Conductive paste compositions
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023927874
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-03-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-21
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Figure PCTCN2023082107-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2023082107-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2023082107-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CONDUCTIVE PASTE COMPOSITIONSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to conductive paste compositions, and more particularly, relate to conductive paste compositions for use in solar cell panels.BACKGROUND
[0002] Conductive paste compositions are widely used in solar cell panels where efficiency is critical. Passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) solar cell technology is now considered mainstream solar cell technology; however, to further improve efficiency and reduce costs, other technologies are being considered, such as, tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) and heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) . HIT is considered to have a higher efficiency over PERC.
[0003] The overall efficiency of the solar cell depends on many factors; however, one main factor that affects the overall efficiency is the conductive wires that are printed on a substrate. This includes very thin, amorphous p–and n-doped layers and intrinsic amorphous layers on the front and rear surfaces of a CZ n-type mono-silicon substrate. Both types of conductive wires, i.e., finger lines and busbars, use the screen printing and curing of conductive pastes. To improve the overall efficiency of the solar panels, it is critical to use conductive pastes that: (1) provide a low electrical resistivity, (2) reduce the contact resistance between the printed conductive pastes and the substrate by providing good adhesion between the paste and substrate, and (3) have shorter drying (or curing) time of the conductive pastes.
[0004] For HIT technology, conductive pastes typically containing epoxy resins may be used in a printing process, and subjected to a thermal curing process to dry the paste into solid wires, typically at a temperature between 150 to 200 Celsius. However, the performance of silver conductive pastes containing epoxy resins needs to be improved in conductivity.
[0005] Accordingly, there remains a need for a HIT solar cell conductive paste composition that achieves a good balance of properties, including electrical resistivity, dry or cure rate, and adhesion strength.
[0006] SUMMARY
[0007] Disclosed in embodiments herein are conductive paste compositions. The conductive paste compositions comprise a conductive powder; an organic crosslinker, wherein the organic crosslinker is a blocked isocyanate compound; an organic solvent having a boiling point greater than 200 ℃; and a 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) polyester, which is the reaction product of the monomers comprising: i. TMCD in an amount of 25-60 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , ii. a diol other than TMCD in an amount of 0-70 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , iii. trimethylolpropane (TMP) or Pentaerythritol in an amount of 40-75 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , iv. an aromatic acid in an amount of 0-20 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) , and v. an aliphatic diacid in an amount of 80-100 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) .
[0008] Further disclosed in embodiments herein are methods for manufacturing conductive paste compositions. The methods comprise mixing together a conductive powder; an organic crosslinker, wherein the organic crosslinker is a blocked isocyanate compound; an organic solvent having a boiling point greater than 200 ℃; and a 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) polyester, which is the reaction product of the monomers comprising: i. TMCD in an amount of 25-60 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , ii. a diol other than TMCD in an amount of 0-70 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , iii. trimethylolpropane (TMP) or Pentaerythritol in an amount of 40-75 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) , iv. an aromatic acid in an amount of 0-20 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) , and v. an aliphatic diacid in an amount of 80-100 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) , to form a conductive paste composition.
[0009] Further disclosed in embodiments herein are solar cells. The solar cells comprise an electrode made by the conductive paste compositions described herein.
[0010] Further disclosed in embodiments herein are methods for manufacturing solar cells. The methods comprise forming an electrode of a solar cell using the conductive paste compositions described herein.
[0011] Additional features and advantages of the embodiments will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein. It is to be understood that both the foregoing and the following description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of conductive paste compositions and methods of manufacturing thereof, as well as solar cells and methods of manufacturing thereof. The conductive paste compositions may be used in the manufacture of solar cells, and particularly, HIT solar cells. The solar cells may be used in solar panels. It is noted, however, that this is merely an illustrative implementation of the embodiments disclosed herein. The embodiments are applicable to other technologies that are susceptible to similar problems as those discussed above.
[0013] In embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises a conductive powder, an organic crosslinker, an organic solvent, and a 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) polyester. In one or more embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises 80 wt. %to 99 wt. %of the conductive powder. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paste composition comprises 85 wt. %to 95 wt. %, 85 wt. %to 93 wt. %, or 88 wt. %to 92 wt. %of the conductive powder.
