Heat-shrinkable films and related systems and methods
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023707857
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-01-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-26
Smart Images

Figure CN2023072830_25072024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HEAT-SHRINKABLE FILMS AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND METHODSFIELD
[0001] The following disclosure relates to heat-shrinkable films and, in certain examples, to heat-shrinkable films for shrink-to-fit labelling of packaging, such as food and drink containers.BACKGROUND
[0002] In general, a heat-shrinkable film is a film that tends to shrink upon application of heat or when exposed to elevated temperatures. Heat-shrinkable films are used to cover and protect articles, hold articles together, label articles, and provide tamper-evident protection.
[0003] To manufacture and utilize a heat-shrinkable film, a polymeric material is prepared, extruded into a film, biaxially and / or monoaxially stretched, and formed into rolls. At a packaging facility, the film can be unrolled, printed, seamed to form a tube, and applied around an article, such as a container. The film is then heated to a shrink onset temperature so that the film shrinks to fit tightly around the container. The container can be filled with a desired product (e.g., a beverage) and sold to consumers.
[0004] After use, the container and label can be subjected to a recycling process in which the container and label are crushed, chopped, and / or shredded into flakes or particles. The particles can be cleaned or de-inked by exposing the particles to a hotwash process. The cleaned particles can be provided to a drying and solid-stating process in which the particles are heated to remove water, crystallize the particles, and / or increase a molecular weight for the particles. The processed particles can be reused to form new containers, new heat-shrinkable films, or other products.
[0005] SUMMARY
[0006] In general, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to heat-shrinkable films having a low shrink onset temperature, a low shrink tension, and improved recyclability. The low shrink onset temperature is desirable because lower temperatures or less heat can be used to apply the films to containers or other articles. This results in less thermal expansion of the container and / or less damage to the container or its contents during the shrink process. The low shrink force is desirable because the film is less likely to crush the container, particularly when the container is empty. The improved recyclability can allow the films and container to be commingled and recycled to form new products. By comparison, previous heat-shrinkable films having a low shrink onset temperature and a low shrink tension may not be recyclable because such films tend to form clumps in a drying and / or solid-stating stage of a recycling process. The clumps can prevent proper flow of material through the recycling process, as described herein.
[0007] In one aspect, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film. The film includes: a first layer having a first blend of: a first copolyester including a first diol component having diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ; amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; and optionally a second copolyester including a second diol component having 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) (and optionally DEG) ; a second layer including the first blend; and a core layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer and including a second blend of: a third copolyester including a third diol component having 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG; APET; and optionally a fourth copolyester including a fourth diol component having NPG (and optionally DEG) , wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film has a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower.
[0008] In certain examples, the film has a shrink onset temperature of at least 50 ℃. The film can have a shrink tension greater than 6 N / mm2. The first layer and / or the second layer can have a glass transition temperature from about 70 ℃ to about 80 ℃. The core layer can have a glass transition temperature from about 60 ℃ to about 70 ℃. The first layer, the second layer, and / or the core layer can have an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.65 dl / g to about 0.85 dl / g. The core layer can occupy from about 50%to about 90%of a total thickness of the film, and the first layer and the second layer can each occupy from about 5%to about 25%of the total thickness of the film.
[0009] In various implementations, the first blend can include: from about 18%to about 78%by weight of the first copolyester; from about 10%to about 30%by weight of the APET; and optionally up to about 90%by weight of the second copolyester. The first blend can include an anti-block additive. The second blend can include: from about 55%to about 85%by weight of the third copolyester; from about 10%to about 35%by weight of the APET; and optionally up to about 10%by weight of the fourth copolyester. The second blend can include the first copolyester. The first diol component can include from about 60 mol%to about 70 mol%of ethylene glycol (EG) , from about 5 mol%to about 15 mol%of DEG, and from about 20 mol%to about 30 mol%of CHDM, the second diol component can include from about 65 mol%to about 75 mol%of EG, and from about 23 mol%to about 33 mol%of NPG, the third diol component can include from about 56 mol%to about 66 mol%of EG, from about 14 mol%to about 24 mol%of MPO, and from about 1 mol%to about 15 mol%of DEG, and the fourth diol component can include from about 65 mol%to about 75 mol%of EG, and from about 23 mol%to about 33 mol%of NPG. The first blend can include the second copolyester, the second blend can include the fourth copolyester, and the second copolyester and the fourth copolyester can be identical. The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film can be formulated to resist bonding to other materials when heated to a temperature of about 210 ℃.
[0010] In another aspect, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film. The method includes: obtaining a first blend including: a first copolyester including a first diol component having diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ; amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; and optionally a second copolyester including a second diol component having 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) ; obtaining a second blend including: a third copolyester including a third diol component having 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG; APET; and optionally a fourth copolyester having a fourth diol component including NPG; and coextruding the first blend and the second blend to form a heat-shrinkable film including: a first layer having the first blend; a second layer having the first blend; and a core layer having the second blend and disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film has a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower.
