Heatstroke prevention; devices, systems and methods

Abstract

A cooling device comprising a housing configured by means of size and shape to contain an object to be cooled; and either one or more chambers comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, or one or more reservoirs containing a urea / solvent mixture. The chamber(s) are fillable with water via a sealable opening and are in thermal communication with the exterior of the cooling device, with water being addable to the chamber(s) when the cooling device is used. The reservoir(s) contain a urea / solvent mixture and are reservoir fluidly connectable to one or more chambers. The chamber(s) are fillable with water via a sealable opening and are in thermal communication with the exterior of the cooling device.

Description

[0001] HEATSTROKE PREVENTION; DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention generally pertains to a system and method for providing readily- transportable and easily-storable devices for cooling a body in order to prevent or mitigate heatstroke.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body can no longer control its temperature: the body's temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. When heat stroke occurs, the body temperature can rise to 106°F (41 °C) or higher within 10 to 15 minutes.

[0006] Heat stroke results from prolonged exposure to high temperatures — usually in combination with dehydration — which leads to failure of the body's temperature control system. The medical definition of heat stroke is a core body temperature greater than 104 F (40°C), with complications involving the central nervous system. Common symptoms include nausea, seizures, confusion, disorientation, and sometimes loss of consciousness or coma.

[0007] The goal of a treatment for heatstroke (or sunstrike) is rapidly reducing the core body temperature to below 101 F (38°C). This can be done by, for example, fanning air over the patient while wetting the skin with water from a sponge or hose, applying ice packs to areas rich in blood vessels close to the skin, such as the armpits, groin, neck, and back, or immersing the patient in a shower or tub of cool water. If the patient has been exercising vigorously, immersion in an ice bath can be used. However, if the heatstroke occurs in a remote area, such as during a hike or soldiers stationed or on patrol in a hot climate, amenities such as hoses, fans and ice packs may not be readily available, water supplies may be limited and the available water may be warm, necessitating providing a method of cooling the patient that does not require large amounts of water and is capable of both cooling the water and keeping it cool.

[0008] U.S. patent application publication number US2011 / 0190855 discloses a cooling assembly that includes a substrate and one or more cooling devices. The cooling device includes water and a reactant (such as ammonium nitrate), which when mixed, result in an endothermic reaction. One type of cooling device has an impermeable bag and a selectively breakable bag inside. Another type of cooling device has an impermeable bag and a selectively breakable barrier, which divides the bag into two packages. In use, when the water and reactant are allowed to mix, the cooling device becomes cool. The cooled device absorbs heat from an injured person placed on (or wrapped in) the device, thereby minimizing inflammation that may occur from injuries sustained by the person. One type of substrate that is in keeping with the invention includes a body portion, a first wrap-around portion, a second wrap-around portion, and a hood. Another type of substrate that is in keeping with the invention includes a body portion, a first side cooling flap, a second side cooling flap, and a hood.

[0009] However, US2011 / 0190855 uses ammonium nitrate mixed with water as a coolant; it is well- known that, if ammonium nitrate is heated or is exposed to a flame, it can burn or explode. Furthermore, ammonium nitrate has a critical relative humidity of 59.4% at 30°C and therefore absorbs atmospheric moisture, so must be stored in a sealed container. (See https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Ammonium_nitrate.) In addition, the water and the ammonium nitrate are stored inside the wrap-around blanket, making it heavy and bulky to carry and difficult to store. Pressure is used to rupture the barrier / package. The patient's weight can be used for barriers / packages under the body; packages / barriers over the body must be individually ruptured. Since the water and ammonium nitrate are stored inside an impermeable package, there is no way of replenishing either reactant or water. Therefore, once a reaction between the stored water and the stored ammonium nitrate is complete, even if more cooling is needed, the water (and the patient) will return to ambient temperature.

[0010] U.S. patent application publication number US2009 / 0132013 discloses a medical device embodied as a stretcher, body bag, or mattress. The device includes water and a selectively breakable package. The selectively breakable package includes a chemical, such as ammonium nitrate, which when mixed with water will cause an endothermic reaction. In use, the package is broken in order to cause the water to cool. The cooled water absorbs heat from an injured person placed on the device, thereby minimizing inflammation that may occur from injuries sustained by the person. The body bag is intended for cooling dead bodies so that decomposition is retarded. The breakable package is ruptured by the weight of the body. However, US2009 / 0132013 uses ammonium nitrate mixed with water as a coolant; it is well- known that, if ammonium nitrate is heated or is exposed to a flame, it can burn or explode. Furthermore, ammonium nitrate has a critical relative humidity of 59.4% at 30°C and therefore absorbs atmospheric moisture, so must be stored in a sealed container. (See https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Ammonium_nitrate.) In addition, the water and the ammonium nitrate are stored inside the wrap-around blanket, making it heavy and bulky to carry and difficult to store. Pressure is used to rupture the barrier / package. The patient's weight can be used for barriers / packages under the body; packages / barriers over the body must be individually ruptured. Since the water and ammonium nitrate are stored inside an impermeable package, there is no way of replenishing either reactant or water. Therefore, once a reaction between the stored water and the stored ammonium nitrate is complete, even if more cooling is needed, the water (and the patient) will return to ambient temperature.

[0011] U.S. granted patent number US 11642240 discloses an emergency management system having an ice water immersion bag capable of rapidly cooling an overheated individual body through its combination of elements, apertures, and capacity. An overheated individual is placed within the ice immersion bag, yet the body may still be accessed in the event of a medical emergency through the use of one of the many openings contained throughout the bag. The openings otherwise remain sealed and waterproof to prevent the ice water from escaping the bag, further effectuating ice water immersion to rapidly cool the overheated individual.

[0012] However, since US 11642240 uses ice for cooling the water in the bag, necessitating the provision of ice, which is frequently not available in remote locations where heatstroke is likely to occur. Furthermore, the bag comprises openings to allow medical procedures to be carried out on a patient; these openings, although sealed when not in use, are likely to leak during use.

[0013] U.S. patent application publication number US2014 / 0303695 discloses an apparatus providing thermal treatment to a foot and ankle of a wearer. The apparatus allows application of cold or heat to the foot and ankle of the wearer through a liquid contained in one or more hollows in a top portion or a sole portion of the apparatus. The top portion has the form of a boot and includes a fluid-tight material. The top portion may be filled with the liquid using a top portion filling member disposed on an upper part of the top portion, then the top portion filling member may be sealed using a top portion sealing member. The sole portion may be attached to the top portion removably or non-removably. The sole portion may include a hollow, which may contain the liquid or be filled and emptied using a sole portion filling member and a sole portion sealing member

[0014] However, in US2014 / 0303695, no means of heating or cooling the liquid in the boot is provided.

[0015] WIPO patent application publication number WO2018 / 200480 discloses an equine therapy boot that has an insulating shaft that can be securely fastened at multiple locations on an equine leg and hold a volume of therapeutic media to treat the equine hoof and leg is disclosed herein. The equine therapy boot includes a sole member, an internal securing mechanism, and an insulating shaft configured to retain therapeutic media. Advantageously, this equine therapy boot secures the horse's hoof to the sole member such that the insulating shaft is not displaced from the horse's hoof and leg during the treatment period. Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a diseased or injured horse's hoof and leg with the disclosed equine therapy boot

[0016] However, in WO2018 / 200480, no means of heating or cooling the liquid in the boot is provided.