[0014] The conductive powder may be made from one or more of nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silver, aluminum, tungsten, or alloys thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive powder is silver. The silver may be a powder or a flake that may be spherical or non-spherical. In some embodiments herein, the silver has a mean particle size diameter (D50) of less than 10 microns. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the silver has a mean particle size diameter (D50) of less than 8 microns, or from 0.2 to 10 microns, 0.5 to 8 microns, or 0.5 to 5 microns.
[0015] In one or more embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises 1 wt. %to 4 wt. %of the organic crosslinker. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paste composition comprises 1.2 wt. %to 3.8 wt. %of the organic crosslinker. The organic crosslinker is a blocked isocyanate compound, which may be an aliphatic blocked isocyanate compound or an aromatic blocked isocyanate compound. In some embodiments, the organic crosslinker is an aliphatic blocked isocyanate compound. Blocked isocyanate compounds are the reaction product of an isocyanate moiety and a blocking agent. Examples of aromatic isocyanate moieties may include, but are not limited to, 1, 4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate, 2, 6-toluene diisocyanate, 1, 5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 2, 2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2, 4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4, 4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1, 3-bis (2-isocyanatoprop-2-yl) benzene (TMXDI-3) , 1, 4-bis (2-isocyanatoprop-2-yl) benzene (TMXDI-4) , 1, 3-bis (isocyanatomethyl) benzene (XDI) . Examples of aliphatic isocyanate moieties may include, but are not limited to, 1, 4-butylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) , isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) , 2, 2, 4-and / or 2, 4, 4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, isomeric bis (4, 4′-isocyanatocyclohexyl) methanes, 1, 4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, C1-C8-alkyl 2, 6-diisocyanatohexanoate (lysine diisocyanate) , and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. Blocking agents can be alcohols, phenols, oximes, lactams, dicarbonyl compounds, hydroxamates, bisulfite addition compounds, hydroxylamines, and esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of blocking agents may include, but are not limited to, diethyl malonate, 3, 5-dimethylpyrazole, phenol, 2, 4-dimethyl-3-pentanone oxime, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-heptanone oxime, methylethylketoxime (MEKO) , hexanolactam, 3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole, 1, 2, 4-triazole, Diisopropylamine, caprolactam, and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the aliphatic blocked isocyanate compound is selected from the group consisting of MEKO blocked with IPDI, MEKO blocked with HDI, and combinations thereof.
[0016] In embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises an organic solvent. The organic solvent has a boiling point greater 200 ℃. In some embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises 2 wt. %to 12 wt. %of organic solvent. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paste composition comprises 4 wt. %to 11 wt. %or 5 wt. %to 10 wt. %of organic solvent. Examples of suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to, glycols, glycol ethers, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohol ester, dicarboxylic acids, polar aprotic solvents, ketones, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable organic solvents may include, but are not limited to, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) , n-butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dibasic acid dimethyl esters, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of n-butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dibasic acid dimethyl esters, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, the organic solvent has two or more selected from the group consisting of n-butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and dibasic acid dimethyl esters.
[0017] In embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises a 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) polyester. In some embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises 0.5 wt. %to 5 wt. %of TMCD polyester. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paste composition comprises 0.7 wt. %to 5 wt. %. 0.7 wt. %to 3 wt. %, or 0.7 wt. %to 2 wt. %of TMCD Polyester.
[0018] The TMCD polyester is the reaction product of the monomers comprising: i. TMCD in an amount of 25-60 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; ii. a diol other than TMCD in an amount of 0-70 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; iii. trimethylolpropane (TMP) or pentaerythritol in an amount of 40-75 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; iv. an aromatic acid in an amount of 0-20 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) ; and v. an aliphatic diacid in an amount of 80-100 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) . All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the TMCD monomer may be in an amount of 25-50 mole %or 25-45 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; the diol other than TMCD may be in an amount of 10-60 mole %or 15 to 50 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; the trimethylolpropane (TMP) or pentaerythritol may be in an amount of 40-70 mole %or 45-70 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ; the aromatic acid may be in an amount of 5-20 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) ; and / or the aliphatic diacid may be in an amount of 80-95 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) .
