles, which may contain the potassium or magnesium bearing mineral and adhere to the larvae's feeding surfaces for prolonged availability.

[0137] In some embodiments, the insect feed composition may be designed to alter the firass (insect waste) composition to be more favorable as a fertilizer, thus enhancing the value of the insect farming byproducts.

[0138] According to some embodiments, the insect feed composition can be designed to be compatible with automated feeding systems, with properties such as flowability and dust reduction being optimized for such systems. In some embodiments, the insect feed may include binding agents that help in pellet formation, where the pellets are sized to accommodate the mouthparts of the specific insect species being targeted, e.g., BSF.

[0139] According to some embodiments, the mineral used in the feed composition can be sourced from organic-certified mines, allowing the resulting insect biomass to be marketed as organic.

[0140] In some embodiments, the insect feed composition may be specifically tailored for insect species that are used in waste bioremediation, with the mineral composition enhancing the insects' ability to break down organic waste materials.

[0141] According to some embodiments, the insect feed composition can be applied in aquaculture, where the insects raised on this feed can be used as a sustainable feed for fish and other aquatic animals.

[0142] Example 1

[0143] Calibration of the experimental system.

[0144] The larvae: Eggs that hatched into neonates and were grown for 5 days on a starter medium. 1,136 neonates are required for every 1 kg of medium.

[0145] Type of medium: Beer wort (BSG from the brewery industry), with the addition of 0.2% fresh yeast.

[0146] Beer wort is considered a low-nutrient (poor) medium.

[0147] The addition of the yeast is intended to serve as a feeding starter for the neonate growth (the yeast consume the sugar residues in the wort and proliferate).

[0148] The Treatments:

[0149] Untreated control (two trays, 7 kg of medium each)

[0150] Medium enriched with Polyhalite minerals (contains S, Mg, K, Ca) at a concentration of 1% w / w (two trays, 7 kg of medium each)

[0151] Growth conditions in the incubator:

[0152] Temperature - 28°C

[0153] Relative humidity - 60%

[0154] Duration of growth - 14 days

[0155] Ventilation for gas removal (gases, including ammonia and CO2, are produced by the larvae during their growth and hinder their development).

[0156] At the end of the experiment - weighing of fresh and dry larvae samples. Wide-scale experiment

[0157] Larvae: Neonates raised for 5 days on a starter substrate. 1,136 neonates per 1 kg of substrate (5 kg of substrate per tray).

[0158] Substrate types:

[0159] Beer yeast (BSG from the brewing industry, Alexander beer), with the addition of 0.2% fresh yeast.

[0160] Soybean meal (Granot, Gan Shmuel), with the addition of 0.2% fresh yeast.

[0161] The Treatments:

[0162] Beer yeast - untreated control

[0163] Beer yeast - enriched with Polyhalite (containing S, Mg, K, Ca) - 1%

[0164] Beer yeast - enriched with MOP (KC1) - 1%

[0165] Beer yeast - enriched with Carnallite (KC1, MgCl, NaCl) - 1%

[0166] Beer yeast - enriched with MagiK® (a fertilizer containing Mg, K) - 1%

[0167] Beer yeast - enriched with Phosphogypsum (CaSO4) - 1%

[0168] Beer yeast - enriched with phosphate rock (containing P) - 1%

[0169] Beer yeast - enriched with Polyhalite and MOP (KC1) (50:50) - 1%

[0170] Beer yeast - enriched with Polyhalite and MagiK® - a fertilizer containing Mg, K (50:50) - 1%

[0171] Soybean meal - untreated control

[0172] Soybean meal - enriched with Polyhalite (containing S, Mg, K, Ca) - 1%

[0173] - Number of repetitions for each treatment - 3.

[0174] Substrate weight per repetition - 5 kg (per tray).

[0175] Growing conditions in an incubator:

[0176] Temperature - 28°C

[0177] Relative humidity - 60%

[0178] Growing period - 8 days

[0179] Ventilation for gas removal (Gases, including ammonia and CO2, are produced by the larvae during their growth and can inhibit their development).

[0180] At the end of the experiment: Drying the frass at a temperature of 30°C for 48 hours

[0181] Separating the larvae from the frass using a detection sieving device

[0182] Weighing the larvae and frass in different treatments

[0183] Drying the larvae at a temperature of 60°C for 30 hours

[0184] Weighing the larvae

[0185] Grinding and analyzing the distribution of protein and fat.

[0186] The frass is further used in plant experiments.

[0187] It is to be noted that the term "MagiK" as used herein refers to a mineral comprising the following components:

[0188] Magnesium Oxide - 30-50 %

[0189] Carnallite - 20-30 %

[0190] Potassium Chloride 10-30%

[0191] Sodium Chloride 5-15%

[0192] Quarz - <2%

[0193] Table 1 depicts the results of a first test according to the conditions detailed hereinabove, and shows the comparison of all treatments with a high level of significance of

[0194] 95%.

