Multi-isotope quantification of dissolution and mineralization during geochemical co2 removal and storage

Abstract

A system and method for quantification of carbon mineralization in basalt during carbon sequestration that includes: obtaining initial conditions at geological site which comprises establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions.

Description

CELL-M01-PCT MULTI-ISOTOPE QUANTIFICATION OF DISSOLUTION AND MINERALIZATION DURING GEOCHEMICAL CO2 REMOVAL AND STORAGE CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 511,540, filed on 30-JUN-2023, which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This invention relates generally to the field of carbon capture and more specifically to a new and useful system and method for multi-isotope quantification of mineral dissolution and formation (“mineralization”). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The weathering of mafic rocks is currently being exploited in a variety of carbon capture and sequestration technologies. Basalt, for example, is a mafic rock, meaning low amounts of silica and lots of divalent metal cations (M2+) such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+. The weathering (or dissolution) of silicate minerals within such rocks sequesters CO2 by transforming it to a dissolved form, e.g., bicarbonate HCO3-, facilitating solubility trapping of carbon dioxide. This serves as the basis for enhanced rock weathering technologies, which simply accelerate the geochemical reactions between minerals and anthropogenic CO2 to facilitate trapping of CO2 in the aqueous phase. Additionally, the release of calcium and magnesium during the weathering process allows for carbon mineralization, or mineral trapping of CO2 in the form of CaCO3 or MgCO3. This serves as the basis for carbon storage in subsurface mafic reservoirs. This method involves in-situ injections of carbon into mafic rock formations, such as basalt or peridotite, where carbon is sequestered in an aqueous phase through dissolution, and subsequently in mineral form through carbonate mineral formation.CELL-M01-PCT

[0004] Carbon storage in subsurface mafic reservoirs offers secure, long-term CO2 storage due to the potential for mineralization. Carbon is most thermodynamically stable in its solid mineral form; thus, mineralization may offer various advantages compared to traditional carbon storage in saline formations, including increased security and permanence. Despite the potential to leverage silicate mineral dissolution and subsequent mineralization reactions to remove and store carbon as a climate change mitigation strategy, the field still faces challenges in the ability to effectively monitor and verify weathering and / or mineralization.

[0005] For example, current methods of monitoring geologic carbon storage are mainly geophysical approaches adopted from oil and gas industry techniques. While geophysical surveys are a robust and cost-effective means of monitoring a pure-phase CO2 plume in the subsurface, typical wireline logging cannot discern the proportions of solubility and mineral trapping of CO2 induced by geochemical reactions. Currently, there is a lack of suitable ways of quantifying and / or monitoring enhanced weathering and carbon mineralization.

[0006] Some limited verification techniques for in-situ mineralization that are available may involve comparisons between mass-balance calculations of expected dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in monitoring fluids (if no carbonate precipitation were to occur) and actual measurements. This depends on inferring the difference between “expected without mineralization” and measured values to estimate the mass of carbon lost from fluids into carbonate minerals. Such a technique depends on inference and can be error prone due to other reactions. For example, it is possible that geothermal processes prevalent in basaltic regions liberate magmatic CO2 and influence local groundwaters via subsurface silicate weathering, thereby influencing DIC concentrations beyond what is included in the aforementioned mass balance calculations. For example, in US Patent No.11,644,454, titled “VERIFICATION METHODS AND AGRONOMIC ENHANCEMENTS FOR CARBON REMOVAL BASED ON ENHANCED ROCK WEATHERING”, describes an approach that has similar limitations and challenges in its approach in that it lacks an ability toCELL-M01-PCT constrain an acid source (e.g., carbonic versus other acid sources). Furthermore, such an approach could not be applied to mineralization verification and is limited to basalt dissolution. Accordingly, existing techniques may not be fully reliable monitoring solutions.

[0007] Thus, there is a need in the carbon capture field to create a new and useful system and method for multi-isotope geological monitoring mineralization characterization. This invention provides such a new and useful system and method. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] FIGURE 1 is a flowchart representation of a first method variation.

[0009] FIGURE 2 is a flowchart representation of a second method variation.

[0010] FIGURE 3 is a flowchart representation of a method variation including preparing of carbon dioxide source injected in geological sites.

[0011] FIGURE 4 is a flowchart representation of another method variation.

[0012] FIGURE 5 is a flowchart representation of another method variation.

[0013] FIGURE 6 is a flowchart representation of a method variation used to modify carbon sequestration processes.

[0014] FIGURE 7 is a chart representation of multi-isotope interactions.

[0015] FIGURE 8 is a schematic diagram of a system variation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0016] The following description of the embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments but rather to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use this invention. 1. Overview

[0017] A system and method for quantifying carbon removal and / or storage functions to use isotope geochemistry of monitoring fluids for detecting and measuring predictions such as basalt weathering and carbon mineralization. TheCELL-M01-PCT system and method may be applied as a tool for measuring and monitoring surface enhanced rock weathering, subsurface carbon mineralization, and / or other mineralization monitoring applications.

[0018] In particular, the system and method constrain mineralization behavior through multi-isotope monitoring to determine state of mineralization. Monitoring through multiple isotopes may be used to more accurately monitor and quantify carbon mineralization by using monitoring of selected isotopes that establish constrained behavior. In particular, the use of two isotope ratios may constrain the fate of divalent metal cations that are a crucial component of mineralization reactions (e.g., calcium (Ca)). The multi-isotope monitoring may provide a direct measurement of carbon sequestration that is resilient to other isotopic reactions in a geological site. For example, using select analysis of isotopic pairing of a Ca and C in the basaltic subsurface may provide a higher quality and more rigorous verification of mineralization.

[0019] The system and method described herein may provide a monitoring and quantification approach for carbon sequestration that is resilient to other mineralization reactions, and which may directly measure the mineralization without indirectly inferring results as existing approaches sometimes use.

[0020] The system and method may employ a dual-isotope or multi-isotope MRV (Measurement, Reporting, and Verification) approach for detecting dissolution and mineralization. In particular, the system and method may use isotope pairings involving isotopes of divalent metal cations (M2+) and carbon (C). In some particular variations, the system and method may integrate the use of both stable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), or strontium (Sr) and carbon (C) isotopes for determination of the extent of carbon captured as a result of reacting anthropogenic CO2 geological materials.