[0019] In one or more embodiments herein, examples of suitable diols other than TMCD may include, but are not limited to, C3-C19 aliphatic or aromatic diols or substituted C3-C19 aliphatic or aromatic diols. Specific examples of suitable diols other than TMCD may include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2, 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol, 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1, 3-cyclohexanedimethanol, cis-1, 2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1, 4-cyclohexanediol, 1, 3-cyclohexanediol, 1, 2-cyclohexanediol, 1, 3-cyclohexanediol 4-methyl-1, 2cyclohexanedimethanol, 4-cyclopentene-1, 3-diol, 4, 4'-Isopropylidenedicyclohexanol, 1, 4-benzenedimethanol, hydroquinone bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ether, 1, 2-benzenedimethanol, 1, 4-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) benzene, resorcinol bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ether, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, 2, 2’ - (o-phenylenedioxy) diethanol, and the like. In some embodiments herein, component (ii) comprises 2, 2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol, 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 4, 4'-Isopropylidenedicyclohexanol, 1, 4-cyclohexanediol, 1, 4-benzenedimethanol, 1, 3-cyclopentanediol, 4, 8 -bis (hydroxymethyl) tricyclo [5.2.1.0 2,6] decane, or combinations thereof.
[0020] In one or more embodiments herein, examples of suitable aromatic acids may include, but are not limited to, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid derivatives, or combinations thereof. Specific examples may include adipic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, azelaic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
[0021] In one or more embodiments herein, examples of suitable aliphatic diacids may include, but are not limited to, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid derivatives, or combinations thereof. Specific examples may include naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
[0022] In one or more embodiments herein, the TMCD polyester may exhibit one or more of the following properties: a hydroxyl number (OHN) higher than 210 or an acid number lower than 10. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the TMCD polyester may exhibit two or more, three or more, or all of the following properties. In other embodiments, the TMCD polyester may exhibit one or more (or two or more) of the following properties: an OHN (OH number) higher than 225 or 240 or higher than 250; and / or an acid number lower than 8, lower than 5, or lower than 3.
[0023] In embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition may further comprise an organic additive. In some embodiments herein, the conductive paste composition comprises greater than 0 wt. %to 0.3 wt. %of the organic additive. All individual values and subranges are included and disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the conductive paste composition comprises 0.01 wt. %to 0.3 wt. %of the organic additive. Examples of suitable organic additives may include, but is not limited to, one or more of glass frit, dispersants, thixotropic agents, leveling agent, lubricant, diluent, viscosity stabilizers, defoaming agents, pigments, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, inorganic fillers, and coupling agents.
[0024] The conductive paste compositions described herein may exhibit one or more of the following: a resistivity value lower than 15.3*10^-6 ohm*cm; or a dry rate higher than 0.75. In some embodiments, the conductive paste compositions described herein may exhibit two or more or all of the following properties.
[0025] Also disclosed in embodiments described herein are methods of manufacturing conductive paste compositions. The method comprises mixing the conductive powder, organic solvent, organic crosslinker, and TMCD polyester together to form a conductive paste composition. The conductive powder, organic solvent, organic crosslinker, and TMCD polyester are previously described herein, and are incorporated by reference. Also disclosed in embodiments described herein are solar cells. The solar cells comprise an electrode made by the conductive paste compositions described herein. Further disclosed in embodiments herein are methods for manufacturing solar cells. The methods comprise forming an electrode of a solar cell using the conductive paste compositions described herein.
[0026] TEST METHODS
[0027] Hydroxyl Number (OHN)
[0028] Hydroxyl number is determined by esterifying the resin by reaction with excess acetic anhydride in pyridine and then decomposing the unreacted anhydride with water. The resulting acetic acid is then titrated with a standard solution of KOH. The number of milligrams KOH which are equivalent to one gram of resin sample is reported as the hydroxyl number in mg KOH / g.
[0029] Acid Number (AN)
[0030] Acid number is measured according to ASTM D1639: 1996. The acid number is reported in mg KOH / g.
[0031] NCO / OH Ratio
[0032] NCO / OH ratio is defined as the ratio of the mole ratio of isocyanate groups (NCO) versus the hydroxyl groups (OH) . The OH groups are measured according to the test method for OHN. For the examples, the total NCO content for the crosslinker is specified by the supplier (Evonik Corp. ) to be 12.3 to 12.9 %wt. For the purpose of the calculation, the mid-point value of 12.6 %wt. is used. The NCO / OH ratio is then calculated according to the equation below.