[0017] U.S. patent application publication number US2021 / 0275350 discloses an equine cryotherapy over-leg device that encircles the lower limb of a subject horse and provides cryotherapy to the subject horse. The one-piece device includes upper and lower fasteners, a pastern area that will hold ice and ice water and a vertical zipper. The arrangement of the hoof cover, and hoof slipper allow for free movement of the subject horse and for a thermal fluid to contain ice and prevent the ice from migrating under the subject horse hoof.

[0018] However, in US2021 / 0275350, no means of heating or cooling the liquid in the boot is provided.

[0019] It is therefore a long felt need to provide a system and method for cooling a heatstroke patient that does not require storage of water with or within the cooling device, that does not carry with it a risk of explosion, does not require storage of a cooling chemical inside an impermeable membrane, and that does not prevent reactivation of the cooling mechanism.

[0020] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0021] It is an object of the present invention to disclose a system for providing readily -transportable and easily-storable devices for cooling at least a portion of a body in order to prevent or mitigate heatstroke. It is another object of the present invention to disclose a cooling bath comprising: a basin configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a body; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used.

[0022] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said basin is flexible or foldable.

[0023] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said basin additionally comprises a frame, said frame being assemblable or foldable, said frame configured, when assembled or unfolded, to support said basin.

[0024] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein a plurality of supports is attachable to said frame, said plurality of supports supporting said basin such that said upper edge of said basin is raised above a base of said basin.

[0025] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein gaps in said upper edge of said frame are configured to enable lifting and / or transport of said cooling bath.

[0026] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, additionally comprising a head rest.

[0027] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said head rest comprises at least one second chamber fillable with liquid via a second sealable opening, said second chamber in thermal communication with a head placeable on said head rest. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, additionally comprising a sun shield configured to shield from the sun at least a head of said body.

[0028] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, additionally comprising at least one handle configured to enable lifting and / or transport of said cooling bath.

[0029] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said basin comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

[0030] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said chamber comprises a material with a moderate to high thermal conductivity. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

[0031] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

[0032] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

[0033] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

[0034] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling bath as described in any of the above, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

[0035] A cooling blanket comprising: a main body comprising at least one water channel, said main body wrappable around at least a portion of a body; and either said at least one water channel containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one water channel in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening, said at least one main sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling blanket is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to said at least one water channel, said at least one water channel fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used.

[0036] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein at least a portion of said main body is flexible, floldable or any combination thereof.

[0037] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein said main body comprises a member of the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

[0038] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein each of said at least one main sealable opening is transferrable to said closed configuration by application of a lid. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein the lid can be either clip-on or screw-on.

[0039] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein the lid is in a permanent mechanical communication with the cooling blanket. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, additionally comprising at least one of a neck support or a head support.

[0040] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein said head support comprises at least one second water channel, said second water channel in fluid communication with at least one second sealable opening.

[0041] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein, for at least one of said second sealable opening, said at least one second sealable opening is the same as one of said at least one main sealable opening.

[0042] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, additionally comprising at least one fastener configured to maintain said cooling blanket in a configuration where said cooling blanket is wrapped around said body.

[0043] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, additionally comprising at least one handle configured to enable said body to be carried and / or transported while being wrapped in said cooling blanket.

[0044] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

[0045] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

[0046] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

[0047] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers.

[0048] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

[0049] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket as described in any of the above, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

[0050] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a cooling vest comprising: a main body configured to surround at least a portion of a torso of a body, said main body comprising: either at least one chamber containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one chamber in fluid communication with at least one sealable opening, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via said sealable opening; said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said main body comprises a plurality of chambers, with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a front portion of said main body and configured to cool at least a portion of a front of said torso of said body and with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a back portion of said main body and configured to cool at least a portion of a back of said torso of said body; each of said plurality of chambers being in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening.

[0051] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein at least one of said main sealable opening is in fluid communication with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a front portion of said main body and another of said at least one of said plurality of chambers being within amethodrear portion of said main body. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, additionally comprising at least one fastener, said at least one fastener configured to perform a member of the group consisting of fasten the front of the cooling vest to the back of the cooling vest at the sides of the cooling vest, fasten the front of the cooling vest to the back of the cooling vest at the shoulders of the cooling vest, fasten the left side of front of the cooling vest to the right side of the front of the cooling vest, or fasten the left side of back of the cooling vest to the right side of the back of the cooling vest or any combination thereof.

[0052] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said main body comprises a flexible material.

[0053] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said flexible material is selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

[0054] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein each of said at least one sealable opening is transferrable to said closed configuration by application of a lid.

[0055] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein the lid can be either clip-on or screw-on.

[0056] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein the lid is in a permanent mechanical communication with the cooling vest.

[0057] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

[0058] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

[0059] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

[0060] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

[0061] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling vest as described in any of the above, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

[0062] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a cooling device comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a body or at least a portion of an object to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling device is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; said cooling device containing no water before use.

[0063] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling device as described in any of the above, wherein said housing comprises a member of a group consisting of a bath, a blanket, a box, a bottle, a container, a vest, a cap, a neck wrapper, a sleeve, a glove, a mitten, a leg cover, a sock, a pair of trousers, a brassiere, a pair of underpants, or a combination of the above garments. It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket, the cooling vest, or the cooling device as described in any of the above, configured for treatment of a condition related to temperature of a portion of said body comprising a member of the group consisting of heatstroke, fever, cancer, loss of hair, damage to skin, damage to nails, or muscular soreness.

[0064] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cooling blanket, the cooling vest, or the cooling device as described in any of the above, wherein said body is selected from a group consisting of cattle, sheep, a pig, fowl, a goat, a horse, a chicken, a goose, a pig, a turkey, a rabbit, a deer, a lion, a tiger, a cheetah, a cougar, an elephant, a bear, a bison, a buffalo, a snake, an alligator, a crocodile, an alligator eggs or a crocodile egg.

[0065] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a cap or helmet comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a head to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cap or helmet; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cap or helmet is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cap or helmet; said cap or helmet containing no water before use.

[0066] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the cap or helmet as described in any of the above, wherein said cap or helmet is configured for alleviating alopecia, hair loss, hair thinning due to cancer therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy.

[0067] It is another object of the present invention to disclose the or the cooling device as described in any of the above, additionally configured for transporting non-living objects that require cooling or retention at a temperature below ambient, for non-limiting example, heat-sensitive medications, heat-sensitive medical supplies, plasma, blood, vaccines, growth hormone, insulin, or anti-cancer drugs.

[0068] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling bath comprising: a basin configured by means of size and shape to contain said at least a portion of said body; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; said cooling bath containing no water before use; placing said body in said basin; adding water to said at least one chamber; for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture from said at least one reservoir to at least one of said at least one chamber; and adding water to said basin.

[0069] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling blanket comprising: a flexible main body comprising at least one water channel, said flexible main body wrappable around said at least a portion of said body, and either said at least one water channel containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one water channel in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening, said at least one main sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling blanket is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to said at least one water channel, said at least one water channel fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used; said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used; wrapping said body in said cooling blanket; adding water to at least one of said at least one water channel; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one water channel.

[0070] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling vest comprising: a main body configured to surround said at least a portion of a torso of said body, said main body comprising: and either at least one chamber containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one chamber in fluid communication with at least one sealable opening, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via said sealable opening; said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used; emplacing said cooling vest around said torso of said body; adding water to at least one of said at least one chamber, said cooling vest containing no water before use; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one chamber.

