Thermally controlled housing assembly for electric cells

Abstract

Assembly comprising a housing (6) having walls (11) and containing groups of electrical cells (7). Each wall encloses at least one space in which, at a given moment, a flow of thermal fluid (F2) may be present. Said space, and therefore the corresponding wall (11), has a fluid flow inlet and outlet. In a fluid-tight manner to the fluid flow, the fluid flow inlet and outlet communicate with, respectively, a thermal fluid flow supply (25a) and a fluid flow outlet (25b), so that the fluid flow can circulate in said space. By the wall which surrounds it and said sealed communications, said space is physically isolated from the cells, so that the fluid flow (F2) present therein and the interior space (9) of the housing do not communicate. The wall (11) extends parallel to at least one of the lateral faces of at least one of said cell (7). Figure to be published with the abstract: Figure 2

Description

Title of the invention: Thermally controlled housing assembly for electric cells Technical field of the invention

[0001] The technical field of the invention is that of the thermal management of the cells of an electric battery intended to deliver electrical energy, particularly on a vehicle, in particular a hybrid or “all-electric” vehicle in which at least one electric motor is present, therefore coupled or not to at least one thermal engine.

[0002] Large electric batteries, for example on ships or in the railway sector, requiring thermal management of their operation are also concerned.

[0003] The term “vehicle” is to be understood in the broad sense. State of the prior art

[0004] Thermally managing the cells of an electric battery is a problem.

[0005] The cells are adapted to operate in a preferred range of temperatures.

[0006] Otherwise, they are less efficient: reduced lifespan, reduced electrical performance.

[0007] It has already been proposed to manage their operating temperature.

[0008] Thus, it has been proposed, for example for an electric or hybrid motor vehicle equipped with an electric motor connected to a battery whose cells are arranged vertically parallel to each other, to circulate under the cells - therefore on a single lower side, or face, of these cells considered all together - a flow of fluid, this flow of fluid coming into heat exchange with said cells, in operation.

[0009] We can imagine that this way of thermally managing the cells could have been dictated: - by a difficulty in assessing the question of this thermal management independently of the rest of the vehicle, and in particular its immediate environment; it is currently considered a priori that the battery and its thermal management must adapt to the constraints of the vehicle (available space, orientation in space, connection to the supply of said fluid flow to be circulated under the cells), and not the other way around; - by a lack of detailed consideration of the question of said thermal management itself: this is complex; hence the need to seek to ensure that its environment The system adapts to it, and not excessively the other way around, - by an industrial approach that has so far been insufficient for a solution that can be produced in series, for several types of battery or cells, without there being from the outset a vehicle / battery / cell thermal management system assembly that is almost inseparable.

[0010] Although rolling vehicles are not the only ones concerned by the problem of the invention, as a more specific example we can cite a solution for thermal management of cells of an electric battery which provides for the presence of a “cooling plate” under the battery in which a flow of “thermal” fluid circulates, in thermal exchange with the cells of this battery.

[0011] It is specified: - that cell here means electrochemical cell and more generally electric cell (which generates electricity), and - that “thermal fluid flow” here means a flow of adapted fluid: — to supply calories to the cells, to heat them if they are at a temperature lower than a so-called “first temperature range” corresponding to the nominal (operating) state of these cells, — to evacuate calories from the cells, to cool them if they are at a temperature higher than this “first temperature range”, and they are then in a state of overheating or “abnormal state” (of operation) following thermal runaway.

[0012] The “thermal fluid flow” could be described as a heat transfer fluid in that it transports (brings to the cells) or removes (from the cells) heat.

[0013] Several reasons may have converged for the aforementioned positioning under the cells: safety in the event of leakage, space requirements and maintenance.

[0014] Each solution involves communication with the BMS (Battery Management System) which is the electronic control system placed at the interface between the vehicle supervisor (energy management, actuator control) and the battery pack (which contains all the cells). In any case, problems in the thermal management of the cells remain, and among them: insufficient thermal efficiency, - new requirements in terms of space requirements, particularly in height, in a confined environment, and / or in terms of mechanical protection of the thermal management means adjacent to the electric battery, - costs of current solutions.

[0015] Thus, it is currently typically difficult to treat hot spots present on the top of the cells due to the electrical connection terminals.

[0016] The cell / cooling plate exchange surfaces remain relatively weak.