[0021] The system and method for multi-isotope monitoring (e.g., dual-isotope monitoring or monitoring more than two isotopes) described herein may utilize isotope measurement techniques to record the evolution of isotope ratios in monitoring fluids. In some variations using stable calcium, stable magnesium, or stable and / or radiogenic strontium and carbon isotopes, the isotopic ratios (e.g.,CELL-M01-PCT isotopic ratios of Ca, Mg, or Sr in combination with C) in monitoring fluid of an well to a geological site may be used to monitor percentage of carbon mineralization. Using these values, isotope fractionation equations can be applied to calculate the precise amount of carbon that has been sequestered via dissolution of silicate minerals and thereafter mineralized into calcite or other phases. The incorporation of multiple isotopes into the system and method may enable more precise monitoring of the mineralization analysis by accounting for likely parallel geochemical processes to avoid errors.

[0022] The system and method may therefore avoid errors and challenges of other mineralization techniques, which can result from, for example, difficulty of constraining the fate of divalent metal cations that are components of dissolution and mineralization reactions (E.g., calcium). For example, dissolution of non-silicate Ca-bearing minerals, such as naturally formed hydrothermal calcite, can impart errors in current MRV techniques for both enhanced rock weathering and subsurface mineralization. Methods using C isotopes alone also introduce uncertainties as, for example, geothermal processes prevalent in basaltic regions may liberate magmatic CO2 and influence local groundwaters via subsurface silicate weathering, thereby influencing dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations beyond what may be included in a mass balance calculation of a single-isotope analysis.

[0023] The system and method may in some variations be used in connection with “in-situ mineral carbonation” which refers to the injection of CO2into subsurface mafic rocks for mineral storage. This process geochemically sequesters carbon subsurface through the dissolution of primary minerals coupled to the formation of carbonate minerals. Mafic rock (e.g., basalt) contains a high proportion of reactive primary minerals that, when altered, release divalent metal cations (M2+) such as Ca2+ into waters. The metals (M2+) then combine with carbon to form carbonate minerals, such as by the following reaction: CO2+ H2O + (M2+)SiO3→ (M2+)CO3+ H2O + SiO2(1)

[0024] Carbon dioxide and water together form carbonic acid, which reacts with silicate minerals (simplified in equation (1)) and sequesters carbon into minerals ((M2+)CO3, e.g., CaCO3calcite). Critically, the acid that dissolves the silicate mineralsCELL-M01-PCT must be carbonic acid, and the metal cations comprising the resultant carbonate minerals must be sourced from silicate minerals in order for atmospheric carbon dioxide to be sequestered. Carbon isotopes can resolve this issue by tracing the sources and sinks of carbon to ensure the source is atmospheric or injected carbon, and the sink is carbonate minerals.

[0025] Additionally, (M2+) can be readily taken up by other secondary minerals (clays, zeolites), which would make the (M2+) unavailable to form carbonate minerals. (M2+) isotope measurements (e.g., stable calcium, δ44 / 40Ca) can help resolve this issue. The (M2+) isotope measurements of waters can trace such processes if the (M2+) isotope measurements of mineralogical sources and sinks are well characterized.

[0026] The system and method’s multi-isotope technique provides a robust and highly accurate verification of mineralization in the subsurface. The system and method may help delineate the mineralogical sources of dissolved divalent metal cations post-injection or reaction with anthropogenic CO2 and quantify the amount of calcium, magnesium, and iron-bearing carbonates formed.

[0027] The system and method may be used in the area of sub-surface carbon storage. In particular, the system and method may have particular applications in verifying carbon storage via subsurface mineralization resulting from injection of CO2-charged water or other ways of introducing CO2.

[0028] The system and method may alternatively be used for enhanced rock weathering in surficial aqueous environments where basalt or other Ca and Mg- rich alkaline material is applied to terrestrial or coastal systems for carbon dioxide capture. Herein the system and method are preferably described as they could be applied and adapted for subsurface usage, but the method and system could similarly be used with surface-based geological systems.

[0029] In some variations, the systems and methods may be used in managing and controlling carbon sequestration systems, by dynamically controlling carbon dioxide sequestration.

[0030] The system and method may provide a number of potential benefits. The system and method are not limited to always providing such benefits and are presented only as exemplary representations for how the system and method mayCELL-M01-PCT be put to use. The list of benefits is not intended to be exhaustive and other benefits may additionally or alternatively exist.

[0031] As some potential benefits, the system and method may be resilient to one or more main sources of error and problems in current MRV for both surface and subsurface applications.

[0032] As a first such potential benefit, the system and method may better address challenges in identifying the source of carbon. For traditional enhanced rock weathering, error may be introduced because such traditional approaches need to be sure that carbonic acid dissolved minerals and released the metals into water. For subsurface, alternative carbon sources could be preexisting carbonate minerals.

[0033] As a second such potential benefit, the system and method can enhance the ability to identify sources of metals. The system and method can better account for dissolving the right minerals and not preexisting carbonates.

[0034] As a third such potential benefit, the system and method may enhance identification and characterization of metal and carbon sinks. The sink for the source of carbon and metal may be the same (secondary carbonate minerals) for valuable and accurate MRV. The dual-isotope technique of the system and method can identify that the sink for these two elements is the same. In these ways the system and method may enable more accurate characterization of the fate of mineralized carbon. Coordinated isotope geochemical analysis may constrain analysis to eliminate sources of error, thereby producing more accurate results. The system and method may help account for sources of error that include dissolution of primary minerals and release of M2+ into waters due to weathering by other acids (not carbonic acid, no effect on carbon sequestration).

[0035] Also, the system and method may account for the dynamic and varied geochemical reactions that may result from injecting CO2 in the ground, for example, constraining initial mineralogical sources of divalent metal cations to subsurface fluids or uptake of M2+into other, non carbonate minerals (e.g., clays and zeolites), which would have no net effect on carbon sequestration. In someCELL-M01-PCT variations, the system and method may be modified or adapted to the particular geological conditions at a given site. 2. Method

[0036] As shown in FIGURE 1, a method for quantifying subsurface mineralization may include determining initial conditions at geological site S110, which includes establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, where one is M2+ and the second is C S112; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection or reacting at the geological site S120; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S130. The method functions to employ monitoring of two or more isotope systems in characterizing changes in mineralization at a geological site.