[0071] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a method of cooling at least a portion of a body or at least a portion of an object comprising steps of: providing a cooling device comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain said at least a portion of said body or said at least a portion of said object to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling device is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; said cooling device containing no water before use; emplacing said cooling device around said torso of said body; adding water to at least one of said at least one chamber, said cooling device containing no water before use; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one chamber.

[0072] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0073] In order to better understand the invention and its implementation in practice, a plurality of embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein

[0074] Fig. 1 schematically illustrates cooling devices of the prior art;

[0075] Fig. 2 illustrates the amount of cooling as a function of the amount of water added to solid urea;

[0076] Figs. 3-4 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment (3000) of a cooling system;

[0077] Fig. 5A-B schematically illustrates a cooling bath;

[0078] Fig. 6A-C schematically illustrates a cooling blanket; and

[0079] Fig. 7A-C schematically illustrates a cooling vest.

[0080] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0081] The following description is provided, alongside all chapters of the present invention, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make use of said invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out this invention. Various modifications, however, will remain apparent to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined specifically to provide a means and method for providing readily-transportable and easily-storable devices for cooling a body in order to prevent or mitigate heatstroke.

[0082] The terms 'patient', 'body' and 'living body' hereinafter refer synonymously to a living animal such as, but not limited to, a mammal, bird or reptile that may need cooling to mitigate or prevent heat stroke. Typically, the animal is a human; non-limiting examples of other animals that may need such cooling comprise dogs, apes, or farm animals.

[0083] The term 'water' hereinafter refers to any liquid that is a majority H2O. Non-limiting examples are soda or other soft drinks, herbal or other teas, mixtures with increased heat capacity such as, but not limited to, glycerol (glycerin), ethylene glycol or mixtures with reduced heat capacity such as, but not limited to salts (sodium chloride, etc.) or alcohols (ethanol, methanol, etc.).

[0084] The terms 'chamber' and 'mixing chamber' hereinafter refer to an interior pocket or envelope configured to contain liquid without leakage.

[0085] The terms 'liquid', 'liquids' and 'liquid(s)' hereinafter refer to a liquid material, a mixture of liquid materials, or one or more materials dissolved in one or more liquid materials, unless it is clear from the context that a specific one of the above is meant.

[0086] The present invention discloses embodiments of a device for rapid cooling of a body in order to treat, mitigate or prevent heatstroke. In some embodiments, urea strips are disposed within channels or chambers within the cooling device so that, in use, the patient is placed in, on or within the cooling device and water, which need not be pure, is poured into the channels or chambers in the device, thereby filling the channels and dissolving the urea. Since dissolving urea in water is an endothermic reaction, this provides a cooling environment for the body, thereby rapidly cooling it. In one embodiment, which comprises a bath, the basin of the bath can be filled with water in order to cool the patient; adding water to the urea within the chamber(s) attached to the bath provides additional cooling.

[0087] In some embodiments, either at least one reservoir or at least one channel or chamber comprises urea dissolved in a solvent, to which water is added at point of use or from which the ureas dissolved in a solvent is transferred to a channel or chamber containing water.

[0088] In the prior art, typically, either the reactants (typically water and ammonium nitrate) are stored in separate compartments in an impermeable container within a blanket-like structure (See Fig. 1AB), with mixing occurring after rupture of a membrane separating the compartments, or, for a foot, a boot-shaped container (See Fig. IB) is placed around the foot and a portion of the leg, the boot-shaped container then being filled with water or a mixture of ice and water.

[0089] The devices disclosed herein are useful for cooling of a body or a portion thereof, or for transporting a body before, during or after cooling. The cooling can be useful for conditions where either the temperature of the body or a portion thereof has risen above its normal level (for nonlimiting example, 37° C in humans) and needs to be returned to the normal level, or where it is desireable to reduce the temperature of the body or a portion thereof to a level below the normal temperature. Non-limiting examples of conditions where the body temperature has risen above normal comprise heatstroke or fever. Non-limiting examples of conditions where it is desirable to reduce the temperature of the body or a portion thereof comprise treating cancer, reducing soreness in muscles, reducing pain from chemotheraopy or radiotherapy, or reducing hair or nail loss in chemotherapy or radiotherapy. (See https: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / pmc / articles / PMC10275721 / , https : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / PMC2211456 / , https: / / www.cancer.org / cancer / managing-cancer / side-effects / hair-skin-nails / hair-loss / cold- caps.html, or https: / / myhealth.alberta.ca / Health / aftercareinformation / pages / conditions. aspx?hwid=acj 1006.

[0090] The body to be treated using any one of the devices disclosed herein is typically a living body, but a dead body can be retained or transported therein. The body is typically of a human, and the devices discosed herein can be configured to treat, for non-limiting example, at least one of a human; a dog, a cat, an ape, or a farm animal. Non-limiting examples of a farm animal comprise cattle, sheep, a pig, fowl, a goat, a horse, a chicken, a goose, a pig, a turkey, or a rabbit. Other animals can also be treated, for non-limiting example a deer, a lion, a tiger, a cheetah, a cougar, an elephant, a bear, a bison, a buffalo, a snake, an alligator, a crocodile, or eggs such as alligator eggs or crocodile eggs.

[0091] The devices disclosed herein are also useful for transporting non-living objects that require cooling or retention at a temperature below ambient, for non-limiting example, heat-sensitive medications, heat-sensitive medical supplies, plasma, blood, vaccines, growth hormone, insulin, or anti-cancer drugs.

[0092] A device can comprise, for non-limiting example, a bath, a blanket, a box, a bottle, a container, a vest, a cap, a neck wrapper, a sleeve, a glove, a mitten, a leg cover, a sock, a pair of trousers, a brassiere, a pair of underpants, or a combination of the above garments.

[0093] Reference is now made to a cap or helmet comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a head to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cap or helmet; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cap or helmet is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cap or helmet; said cap or helmet containing no water before use.

[0094] The cap or helmet is configured for alleviating alopecia, hair loss, hair thinning due to cancer therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy.

[0095] Basic Urea Reactions

[0096] When urea reacts with water, it undergoes hydrolysis to form ammonia and carbon dioxide:

[0097] Under normal ambient conditions without any catalyst, the hydrolysis of urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide is very slow and is not significant.

[0098] The reaction conditions under which ammonia NH3and carbon dioxide CO2react to form urea CO(NH2)2and water H2O typically involve high pressures (150-200 Atm), a catalyst, high temperatures (150-250°C), a balanced stoichiometric ratio of ammonia to carbon dioxide and the absence of water.

[0099] Dissolution of urea in water

[0100] Urea is a solid and can form a solution either:

[0101] (a) By dissolving the solid directly in water; or

[0102] (b) By dissolving it in a solvent prior to the addition of water.

[0103] When urea dissolves in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), energy is required to break the intermolecular forces in the solid urea and to solvate the urea molecules in the solvent. This process is endothermic, absorbing heat from the surroundings. In the second step, when the solvent-urea solution is mixed with water, additional energy is absorbed to mix the solvent with water and to solvate the urea molecules in the aqueous phase. This process is also endothermic.

[0104] However, it is important to keep in mind that the mixing of a solvent with water is often an exothermic reaction. For example, addition of water to pre-mixed urea with ethanol:

[0105] CO(NH2)2(ethanol) + H2O — > C O(NH2)2(aq>+ C2H5OH (aq) (2)

[0106] This step involves: o The exothermic mixing of ethanol and water. o The endothermic dissolution of urea in water.