[0011] In some examples, coextruding the first blend and the second blend can include heating the first blend and the second blend to a temperature from about 200 ℃ to about 300 ℃. Coextruding the first blend and the second blend can include casting the heat-shrinkable film through a die and onto a chill roll. The method can include stretching the heat-shrinkable film in a tenter frame to a stretch ratio from about 1.5 to about 7. The heat-shrinkable film can have a glass transition temperature, and the stretching can be performed at a temperature from about the glass transition temperature to the glass transition temperature plus about 20 ℃.
[0012] In another aspect, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to a method of using a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film. The method includes: obtaining a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film including: a first layer including a first blend of: a first copolyester including a first diol component having diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ; amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; and optionally a second copolyester including a second diol component having 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) (and optionally DEG) ; a second layer including the first blend; and a core layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer and including a second blend of: a third copolyester including a third diol component having 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG; APET; and optionally a fourth copolyester including a fourth diol component having NPG (and optionally DEG) , wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film has a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower; forming the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film into a sleeve; positioning the sleeve around an object; and applying heat to the sleeve to shrink the sleeve onto the object. In certain examples, the object is or includes a container or a bottle.
[0013] In another aspect, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to a method of recycling a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film. The method includes: obtaining a mixture of (i) flakes formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and (ii) particles of a heat-shrinkable film having a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower; and heating the flakes and particles in a recycling process to a temperature from about 170 ℃ to about 230 ℃, wherein the particles are formulated to resist bonding to the flakes during the recycling process.
[0014] In various instances, a solid-stating stage in the recycling process can increase a molecular weight of the heat-shrinkable film. The particles can satisfy a requirement of less than 1%weight loss during a PET Flake Clumping Evaluation, as specified in PET Flake Clumping Evaluation, document PET-S-08, published on November 16, 2018, by ASSOCIATION OF PLASTIC RECYCLERS.
[0015] These and other objects, along with advantages and features of embodiments of the present invention herein disclosed, will become more apparent through reference to the following description, the figures, and the claims. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations.
[0016] The foregoing Summary, including the description of some embodiments, motivations therefor, and / or advantages thereof, is intended to assist the reader in understanding the present disclosure, and does not in any way limit the scope of any of the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:
[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic, perspective view of a heat-shrinkable film, in accordance with certain examples;
[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic, perspective view of a shrink sleeve formed from a heat-shrinkable film, in accordance with certain examples;
[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a process for manufacturing a heat-shrinkable film, in accordance with certain examples;
[0021] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a process for recycling a heat-shrinkable film, in accordance with certain examples; and
[0022] FIG. 5 is a plot of shrink tension vs. temperature for a heat-shrinkable film, in accordance with certain examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] It is contemplated that apparatus, compositions, systems, and methods of the claimed invention encompass variations and adaptations developed using information from the embodiments described herein. Adaptation and / or modification of the apparatus, compositions, systems, and methods described herein may be performed by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
[0024] It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the invention remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.
[0025] In various examples, “shrink tension” (alternatively referred to as “shrink force” ) is a tension, force, or stress (e.g., force per area) exerted by a heat-shrinkable film during a shrinking step. While high shrink tension films may be suitable for rigid articles, a lower shrink tension can be desirable for articles that are flexible, prone to deformation, and / or empty. Further, printed low shrink tension films have been observed to exhibit improved shrinking performance (e.g., a lower risk of discoloration, color concentration, printed image deformation, and label defects) . Shrink tension can be measured using ASTM D2838, DIN 53369: 1076-02, or similar techniques. In one example, the shrink tension can be a maximum tension exerted by a heat-shrinkable film over a range of temperatures.
[0026] In various examples, “shrink onset temperature” is a temperature at which a heat-shrinkable film begins to shrink. A lower shrink onset temperature can be desirable to minimize deformation or damage to articles upon which the films are applied. In the case of a plastic article, such as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, the shrink onset temperature of the heat-shrinkable film is preferably substantially lower than a glass transition temperature of the article, to avoid or minimize any deformation of the article. In addition, the shrink onset temperature of the film is preferably low enough to not damage or spoil any contents in the articles. The shrink onset temperature can be measured using ASTM-D-2732 or similar techniques.
[0027] In certain examples, “intrinsic viscosity” (IV) is a characteristic of a polymer from which a shrink film is made. IV can be dependent upon an average molecular weight of the polymer, for example, with higher molecular weights resulting in higher IV. In some instances, a lower IV can be associated with a lower shrink tension. IV can be measured using ASTM D4603-03 or similar techniques.
[0028] In various examples, “glass transition temperature” (Tg) is a temperature at which an amorphous polymer transitions from a glass-like state to a rubbery state. The Tg value can affect many physical properties of a polymer and, in particular, a decrease in the glass transition temperature can result in a decrease in the shrink onset temperature. In some instances, however, a Tg that is too low can result in the film being sticky or tacky and unsuitable for packaging purposes. The glass transition temperature can be determined using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) , dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) , differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , or similar techniques.