[0037] Determining initial or post-injection conditions may additionally include or be performed in connection with collecting samples. Water / fluid and / or rock samples in a region of interest may be collected and analyzed. In some variations, a single location may be inspected. In other variations, the method may include collecting samples from multiple locations and / or depths.

[0038] The method is preferably implemented so that coordinated fractionation-based analysis may be performed in coordination for two or more isotope systems . In some variations, as shown in FIGURE 2, a method for quantifying subsurface mineralization may more particularly include determining initial conditions at geological site S110, which includes establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systemsS112, determining the subsurface environmental conditions at the point of injection or reaction S114, and determining value for temperature dependent fractionation factor S116; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of reaction (e.g., injection) at the geological site S120; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S130.CELL-M01-PCT

[0039] In some variations, the method may include preparing a carbon dioxide source with one artificially enhanced isotope S113 which may thereby establish unique initial ratio conditions for the carbon isotope system, at least partially. Accordingly, in some variations such as shown in FIGURE 3, the method may include preparing a carbon dioxide source with at least one artificially enhanced isotope S113; determining initial conditions at geological site S110, which includes establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection or reacting at the geological site S120; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S130.

[0040] The method may be used, for example, for monitoring mineralization state in basalt weathering and carbon mineralization by sampling water or other samples during or after perturbing a geological site. In particular, the method may be used in verifying and monitoring carbon storage.

[0041] The at least two isotope systems are preferably selected such that isotopes of the at least two isotope systems have a shared mechanism for geochemical behavior during the mineralization process. In particular, the two isotope systems may share carbonate precipitation as the shared mechanism during carbon mineralization. For example, for calcium and carbon, there may be many processes that can affect both isotope systems separately, carbonate precipitation is a common mechanism between the two. Accordingly, carbonate precipitation is preferably a shared mechanism for geochemical behavior of both isotope systems of the at least two isotope systems. The shared mechanism functions to enable analysis of the two isotope systems to directly characterize mineralization without influence from other geochemical reactions influencing isotopic ratios of the individual isotope systems.

[0042] In practice, monitoring fluids will plot in the top left portion of the figure shown in FIGURE 7 as a result of such a shared mechanism affecting both isotope systems. Isotope ratios of monitoring fluids for both isotope systems will evolve over time to concentrate at certain points along a quantification lineCELL-M01-PCT (indicated by black arrow). In FIGURE 7, the X-axis is a measure of variation in the ratio of the carbon-13 isotope (¹³C) to the carbon-12 isotope (¹²C) in a sample compared to a standard reference (e.g., the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) standard), referred to as the delta (δ) value and given in parts per thousand. The Y-axis is a measure of variation in the ratio of ⁴⁴Ca to ⁴⁰Ca in a sample relative to another standard reference (e.g., the Atlantic Seawater (ASW) Standard), referred to as the delta (δ) value and given in parts per thousand. Isotope ratio values for a given sample are generally expressed in delta notation (δ) calculated from the following equation δAX (‰) = ((RAsample X / RAstandard) - 1) x 1000 Where δAX is the isotopic value of sample X for isotope system A, expressed in delta notation with units of parts per thousand, is calculated from the ratio R of rare isotope A to abundant isotope A in sample X (RAsample X) divided by the same ratio in a standard reference material (RAstandard). By plotting these two isotope values against each other, the graph can reveal correlations or patterns in the isotopic composition of the samples relative to one another.Because carbonate precipitation is a shared mechanism for isotopic behavior of both the calcium and carbon isotopes during the mineralization process, comparative plotting of monitoring fluid compositions that linearly correlate can directly indicate percentage of mineralization along a defined quantification line (or vector). Post-injection monitoring of fluid geochemistry can thereby directly indicate the percentage of carbon mineralization.

[0043] The method can employ specific equations to plot the quantification line (in black) and pertains to the overall concept of using dual-isotope plots for quantification of carbon mineralization in basalt. The quantification line is constructed by calculating theoretical isotope ratio values of monitoring fluid for various values of f according to the following equations: (1) δM2+monitoring solution, theoretical= δM2+initial+ 1000( ^^ - 1)lnf (2) δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial carbon+ 1000( ^^ - 1)lnfof monitoring fluid compared to the basalt or other primary mineral reacted, for example δ44 / 40Ca, andCELL-M01-PCT Equation (2) always refers to the carbon isotope system. δ13Cinitial carbonshould be approximately -8‰, or between -5 to -9 ‰ (VPDB) for the sequestration of atmospheric CO2. In both equations, “ ^^” (i.e., alpha) refers to the fractionation factor, or difference in isotopic composition between carbonate minerals and the fluid from which they precipitated. All isotope systems have unique values for ^^ which may vary based on temperature or other factors. Alpha may also be calculated using measured isotope ratios of relevant samples in the geologic context. The value of “f” represents the fraction of M2+ present in the monitoring solution relative to the amount mineralized into a secondary phase. Equations 1 and 2, in short, measure the magnitude to which the fluid isotopic chemistry deviates from the initial conditions due to chemical reactions. The only chemical reaction that would linearly impact both isotope systems discussed here (e.g., Ca and C isotope systems) is the precipitation of secondary carbonate material. The quantification line for a specific geologic context is constructed by using equations (1) and (2) to calculate a series of theoretical monitoring solution values for various values of f between 0 and 1, along with measured initial condition isotope values (e.g., δM2+initial basaltand δ13Cinitial carbon). For each f value used in the calculation, the calculated δM2+monitoring solution, theoreticalfrom Equation 1 and δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoreticalfrom Equation 2 generates an X and Y coordinate, respectively. In the example in Figure 7, theoretical monitoring solution values (e.g, δ44 / 40Camonitoring solution, theoretical) were calculated for values of f from 0 to 1 at intervals of 0.1, where f = 0 corresponds to zero Ca remaining in the monitoring solution, meaning 100% of the Ca sourced from basalt was mineralized into carbonate. Ten (x,y) coordinates were generated, from which the quantification line was formed. Mineralization can be quantified by plotting actual measured monitoring solution isotope values for both isotope systems (e.g., δ44 / 40Camonitoring solution, measuredand δ13Cmonitoring solution, measured) and analyzing where along the quantification line they fall (i.e., what values of f correspond to the measured samples). If the measured samples do not plot along the quantification line, this indicates that one of the isotope systems was likely influenced by processes other than carbonate precipitation. For example, if the measured monitoring fluid samples form a vertical vector when plotted, this indicates that a non-carbonate mineral sink for Ca wasCELL-M01-PCT present in the system, such as zeolites in Figure 7. The method may be applied to other multi-isotope mineralization analysis variations as well. For example, multi-isotope mineralization analysis may be applied to Mg or Sr isotopes in combination with carbon.