[0107] Whether the overall process is exothermic or endothermic will depend on the balance between these exothermic and endothermic effects. Typically, the dissolution of urea in water has a larger endothermic effect than the exothermic effect of mixing ethanol and water. Therefore, the overall process is likely to be endothermic, but the exact enthalpy change would require experimental data to quantify accurately.

[0108] Below are five options for a liquid-liquid reaction:

[0109] Option 1: Urea in methanol and then water

[0110] Step 1: Dissolution of urea in methanol

[0111] CO(NH2)2(s) — — > C O(NH2)2(methanol)

[0112] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +10 kJ / mol

[0113] Step 2: Addition of methanolic urea solution to water

[0114] CO(NH2)2(methanol) + H2O — > C O(NH2)2(aq) + CH3OH (aq)

[0115] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +5 kJ / mol

[0116] Total enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +15 kJ / mol

[0117] Option 2: Urea in ethanol and then water

[0118] Step 1: Dissolution of urea in ethanol

[0119] CO(NH2)2(s) — > C O(NH2)2(ethanol)

[0120] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +8 kJ / mol

[0121] Step 2: Addition of ethanolic urea solution to water

[0122] CO(NH2)2(ethanol) + H2O — >O C(NH2)2(aq) + C2H5OH (aq)

[0123] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +4 kJ / mol

[0124] Total enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +12 kJ / mol Option 3: Urea in isopropanol and then water

[0125] Step 1: Dissolution of urea in isopropanol

[0126] CO(NH2)2(s) — — > C O(NH2)2(isopropanol)

[0127] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +9 kJ / mol

[0128] Step 2: Addition of isopropanolic urea solution to water

[0129] CO(NH2)2(isopropanol) + H2O — C O(NH2)2(aq) + C3H7OH (aq)

[0130] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +3 kJ / mol

[0131] Total enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +12 kJ / mol

[0132] Option 4: Urea in acetonitrile and then water

[0133] Step 1: Dissolution of urea in acetonitrile

[0134] CO(NH2)2(s) — C O(NH2)2(acetonitrile)

[0135] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +7 kJ / mol

[0136] Step 2: Addition of acetonitrile urea solution to water

[0137] CO(NH2)2(acetonitrile) + H2O — > C O(NH2)2(aq) + CH3CN (aq)

[0138] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +3 kJ / mol

[0139] Total enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +10 kJ / mol

[0140] Option 5: Urea in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and then water

[0141] Step 1: Dissolution of urea in DMSO

[0142] CO(NH2)2(s) — > C O(NH2)2(DMSO)

[0143] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +6 kJ / mol

[0144] Step 2: Addition of acetonitrile urea solution to water

[0145] CO(NH2)2(DMSO) + H2O — > C O(NH2)2(aq) + CH3CN aq)

[0146] Enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +2 kJ / mol

[0147] Total enthalpy change: ΔH ≈ +8 kJ / mol

[0148] The stoichiometry for the dissolution of urea in various solvents and the subsequent mixing with water is generally 1 : 1 in terms of the urea to solvent ratio.

[0149] Table I compares the relative amounts of endothermicity for the mixing of a urea-solvent solution with water. The amount of endothermicity is shown as a ratio of the endothermicity of the urea- solvent + water reaction to the endothermicity of the urea + water reaction.

[0150] Table I: Summary of endothermic nature for the step of addition of water to urea or a urea- solvent solution

[0151] In practice, the exact values may vary depending on specific conditions and concentrations.

[0152] Stochiometric considerations

[0153] Solid-liquid reaction:

[0154] CO(NH2)2(s) — > C O(NH2)2(a ) (3)

[0155] Stochiometric value: 1 : 1

[0156] Liquid-liquid reaction (2 phase-reaction):

[0157] CO(NH2)2(s) + CH3OH (7) + H2O — > C O(NH2)2(aq) + CH3OH (aq) (3)

[0158] Stochiometric value: 1:1 :1

[0159] However, in practice, larger amounts of water are expected to be required.

[0160] The cooling effect of dissolving urea in water

[0161] For direct dissolution of solid urea in water:

[0162] • enthalpy change (ΔH) - 15.5 kJ / mol (25,700 J / mol)

[0163] • Specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 J / g / °C

[0164] • Molar mass of water: 18 g / mol

[0165] Calculation:

[0166] The amount of heat absorbed during dissolution is given by eq. 4: q = m - c - ΔT (4) where, for dissolution of solid urea in water: • q = the heat absorbed (15,500 J / mol)

[0167] • m = 18 g / mol

[0168] • c = the specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J / g / °C)

[0169] • ΔT = the change in temperature

[0170] Therefore, the temperature change is ΔT = q I (m • c) (5) ΔT ≈ 205.2°C (6)

[0171] This theoretical calculation assumes that all the energy goes into cooling the water, which is a simplified model. In practice, due to other effects and approximations, the temperature change will be less extreme but still significant.

[0172] Options for Implementing Cooling

[0173] 1. Solid-liquid reaction

[0174] Each chamber holds a thin, uniform layer of urea integrated into its structure. A pump, either a regular or a micropump, is connected to the chamber via a cannula and controlled by a computer. The ratio of urea to water is determined based on the size of the chamber and the ability of the water to be dispersed in the chamber, ensuring that the distribution of water maintains at least one mole of water per one mole of urea. The amount of water added can be precisely controlled via a computer system, thereby allowing a gradual cooling process that keeps the chamber cold for an extended period.

[0175] Fig- 2 illustrates the amount of cooling as a function of the amount of water gradually added to solid urea. In this exemplary plot, the water was added to 1 mole (60.06 g) of urea. The temperature change was calculated based on eq. 5.

[0176] The temperature reduction ( ΔT) is inversely proportional to the mass of water added; the more water added, the smaller the temperature reduction per gram of water due to the dilution effect.

[0177] Liquid-liquid reaction This method provides a more immediate and uniform cooling effect compared to the solid-liquid method. Moreover, it allows for more precise control of the cooling rate through automated systems and can be easily scaled up or down depending on the cooling requirements.

[0178] The reaction uses urea pre-dissolved in a small volume of liquid to create a concentrated urea solution. The concentrated urea solution is stored in a reservoir connected to the pump. The predissolution stage can be done, for non-limiting example, in water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, or any combination thereof. Ethanol can dissolve urea and has a lower freezing point than water, which could be beneficial in certain cooling applications. Glycerol has a high specific heat capacity and is non-toxic, making it a safe alternative for pre-mixing with urea. Propylene glycol is similar to glycerol but less viscous and also has a high specific heat capacity.

[0179] The mixing chamber contains a predefined volume of water or other liquids. These liquids can be methanol or acetone. Methanol can dissolve urea and has a high rate of heat absorption due to its low boiling point. Acetone can mix with urea and evaporates quickly, providing a rapid cooling effect. The chamber is designed by means of size and shape to ensure uniform mixing and rapid mixing of the pre-dissolved urea with the selected liquid or liquid mixtures. In some embodiments, the chamber is integrated with sensors to monitor temperature changes. Any chamber, whether only for mixing liquid(s), only for holding liquid(s) or for both holding liquid(s) and mixing liquid(s), of any embodiment described herein can have at least one sensor; it is also possible for at least one chamber in at least one embodiment to be lacking a sensor.