[0029] In general, a heat-shrinkable film is a film that tends to shrink upon application of heat or when exposed to elevated temperatures (e.g., at or above the shrink onset temperature) . Heat-shrinkable films can be used to form labels for a variety of containers, such as bottles, cap seals, or bundle packaging. For example, ink can be printed onto a heat- shrinkable film to generate images and / or text. The printed heat-shrinkable film can be formed into a tubular sleeve and placed over a container. When heat is applied, the sleeve can shrink to achieve a tight fit over the container. The container can be filled with a desired product (e.g., a beverage) and sold to consumers. Heat-shrinkable films and related methods of manufacture are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2022 / 072477, published April 7, 2022, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0030] After use, the container and label can be subjected to a recycling process in which the container and label are crushed, chopped, and / or shredded into flakes or particles. The particles can be cleaned or de-inked by exposing the particles to a hotwash process. The cleaned particles can be subjected to a drying and / or solid-stating process in which the particles are heated to remove water, make the particles crystallizable, and / or increase a molecular weight for the particles. In some instances, however, the high temperature of the drying and / or solid-stating process can make the particles sticky, which can cause the particles to form clumps. The clumps can block filters or screens and / or can form bridges that prevent proper flow of materials in the recycling process.
[0031] A wide variety of polymeric materials can be used to make heat-shrinkable films. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) , especially orientated polystyrene (OPS) , are commonly used to produce heat-shrinkable films. PVC and OPS may provide low shrink onset temperatures and low shrink tensions; however, PVC and OPS films are generally not easy to recycle. For example, PVC and OPS films are often used with containers made from different materials, and proper recycling can require the different material types to be separated.
[0032] Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is commonly used in the food and drink packaging industry to produce containers and heat-shrinkable films. Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) is favored for its versatility, clarity and recyclability, and is frequently used to manufacture food and drink containers (e.g., including food trays, bowls, cups, and bottles) . To be suitable for shrink film applications, however, the tendency for APET to crystallize may need to be reduced. Glycol-modified PET (commonly referred to as a copolyester, “PET-G, ” or “PETG” ) can have a suitably low crystallinity, however, films made from PETG can become sticky during a recycling process, as described herein, particularly when the shrink onset temperature and shrink tension are low. This can make such films difficult or impossible to recycle.
[0033] Advantageously, compared to previous films having a low shrink onset temperature and a low shrink tension, the heat-shrinkable films described herein are less likely to become sticky and / or form clumps during the recycling process. For example, the films can be mixed with similar materials (e.g., PET bottle flakes) and, unlike the previous films, can be subjected to solid-stating and other recycling steps without forming clumps that can form blockages or otherwise interfere with a proper flow of materials.
[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic, perspective view of a heat-shrinkable film 10, in accordance with certain examples. The heat-shrinkable film 10 includes a top layer 12, a bottom layer 14, and a core layer 16 disposed between (e.g., bonded to) the top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14. In various examples, the top layer 12, the bottom layer 14, and the core layer 16 each includes or is composed of a polyester, such as PET, APET, one or more copolyesters (alternatively referred to as copolymerized polyesters or PETG) , or a combination thereof. Each polyester and copolyester can have a diol component and a dicarboxylic acid component and can be formed by subjecting the diol component and the dicarboxylic acid (DA) component to a transesterification reaction followed by polymerization. The diol component for certain polyesters (e.g., APET) can be or include ethylene glycol (EG) .
[0035] The diol component in copolyester can be composed of or include, for example, ethylene glycol (EG) , diethylene glycol (DEG) , neopentyl glycol (NPG, e.g., 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol) , cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM, e.g., 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol) , methyl propanediol (MPO or MPDIOL, e.g., 2-Methyl-1, 3-propanediol) , or any combination thereof. Alternatively or additionally, in some examples, the diol component can be composed of or include 1, 3-propanediol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1, 3-propanediol, 2, 3-butanediol, 1, 3-butanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 2, 2-diethyl-1, 5-pentanediol, 2, 4-diethyl-1, 5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 1-dimethyl-1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 2-octanediol, 1, 3-octanediol, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the inclusion of NPG in the diol component can provide a higher shrink force, desirable shrinkage characteristics, and / or good anti-clumping performance (e.g., acceptable performance in the clumping performance test, described herein) . NPG can have a lower cost than other types of diol components. The inclusion of CHDM and / or DEG in the diol component can provide a lower shrink force and desirable shrinkage characteristics; however, inclusion of too much CHDM and / or DEG may result in inadequate or poor anti-clumping performance. The inclusion of EG in the diol component (e.g., in APET) can provide good anti-clumping performance but a large amount may result in relatively poor shrinkage characteristics. In various examples, it can be desirable for a film to have higher shrinkage in a transverse direction, compared to a machine direction.