[0044] As described herein, the method may be implemented using monitoring and analysis using two or more isotopes. One of the isotopes is preferably stable carbon (e.g., 13 / 12C) and the other is preferably an isotope system of a divalent metal cation (M2+). The divalent metal cations could include calcium, strontium or magnesium for example. In some variations, the other isotopes may include calcium (e.g., 44 / 40Ca) and / or strontium (e.g., 87 / 86Sr or 88 / 86Sr) and / or magnesium (e.g., 26 / 24Mg). In one variation, the method may involve monitoring and analyzing carbon and calcium isotopes in combination. In another variation, the method may involve monitoring and analyzing carbon, calcium, and strontium isotope variations. In yet another variation, the method may involve monitoring carbon and strontium.

[0045] In one exemplary variation, the method may be implemented through a process shown in FIGURE 4 with a dual-isotope approach based on a divalent metal cation (M2+) isotope system (e.g., where M2+ could be a calcium, strontium, or magnesium isotope system) and a 13 / 12C isotope system, which could include: determining initial conditions at geological site S1110, which includes: analyzing groundwater, rock and minerals from target reservoir for M2+ isotope ratios and 13 / 12C ratios before the injection, Sr / Ca ratios, and other major anions and cations, and determining injected CO213 / 12C ratio S1111, determining temperature of subsurface at point of injection, and rate of CO2injection, and total amount to be injected S1112, using the initial condition data, determining δM2+ initialas given by the expected composition of water immediately after injection (if unknown, may assume δM2+ initial= δM2+ bulk reservoir rock) S1113, and using the initial condition data, determining value for temperature-dependent fractionation factor (alpha) S1114; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection at the geological site S1120, which includes: during CO2 injection into subsurface, collecting water samples from target reservoir periodically throughout the injection period andCELL-M01-PCT after the injection ends for extended time period S1121, and analyzing water chemistry for M2+ and C isotopes, dissolved inorganic carbon content, divalent and monovalent ions and anions including but not limited to Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, HCO3 S1122; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S1130, which includes: using the equations δM2+ monitoring solution, theoretical= δM2+ initial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cainitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf to calculate a series of theoretical isotope values with varying inputs of f from 0 to 1 to generate the quantification line in dual-isotope XY coordinate space; plotting measuered values for both isotope systems (e.g., δ44 / 40Camonitoring solution, measuredand δ13Cmonitoring solution, measured); determining which values of fthe measured isotope system values, calculating the percentagemineralized into calcite = 100 x (1- f) S1131, and percentage of injected CO2 mineralized into other carbonate species (amorphous calcite, Mg- or Fe- carbonates) by subtracting CO2 mineralized into calcite determined from this method from a determined value of mineralized CO2 using isotope analysis S1132. This method may be modified using calcium, strontium, or magnesium isotope systems in combination with a carbon isotope system.

[0046] In practice within a subsurface carbon sequestration operation, the method may be used for monitoring and quantifying carbon mineralization. This may particularly be for carbon mineralization in basalt rock formations / deposits for carbon sequestration. The method can be implemented in connection with wells providing subsurface access to basalt formations, mafic rock formations, or other suitable geological formations. Some variations of the method may be performed in connection with injecting or otherwise reacting a carbon dioxide source within a geological site. Accordingly, a method variation for managing carbon sequestration through carbon mineralization in basalt rock formations of a geological site accessed through a well may include as shown in FIGURE 5 obtaining initial conditions at geological site S110 which comprises: establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112 and determining subsurface environmental conditions at a point of injection including at leastCELL-M01-PCT temperature S114; injecting a carbon dioxide source into the well S200; determining subsequent conditions after injecting the carbon dioxide source S120 comprising collecting a sample from the well S122 and determining the post-injection ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems S124; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S130. In surficial applications, the method may involve introducing the metal cation source (e.g., basalt, olivine, alkaline industrial waste) to an atmospheric carbon dioxide source for reaction surface (e.g., applying powdered rock to agricultural lands) in place of injection.

[0047] In some variations, the method may additionally be used to monitor, manage, and / or control carbon sequestration processing. This may be used for quantifying and crediting carbon storage of a carbon sequestration operation. The characterization of the mineralization may also be used for other actions within a carbon sequestration system. For example, some variations may dynamically modify injection of a carbon dioxide source based on the mineralization characterization. Accordingly, as shown in FIGURE 6, some variations of the method may include determining initial conditions at geological site S110, which includes establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection or reacting at the geological site S120; determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions S130; and modifying carbon reaction based on the mineralization characterization S140.

[0048] Block S110, which includes determining initial conditions at a geological site, functions to prepare a baseline measurement of conditions of a site. The geological site can be a subsurface region or reservoir, which may be used for carbon storage. The geological site preferably includes mafic rock formations. In particular, the geological site can include basalt rock formations, though other suitable rock formations such as peridotite rock formations may additionally or alternatively be present. Other types of geological sites that areCELL-M01-PCT being perturbed or which are monitored for potential geochemical changes may alternatively be used as geological sites.

[0049] Determining initial conditions may involve analyzing groundwater, rock and minerals from the target reservoir before injection, and / or initial conditions of materials used to perturb the geological site (e.g., the carbon dioxide source like CO2 infused water used for injecting into a reservoir).