[0180] A precise pump, either a regular pump or a micropump, is connected to the chamber via a cannula, controlled by a computer system to regulate the flow of the pre-dissolved urea solution into the chamber. The computer system adjusts the flow rate based on real-time temperature data to maintain a controlled cooling process.

[0181] In a proposed setup, a known volume of water or a selected liquid or liquid mixture is inserted into at least one chamber of an embodiment of the device, the sensors are calibrated to ensure accurate temperature readings, and a computer control system to monitor and adjust the cooling process is set up. The pump is initiated to add the pre-dissolved urea solution to the chamber, where the ratio of urea to the liquid(s) in the chamber(s) is determined based on the desired cooling effect and the capacity of the chamber(s). Preferably, the desired ratio is determined by the computer system. The computer system then calculates the amount of urea solution needed to achieve the target temperature reduction.

[0182] As the pre-dissolved urea mixes in the chamber with the liquids, it absorbs heat, causing a temperature drop. The sensors continuously monitor the temperature of the solution. The computer system adjusts the flow rate of the urea solution to maintain a steady cooling effect, and the system ensures that at least one mole of water is available for every mole of urea to maintain the reaction efficiency. The computer system ensures a gradual addition of the pre-dissolved urea solution to maintain a prolonged cooling effect. Adjustments are made based on real-time data to prevent rapid temperature changes and ensure efficient cooling.

[0183] Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a simplified schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment with a single chamber (3000). The reservoir (3100) is connected via a first cannula (3500A) to a pump and pump control unit (3200), which is connected via a second cannula (3500B) to a chamber (3300) containing a selected liquid or liquid mixture, the selected liquid or liquid mixture comprising urea. There can be a second pump (not shown) to adjust the amount of the selected liquid or liquid mixture in the mixing chamber. The pump and pump control unit (3200) controls flow of the pre-dissolved urea into the chamber (3300). The pump and pump control unit (3200) can comprise a processor (3600) or can be wiredly or wirelessly connected to a processor (3600). The processor (3300) can set the flow rate based on at least one signal from at least one sensor, as disclosed above.

[0184] Examples of various mixing options

[0185] Example A: Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol or in glycerol mixed with water

[0186] Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol solution: 60.06 grams of urea in 60.06 mL of ethanol or glycerol.

[0187] Water volume: 1000 mL of water.

[0188] Temperature reduction calculation: Using equation: (5) above, whereQ (heat absorbed) is the enthalpy of dissolution of urea (15,500 J / mol for 1 mole of urea.

[0189] For the given volumes: ΔT = 15,500 J / (1000 g • 4.18 J / g / °C) = ~ 3.71 °C Example B: Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol mixed with water and methanol solution

[0190] Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol solution: 60.06 grams of urea in 60.06 mL of ethanol.

[0191] Mixing with water and methanol solution: Assume 500 mL of water and 500 mL of methanol:

[0192] Total mass (m): m = mwater+ mmethanol= 500 g + 395 g = 895 g

[0193] Weighted average specific heat capacity (Cavg):

[0194] • Specific heat capacity of water (Cwater): 4.18 J / g / °C

[0195] • Specific heat capacity of methanol (Cmethanol): 2.53 J / g / °C

[0196] Cavg= ((500 x 4.18) + (395 x 2.53)) / 895 = -3.45 J7g / °C)

[0197] Temperature reduction ( ΔT) where the enthalpy of dissolution of urea (Q) is 15,500 J / mol: ΔT = 15,500 J / (895 g x 3.45 J / g / °C) = -5.01 °C

[0198] Example C: Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol mixed with water and acetone solution

[0199] Urea pre-dissolved in ethanol solution: 60.06 grams of urea in 60.06 mL of ethanol.

[0200] Mixing with water and acetone solution: Assume 500 mL of water and 500 mL of acetone:

[0201] Total mass (m): m = mwater+ macetone= 500 g + 395 g = 895 g

[0202] Weighted average specific heat capacity (Cavg):

[0203] • Specific heat capacity of water (Cwater): 4.18 J / g / °C

[0204] • Specific heat capacity of acetone (Cacetone): 2.15 J / g / °C

[0205] Cavg = ((500 x 4.18) + (395 x 2.15)) / 895 = -3.28 J / g / °C

[0206] Temperature reduction ( ΔT):

[0207] Enthalpy of dissolution of urea (Q): 15,500 J / mol ΔT = 15,500 J / (895 g x 3.28 J / g / °C) = -5.28 °C

[0208] To enhance the mixing efficiency of the pre-dissolved urea with the other liquid in the chamber, the chamber can comprise at least one flexible reservoir with internal structures such as, but not limited to, at least one baffle. Such internal structure(s) help to promote turbulence, improve mixing, and ensure a uniform temperature reduction throughout the liquid. Non-limiting examples of internal structures comprise:

[0209] • Flat plate baffles that create channels and disrupt flow patterns, causing the liquid to mix more thoroughly.

[0210] • Perforated baffles with holes or slots that allow liquid to pass through while creating turbulence to enhance mixing by causing the liquid to flow through the perforations, breaking up laminar flow and promoting better mixing.

[0211] • Spiral baffles with spiral-shaped structures inside the reservoir which enhances mixing by increasing the path length and promoting turbulence.

[0212] • Grid baffles that create multiple small flow paths, which disrupts the main flow and enhances mixing.

[0213] • Helical coil baffles that can be either attached to the inner walls or suspended within the reservoir, that forces the liquid to follow a helical path, promoting better mixing.

[0214] • Floating baffles that move with the liquid flow and promote mixing by constantly changing positions.

[0215] Another option is to include a bubble generator to introduce bubbles into the liquid by creating turbulence and thus enhance mixing.

[0216] Ensuring precise control and deliver of small volumes of fluids

[0217] For precise control and deliver of small volumes of fluids, minipumps and micropumps are commonly used. Some common types of minipumps and micropumps and their operating characteristics are given below.

[0218] 1. Mechanical

[0219] • Diaphragm: Use a flexible diaphragm actuated by piezoelectric, electrostatic, or electromagnetic forces to create pressure and move fluid.

[0220] • Peristaltic: Utilize a series of actuators that sequentially compress flexible tubing, mimicking the peristalsis motion in biological systems.

[0221] • Reciprocating: Operate by reciprocating motion of a piston or membrane to drive fluid. 2. Non-Mechanical

[0222] • Electroosmotic: Utilize electroosmotic flow, where an electric field applied across a channel induces fluid movement due to the interaction between the electric field and the charged particles in the fluid.

[0223] • Electrophoretic: Rely on electrophoresis, where charged particles in a fluid move under the influence of an electric field, carrying the fluid along.

[0224] • Magnetohydrodynamic: Use Lorentz force to move conducting fluids in the presence of a magnetic field and electric current.

[0225] • Thermocapillary: Operate based on temperature-induced surface tension gradients that drive fluid flow.

[0226] Exemplary chamber(s)

[0227] Fig. 4 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment (3000) of a cooling system comprising at least one chamber. The cooling system comprises:

[0228] • At least one chamber (3300)comprising solid urea.

[0229] • At least one water reservoir (3100).

[0230] • At least one adjustable pump and / or adjustable valve (3200A, 3200B) to regulate the flow of water.

[0231] • For each chamber, at least one cannula (3500) that connects the water reservoir to the chamber.

[0232] • A computer system (3600) to control the cooling process, comprising a control unit that manages the pump and / or valve and the temperature sensor(s).