[0033] Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn)
[0034] Molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography using a refractive index detector with polystyrene standards. The results are reported in g / mol.
[0035] Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
[0036] Residual solvent remaining in the resin from solvent processing could artificially lower the Tg measurement. To obtain a more accurate Tg, a resin sample was first subjected to preconditioning in an oven. About 0.3g of the resin was placed into a small aluminum weighing pan and heated for one hour at 110℃. A sample was then transferred to a differential scanning calorimeter (TA Instruments DSC Q2000 V24.9 Build 121) . On the first heating cycle, the sample was heated under nitrogen atmosphere from -50℃ to 140℃ at a rate of 20℃ / min. The sample was then quench cooled to -50℃. For the second heating cycle, the sample was heated under the same conditions as those used in the first heating cycle. The midpoint of the second heating cycle is reported as the Tg of the sample. The results are reported in ℃.
[0037] Particle Size Measurement
[0038] Particle size is analyzed by laser diffraction using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 instrument with a HydroMV wet dispersion unit using acetone as the dispersant. To break up agglomerates, the sample is subjected to 50%sonication power for a duration of 120 seconds. After sonication, laser diffraction is performed and particle size is collected. D10, D50, D90, and D95 are reported, which is the particle size diameter when the cumulative percentage corresponds to 10%, 50%, 90%, or 95%respectively. The results are reported in μm.
[0039] Resistivity
[0040] To measure the electrical resistivity, a cured silver film is placed on a horizontal stage, and a 4-probe source meter (Keithley 2400 from Keithley Corp. ) is used to measure the resistance of the silver film. For each paste composition, four repeating measurements are measured on four silver films, respectively. The average of the four measurements are reported in this patent. An D-500 Stylus Profiler is used to scan across the long transverse direction of the film, and film thickness and width are obtained and recorded. Resistivity of the cured silver film was calculated according to the equation below.
[0041] Dry Rate
[0042] Dry rate is defined as the ratio of the resistivity value at 30 min divided by the resistivity value of the same film at 10 min.
[0043] Delamination
[0044] A piece of 3M 600 tape (30 mm long and 5-10 mm wide) is applied across a cured silver film with glass substrate underneath. The long axis of the tape is perpendicular to the long axis of the underlying silver film. The tape is peeled off at 90 degrees at a speed of around 2 meters per second. After peeling off the tape, the peeled-off tape is visually examined. The amount of film percentage delamination underneath the tape is visually estimated and recorded. For each paste composition, four measurements are completed and the average of the four measurements is reported.
[0045] EXAMPLES
[0046] The following specific examples are given to illustrate the process and performance properties associated with conductive paste compositions and its components. The inventive and comparative examples are provided below with the details of the formulations and results are provided in Tables 2-5.
[0047] Table 1 –Raw Materials
[0048] TMCD Polyesters are prepared as follows: each resin was prepared in a two-liter reaction kettle equipped with a heating mantle, mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, nitrogen blanket, oil-heated partial condenser, condensate trap, and water-cooled total condenser. Additional details of each TMCD polyester are shown in Table 2, and properties of the resins are shown in Table 3.
[0049] Examples 1&2
[0050] Stage 1 –HHPA, TMCD, triphenylphosphite and xylene (process solvent) are charged to the reaction kettle. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The temperature is increased from room temperature to 100℃ over seventy five minutes. Agitation is started when the melt reached 100℃. The reaction is then heated to 150℃ for over fifty minutes. As the reaction reached a peak exotherm of 198.6℃, the reaction temperature is set to 190℃ and held for fifteen minutes. The acid number is determined to be 242 mg KOH / g resin.
[0051] Stage 2 –The PE, catalyst and xylene (process solvent) are added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 190℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over four hours such that the head temperature did not exceed 100℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃until a final acid number of 1.9 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The resin is then cooled to 190℃ and poured through a medium mesh paint filter into a metal paint can.
[0052] Example 3
[0053] Stage 1 –MHHPA, TMCD, triphenylphosphite and xylene (process solvent) are charged to the reaction kettle. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The temperature is increased from room temperature to 100℃ for over seventy five minutes. Agitation is started when the melt reached 100℃. The reaction is then heated to 150℃ for over fifty minutes. As the reaction reached a peak exotherm of 199.7℃, the reaction temperature is set to 195℃ and held for sixty minutes. The acid number is then determined to be 227 mg KOH / g resin., and the reaction temperature is subsequently lowered to 190℃.