[0036] The dicarboxylic acid (DA) component in the polyester or copolyester can be composed of or include, for example, terephthalic acid (TA) , dimethylterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid (IPA) , naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, orthophthalic acid, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, an alicyclic dicarboxylic acid, an ester thereof, or any combination thereof. In one example, the dicarboxylic acid component in the polyester and the copolyester is terephthalic acid (TA) or an ester thereof.
[0037] In various examples, the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14 can include a blend of a first copolyester, a second copolyester, and APET. The diol component in the first copolyester can be or include, for example, a combination of EG, DEG, and CHDM. The diol component in the second copolyester can be or include, for example, a combination of EG, DEG, and NPG. The diol component in the APET can be or include EG. The dicarboxylic acid component in the first copolyester, the second copolyester, and the APET can be or include terephthalic acid and / or isophthalic acid. In some examples, the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14 can further include one or more additives, such as an anti-block agent. The anti-block agent can include, for example, inorganic particles (e.g., SiO2 particles) dispersed in a PET and / or PETG matrix. The anti-block agent can prevent the film 10 from sticking to itself, for example, when stacked in sheets or in roll form. The top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14 can include the same ingredients and / or have an identical composition. In various examples, at least a portion of the APET can include or be replaced by recycled APET and / or recycled PET (RPET) materials, such as PET bottle flakes.
[0038] Table 1 includes minimum, maximum, and typical values for the amounts of the first copolyester, the second copolyester, the APET, and the anti-block agent present in the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 15, in accordance with certain examples. Each listed value can be a minimum, maximum, or average value (e.g., in a range of values) . Various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, an amount of the first copolyester in the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14 can be greater than, less than, or equal to 18, 19, . . ., or 78 percent, by weight (wt%) . Express support and written description of these values for each parameter are hereby represented.
[0039] Table 1. Composition of the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14.
[0040] Table 2 includes minimum, maximum, and typical values for the composition of the first copolyester, the second copolyester, and the APET present in the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14, in accordance with certain examples. Each listed value is a mole percent of the total moles of the diol component or a mole percent of the total moles of the dicarboxylic acid (DA) component. Each listed value can be a minimum, maximum, or average value (e.g., in a range of values) . Various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, an amount of ethylene glycol (EG) in the first copolyester can be greater than, less than, or equal to 60, 61, ..., or 70 (%of a total number of moles of diol component) . Express support and written description of these values for each parameter are hereby represented.
[0041] Table 2. Composition of the ingredients in the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14.
[0042] In various examples, the core layer 16 can include a blend of a third copolyester, a fourth copolyester, and the APET. The diol component in the third copolyester can be or include, for example, a combination of EG, MPO, DEG, and NPG. The diol component in the fourth copolyester can be or include, for example, a combination of EG, DEG, and NPG. The dicarboxylic acid component in the third copolyester and the fourth copolyester can be or include terephthalic acid (TA) and / or isophthalic acid (IPA) . In various examples, the fourth copolyester and the second copolyester can be identical. At least a portion of the APET can include or be replaced by recycled APET and / or recycled PET materials, such as PET bottle flakes.
[0043] Table 3 includes minimum, maximum, and typical values for the amounts of the third copolyester, the second copolyester, and the APET, present in the core layer 16, in accordance with certain examples. Each listed value can be a minimum, maximum, or average value (e.g., in a range of values) . Various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, an amount of the third copolyester in the core layer 16 can be greater than, less than, or equal to 55, 66, . .., or 85 percent, by weight (wt%) . Express support and written description of these values for each parameter are hereby represented.
[0044] Table 3. Composition of the core layer 16.
[0045] In some examples, at least a portion of the fourth copolyester in the core layer 16 can be replaced by the first copolyester. For example, the core layer 16 can include the first copolyester in an amount from about 0 %to about 10%, or about 5%, by weight.
[0046] Table 4 includes minimum, maximum, and typical values for the composition of the third copolyester, the fourth copolyester, and the APET present in the core layer 16, in accordance with certain examples. Each listed value is a mole percent of the total moles of the diol component or a mole percent of the total moles of the dicarboxylic acid (DA) component. Each listed value can be a minimum, maximum, or average value (e.g., in a range of values) . Various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, an amount of ethylene glycol (EG) in the third copolyester can be greater than, less than, or equal to 56, 57, . . ., or 66 (%of a total number of moles of diol component) . Express support and written description of these values for each parameter are hereby represented.
[0047] Table 4. Composition of the ingredients in the core layer 16.
[0048] While Tables 1 and 3, above, indicate the top layer 12, the bottom layer 14, and the core layer 16 can be formed from or include a blend of polymers (e.g., a blend of copolyesters and APET) , in other examples any of these layers can be formed from a single type of polymer (e.g., a single copolyester) . For example, the blend of the first copolyester, the second copolyester, and the APET in the top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14 can be replaced by a single copolyester having a similar or equivalent composition as the blend (e.g., with similar or equivalent mole percentages for the diol component and dicarboxylic acid component) . Considering the typical values in Tables 1 and 2, for example, the diol component of the single copolyester can include about 75 mol%EG, about 0 mol%MPO, about 5 mol%DEG, about 7 mol%NPG, and about 12 mol %CHDM. The properties (e.g., shrink onset temperature, shrink tension, glass transition temperature, melting point temperature, intrinsic viscosity, clumping performance, etc. ) for the single copolyester can be similar or identical to the properties of the blend.