[0233] • In some variants of the exemplary embodiment, at least one temperature sensor (3400) in communication with at least one chamber, configured to monitor the temperature within the chamber.

[0234] In the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 4, flow of water from the water reservoir (3100) is controlled by a main valve and / or pump (3200A), the flow rate controlled by the computer system (3600). The water then is flowable through a manifold (3500A) and from thence to the five chambers (3400), with each chamber (3300) serviced by a cannula (3500B). The flow of water into each chamber (3300) is individually controlled by a valve and / or pump (3200B), the flow rate controlled by the computer system (3600).

[0235] In place of, in combination with, or in addition to a pump, the chambers can be filled by gravity, the chambers and the cannulas between them being configured by means of size, shape and location so that water poured into the device from the top will percolate downward, first filling the lowest chambers, then the next-lowest chambers, and so on, until a desired number of the chambers have been filled. If the device is held vertical and partially filled, whent he device is lowered to a horizontal position, water will percolate from the filled chambers to the empty chambers, until all of the chambers are partially filled.

[0236] In the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 4, each chamber has a sensor (3400), such as, but not limited to, a temperature sensor, a temperature gradient sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor, a pH sensor, a conductivity sensor, a turbidity sensor, an oxygen sensor, a level sensor, a refractometer, a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) sensor, an Oxidation- Reduction Potential (ORP) sensor or any combination thereof, can be in communication with one or more chambers (3300), one or more cannulas (3500), one or more pumps and / or valves (3200), or any combination thereof.

[0237] The level sensor is typically an ultrasonic sensor configured to measure the level of liquid in the reservoir using ultrasonic waves. The refractometer is for continuously monitoring the concentration of urea. The TOC sensor detects organic contaminants. The ORP sensor provides insights into the chemical stability and reactivity of the solution and ensures that the urea solution is in a chemically stable state, preventing degradation or reactions that could impair the cooling efficiency.

[0238] Materials

[0239] In selecting materials for the walls of the chamber(s), the following must be considered: chemical compatibility, durability, thermal conductivity, safety, flexibility, manufacturability and cost.

[0240] For a flexible material that can hold water, the following are non-limiting examples of possible materials: • Silicone rubber: Excellent flexibility, high durability, chemically inert, can withstand a wide range of temperatures. Used in medical devices, food-grade containers, seals and gaskets.

[0241] • Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU): High elasticity, excellent abrasion resistance, resistant to oils and chemicals, good transparency. Used in medical tubing, inflatable products, water bladders, flexible hoses.

[0242] • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Good flexibility, resistant to water and many chemicals, cost- effective. Used in flexible tubing, water bags, inflatable structures, plumbing.

[0243] • Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA): Flexible, lightweight, good chemical resistance, good clarity. Used in medical tubing, flexible packaging, water storage bags.

[0244] • Polyethylene (PE) Film: Flexible, lightweight, good chemical resistance, cost-effective. Used in flexible water containers, liners, packaging materials.

[0245] An embodiment of the present invention that comprises a cooling bath (100) is schematically illustrated in Fig. 5A-B. Fig. 5A shows an exploded view of the cooling bath (100) and Fig. 5B shows the cooling bath (100) in an assembled configuration.

[0246] The cooling bath (100) comprises a basin (9) of a strong, flexible plastic, typically PVC. In the basin are at least one urea strip (7), with the urea strip(s) (7) contained within at least one chamber (17) in the basin (9), the chamber(s) (17) being in fluid communication (27) with a sealable opening (111) so that they can be filled with water. Although the chamber(s) (17) are in thermal communication with at least a portion of the interior space of the basin (9), there is no fluid communication between any of the chamber(s) (17) and any portion of the interior space of the basin (9); urea from the chamber(s) (17) never comes into contact with the patient.

[0247] In some embodiments, the urea strips (7) are held to the basin (9) so that they do not separate therefrom during transport or storage. Any conventional means of holding the urea strips (7) to the basin (9) that allows water entering the chamber (17) to dissolve the urea can be used; the means by which the urea strips (7) are held to the basin (9) is not germane to the patent.

[0248] The chamber (17) comprises an impermeable membrane (17). Preferably, but not necessarily, the membrane comprises a material that has a high thermal conductivity, that is impermeable to liquids and does not react with liquids such as water, and that will not break under the pressure of a body plus the weight of the water in the basin (9). For non-limiting example, moderate conductivity plastics have a thermal conductivity in a range from 0.5 to 10 W / m-K; non-limiting examples of moderate conductivity plastics comprise polyimide with 40% graphite, rubber filled with aluminum flakes, and commercially available electrically non-conductive plastics. Non-limiting examples of moderate conductivity plastics comprise: polyimide + graphite 40%, with a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W / m-K; rubber + Al flakes with a thermal conductivity of 1 W / m-K; commercially available electrically conductive plastics, with a thermal conductivity in a range from 6-100 W / m-K; and among unfilled plastics, high-density polyethylene with a thermal conductivity in a range from 0.45 to 0.52 W / m-K.

[0249] For non-limiting example, high conductivity plastics have a thermal conductivity in a range between 10 to 600 W / m-K; non-limiting examples of high conductivity comprise filled plastics that use high-aspect-ratio fillers like metalized glass and graphite fibers, high-performance carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes.

[0250] The basin (9) is held in an open condition by an assemblable frame (4). Preferably, the frame is reversibly assemblable. Attachable to the frame (4) are supports (6) to keep the sides of the basin (9) from collapsing. The edges of the basin (9) comprise loops (19) through which the frame (4) is passed during assembly of the cooling bath (100). The frame (4) comprises boreholes (10) to hold the support rods (2) that hold in place a sun visor (1), with the sun visor (1) configured to protect the patient's head from the sun.

[0251] The frame (4) can be used to carry the cooling bath (100); preferably, there are gaps (14) or handles (24) in the top portion of the basin (9) to allow the cooling bath (100) to be carried easily.

[0252] A headrest (3, 5) is provided to keep a patient's head out of the water in the basin (9).

[0253] The cooling bath (100) is stored and carried in a disassembled condition so that it is easy to carry in, for example, a backpack; it is estimated that only 2-3 minutes would be needed to assemble it and place it in a ready-to-use condition.

[0254] In use, the cooling bath (100) is assembled and the patient placed therein. Liquid is poured into the bath; the liquid to fill the basin is provided on-site, on an as-needed basis. Typically, the liquid is water, although other thermally-conductive liquids that are unlikely to cause harm to the patient can be used. For non-limiting example, drinkable liquids such as soda or fruit juices could be used. The type of liquid is not germane to the patent, as long as it is thermally conductive and non- harmful to a patient.

[0255] It is estimated that 10 1 - 25 1 of water would be sufficient for filling the basin (9) so that the total weight of the cooling bath (100) and the patient would be less than about 150 kg. If additional cooling is desired, water can be poured into the chamber (17) via the sealable opening (111), dissolving the urea and further cooling the water and the patient.

[0256] Fig. 6A-C schematically illustrates an embodiment of the present invention that comprises a cooling blanket (200) wrappable around a patient (1000). Fig. 6A shows the cooling blanket (200) in a partly-unfolded configuration, Fig. 6B shows an end-on view of the cooling blanket (200) and Fig. 6C shows the cooling blanket (200) wrapped around a patient (1000).

[0257] The cooling blanket (200) comprises a main body (210) with a neck support region (34) and a head support region (32) that wraps around the sides and top of the head.