[0017] However, in particular, increasingly frequent situations in the future of rapid recharging (time less than 15 minutes), may lead to the need to dissipate thermal power, for example 20 kW at the battery compartment (2 kW in nominal use). This heat will increase the temperature of the entire battery pack to a level higher (threshold, for example, at 35°C for Li-Ion cells) than the nominal temperature range (for example between 20°C and less than 35°C for Li-Ion cells) in which the operation of the pack is desired. Devices such as elements loaded with PCM (phase change material) could make it possible to dampen this increase in temperature by 3 to 10°C. However, at the end of a rapid recharge, a more efficient cooling system for the modules becomes a necessity.

[0018] Typically, a lower temperature for the flow of fluid entering into heat exchange with the cells (herein called heat transfer fluid flow or thermal fluid flow) would imply a modification of the cooling instructions, a loss of efficiency on the cold producing means and an increase in the flow rate (then probably requiring a variable flow rate pump, with then higher electrical consumption) or an increase in the exchange surface at the level of the thermal management of the cells.

[0019] Problems of temperature homogeneity within cells also exist. Presentation of the invention

[0020] The invention aims to improve the situation posed above by taking into account at least some of the problems mentioned. It is an improvement in the thermal management, or even in the mechanical resistance and / or the size of the battery zone on a vehicle, which is expected. Also aimed at is an increase in the electrical efficiency of the cells and / or an increased lifespan. Summary of the invention

[0021] To this end, a set is proposed in particular comprising: - several cells or groups of cells of an electric battery, and - a housing containing all of said cells, the housing comprising peripherally several sides and one or more walls per side, said walls each enclosing at least one space where at least one fluid flow (F1 and / or F2 below) may be present, adapted to be in thermal exchange with the cells, for their thermal management, the housing surrounding on several sides: - the said cells considered all together, or - the groups of cells considered all together.

[0022] Thus: - the battery and its thermal management are separated from the vehicle: the functionalized box intervenes, - walls are used on this box which contain a “thermal fluid flow (Fl and / or F2)” therefore adapted to be in thermal exchange with the cells, - the battery (its cells) is surrounded on several sides with such walls, - the housing serves both as a container for the cells (mechanical protection, easy transport and storage) and as a peripheral circulation structure for the fluid flow(s) which must ensure the thermal management of the cells contained in the housing, - if the cells are contained in the box in groups, we will be able to manage them thermally even more precisely.

[0023] For the performance of the thermal exchanges between fluid flow(s) and cells to be carried out, it is further proposed that the aforementioned housing has a perimeter and completely surrounds, along said perimeter, the cells considered all together or the groups of cells considered all together.

[0024] In this case where each cell would have (in the housing) lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides defining the largest surfaces of each cell (these cells could thus be so-called “prismatic” cells), it is even proposed that: - either the perimeter of the box passes around the said largest surfaces of the cells considered all together or the groups of cells considered all together, - either that the perimeter extends perpendicularly to the said largest surfaces of the said cells (always considered all together) or of the groups of cells (considered all together).

[0025] For the quality of thermal exchanges between fluid flow(s) / cells, it is also proposed that: - again with cells chosen for each presenting lateral sides with, among these sides two which are opposite lateral sides defining the largest surfaces of each cell, - these cells are arranged in the housing, in one or more lines, with on each line all the largest surfaces of the parallel lateral sides.

[0026] The functionalized housing of the invention may also be adapted to the following configuration: - each cell will have electrical connection terminals, - each cell will again have lateral sides with, among these sides, two which are opposite lateral sides defining the largest surfaces of each cell parallel to which the cells will be arranged in the box, along several lines, - and the cells will then be arranged with their electrical connection terminals facing each other, or back to back, from one row to the next row.

[0027] As cells, we can cite the possible use of parallelepiped Li-Ion prismatic cells.

[0028] It will be understood that the presence of electrical connection terminals on the cells is a difficulty which had to be taken into account.

[0029] It is also proposed, in another possible configuration of such cells, that said walls (still functionalized by said at least one space reserved for the flow of heat exchange fluid) extend in an offset manner relative to the electrical connection terminals of the cells, so as to be located, as close as possible:

[0030] - either along lateral sides of cells devoid of these connection terminals electric, - either up to below said electrical connection terminals, on lateral sides of cells having said electrical connection terminals.

[0031] An important point could be linked to the extent of the heat exchange zones between fluid flow(s) and cells.