[0049] Additionally or alternatively, the blend of the third copolyester, the fourth copolyester, and the APET in the core layer 16 can be replaced by a single copolyester having a similar or equivalent composition as the blend (e.g., with similar or equivalent mole percentages for the diol component and dicarboxylic acid component) . Considering the typical values in Tables 3 and 4, for example, the diol component of the single copolyester can include about 71 mol%EG, about 13 mol%MPO, about 7 mol%DEG, about 8 mol% NPG, and about 0 mol %CHDM. The properties (e.g., shrink onset temperature, shrink tension, glass transition temperature, melting point temperature, intrinsic viscosity, clumping performance, etc. ) for the single copolyester can be similar or identical to the properties of the blend.
[0050] Referring again to FIG. 1, the heat-shrinkable film 10 can have a thickness T, a length L, and a width W. The thickness T can be, for example, from about 15 microns to about 100 microns, or about 40 microns. In various examples, the core layer 16 can occupy from about 50%to about 90%, or about 80%, of the total thickness T. The top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14 can occupy a remainder of the total thickness T and / or can have equal thicknesses. For example, the top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14 can each occupy from about 5%to about 25%, or about 10%, of the total thickness T. The length L and the width W can vary depending on a manufacturing process, a packaging process, and / or on how the film 10 is being utilized. For example, a web of the heat-shrinkable film 10 in a manufacturing process can have a width W up to about 20 m, and the web can be slit into narrower ribbons having widths W as low as about 0.01 m. Alternatively, for particles of the heat-shrinkable film 10 in a recycling process, as described herein, the length L and / or width W (or diameter for circular particles) can be from about 1 mm to about 50 mm, or from about 3 mm to about 15 mm.
[0051] In various examples, one or more layers or materials can be disposed on the top layer 12 or the bottom layer, between the top layer 12 and the core layer 16, or between the bottom layer 14 and the core layer 16. For example, a coating, primer, or ink (e.g., a printed image or text) can be applied to the film 10. The top layer 12 and / or the bottom layer 14 can serve as contact media to be printed with a washable primer and / or washable ink, which can be removed during a recycling process, as described herein. The top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14 can be formulated to not clump together with PET flakes when exposed to high temperatures in the recycling process. The core layer 16 can provide desirable shrink properties, such as low shrink force and low shrink onset temperature.
[0052] Table 5 includes minimum, maximum, and typical values for the properties of the film 10, the top and bottom layers 12 and 14, and the core layer 16, in accordance with certain examples. The properties of the top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14 can be the same or different in these examples. Each listed value can be a minimum, maximum, or average value (e.g., in a range of values) . Various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, the shrink onset temperature for the film 10 can be greater than, less than, or equal to 50, 51, . . ., or 60 ℃. Express support and written description of these values for each parameter are hereby represented.
[0053] Table 5. Properties of the film 10, the top and bottom layers 12 and 14, and the core layer 16.
[0054] The heat-shrinkable film 10 can have any shape and does not need to be flat and rectangular, as shown in FIG. 1. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the heat-shrinkable film 10 can be formed into a shrink sleeve 20 having a tubular shape (e.g., by creating a seam with a solvent) . The shrink sleeve 20 can be placed over a bottle (or other container) and can shrink to form a tight fit around the bottle when heat is applied (e.g., using steam, hot-air, microwave energy, or infrared radiation) .
[0055] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process 30 that can be used to manufacture heat-shrinkable films (e.g., the heat-shrinkable film 10) , in accordance with certain examples. One or more extruders 32 can be used to coextrude three layers (e.g., the top layer 12, the bottom layer 14, and the core layer 16) for a heat-shrinkable film. The processing temperature for the extruders 32 can be from about 200 ℃ to about 300 ℃. The three layers are cast onto a chill roll 34, which cools and solidifies the film. A web 36 of the film is inspected by one or more quality control sensors 38 and is delivered to a tenter frame 40. The tenter frame 40 can stretch the film to a stretch ratio from about 1.5 to about 7, or about 5, in a transverse direction (perpendicular to a machine direction) . Additionally or alternatively, one or more downstream rollers can stretch the film in the machine direction by pulling the web at a faster speed, compared to a speed of an upstream roller. The stretching can be performed at or above a glass transition temperature Tg of the heat-shrinkable film or one or more layers of the film. For example, the stretching can be performed at a temperature from about Tg to about Tg + 20 ℃ (e.g., from about 65 ℃ to about 105 ℃) . One or more quality control sensors 42 can inspect the stretched film, which can be wound up to form a roll 44.