[0195] Table 1

[0196] Reference is made to figure 1 which is a graphic representation of table 1. As can be seen the following minerals and combinations were provided in a concentration of 1% w / w, demonstrated a superior growth of the larvae in comparison to the non-treated control group - Carnallite, MOP, Polyhalite and MOP, Polyhalite, Polyhalite and MagiK (Mg, K fertilizer), MagiK, Kieserite.

[0197] As can be seen in figure 1 and table 1, in this test, Phosphate rock and PhosphoGypsum demonstrated worse results than the control group.

[0198] Table 2

[0199] Table 2 depicts the results of a second test according to the conditions detailed hereinabove, and shows the comparison of all treatments with a high level of significance of 95%.

[0200] Reference is made to figure 2 which is a graphic representation of table 2. As can be seen the following minerals and combinations were provided in a concentration of 1% w / w, demonstrated a superior growth of the larvae in comparison to the non-treated control group - Carnallite, MOP, Polyhalite and MOP, Polyhalite, Polyhalite and MagiK (NPK fertilizer), MagiK (NPK fertilizer), Kieserite, Phosphate rock, and PhosphoGypsum.

[0201] Reference is now made to figure 3 which depicts a graph showing the average results from the tests demonstrating the average larva fresh biomass (in gr) after feeding the BSF larvae with various minerals and combinations thereof, as per the conditions described hereinabove. Figure 3 demonstrates the results of various minerals added to the BSF larvae feed in a concentration of 1% w / w (combinations were provided at a ratio of 1 : 1), and as can be see from figure 3, the use of the minerals in comparison to the control group provided a significant mass gain of the larvae, for example, up until double the size.

[0202] Reference is now made to figure 4 which depicts the results of the calibration of the experimental system as detailed hereinabove.

[0203] As can be seen from figure 4, adding polyhalite to the feed of BSF larvae in a concentration of 1% w / w yielded a significant gain in body mass in comparison to the nontreated control group.

[0204] Example 2

[0205] The cost of feeds comprises a major portion of the expenses incurred in the farming of black soldier flies. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), which varies depending on the type of production applied, is always a very helpful benchmark to determine the profitability of a farm. Thus, increasing the utilization of feed will have a significant impact on the profitability of production.

[0206] In black soldier fly feed, the nitrogenous products (ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) stemming from either leftover food, or partially digested protein and food can lead to increase of ammonia emission in the farm.

[0207] This is a significant cost to farmers as black soldier fly farms are often in small compact spaces, therefore high ammonia would require costly air purification in order to have a safe working environment.

[0208] A reduction in the amount of food wastage during black soldier fly bioconversion will enable substantial saving on production by lower air purification costs, as well as lower impact to the environment.

[0209] Experimental design and methodologies

[0210] BSF feed is tested with proportionate inclusion of feed: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% of Polyhalite (w / w), against the control group of no polyhalite inclusion.

[0211] 5 technical replicates, each replicate comprises 500gr of wet feed and approximately 1000 BSF larvae.

[0212] Test are repeated over 3 temporal replicates. A sample of the feed and larvae is taken and frozen for analysis at the start of the trial. At harvest, samples of frass and larvae are taken for analysis. Analysis for total N, P, K and Mg.

[0213] Calculation of N is done to compare the control group with group receiving Polyhalite.

[0214] Results of the experiment of example 2 are presented in table 3 :

[0215] Table 3

[0216] As can be seen from table 3, using the polyhalite mineral in a concentration of 0.5-1 % w / w provides beneficial results when compared to the control group, while higher concentrations start harming the larvae. According to some embodiments, the positive effect of the mineral, e.g., Polyhalite, in a concentration of 1% w / w on the growth of the larvae was not expected as higher concentrations are usually required to provide a beneficial effect.

[0217] It was demonstrated that larvae feeding on the mineral s-enriched diets, substantially grew in size (by length and diameter) in comparison to the control group larvae.

[0218] According to some embodiments, the beneficial result of the growth in size of the fed larvae was substantial when a potassium or magnesium enriched mineral was used to feed the larvae, in comparison to the control group or to a non-K mineral feed (such as Phosphogypsum or Phosphate rock).

[0219] According to some demonstrative embodiments, the mineral of the present invention may be added to the insect feed in granular or powder form, however, according to some other embodiments, the mineral may be added in liquid form, for example, as a suspension.

[0220] Example 3

[0221] In continuation to the experiment detailed in example 1, the firass of the larvae was analyzed and assessed.

[0222] The analysis of the Phosphorus and / or Nitrogen content in the firass of the larvae allows for the assessment of the emissions of gases during rearing of the insects.