[0054] Stage 2 –The TMP, catalyst and xylene (process solvent) are added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 190℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over four hours such that the head temperature did not exceed 100℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until a final acid number 1 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The resin is then cooled to 200℃ and poured through a medium mesh paint filter into a metal paint can.
[0055] Comparative Example 1
[0056] Comparative example 1 is TetrashieldTM PC4000 resin.
[0057] Comparative Examples 2 &3
[0058] Stage 1 –HHPA, TMCD, triphenylphosphite, three-fourths of the total catalyst and xylene (process solvent) are charged to the reaction kettle. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The temperature is increased from room temperature to 100℃ for over seventy five minutes. Agitation is started when the melt reached 100℃. The reaction is then heated at 1℃ / minute until it started to exotherm. It is then allowed to continue self-heating to a peak exotherm of 175.9℃. The reaction is then heated to 230℃ for over 90 minutes. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until an acid number of 150 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The reaction is then cooled to 190℃ and held.
[0059] Stage 2 –The TMP and remaining catalyst are then added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 190℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over ninety minutes such that the head temperature did not exceed 98℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until a final acid number of 1.0 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The resin is then cooled to 190℃ and poured through a medium mesh paint filter into a metal paint can.
[0060] Comparative Example 4
[0061] Stage 1 –HHPA, half of the total TMCD, half of the total TMP, triphenylphosphite, three-fourths of the total catalyst and xylene (process solvent) are charged to the reaction kettle. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The temperature is increased from room temperature to 100℃ for over seventy-five minutes. Agitation is started when the melt reached 100℃. The reaction is then heated at 1℃ / minute until it started to exotherm. It is then allowed to continue self-heating to a peak exotherm of 180.0℃ and then held at that temperature.
[0062] Stage 2 –The remaining TMCD, TMP and catalyst are then added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 180℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over ninety minutes such that the head temperature did not exceed 98℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until a final acid number of 1.4 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The resin is then cooled to 190℃ and poured through a medium mesh paint filter into a metal paint can.
[0063] Comparative Example 5
[0064] Stage 1 –HHPA, TMCD, triphenylphosphite and xylene (process solvent) are charged to the reaction kettle. The temperature is increased from room temperature to 100℃ for over seventy-five minutes. Agitation is started when the melt reached 100℃. The reaction is then heated to 130℃ over thirty minutes. After the reaction reached a peak exotherm of 183.1℃, the reaction is allowed to cool gradually back to 130℃ and held. The acid number is determined to be 242 mg KOH / g resin.
[0065] Stage 2 –The TMP and catalyst are added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 130℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. Additional xylene is used to fill the condensate trap. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over four hours such that the head temperature did not exceed 95℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until a final acid number of 0.9 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The reaction is then cooled to 190℃ and held.
[0066] Stage 3 –The BA is added to the reactor, and the temperature is allowed to recover to 130℃ while the reactants thoroughly mixed. The reaction mixture is then heated to 230℃ for over three hours such that the head temperature did not exceed 95℃ while heating. Water of esterification is periodically drained from the trap while a steady reflux of xylene is maintained. The reaction is held at 230℃ until a final acid number of 0.7 mg KOH / g resin is achieved. The resin is then cooled to 190℃ and poured through a medium mesh paint filter into a metal paint can.
[0067] Comparative Example 6
[0068] Comparative example 6 is EPONTM Resin 1001F resin.
[0069] Table 2 –Polyester Resin Charge Weights
[0070] (a) Includes 2 wt. %excess.
[0071] Table 3 –Resin Properties
[0072] Table 4 –Silver Particle Size
[0073] Conductive paste compositions are formulated according to the following procedure: solid resins (epoxy or polyester) and solvent are added into a 200 mL glass jar and dissolved at 50 ℃ until the resin is fully dissolved in the solvent to form a resin solution. Crosslinker and solvent are added into a 200 mL glass jar and dissolved at room temperature (~ 23 ℃) until the crosslinker is fully dissolved in the solvent to form a crosslinker solution. The resin solution and crosslinker solution are added into a 20 mL glass vial. The resin solution, when combined and mixed with the crosslinker solution, achieved the final concentrations that are listed in Table 5. The final solutions are vortexed using Scilogex SCI-VS Vortex Mixer at 2500 rpm for 5 min for a thorough mixing. This solution is then added into a 12 mL plastic jar (available from THINK USA Inc. ) . The silver particles are added to the solution in the 12mL jar. The mixture is mixed using a THINKY ARE-310 non-contact planetary mixer at 2000 rpm for 1 min and defoamed at 2200 rpm for 30s. Details of each formulation are shown in Table 5.