[0032] It is also proposed, on the case: - that the said walls which therefore enclose the spaces reserved for the flow(s) of heat exchange fluid(s) each have two opposite elongated thin edges which will then each extend: — either between two successive angles of the box which will limit its sides, — either between two connections by which two said walls will be assembled, - that these same walls each extend in a plane perpendicular to said thin edges and according to which the wall will then present a surface (S) delimited: — by the said two thin edges and: — either by the said two successive angles of the case, — either by the said two connections, and - that the said wall spaces then occupy most of the surfaces (S) of these walls.

[0033] This will combine possible production in thin plates and in series with a particularly large exchange surface.

[0034] With the solution of the invention it is even possible to combine two flows of heat exchange fluids on the housing, to further increase the performance of the cells.

[0035] It is in this context that it is proposed, again with cells each having lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides defining the largest surfaces of each cell, that: - in a said wall which extends facing a said lateral side of at least one said cell, said at least one space comprises (is defined by) at least one first space and at least one second space: — which will extend in two planes parallel to each other and to said lateral side of said at least one cell facing which said wall of the housing will then extend, — which will be separated by at least one partition, so as not to communicate with each other, and — which will be adapted so that there are present, as said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2) and at the same time or at different times of operation of the cells, respectively a first fluid flow (F2), dynamically present to circulate in a nominal operating state of the cells, and a second vaporizable flow (F1), originating from the same fluid flow or from a different fluid flow and adapted to be vaporized in said second space (17; 17-17b1, 17-17b2), in the event of overheating of at least one said cell.

[0036] In the application, the term "parallel" includes the situation where the two planes or surfaces concerned are merged.

[0037] If we return to the interest in terms of size and thermal / electrical performance in distributing the cells into groups in the housing, we will also note the interest that there may be: - that the cells are therefore distributed into several groups of cells, at least one of said walls which encloses at least one said space extends between two groups of cells, in the manner of an internal partition of the housing, and - so that said space of said internal partition then communicates with said spaces of other said walls of the housing, so that said at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2) can circulate from one space to the other.

[0038] In addition to the assembly which has just been presented, the invention also concerns: - a vehicle comprising such an assembly with all or part of its characteristics, and - a rolling vehicle: — comprising such a same set, and — which has a horizontal frame adapted to rest on a ground defined as horizontal, and where:

[0039] one of said walls each containing at least one said space for the flow(s) of heat exchange fluid(s) will be arranged parallel to said frame, facing it.

[0040] With the invention, such a “flat” arrangement is possible without impact on energy performance.

[0041] The aforementioned vehicle may even be such that said spaces in the walls of the housing, which will therefore define respective hollow interiors in these walls: - are so large that they will then occupy at least the majority of the interior of said walls, and - contain said at least one flow of fluid, which will then be in thermal exchange with said cells, to adapt the temperature.

[0042] The invention thus allows the flow(s) of heat exchange fluid(s) not to be limited to circulating in small tubes passing just under the cells, as in existing “cooling plates”.

[0043] It is also possible that the vehicle in question is such: - that the cells being distributed in this housing into several groups of cells, at least one of said walls each enclosing at least one said space extends between two groups of cells, like an internal partition of the housing, and - that, in the housing, said space of said internal partition communicates with said spaces of other said walls of the housing, so that said at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2) circulates, at a time, from one space to another space of a said other wall.

[0044] This will increase the heat exchange zones, without penalizing the size or complexity of the system.

[0045] Another possibility, with a vehicle in which: - each cell will have lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides defining the largest surfaces of each cell, and where, - in a said wall which will extend facing a said lateral side of at least one said cell, said at least one space will comprise at least a first space and at least a second space: — which will extend along two surfaces parallel to each other and to said lateral side of said at least one cell facing which said wall of the housing will then extend, — which will be separated by at least one partition, so as not to communicate with each other, and — which will contain, as said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2) and at the same time or at different times of operation of the cells, respectively a first fluid flow (F2), dynamically present to circulate in a nominal operating state of the cells, and a second vaporizable flow (F1), originating from the same fluid flow or from a different fluid flow, adapted to be vaporized in said second space in the event of overheating of at least one said cell which then no longer operates nominally.

[0046] Here again we will obtain a very thermally efficient solution, increasing the heat exchange zones, with a double level of heat exchange (double fluid flow F1 / F2), without penalizing the size.