[0258] The blanket comprises at least one water channel (110), typically longitudinally disposed along the blanket, although it can be diagonally or otherwise angularly disposed, circularly disposed, spirally disposed, arcuately disposed, or any combination thereof, connected to at least one sealable opening (111), with, preferably, the water channel(s) (110) extending substantially the entire length of the cooling blanket (200). The water channels (110) contain urea, preferably in the form of at least one urea strip, although urea powder can be used. As disclosed above for the cooling bath (100), the urea can be held in position in any conventional manner; the manner of retaining (and restraining) the urea not being germane to the patent. In some variants of this embodiment, the head support region (32) also comprises at least one water channel (110) and at least one urea strip to cool the head of the patient (1000). The head water channel (110) can be in fluid communication with at least one of the body sealable openings (111), or it can have its own sealable opening(s) (111), independent of the sealable opening(s) (111) of the body of the cooling blanket (200).

[0259] Preferably, the sealable openings (111) have closable water-tight lids; preferably, the water-tight lids are reversibly closable. For non-limiting example, the lids can be clip-on or screw-on. Preferably, the lids are in a permanent communication with the cooling blanket (200) so that the lids do not get misplaced when the lids have been removed from the sealable openings (111), so that the water channels (110) can be filled with water. The water channels (110) comprise urea, preferably as urea strips, although powdered or granulated urea can be used. When the water channels (110) are filled with water, it dissolves the urea, cooling the water and the patient.

[0260] In some embodiments, as shown, the cooling blanket (200) has holes for the arms - the arms can be seen protruding from the blanket.

[0261] Preferably, the cooling blanket (200) can be retained in position as wrapped around the patient by a conventional attachment means (121) such as, but not limited to adhesive tape (scotch tape), a strap wrapped around the patient, Velcro, or a strap and buckle. Preferably, at least a portion of the attachment means (121) is permanently attached to the cooling blanket (200) so that the attachment means (121) cannot get lost or misplaced before or during use. In this embodiment, the blanket has holes (220) for the arms.

[0262] Fig. 7A-C schematically illustrates an embodiment of the present invention that comprises a wearable cooling vest (300). Fig. 7A shows the front of the cooling vest (300), Fig. 7B shows the back of the cooling vest (300), and Fig. 7C shows a variant of the embodiment of the cooling vest (300) in position on a dummy (2000).

[0263] The cooling vest (300) comprises a main body (310) comprising at least one water chamber (320) in fluid communication with at least one sealable opening (111). In the embodiment shown, there are four water chambers (320) in the front of the cooling vest (300) and four water chambers (320) in the rear of the cooling vest (300), all filled via the same sealable opening (111). In some embodiments, at least one front water chamber (320) has its own sealable opening (111). In some embodiments, at least one rear water chamber (320) has its own sealable opening (111).

[0264] Preferably, the cooling vest (300) can be retained in position on the patient by a conventional fastening means (121) such as, but not limited to adhesive tape (scotch tape), a strap wrapped around the patient, Velcro, or a strap and buckle. Preferably, at least a portion of the fastening means (121) is permanently attached to the cooling vest (200) so that the fastening means (121) cannot get lost or misplaced before or during use.

[0265] The fastening means (121) can, for non-limiting example, fasten the front of the cooling vest (300) to the back of the cooling vest (300) at the sides of the cooling vest (300) (See Fig. 7A), fasten the front of the cooling vest (300) to the back of the cooling vest (300) at the shoulders of the cooling vest (300), fasten the left side of front of the cooling vest (300) to the right side of the front of the cooling vest (300), or fasten the left side of back of the cooling vest (300) to the right side of the back of the cooling vest (300) or any combination thereof.

[0266] Preferably, the water sealable openings (111) have closable water-tight lids; preferably, the watertight lids are reversibly closable. For non-limiting example, the lids can be clip-on or screw-on. Preferably, the lids are in a permanent communication with the cooling blanket (200) so that the lids do not get misplaced when the lids have been removed from the sealable openings (111), so that the water channels (110) can be filled with water.

[0267] The water chambers (320) comprise urea, preferably as urea strips, although powdered or granulated urea or urea in a solvent solution can be used. When the water chambers (320) are filled with water, it dissolves the urea or mixes with the dissolved urea, cooling the water and the patient.

[0268] In Fig. 7C, the cooling vest (300) comprises exemplary pumps (3200), with at least one pump (3200 A) to distribute water from the fill valve to the chambers (320) and at least one pump (3200B) to mix the water and the urea within a chamber.

[0269] Preferably, at least a portion of the main body (310) comprises a flexible material. In some embodiments, substantially all of the main body (310) is flexible, in some embodiments, a majority of the main body (300) is flexible, and in some embodiments little or none of the main body (300) is flexible.

[0270] The bath, the blanket and the vest are reusable. Additional cooling can be provided as and when necessary by adding more urea to the water, either by adding urea strips to the bath or by pouring additional urea or inserting urea strips through the fill holes. For the bath, water can be added or removed from the basin as needed, for example, to top up the basin. For the chamber(s) in the bath or the vest or the channel(s) in the blanket, removal of the water would be possible by opening the sealable opening(s) (110) and putting pressure on the water channels (110) or water chambers (17, 320).

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A cooling bath comprising: a basin configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a body; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used.

2. The cooling bath of claim 1 , wherein said basin is flexible or foldable.

3. The cooling bath of claim 1, wherein said basin additionally comprises a frame, said frame being assemblable or foldable, said frame configured, when assembled or unfolded, to support said basin.

4. The cooling bath of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of supports is attachable to said frame, said plurality of supports supporting said basin such that said upper edge of said basin is raised above a base of said basin.

5. The cooling bath of claim 1 , wherein gaps in said upper edge of said frame are configured to enable lifting and / or transport of said cooling bath.

6. The cooling bath of claim 1 , additionally comprising a head rest.

7. The cooling bath of claim 6, wherein said head rest comprises at least one second chamber fillable with liquid via a second sealable opening, said second chamber in thermal communication with a head placeable on said head rest.

8. The cooling bath of claim 1, additionally comprising a sun shield configured to shield from the sun at least a head of said body.

9. The cooling bath of claim 1 , additionally comprising at least one handle configured to enable lifting and / or transport of said cooling bath.

10. The cooling bath of claim 1 , wherein said basin comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

11. The cooling bath of claim 1, wherein said chamber comprises a material with a moderate to high thermal conductivity.

12. The cooling bath of claim 1, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

13. The cooling bath of claim 12, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

14. The cooling bath of claim 1, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

15. The cooling bath of claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers.

16. The cooling bath of claim 15, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

17. The cooling bath of claim 1, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

18. A cooling blanket comprising: a main body comprising at least one water channel, said main body wrappable around at least a portion of a body; and either said at least one water channel containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one water channel in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening, said at least one main sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closedconfiguration; said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to said at least one water channel, said at least one water channel fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one water channel when said cooling bath is used.

19. The cooling blanket of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of said main body is flexible, floldable or any combination thereof.

20. The cooling blanket of claim 18, wherein said main body comprises a member of the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

21. The cooling blanket of claim 18, wherein each of said at least one main sealable opening is transferrable to said closed configuration by application of a lid.

22. The cooling blanket of claim 21, wherein the lid can be either clip-on or screw-on.

23. The cooling blanket of claim 21, wherein the lid is in a permanent mechanical communication with the cooling blanket.