[0074] Table 5 –Conductive Paste Formulations
[0075] Film are then prepared using the conductive paste compositions according to the following procedure: the conductive paste compositions are casted onto silicate glass substrates. Two pieces of 1 mil thick KAPTONTM tapes (purchased from ULINE with the model number of S-10518) are used as spacers and are attached onto the glass substrate parallel to each other, and the distance between the 2 tapes is about 5 mm. The paste is placed in between the two tapes, and a silver paste film of a thickness of about 0.035 mm is formed after a drawdown. The silver films along with the glass substrates are cured at 200 Celsius in air for 10 min. After curing, the films are taken out of the oven for a first resistivity measurement. Afterwards, the films are put back into the oven to be cured at 200 Celsius in air for another 20min. After this additional 20 min curing, the films are taken out of the oven for a second resistivity measurement and adhesion / delamination measurements. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0076] Table 6 –Conductive Paste Film Results
[0077] As shown in the Table 6, it has been surprisingly found that the conductive paste formulations of the present invention exhibit low resistivity, higher dry rate, and lower delamination that can result in improved solar cell efficiency when compared to the comparative examples.
[0078] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm. ”
[0079] Every document cited herein, if any, including any cross-referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
[0080] While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims
1.A conductive paste composition for use in a solar cell, the composition comprising:a conductive powder;an organic crosslinker, wherein the organic crosslinker is a blocked isocyanate compound;an organic solvent having a boiling point greater than 200 ℃; anda 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) polyester, which is the reaction product of the monomers comprising:i. TMCD in an amount of 25-60 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ,ii. a diol other than TMCD in an amount of 0-70 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ,iii. trimethylolpropane (TMP) or Pentaerythritol in an amount of 40-75 mole %, based on the total moles of (a) (i-iii) ,iv. an aromatic acid in an amount of 0-20 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) , andv. an aliphatic diacid in an amount of 80-100 mole %, based on the total moles of (iv-v) .2.The conductive paste composition of claim 1, wherein the conductive paste composition comprises 80 wt. %to 99 wt. %of the conductive powder.3.The conductive paste composition of claims 1 and 2, wherein the conductive powder is made from one or more of nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silver, aluminum, tungsten, or alloys thereof.4.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-3, wherein the conductive powder is silver.5.The conductive paste composition of claim 4, wherein the silver has a mean particle size diameter (D50) of less than 10 microns.6.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-5, wherein the conductive paste composition comprises 1 wt. %to 4 wt. %of organic crosslinker.7.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-6, wherein the organic crosslinker is an aliphatic blocked isocyanate compound.8.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-7, wherein the conductive paste composition comprises 2 wt. %to 12 wt. %of organic solvent.9.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-8, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of n-butyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dibasic acid dimethyl esters, and mixtures thereof.10.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-9, wherein the conductive paste composition comprises 0.5 wt. %to 5 wt. %of TMCD polyester.11.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-10, wherein the TMCD polyester exhibits one or more of the following properties:an OHN higher than 210; oran acid number lower than 10.12.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-11, wherein the composition further comprises an organic additive in an amount of greater than 0 to 0.3 wt. %.13.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-12, wherein organic additive is one or more of glass frit, dispersants, thixotropic agents, leveling agent, lubricant, diluent, viscosity stabilizers, defoaming agents, pigments, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, inorganic fillers, and coupling agents.14.The conductive paste composition of claims 1-13, wherein the conductive paste composition has one or more of the following:a resistivity value lower than 15.3*10^-6 ohm*cm; ora dry rate higher than 0.75.15.A method of manufacturing the conductive paste composition of claims 1-14, the method comprising:mixing the conductive powder, organic solvent, organic crosslinker, and TMCD polyester together to form a conductive paste composition.