[0050] Block S110 preferably includes establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112, which functions to establish starting conditions of isotopic ratios for isotopes of at least two different elements. Initial conditions for primary rock (e.g., δ44 / 40Ca initial basalt) may be between -0.90 ‰ and -1.15 ‰, or -1.05 ‰ relative to the ASW standard. Initial conditions for the δ13C initial carbon may be between -5‰ to -9 ‰ or approximately -8‰(VPDB).

[0051] As discussed herein, the isotopes used in the method preferably share a mechanism for isotopic behavior during the mineralization process. Accordingly, the isotopes of interest are preferably specially selected for the monitoring of an intended mineralization characterization, namely mineralization of carbon. Accordingly, isotopes selected are divalent metal cations (M2+) and carbon. Of the divalent metal cations, isotope systems that show distinct fractionation effects across the different possible mineralogical sinks of the metal (e.g., carbonate minerals, clay minerals, zeolites) are preferable. In some variations, Ca isotopes may be the preferable system in the dual-isotope quantification technique. In some variations, Mg isotopes may show distinct fractionation effects in secondary clay minerals. In some variations, Sr isotopes may show distinct fractionation effects in secondary zeolite minerals.

[0052] The method involves monitoring of isotopic ratios of different elements. In particular, carbonate precipitation can be a shared mechanism for isotopic behavior of isotopes of the at least two isotopic ratios (e.g., calcium and carbon isotopes) during the mineralization process. In particular, the shared mechanism can be carbonate precipitation. Alternatively stated, the at least two isotope systems may have (or exhibit) carbonate precipitation as a shared mechanism between the isotopes of the isotope systems. Selection of such isotopeCELL-M01-PCT systems preferably is made because the shared mechanism allows for other reactions to be excluded from influencing characterization of mineralization. For example, calcium (e.g., 44 / 40Ca) and carbon (13 / 12C) isotopes may share carbonate precipitation as a shared mechanism of isotopic behavior during mineralization. Other geological reactions that may influence 44 / 40Ca and 13 / 12C would have no or minimal impact on their combined use to characterize mineralization (e.g., percentage of carbon mineralization).

[0053] In some variations, one isotope system analyzed preferably pertains to a carbon isotope. In particular, a carbon isotope of interest is a stable carbon isotope. Accordingly, one isotopic ratio of the at least two isotope systems may be a 13 / 12C isotopic ratio (i.e., the carbon-13 to carbon-12 ratio). In this way, establishing initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems S112 may include determining isotopic ratios of carbon (e.g., 13 / 12C). As discussed below, this may involve measuring isotopic ratios of carbon in a geological site and in a carbon dioxide source. As another option, a 14 / 12C isotopic ratio (i.e., the carbon-14 to carbon-12 ratio) may additionally or alternatively be determined.

[0054] A second or additional isotope system is preferably an isotope system pertaining to a non-carbon element. In particular, the second or additional isotope system may be an isotope system pertaining to a metal element and specifically a group 2 metal such as calcium, magnesium and / or strontium. As such the other isotope system may be a divalent metal cation (M2+) isotope system.

[0055] Accordingly, the at least two isotope systems may include a first isotope system that pertains to a metal element group consisting of calcium, strontium, and magnesium and a second isotope system that pertains to carbon. Accordingly, the isotope systems may include pairings of isotope systems that involve calcium and carbon, strontium and carbon, or magnesium and carbon. Some variations may involve monitoring of more than two isotope systems. Accordingly, multiple isotope systems pertaining to elements calcium, strontium, and / or magnesium may be used in combination with a carbon isotope system. For example, the isotope systems may include 44 / 40Ca, 26 / 24Mg, and 13 / 12C.CELL-M01-PCT

[0056] In one variation, the method may make use of calcium and carbon isotopes, specifically stable calcium and stable carbon isotopes. Accordingly, a method variation may include establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112 wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a calcium-44 to calcium-40 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio, or a calcium-44 to calcium-42 and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

[0057] In another variation, the method may make use of strontium and carbon isotopes. This may include use of isotope ratios for stable strontium and stable carbon. Accordingly, a method variation may include establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112 wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-88 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio. In another variation, the method may include use of isotope ratios for radiogenic strontium and stable carbon. Accordingly, a method variation may include establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112 wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-87 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

[0058] In another variation, the method may make use of magnesium and carbon isotopes, specifically stable magnesium and stable carbon isotopes. Accordingly, a method variation may include establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems S112 wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

[0059] Establishing initial ratio conditions may additionally include determining cations and anions known to be involved in reactions.

[0060] Establishing the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems 112 may include measuring or otherwise obtaining or determining an isotopic ratio in a carbon dioxide source and measuring or otherwise obtaining or determining an isotopic ratio for isotopes of at least two different elements in the geological site. This may be used to establish initial conditions within theCELL-M01-PCT geological site as well as in the materials intended for injecting into the ground (e.g., a carbon dioxide source like water with integrated CO2).

[0061] In some variations, the carbon dioxide source may include an elevated isotopic ratio. For example an isotopic spike-in or additive may be added to unnaturally elevate an isotopic ratio. In particular, the 13 / 12C isotope ratio may be elevated in the carbon dioxide source.

[0062] The isotopic ratio for 13 / 12C in the carbon dioxide source may be assumed if a source is used with a known (or assumed) isotopic ratio. Alternatively, as described herein, the method may include preparing carbon dioxide source, which can include preparing the carbon dioxide source with a set isotopic 13 / 12 ratio. Alternatively, the method may include collecting a sample of the carbon dioxide source and then determining the isotopic ratio (e.g., the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio). Determining the isotopic ratio may include measuring the isotopic ratio in the sample.

[0063] Determining the isotopic ratios for isotopes of at least two different elements in the geological site can include collecting a sample from the geological site and then measuring the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotopic ratios (e.g., the 44 / 40Ca and 13 / 12C isotopic ratios). Determining the isotopic ratios may include measuring the isotopic ratios in the sample. The sample can be collected water or liquid from the geological site.