24. The cooling blanket of claim 18, additionally comprising at least one of a neck support or a head support.

25. The cooling blanket of claim 24, wherein said head support comprises at least one second water channel, said second water channel in fluid communication with at least one second sealable opening.

26. The cooling blanket of claim 25, wherein, for at least one of said second sealable opening, said at least one second sealable opening is the same as one of said at least one main sealable opening.

27. The cooling blanket of claim 18, additionally comprising at least one fastener configured to maintain said cooling blanket in a configuration where said cooling blanket is wrappedaround said at least a portion of said body.

28. The cooling blanket of claim 18, additionally comprising at least one handle configured to enable said body to be carried and / or transported while being wrapped in said cooling blanket.

29. The cooling blanket of claim 18, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

30. The cooling blanket of claim 29, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

31. The cooling blanket of claim 18, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

32. The cooling blanket of claim 18, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers.

33. The cooling blanket of claim 32, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

34. The cooling blanket of claim 18, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

35. A cooling vest comprising: a main body configured to surround at least a portion of a torso of a body, said main body comprising: either at least one chamber containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one chamber in fluid communication with at least one sealable opening, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via said sealable opening; said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body;or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used.

36. The cooling vest of claim 35, wherein said main body comprises a plurality of chambers, with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a front portion of said main body and configured to cool at least a portion of a front of said torso of said body and with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a back portion of said main body and configured to cool at least a portion of a back of said torso of said body; each of said plurality of chambers being in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening.

37. The cooling vest of claim 35, wherein at least one of said main sealable opening is in fluid communication with at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a front portion of said main body and another of said at least one of said plurality of chambers being within a rear portion of said main body.

38. The cooling vest of claim 35, additionally comprising at least one fastener, said at least one fastener configured to perform a member of the group consisting of fasten the front of the cooling vest to the back of the cooling vest at the sides of the cooling vest, fasten the front of the cooling vest to the back of the cooling vest at the shoulders of the cooling vest, fasten the left side of front of the cooling vest to the right side of the front of the cooling vest, or fasten the left side of back of the cooling vest to the right side of the back of the cooling vest or any combination thereof.

39. The cooling vest of claim 35, wherein said main body comprises a flexible material.

40. The cooling vest of claim 39, wherein said flexible material is selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyethylene (PE) Film, or any combination thereof.

41. The cooling vest of claim 35, wherein each of said at least one sealable opening is transferrable to said closed configuration by application of a lid.

42. The cooling vest of claim 41, wherein the lid can be either clip-on or screw-on.

43. The cooling vest of claim 41, wherein the lid is in a permanent mechanical communication with the cooling vest.

44. The cooling vest of claim 35, further comprising a means of controlling flow of fluid from a source or reservoir to said at least one chamber, said means selected from the group consisting of a pump, a valve, gravity, or any combination thereof.

45. The cooling vest of claim 44, wherein said pump is selected from the group consisting of a diaphragm pump, a peristaltic pump, a reciprocating pump, an electroosmotic pump, an electrophoretic pump, a magnetohydrodynamic pump, or a thermocapillary pump.

46. The cooling vest of claim 35, further comprising a computer system configured to control at least one flow rate of said fluid.

47. The cooling vest of claim 35, further comprising at least one sensor in communication with at least one of said chambers.

48. The cooling vest of claim 47, wherein said at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flow rate sensor, a density sensor, a viscosity sensor or any combination thereof.

49. The cooling vest of claim 35, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

50. A cooling device comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a body or at least a portion of an object to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling device is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water viaa sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; said cooling device containing no water before use.

51. The cooling device of claim 50, wherein said housing comprises a member of a group consisting of a bath, a blanket, a box, a bottle, a container, a vest, a cap, a neck wrapper, a sleeve, a glove, a mitten, a leg cover, a sock, a pair of trousers, a brassiere, a pair of underpants, or a combination of the above garments.

52. The cooling device of claim 50 or the cooling device of claim 54, additionally configured for transporting non-living objects that require cooling or retention at a temperature below ambient, for non-limiting example, heat-sensitive medications, heat-sensitive medical supplies, plasma, blood, vaccines, growth hormone, insulin, or anti-cancer drugs.

53. The cooling bath of claim 1 or the cooling blanket of claim 18 or the cooling vest of claim 35 or the cooling device of claim 50, configured for treatment of a condition related to temperature of a portion of said body comprising a member of the group consisting of heatstroke, fever, cancer, loss of hair, damage to skin, damage to nails, or muscular soreness.

54. The cooling bath of claim 1 or the cooling blanket of claim 18 or the cooling vest of claim 35 or the cooling device of claim 50, wherein said body is selected from a group consisting of cattle, sheep, a pig, fowl, a goat, a horse, a chicken, a goose, a pig, a turkey, a rabbit, a deer, a lion, a tiger, a cheetah, a cougar, an elephant, a bear, a bison, a buffalo, a snake, an alligator, a crocodile, an alligator eggs or a crocodile egg.

55. A cap or helmet comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain at least a portion of a head to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cap or helmet; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cap or helmet is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with anexterior of said cap or helmet; said cap or helmet containing no water before use.

56. The cap or helmet of claim 54, wherein said cap or helmet is configured for alleviating alopecia, hair loss, hair thinning due to cancer therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy.

57. A method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling bath comprising: a basin configured by means of size and shape to contain said at least a portion of said body; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an interior space of said basin; said cooling bath containing no water before use; placing said body in said basin; adding water to said at least one chamber; for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture from said at least one reservoir to at least one of said at least one chamber; and adding water to said basin.

58. A method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling blanket comprising: a flexible main body comprising at least one water channel, said flexible main body wrappable around said at least a portion of said body, and eithersaid at least one water channel containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one water channel in fluid communication with at least one main sealable opening, said at least one main sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling bath is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to said at least one water channel, said at least one water channel fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one water channel in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling blanket; water being addable to said at least one water channel when said cooling blanket is used; said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one water channel when said cooling bath is used; wrapping said body in said cooling blanket; adding water to at least one of said at least one water channel; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one water channel.

59. A method of cooling at least a portion of a body comprising steps of: providing a cooling vest comprising: a main body configured to surround at least a portion of a torso of said body, said main body comprising: and either at least one chamber containing either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one chamber in fluid communication with at least one sealable opening, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via said sealable opening; said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body;or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one sealable opening having at least one closed configuration, said at least one sealable opening being liquid-tight when in said at least one closed configuration; said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said main body; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used; at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture transferable to at least one of said at least one chamber when said cooling vest is used; emplacing said cooling vest around said torso of said body; adding water to at least one of said at least one chamber, said cooling vest containing no water before use; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one chamber.

60. A method of cooling at least a portion of a body or at least a portion of an object comprising steps of: providing a cooling device comprising: a housing, configured by means of size and shape to contain said at least a portion of said body or said at least a portion of said object to be cooled; and either: at least one chamber comprising either solid urea or a urea / solvent mixture, each of said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; water being addable to said at least one chamber when said cooling device is used; or at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, said at least one reservoir fluidly connectable to at least one chamber, said at least one chamber fillable with water via a sealable opening, said at least one chamber in thermal communication with an exterior of said cooling device; said cooling device containing no water before use; emplacing said cooling device around said torso of said body;adding water to at least one of said at least one chamber, said cooling device containing no water before use; and for said at least one reservoir containing a urea / solvent mixture, transferring at least a portion of said urea / solvent mixture to at least one of said at least one chamber.

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