[0056] In subsequent steps (not shown) , the heat-shrinkable film can be unwound from the roll 44 and passed through a printing process that applies ink to the heat-shrinkable film. In some examples, one or more intermediate layers can be applied between the heat-shrinkable film and the ink. For example, a primer that can be dissolved or stripped by a caustic soda can be applied to the heat-shrinkable film before the ink is applied. The primer can facilitate removal of the ink during a subsequent hotwash process, as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, the heat-shrinkable film can be formed into a tubular shape (e.g., to form the sleeve 20) and / or cut to desired sizes.
[0057] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a recycling process 50 that can be used to recycle heat-shrinkable films (e.g., the heat-shrinkable film 10) . The process 50 can begin by obtaining used or residual packaging materials 52, including heat-shrinkable films and other recyclable materials, such as PET containers or bottles. The residual packaging materials 52 are provided to a crusher 54, which can crush, chop, and / or shred the packaging materials 52 to obtain particles 56 of those materials. In various examples, the particles 56 can include particles of a heat-shrinkable film that are at least partially covered with ink.
[0058] The particles 56 are provided to a washer 58, which can clean the particles 56 using a hotwash process in which the particles 56 are immersed, mixed, and / or scrubbed in a warm liquid bath. The liquid bath can include water, a caustic soda (e.g., in an amount from about 0.1%to about 5%, by weight) , a detergent (e.g., in an amount from about 0.1%to about 3%, by weight) , and other ingredients (e.g., a defoamer or anti-foaming agent) . The liquid bath can have a temperature from about 55 ℃ to about 95 ℃, or about 85 ℃. The washer 58 can have a mixing device (e.g., a rotary blade operating at 500 rpm) to mix or stir the particles 56 in the liquid bath. Outputs from the washer 58 can include cleaned particles 60 of heat-shrinkable films (e.g., having little or no ink) and a stream of ink, dirt, or other contaminants 62.
[0059] The cleaned particles 60 can be provided to an oven or reactor 64 where the particles are heated to a temperature from about 170 ℃ to about 230 ℃ (e.g., at reduced pressure) to perform a drying and solid-stating process. The drying and solid-stating process can remove water, crystallize the particles 60, and / or increase a molecular weight for the particles 60. The reactor 64 can generate processed particles 66, which can be used to form recycled products, such as new heat-shrinkable films, containers, etc. In certain implementations, the oven or reactor 64 can include multiple ovens or reactors and / or can process the cleaned particles 60 in two or more stages, which can include, for example, (i) a drying and crystallization stage and (ii) a solid-stating stage. The drying and crystallization stage can be performed at a temperature from about 130 ℃ to about 190 ℃, for up to about 180 mins. The drying and crystallization stage can be performed at atmospheric pressure or at reduced pressure. The solid-stating stage can be performed at a temperature from about 170 ℃ to about 230 ℃, for about 90 mins or longer to achieve a desired molecular weight. The solid-stating stage can be performed at reduced pressure (e.g., below atmospheric) and / or in a nitrogen environment to avoid oxidation.
[0060] As described herein, in some examples the high temperature in the reactor 64 can make the particles 60 sticky, which can cause the particles 60 to bond to one another or other materials (e.g., PET bottle flakes) and form clumps. The formation of clumps can block filters or screens and / or can form bridges that prevent proper flow of materials through the recycling process 50. Advantageously, compared to previous low shrink force heat-shrinkable films, the heat-shrinkable films described herein (e.g., film 10) are less likely to become sticky and / or form clumps during the recycling process 50, such that the films have improved recyclability. For example, particles of the heat-shrinkable films described herein may not melt and / or become tacky or sticky when subjected to temperatures and pressures inside the oven or reactor 64. In various examples, the heat-shrinkable films described herein are formulated to resist bonding to other materials when heated to temperatures from about 170 ℃ to about 230 ℃, or about 210 ℃.
[0061] Clumping Performance Test
[0062] A clumping performance test was performed to assess a tendency for the heat-shrinkable films described herein (e.g., the film 10) to form clumps during a recycling process (e.g., due to high temperatures in the solid-stating process) . The test procedure was similar to a procedure outlined in “PET Flake Clumping Evaluation, ” document PET-S-08, published on November 16, 2018, by ASSOCIATION OF PLASTIC RECYCLERS (APR) . The film used for the test had thicknesses ranging from 30 to 80 microns and a composition that satisfied the “typical” values presented in Tables 1–4, above.
[0063] To perform the test, the film was cut into 10 mm by 10 mm particles and mixed with PET bottle flakes (ranging in size from 3 to 20 mm) at a ratio of 3%to 97% (e.g., 3 g of film particles and 97 g of bottle flakes) . The mixture was placed in a baking dish and put in an oven at 165 ℃ for 30 minutes. The baking dish was removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature. The baking dish was then put back in the oven at 210 ℃ for 90 minutes. The baking dish was then removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature. The baking dish contents (film particles and flakes) were transferred to an 11.2 mm screen (e.g., a sieve having square openings of about 11.2 mm) . The screen was shaken by hand to cause single flakes to fall through. Any single flakes that were oversized and unable to pass through the screen were removed by hand and placed with flakes that passed through. Any agglomerated flakes that broke up during the screening process were not deemed to be a problem. The agglomerates that did not pass through the screen were weighed and the weight was recorded. Any film particle, flake, or residue that melted and stuck to the baking dish was weighed separately and recorded.