[0064] In one such example, establishing the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotopic ratios 112 may include measuring or obtaining a 13 / 12C isotopic ratio in a carbon dioxide source and collecting an initial sample (e.g., a sample from before carbon dioxide injection) from the well and determining a 44 / 40Ca isotopic ratio and 13 / 12C isotopic ratio. In other method variations, isotopic ratios for a strontium and / or magnesium isotope may be used in addition to the 44 / 40Ca isotopic ratio or as an alternative to the 44 / 40 Ca isotopic ratio.

[0065] As discussed, some method variations may additionally or alternatively include preparing a carbon dioxide source with at least one artificially elevated isotopic ratio S113. This functions to establish a targeted carbon isotopic ratio inCELL-M01-PCT the materials being injected into the ground – carbon dioxide source. In particular, the method may include preparing a carbon dioxide source with an elevated 13 / 12C isotopic ratio or otherwise conditioning initial isotopic ratio(s) of any element within some target range distinct from initial geologic materials. This may thereby (at least partially) establish an initial ratio condition of a 13 / 12C isotope ratio as part of S112. The isotopic system could alternatively be a 14C isotope modification (e.g., with an elevated 14 / 12C isotopic ratio).

[0066] Preparing a carbon dioxide source with elevated 13 / 12C isotopic ratio may include modifying the carbon dioxide source with an isotopic spike-in or additive, which can function to set initial conditions of isotope ratio(s). An isotopic spike-in may provide a known carbon isotope coefficient that is unnaturally elevated.

[0067] Block S114, which includes determining the subsurface environmental conditions at the point of injection or reaction S114, functions to collect data on related conditions. Determining the subsurface environmental conditions may include determining temperature of subsurface at the point of injection. The temperature may be used in calculating temperature dependent fractionation factor used for the geological site.

[0068] Determining the subsurface environmental conditions may additionally include determining conditions of CO2 injection including the total amount and / or rate of CO2 to be injected. This may be tracked or sensed within the geological site but may alternatively be based on information or data of an injection system.

[0069] Characterization of the isotope composition of other materials may be used for quantification of mineralization in scenarios where the measured samples fall off the theoretical quantification line. Isotope compositions of other materials (e.g., natural water) may be used to calculate values of alpha using the equation alphaA-B= (1+ ( ^^A / 1000) / (1+ ( ^^B / 1000). In one example, A may represent the composition of mineralized calcite (e.g., δ44 / 40Cacalcite) and B may represent the composition of initial water in the system (e.g., δ44 / 40Cawater). In thisCELL-M01-PCT example, alpha values can be calculated based on specific data collected from the geologic context.

[0070] Block S116, which includes determining initial conditions at a geological site may additionally include determining value for temperature dependent fractionation factor (alpha) S116.

[0071] Initial temperature may be used to calculate the temperature-dependent fractionation factor (alpha) used in the calculation of the quantification line. Isotope values of the initial mineralogical source of M2+ determined via measuring initial geologic materials is also used in the calculation of the quantification line.

[0072] In some variations, the method may include processes related to administering the injection of a carbon dioxide source to facilitate trapping CO2 in an aqueous phase. Accordingly, the method may include injecting a carbon dioxide source into a well or geological site S200, which functions to deposit or expose anthropogenic CO2 to a subsurface geological site. The carbon dioxide source is preferably water with dissolved CO2 but may alternatively include super critical CO2 or other forms. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source may be provided with elevated isotopic ratios. In some variations, an initial carbon dioxide source may be modified with elevated isotopic ratio(s) prior to or during injection. The carbon dioxide source may be injected directly into subsurface basalt formations. In alternative surficial applications, the method may involve introducing the carbon dioxide source to a reaction surface (e.g., a water way or surface rock formation) in place of injection.

[0073] Block S120, which includes determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection (or after some geochemical change / reaction), functions to monitor for changes after some carbon reaction (e.g., resulting from injection or some other artificial or natural action). This can include collecting samples periodically throughout the reaction or injection period and beyond. The samples can be water samples collected from within the geological site.

[0074] Determining subsequent conditions may include analyzing water chemistry for: isotopes, concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon content,CELL-M01-PCT divalent and monovalent ions and anions including but not limited to Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3. Ion measurements may be used for gaining a full understanding of the aqueous geochemistry of the system, and are used to calculate mineral saturation states that can secondarily validate results of the multi-isotope quantification method. For example, a full suite of ion measurements may be used to calculate the saturation index of calcite (CaCO3), meaning, the thermodynamic likelihood that calcite can mineralize from water at a given point in time. Confirmation of the thermodynamic feasibility of calcite precipitation is useful to validate results of the multi-isotope tool, if for example, the measured samples fell along the quantification line in the δ44 / 40Ca and δ13C isotope systems. Additionally, ratios of the concentration of specific cations in fluid and rock samples, for example Ca / Sr, Ca / Na, can be indicative of mineralogical sources and sinks of metals in the geologic setting, and thus are helpful for interpreting multi-isotope system measurements as they relate to carbon sequestration. This may include collecting a sample from the well S122 and determining the post-injection ratio conditions for the at least two isotopic ratios S124. A sample may include water and / or rock samples. The samples may be collected downstream or in a well, preferably such that their condition reflects geological conditions where carbon mineralization is targeted. Block S120 may be repeated periodically to update characterization.

[0075] Block S130, which includes determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions, functions to output a measurement related to the state of mineralization in the reservoir. The mineralization characterization in some variations is some indication of the degree of carbon captured. In particular, the collaborative modeling of specially selected isotopes (e.g., a group 2 metal isotope and stable carbon), can be used to get a direct measurement of percentage of carbon dioxide that has been mineralized. With an understanding of the amount of carbon dioxide that is introduced to the geological system, the method may be used to provide a mass / quantity measurement of carbon dioxide that is sequestered within a rock formation as carbonate mineral formation. ForCELL-M01-PCT example, the output may be able to verify the portion of carbon injected for storage that is robustly stored through reaction with underground materials (e.g., mafic rock). This can have applications in quantifying and verifying quantity of carbon sequestration.