[0047] In this case, to increase safety with respect to the cells in the event of thermal runaway, it is even proposed that: the cells presenting their nominal state following a first temperature range lower than a threshold of tem temperature from which the cells overheat or deteriorate, said flow of fluid (Fl) which is contained in the second space of at least one said wall arranged adjacent to at least one such cell which overheats is actually present in this second space: - either in the nominal state of the cells or when they overheat or are damaged, - either only during said overheating or alteration.

[0048] The invention thus offers both possibilities.

[0049] In this regard, it is also particularly provided: - that with cells therefore presenting a nominal state following a first temperature range lower than a temperature threshold from which they overheat or deteriorate, - the vehicle concerned includes: — a circuit for supplying and discharging fluid flow (F2) from at least some of said spaces in the walls of the housing, and, — a control unit which will control the supply of said fluid flow (F2) at the inlet and / or the evacuation of said fluid flow at the outlet, so that said fluid flow (F2) circulates in said spaces, while the cells are operating in the nominal state.

[0050] Thus, efficient dynamic exchanges will be ensured from the moment the cells operate in the nominal state.

[0051] To protect against cell overheating / alteration situations, it is also proposed that, in the second space, said fluid flow (Fl) is a fluid flow capable, at ambient pressure, of changing phase.

[0052] This will favorably be a flow of vaporizable fluid at the overheating temperature of the cells.

[0053] In this regard, it is also proposed: - that said fluid flow (Fl) is present in the second space, in the overheated state of at least one said cell with which it is in heat exchange, so that at a temperature threshold of said at least one cell said fluid flow (Fl) reaches its vaporization temperature, and - that the second space is then open, to allow evacuation of said flow of vaporized fluid (Fl) out of said wall.

[0054] And to promote the supply and evacuation of the thermal energy supplied or recovered by the fluid flow concerned, it is further proposed that, for said dynamic, circulating presence of the first fluid flow (F2), the first space communicates, in the wall which contains it, with an inlet and an outlet for the fluid flow, one of which will be connected to a pump or a fan, thus ensuring forced circulation of the fluid flow (F2) in the wall.

[0055] Another aspect of the invention even concerns the thermal protection of the housing itself, taking into account in particular the external environment in which it may be placed.

[0056] It is also proposed that at least some of said walls of the housing, each of which contains at least one space, are surrounded on several sides by at least one peripheral wall: - containing a phase change material (PCM) in a rigid structuring matrix, and - crossed by channels in which a flow of fluid (F3) can circulate so as to allow the MCP to be regenerated when the time comes. Brief description of the figures

[0057] [fig. 1] represents a vehicle; such as an automobile, provided with a housing according to the invention;

[0058] [fig.2] represents an example of a housing for electric battery cells, in accordance with the invention;

[0059] [fig.3] represents a wall (hereinafter sometimes called first wall or second wall, such as 11-1 Ibl or 11 -1 lb2) of the housing;

[0060] [fig.4] represents an exploded view which shows how it can be achieved a wall functionalized in accordance with the invention, as referenced 11 or 11-1 below; different cutaways detail enlarged areas;

[0061] [fig.5] represents an assembly according to the invention for thermal management of an electric battery, the assembly comprising at least a first and a second wall (in the example two pairs) joined by a connection block.

[0062] [fig.6] represents the case of [Fig. 2], three cutouts A,B,C detail possible enlarged areas;

[0063] [fig.7] represents a wall of the housing (called first wall) and a block of rac rope (marked 31) to engage one in the other;

[0064] [fig.8] represents an exploded view of an example of a housing according to the invention, with cells and with an assembly skeleton (59);

[0065] [fig.9] represents an assembled state of the view of [Fig. 8], without cell and in top perspective;

[0066] [fig. 10] represents an assembled state of the view of [Fig. 8], without cell and in perspective from below;

[0067] [fig.l 1] represents the assembled state of the view of [Fig. 9], with cells and complementary elements to be placed above and below for their thermal and / or mechanical protection,

[0068] [fig. 12] represents, in relation to [Fig. 2], a part of the circulation path of the fluid flow referenced F2, in the case of recycling, with associated means which can be provided, in one example,

[0069] [fig. 13] represents the housing and its electrical cells of [Fig. 2], without recycling of the fluid flow F2, but with two wall details, torn away, and