[0064] The test results indicate that about 99.05 %of the film particles and flakes were able to pass through the screen and / or did not form unacceptable clumps. This means less than 0.95 %of the film particles and flakes did not pass through the screen and / or did not form unacceptable clumps. This value of 0.95 %is consistent with acceptable anti-clumping performance and satisfies the APR’s guidance for PET flake recycling. For example, the film is able to satisfy the APR’s guidance of achieving less than 1%weight loss due to clumps that do not pass a 12 mm screen and / or loss adhered to the baking dish.
[0065] For comparison purposes, the clumping performance test was performed for other heat-shrinkable films having different structures and formulations. In one example, a film made of a single layer of the first copolyester described above (e.g., with respect to Table 2) had a shrink tension of about 7 N / mm2 and did not satisfy the APR’s guidance for the clumping performance test (e.g., the film had more than 1%weight loss due to clumps that did not pass a 12 mm screen) . In another example, a film made of a single layer of the formulation used for the top layer 12 and the bottom layer 14, as described herein, had an acceptable clumping performance but an unacceptably high shrink tension of about 12 N / mm2.
[0066] Evaluation of Shrink Tension
[0067] Testing was performed to evaluate the shrink tension of the heat-shrinkable films described herein (e.g., the film 10) . The film used for the test had thicknesses ranging from 35 to 80 microns and a composition that satisfied the “typical” values presented in Tables 1–4, above. Shrink tension was measured according to DIN 53369: 1076-02, “Testing of Plastic Films; Determination of the Shrinking Stress. ”
[0068] To perform the test, the film was cut into strips of 100 mm by 10 mm and clamped to a measurement holder with force sensors. The sample and the holder were moved to a heating chamber where the temperature was increased from 40 ℃ to 100 ℃ at a rate of 102 ℃ / h (1.7 ℃ / min) . The force sensors were used to measure tension in the film as the temperature was increased. Measurements were performed on three separate samples to confirm repeatability. FIG. 5 includes a plot of tension vs. temperature from the test. The maximum shrink tension in this example was 7.9 N / mm2, which occurred at a temperature of about 84 ℃.
[0069] Terminology
[0070] The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
[0071] The term “approximately” , the phrase “approximately equal to” , and other similar phrases, as used in the specification and the claims (e.g., “X has a value of approximately Y” or “X is approximately equal to Y” ) , should be understood to mean that one value (X) is within a predetermined range of another value (Y) . The predetermined range may be plus or minus 20%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0.1%, or less than 0.1%, unless otherwise indicated.
[0072] The indefinite articles “a” and “an, ” as used in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one. ” The phrase “and / or, ” as used in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “Aand / or B” , when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0073] As used in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of or “exactly one of, ” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of, ” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both” ) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either, ” “one of, ” “only one of, ” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of, ” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
[0074] As used in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one, ” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B, ” or, equivalently “at least one of A and / or B” ) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0075] The use of “including, ” “comprising, ” “having, ” “containing, ” “involving, ” and variations thereof, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and additional items.
[0076] Use of ordinal terms such as “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed. Ordinal terms are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) , to distinguish the claim elements.
[0077] Each numerical value presented herein, for example, in a table, a chart, or a graph, is contemplated to represent a minimum value or a maximum value in a range for a corresponding parameter. Accordingly, when added to the claims, the numerical value provides express support for claiming the range, which may lie above or below the numerical value, in accordance with the teachings herein. For numerical ranges recited herein, various embodiments include any parameter value (e.g., integer or decimal value) within the cited ranges. For example, if a recited range is from 1 to 10, a value for the respective parameter can be greater than, less than, or equal to 1, 2, 3, . . . 9, or 10. Absent inclusion in the claims, each numerical value presented herein is not to be considered limiting in any regard.
[0078] The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms and expressions of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof. In addition, having described certain embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts disclosed herein may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The features and functions of the various embodiments may be arranged in various combinations and permutations, and all are considered to be within the scope of the disclosed invention. Accordingly, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, the configurations, materials, and dimensions described herein are intended as illustrative and in no way limiting. Similarly, although physical explanations have been provided for explanatory purposes, there is no intent to be bound by any particular theory or mechanism, or to limit the claims in accordance therewith.