[0076] Determining the mineralization characterization can involve two fractionation-based analysis of the two or more isotopes and then combining them to determine expected results. For a carbon isotope variation, this may involve determining the proportion of injected carbon mineralized into different carbonate species, including calcite and others like amorphous calcite, Mg-, or Fe- carbonates. As an additional step block S130 can include calculating the amount of CO2 mineralized into calcite based on the equation δ44 / 40Ca measured groundwater = δ44 / 40Ca initial + 1000(alpha - 1)lnf. Then, block S130 may combine the isotope analysis by calculating a proportion of CO2 mineralized into other carbonate species by subtracting CO2 mineralized into calcite determined above from the value of mineralized CO2 determined using isotope analysis.

[0077] In particular for a variation where the at least two isotopic systems includes a divalent metal cation (M2+) isotope system and a carbon isotope system (e.g., 13 / 12 C isotope system), determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions may include generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δM2+ and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, (Equation 1) δM2+ monitoring solution, theoretical= δM2+initial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and (Equation 2) δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf (Equation 2), and then determining percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x (1- f) by comparing measured isotope values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.CELL-M01-PCT

[0078] As described above, Equation (1) relates to a divalent metal isotope composition of monitoring fluid compared to the basalt or other primary mineral reacted, for example δ44 / 40Ca, and Equation (2) refers to the carbon isotope system. δ13Cinitial carbonshould be approximately -8‰, or between -5 to -9 ‰ (VPDB) for the sequestration of atmospheric CO2. In both equations, alpha (i.e., “ ^^”) refers to the fractionation factor, or difference in isotopic composition between carbonate minerals and the fluid from which they precipitated. All isotope systems have unique values for ^^ which may vary based on temperature or other factors. Alpha may also be calculated using measured isotope ratios of relevant samples in the geologic context. The value of “f” represents the fraction of M2+present in the monitoring solution relativethe amount mineralized into a secondary phase.

[0079] Such variations may be used in variations where the M2+ isotope system is a 44 / 40Ca isotope system, a 87 / 86Sr isotope system, an 88 / 86Sr isotope system, and / or a 26 / 24Mg isotope system paired with a carbon isotope system (e.g., 13 / 12C isotope system).

[0080] In a calcium-13 isotope example, when the two isotopic systems includes 44 / 40Ca and 13 / 12C isotope systems, determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions may include generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δ44 / 40Ca and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, δ44 / 40Camonitoring solution, theoretical= δ44 / 40Cainitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and then determining percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x (1- f) by comparing measured isotope values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.

[0081] In a strontium-88 example, when the two isotopic systems includes 88 / 86Sr and 13 / 12C isotope systems, determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions may include generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δ88 / 86Sr and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, δ88 / 86Srmonitoring solution, theoretical=CELL-M01-PCT δ88 / 86Srinitial + 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and then determining percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x (1- f) by comparing measured isotope values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.

[0082] In a magnesium-26 example, when the two isotopic systems includes 26 / 24Mg and 13 / 12C isotope systems, determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions may include generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δ26 / 24Mg and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, δ26 / 24Mgmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ26 / 24Mginitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoring solution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and thendioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.

[0083] In some variations, the method may additionally be used to monitor, manage, and / or control carbon sequestration processing. The method may be used to determine the current percentage of carbon dioxide that is being stored in the desired end state of a carbonate mineral formation. This may be used for quantifying and crediting carbon storage of a carbon sequestration operation. This may also be used for metering and / or alerting based on carbon sequestration status. Additionally, the mineralization characterization may also be used for managing injection of carbon dioxide across a plurality of wells.

[0084] This method may be performed as a single time measurement but may alternatively be performed repeatedly over a period of time. This may provide information on changing conditions of carbon sequestration for a site. For example, the method when performed periodically may be used to detect decline of effectiveness of a geological site for carbon sequestration. Furthermore, it may provide carbon sequestration measurements usable to detect certain events. For example, sudden changes in the percentage of carbon sequestration may indicate some event to which a sequestration system can respond to.CELL-M01-PCT

[0085] In yet other variations, the method may be performed across multiple locations of one or more geological sites. Performing the method across a diverse set of spatial locations may allow a spatial map of mineralization to be characterized.

[0086] As shown in FIGURE 6, some variations of the method may include modifying carbon reaction (e.g., injection of a carbon source into a geological site) based on mineralization characterization S140, which functions to use the mineralization characterization as an input in the operational state of a carbon sequestration system. In particular, the percentage of carbon mineralization may be used to control injection of a carbon dioxide source into a well. In one such variation, a percentage threshold may be set that can be used to determine activation state of an injection system. In another variation, modifying carbon reaction may include altering the CO2 concentration in injected water thereby altering injection rate or state.

[0087] In a variation where the method is used across multiple injection sites for one or more geological sites, the carbon mineralization for across the different sites may be used in modifying injection of carbon dioxide source across the plurality of injection sites. For example, a control system integrated with a network of injection systems may be used in prioritizing or deprioritizing injection based in part on the percentage of carbon mineralization. For example, carbon sequestration may be prioritized at sites yielding higher percentage yields. This can include performing periodic testing across the plurality of injection sites and updating based on current conditions. This may be done across multiple injection sites for one geological site (e.g., a continuous region), but may also be performed across multiple disconnected geological sites (e.g., sites in different states regions). This could add efficiency of sequestration and / or minimization of secondary mineralization effects.

[0088] In another variation, the method may additionally include alerting in response to deviations of the mineral characterization from expected conditions. For example, an alert or notification may be triggered with a carbon storage management system if the mineralization characterization of a geological siteCELL-M01-PCT differs from an expected state. This difference may result from some issue in the injection process or the conditions of the geological site.

[0089] The method may additionally include modeling of mineralization characterization. This may be used in creating a predictive computer model based on various inputs to be able to predict aspects of the carbon mineralization.

[0090] The method, in some variations, may be used in connection with a system for sub-surface carbon storage. As shown in FIGURE 8, a system for monitoring and / or use of mineralization characterization as described herein, may include: a carbon dioxide source 110; well access 120;a well sample system 130; and an analysis computer system 140 comprising one or more computer-readable mediums storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more computer processors, cause a computing platform to perform operations comprising: obtaining initial conditions at geological site which comprises establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic ratios, determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site, and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions. Additionally, the system may include a control system 150 and / or an injection system 160 whereby the injection system may be managed by the control system150 based on the mineralization characterization generated by the analysis computer system 140. The system is preferably used in facilitating operation of the method(s) described herein.