[0223] Reference is now made to figure 5, which depicts graphs of the Phosphorus content (A) in the frass of larvae fed by a Polyhalite feed, and the Nitrogen content (B) in the frass of larvae fed by a Polyhalite feed.

[0224] As can be seen from Figure 5 (A), the frass of larvae fed by a feed composition comprising 0.5-1% w / w Polyhalite contained substantially more Phosphorus when compared to the frass of larvae in the control group (fed by a composition lacking Polyhalite).

[0225] This is a clear indication of diminished emissions of phosphorus bearing gases during the rearing of the larvae, when the larvae is fed with a 0.5-1% w / w polyhalite feed.

[0226] As can be seen from Figure 5 (B), the frass of larvae fed by a feed composition comprising 0.5-1% w / w Polyhalite contained substantially more Nitrogen, specifically, in the case of a 1% w / w polyhalite feed, when compared to the frass of larvae in the control group (fed by a composition lacking Polyhalite).

[0227] This is a clear indication of diminished emissions of Nitrogen bearing gases during the rearing of the larvae, when the larvae is fed with a 1% w / w polyhalite feed. Example 4

[0228] Materials and Methods

[0229] A study was carried out in black soldier fly farm located in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. Black soldier fly larvae feed which is rich in protein were treated with proportionate inclusion of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 % polyhalite, against the control of no polyhalite inclusion.

[0230] Preparation of feed substrate

[0231] Feed substrate is a blend of brewery by product (grain), wheat bran, and dry yeast. Moisture content of each raw material was estimated. Raw material, RM (50g) was taken and oven- dried for 4 h at 100 °C. Estimation of water loss is determined by subtracting the weight.

[0232] Moisture content (MC) estimation:

[0233] Eg: 50g RM / 25g dried RM = 25 g water loss = 50% MC

[0234] Then, feed substrate was mixed according to substrate formulation as shown in the Table 4 (estimated 74 to 75% MC):

[0235] Table 4: Feed substrate formulation for the black soldier fly larvae

[0236] About 500g of each prepared feed substrate was portioned out into 2L plastic bowls. The bowls were labelled accordingly. For those with inclusion of polyhalite, the feed substrate amount was subtracted accordingly to accommodate the polyhalite. Eg: 2.5% polyhalite inclusion: 487.5g substrate + 12.5g polyhalite.

[0237] Measurement of average body weight

[0238] Cleaned larvae were sorted out and weighed on a balance. Average body weight was calculated based on this equation. Average body weight (ABW):

[0239] ABW = weight of X number of larvae / X number of larvae

[0240] Note: X represent the count of larvae

[0241] Preparation of initial larvae

[0242] Four or five day-old larvae were collected from the nursery. Feed Substrate was removed as much as possible from the larvae. Around 30 larvae were picked up randomly with soft forceps. The larvae were weighed and estimation of ABW was done using the equation given above. Estimation of 1000 larvae for each test treatment bowl was done. Eg. 20.2 mg ABW X 1000 = 20.2 g of larvae.

[0243] Carried over substract from the nursery was ensured to be as little as possible. Portioned larvae was added into the prepared substrate.

[0244] Growth assessment

[0245] Larvae growth assessment were done by sampling individual larvae weight, total larvae weight, and survival rate. Total weight of firass was also collected. The FCR were calculated and compared with the control.

[0246] Harvesting of larvae

[0247] Harvesting of larvae usually occurs 5 days later, depending on the environmental conditions. Temperature of environment during the test was 29±2°C, relative humidity 70±15%. Larvae were sieved with a 2 to 3 mm sieve. Total larvae and firass / substrate were weighed separately. Then the ABW of larvae was weighed. Estimation of survival is determined based on the number of larvae at harvest to be divided by the initial estimate number of larvae. Larvae were killed by blanching them in hot water for 20 mins. After that, they were drained and frozen in a freezer.

[0248] Sampling for mineral analysis

[0249] Larvae were dried in the oven instead of freezing, at 80°C for 6 to 8 h. Larvae were blended in dry grinder to obtain a meal paste before sealed in a plastic bag prior to delivery to chemical laboratory.

[0250] For frass or substrate preparation, they were dried at room temperature for 2 weeks and packed for analysis. Alternatively, frass sample can be dried for analysis in the oven at 80°C for 4 h. Analysis for total N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S were conducted and mineral content comparison of those containing polyhalite with the control were also determined.

[0251] Statistical analysis

[0252] Three technical replicates, each replicate comprises 500g of wet feed and approximately of 1000 BSF larvae. Test were repeated over 3 temporal replicates. Results of three temporal replicates were pooled to generate the means ± standard deviation. The data was analyzed with One-Way ANOVA test and means comparison was analysed using the Duncan Multiple Range test (DMRT) generated by software IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The significance level was pre-set at a =0.05.