Claims
1.A multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprising:a first layer comprising a first blend of:a first copolyester comprising a first diol component comprising diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ;amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; andoptionally a second copolyester comprising a second diol component comprising 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) ; anda second layer comprising the first blend; anda core layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer and comprising a second blend of:a third copolyester comprising a third diol component comprising 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG;APET; andoptionally a fourth copolyester comprising a fourth diol component comprising NPG,wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprises a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower.2.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the film comprises a shrink onset temperature of at least 50 ℃.3.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the film comprises a shrink tension greater than 6 N / mm2.4.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer each comprises a glass transition temperature from about 70 ℃ to about 80 ℃.5.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the core layer comprises a glass transition temperature from about 60 ℃ to about 70 ℃.6.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the core layer each comprises an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.65 dl / g to about 0.85 dl / g.7.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the core layer comprises from about 50%to about 90%of a total thickness of the film, and wherein the first layer and the second layer each comprises from about 5%to about 25%of the total thickness of the film.8.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the first blend comprises:from about 18%to about 78%by weight of the first copolyester;from about 10%to about 30%by weight of the APET; andoptionally up to about 90%by weight of the second copolyester.9.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 8, wherein the first blend further comprises an anti-block additive.10.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the second blend comprises:from about 55%to about 85%by weight of the third copolyester;from about 10%to about 35%by weight of the APET; andoptionally up to about 10%by weight of the fourth copolyester.11.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the second blend further comprises the first copolyester.12.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein:the first diol component comprises from about 60 mol%to about 70 mol%of ethylene glycol (EG) , from about 5 mol%to about 15 mol%of DEG, and from about 20 mol%to about 30 mol%of CHDM,the second diol component comprises from about 65 mol%to about 75 mol%of EG, and from about 23 mol%to about 33 mol%of NPG,the third diol component comprises from about 56 mol%to about 66 mol%of EG, from about 14 mol%to about 24 mol%of MPO, and from about 1 mol%to about 15 mol%of DEG, andthe fourth diol component comprises from about 65 mol%to about 75 mol%of EG, and from about 23 mol%to about 33 mol%of NPG.13.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the first blend comprises the second copolyester, wherein the second blend comprises the fourth copolyester, and wherein the second copolyester and the fourth copolyester are identical.14.The multi-layer heat-shrinkable film of claim 1, wherein the film is formulated to resist bonding to other materials when heated to a temperature of about 210 ℃.15.A method of manufacturing a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film, the method comprising:obtaining a first blend comprising:a first copolyester comprising a first diol component comprising diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ;amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; andoptionally a second copolyester comprising a second diol component comprising DEG and 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) ;obtaining a second blend comprising:a third copolyester comprising a third diol component comprising 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG;APET; andoptionally a fourth copolyester comprising a fourth diol component comprising NPG; andcoextruding the first blend and the second blend to form a heat-shrinkable film comprising:a first layer comprising the first blend;a second layer comprising the first blend; anda core layer comprising the second blend and disposed between the first layer and the second layer,wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprises a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower.16.The method of claim 15, wherein coextruding the first blend and the second blend comprises heating the first blend and the second blend to a temperature from about 200 ℃ to about 300 ℃.17.The method of claim 15, wherein coextruding the first blend and the second blend comprises casting the heat-shrinkable film through a die and onto a chill roll.18.The method of claim 15, further comprising stretching the heat-shrinkable film in a tenter frame to a stretch ratio from about 1.5 to about 7.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the heat-shrinkable film comprises a glass transition temperature, and wherein the stretching is performed at a temperature from about the glass transition temperature to the glass transition temperature plus about 20 ℃.20.A method of using a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film, the method comprising:obtaining a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprising:a first layer comprising a first blend of:a first copolyester comprising a first diol component comprising diethylene glycol (DEG) and 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) ;amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) ; andoptionally a second copolyester comprising a second diol component comprising 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol (NPG) ; anda second layer comprising the first blend; anda core layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer and comprising a second blend of:a third copolyester comprising a third diol component comprising 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol (MPO) and DEG;APET; andoptionally a fourth copolyester comprising a fourth diol component comprising NPG,wherein the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film comprises a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower;forming the multi-layer heat-shrinkable film into a sleeve;positioning the sleeve around an object; andapplying heat to the sleeve to shrink the sleeve onto the object.21.The method of claim 20 wherein the object comprises at least one of a container or a bottle.22.A method of recycling a multi-layer heat-shrinkable film, the method comprising:obtaining a mixture of (i) flakes formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and (ii) particles of a heat-shrinkable film having a shrink onset temperature of 60 ℃ or lower and a shrink tension of 9 N / mm2 or lower; andheating the flakes and particles in a recycling process to a temperature from about 170 ℃ to about 230 ℃,wherein the particles are formulated to resist bonding to the flakes during the recycling process.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the recycling process comprises a solid-stating stage that increases a molecular weight of the heat-shrinkable film.24.The method of claim 22, wherein the particles satisfy a requirement of less than 1%weight loss during a PET Flake Clumping Evaluation, as specified in PET Flake Clumping Evaluation, document PET-S-08, published on November 16, 2018, by ASSOCIATION OF PLASTIC RECYCLERS.