[0091] The carbon dioxide source 110 functions as the material containing anthropogenic CO2 to be reacted with a rock formation. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source has an elevated 13 / 12C isotope ratio. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source has an elevated 14 / 12C isotope ratio. This may be caused by an isotopic spike-in or additive. In some variations, the system may facilitate creating, preparation and / or modifying the carbon dioxide source 110. Alternatively, the carbon dioxide source 110 may be a source provided by an outside source.CELL-M01-PCT

[0092] The well access 120 functions as a channel or access point to a subsurface geological site. The carbon dioxide source 110 can be introduced to rock formations through the well access 120. The well access 120 is preferably well access to a subsurface basalt rock formation of the geological site, but the well access 120 may provide access to other types of rock formations.

[0093] The well sample system 130 functions to collect water and / or rock samples from a geological site, which may be used for determining initial conditions and / or conditions after injection.

[0094] The analysis computer system functions to facilitate collecting of sample and input data and generating a mineralization characterization. The analysis computer system may be used in implementing analysis and processing operations of the method described herein and their variations.

[0095] The control system 150 functions to use the output of the managing computer system 140 to alter state or otherwise control an injection system 160. The control system may be used to control one or more injection systems of different wells.

[0096] The injection system 160 functions to inject a carbon dioxide source into a subsurface geological site. The injection system 160 may additionally include components to control or adjust one or more isotopic ratios. In particular, an isotopic spike-in / additive may be introduced into the carbon dioxide source to elevate a select isotopic ratio. In particular, the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio or the 14 / 12C isotopic ratio may be unnaturally elevated in the carbon dioxide source.

[0097] As used herein, first, second, third, etc. are used to characterize and distinguish various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections. These elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. Use of numerical terms may be used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer and / or section from another element, component, region, layer and / or section. Use of such numerical terms does not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Such numericalCELL-M01-PCT references may be used interchangeable without departing from the teaching of the embodiments and variations herein.

[0098] As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.

Claims

CELL-M01-PCT CLAIMS We Claim:

1. A method for quantification of carbon mineralization in basalt during carbon sequestration comprising: obtaining initial conditions at geological site which comprises establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems; determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising preparing a carbon dioxide source with elevated 13 / 12C ratio, which thereby at least partially establishes an initial ratio condition of 13 / 12C isotope ratio.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopes comprises measuring the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems 4. The method of claim 1, wherein carbonate precipitation is a shared mechanism for isotopic behavior of both of the at least two isotopes during the mineralization process.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a first isotope system that pertains to a metal element group consisting of calcium, strontium, and magnesium and a second isotope system that pertains to carbon.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a calcium-44 to calcium-40 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio, or calcium-44 to calcium-42 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-88 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.CELL-M01-PCT 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-87 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining initial conditions at geological site comprises determining the subsurface environmental conditions at the point of injection including at least temperature, and determining value for a temperature dependent fractionation factor, wherein the temperature dependent fractionation factor.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises relates to a divalent metal cation (M2+) isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio; and wherein determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions comprises generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δM2+ and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, δM2+ monitoring solution, theoretical= δM2+ initial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoringsolution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and then determining percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x (1- f) by comparing measured isotope values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site further comprises: analyzing water chemistry for: isotopes, concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon content, divalent and monovalent ions and anions including but not limited to Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising modifying injection of the carbon dioxide source based on the mineralization characterization.

14. A method for managing carbon sequestration through carbon mineralization in basalt rock formations of a geological site accessed through a well comprisingCELL-M01-PCT obtaining initial conditions at geological site which comprises: establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems and determining subsurface environmental conditions at a point of injection including at least temperature; injecting a carbon dioxide source into the well; determining subsequent conditions after injecting the carbon dioxide source comprising collecting a sample from the well and determining the post-injection ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems; and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising preparing the carbon dioxide source with an elevated 13 / 12C ratio, which thereby at least partially establishes an initial ratio condition of a 13 / 12C isotope ratio.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopes comprises measuring the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotopes 17. The method of claim 14, wherein carbonate precipitation is a shared mechanism for isotopic behavior of both of the at least two isotopes during the mineralization process.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a first isotope system that pertains to a metal element group consisting of calcium, strontium, and magnesium and a second isotope system that pertains to carbon.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a calcium-44 to calcium-40 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-87 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

21. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises a strontium-88 to strontium-86 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.CELL-M01-PCT 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio.

23. The method of claim 14, wherein obtaining initial conditions at geological site comprises determining the subsurface environmental conditions at the point of injection including at least temperature, and determining value for a temperature dependent fractionation factor, wherein the temperature dependent fractionation factor. 24.The method of claim 23, wherein the at least two isotope systems comprises relates to a divalent metal cation (M2+) isotope ratio and a carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratio; and wherein determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions comprises generating and plotting a quantification line by calculating theoretical δM2+ and δ13C values with varying values of f between 0 and 1 in two equations, δM2+ monitoring solution, theoretical= δM2+ initial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf and δ13Cmonitoringsolution, theoretical= δ13Cinitial+ 1000(alpha - 1)lnf, and then determining percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 x (1- f) by comparing measured isotope values in both isotope systems to the quantification line.

25. The method of claim 14, wherein determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site further comprises: analyzing water chemistry for: isotopes, concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon content, divalent and monovalent ions and anions including but not limited to Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3.

26. The method of claim 14, further comprising modifying injection of the carbon dioxide source based on the mineralization characterization.

27. A system comprising of: a carbon dioxide source with elevated 13 / 12C isotope ratio, well access to a subsurface basalt rock formation of the geological site; well sample system;CELL-M01-PCT one or more computer-readable mediums storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more computer processors, cause a computing platform to perform operations comprising: obtaining initial conditions at geological site which comprises establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, determining subsequent conditions after initiation of injection of a carbon dioxide source at the geological site, and determining mineralization characterization from performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent conditions and initial conditions.

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