[0253] Results & Discussion

[0254] Results indicated that the application of polyhalite up to 2.5% in the BSF larvae feed formulation did not statistically (p>0.05) affecting the average body weight (ABW) of the larvae from Day 0 to Day 5 as shown in Table 5. However survival rate dropped from 96-98% (0%) to 80-85% with polyhalite enrichment at 2.5%. Means value for BSF larvae feed enriched with 0.5% showed the highest ABW on day 2, day 3 and day 5. The yield and survival number of BSF larvae fed with 0.5% polyhalite enriched substrate also demonstrated the highest means value compared to control and other treatments. BSF larvae fed with 2.5% polyhalite enriched substrate has negatively exhibited the lowest means values statistically for total yield (104.14g) and survival rate (83.84%) (p<0.05).

[0255] The polyhalite enrichment on the BSF larvae feed substrate has no significant effect (p>0.05) on total firass as shown in Table 5. The FCR for those BSF larvae feed with 2.5% polyhalite recorded the highest and statistically significant at 4.83 (p<0.05). While, FCR for those BSF larvae feed with 0.5% polyhalite recorded the lowest at 4.03 and statistically significant to show a more sustainable and cost reduction option as better ingredient for BSF larvae feed enrichment.

[0256] As shown in Table 6, mineral content of frass from different polyhalite treatment provided by the mineral analysis have demonstrated that BSF larvae feed substrate enriched with 1.5% polyhalite has significantly (p<0.05) improved the mineral contents for N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S compared to the control. Moreover, the contents of P, K, Ca and S have also shown significant difference (p<0.05) for BSF larvae feed substrate enriched with 0.5% polyhalite compared to the control. However, there is no significant difference (p>0.05) shown in N and Mg contents if substrate treated with polyhalite at 0.5% compared to the control.

[0257] Table 5. Growth, survival, frass and FCR assessments from different polyhalite treatments.

[0258] Measurement values are means ± standard deviation. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences.

[0259] Duncan Multiple Range Test, p<0.05

[0260] Table 6 Mineral content of frass from different polyhalite treatments

[0261] Measurement values are means ± standard deviation. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences.

[0262] Duncan Multiple Range Test, p<0.05 Conclusion

[0263] Polyhalite, a naturally formed mineral mined in the U.K. has immense potential to serve as an excellent feed enrichment for BSF larvae feed substrate in reducing nitrogen loss and providing additional sources in supplying potassium and secondary macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulphur to enhance yield of larvae, survival rate and mineral content of frass. However, moderate percentage of polyhalite application not exceeding 1.5% are recommended to be used in order to improve the feed efficiency and cost-effective ingredient for BSF larvae feed inclusion. While this invention has been described in terms of some specific examples, many modifications and variations are possible. It is therefore understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be realized otherwise than as specifically described.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An insect feed composition comprising a mineral comprising Potassium, Magnesium or both, wherein said mineral is in a concentration of between 0.1%- 10% w / w of said composition.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said mineral is selected from the group including Polyhalite, Muriate of Potash (MOP), Carnallite, Kieserite, NPK fertilizers or combinations thereof3. The composition of claim 2, wherein said insect is selected from the group including worms, bees, flies, lac insects, cochineals, crickets, cockroaches, ants.

4. The composition of claim 3, wherein said insect is the Black Soldier Fly (BSF).

5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the concentration of said mineral is 0.3%- 2% w / w.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein said mineral is Polyhalite.

7. A method for producing an insect feed comprising a mineral, wherein said method comprises mixing said mineral with said feed, wherein said feed is a biowaste and wherein said mineral is in a concentration between 0.2%-5% w / w of said composition; and wherein said mineral comprises Potassium, Magnesium or both.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said mineral is in powder form.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein said mineral is in a suspension form.

10. Use of a mineral in a feeding regimen of an insect comprising adding said mineral to said insect feed in a concentration between 0.2%-5% w / w of said feed; and wherein said mineral comprises Potassium, Magnesium or both.

11. A method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during insect rearing, the method comprising feeding the insect with the composition of claim 2.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reduced greenhouse gas emissions include reduced methane, carbon dioxide, or ammonia emissions.

13. An insect biomass produced using the composition of claim 3, wherein the insect biomass has enhanced growth, nutritional value, or both.

14. The composition of claim 3, further comprising a protein source selected from the group consisting of soybean meal, fishmeal, algae meal, or combinations thereof and a carbohydrate source selected from the group consisting of cornmeal, wheat bran, rice bran, or combinations thereof.

15. The composition of claim 14, further comprising a binder selected from the group consisting of starch, cellulose, lignin, or combinations thereof.

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