[0070] [fig.14] shows, in more detail than [Fig. 13], a corner area of ​​the thermal management side enclosure which may surround the housing, and in which a flow of fluid F3 may circulate, in one example,

[0071] [fig. 15] represents an alternative embodiment of the cells, therefore of the housing of the invention;

[0072] [fig. 16] represents another alternative embodiment of the cells, with a housing in accordance with the invention which can be like that of [Fig. 1] to [Fig. 8];

[0073] [fig. 17] represents yet another alternative embodiment of the cells, with a section along line XVII-XVII of [Fig. 16] and a casing in accordance with the invention which can also be like that of [Fig. 1] to [Fig. 8],

[0074] [fig.18] represents an alternative circulation of the flows F1 and F2, with a 90° tilting of the double wall compared to the position of figure 3,

[0075] [fig. 19] represents a housing according to the invention, with hollow walls as in figure 4, assembled, the fluid flows Fl circulating “in parallel” are shown, at certain places (so as not to overload the figure); and

[0076] [fig.20] represents the same box as figure 19; the fluid flows Fl (still crossed at 90° to the F2 flow) are shown, in certain places,

[0077] [fig.21] represents a housing according to the invention, tilted at 90° with respect to one any of the previous cases, with in addition cells always erect,

[0078] [fig.22] presents the solution of figure 22 with a partial exploded view at the location of a hollow walls and two connections which border it in a coplanar manner,

[0079] [fig.23] presents an alternative solution where one of the double plates of the solution of Figure 4 is replaced by a series of tubes occupying almost the same major surface area as in the case of Figure 4; and

[0080] [fig.24] presents another alternative solution where the two groups of three plates of the solution of figure 4 are each replaced by a double series of tubes each occupying almost the same major surface area as in the case of figure 4. Detailed description of the invention

[0081] In connection with the figures mentioned, the following refers to non-limiting examples. In Figure 1, a vehicle 1 is shown; an automobile in the example, which comprises for its movement (and therefore for rolling here on the ground 77, via the wheels 4) at least one electric motor 3 powered by an electric battery 5 with which motor 3 is therefore electrically connected.

[0082] The vehicle 1 can thus be electric or hybrid.

[0083] In Figure 2, in the vehicle 1, the cells 7 (see also Figure 8) of the battery 5 adapted to have electrochemical activity are contained in at least one interior space 9 delimited peripherally by walls (or faces) 11 of the housing 6.

[0084] The housing 6 is arranged in the external environment 13 which surrounds it, which is also that of the vehicle 1.

[0085] The housing 6 is polygonal. Each of its sides extends parallel to a face of a cell or a series of cells parallel to each other.

[0086] The battery 5, and therefore its cells 7, is placed on the chassis or floor 75 of the vehicle, assumed to be horizontal and which may include the (horizontal) bottom plate 35 cited below.

[0087] The battery 5 and the housing 6 which contains it and surrounds it on several sides could also be placed on a vehicle, such as a ship where a battery connected to an engine would need to be protected.

[0088] Each cell 7 presents: - a connection face or side 7a where electrical connection terminals 15 are located for electrical exchanges, - lateral faces, or lateral sides, 7b-7e which form an angle with the connecting face and are adjacent to it, and - a face or side 7f opposite to face 7a and may be the lower face.

[0089] In certain figures, INF and SUP indicate what is in part, zone or lower face, respectively upper.

[0090] The angle (figure 2) can be a right angle: a frequent case for parallelepiped cells.

[0091] A priori, the connection faces 7a of all the cells will be identically oriented in the interior space 9.

[0092] Among the lateral faces, each cell 7 has at least two opposite lateral faces 7b, 7e which define the largest surfaces of each cell.

[0093] The walls of the cells 7 are therefore, in the example chosen, rectangular parallelepipeds.

[0094] At least some of the walls 11 are functionalized, as already explained and as further detailed below.

[0095] In this regard, at least one of these walls 11 functionalized: - extends between groups of cells, or between cells, then forming at least one partition, such as 11-11b or 11-1 in figure 2, which compartmentalizes the interior space 9 of the housing, or - extends to the periphery of groups of cells, or of all cells, such that the walls 11-1 la or 11-lld figure 2. Functionalized, each of these walls, such as for example wall 11-1 le, figures 3-4 (we could just as well have referenced it 11-1 la or other): - is in thermal exchange with some of the cells 7 and / or with the external environment 13, and - contains at least one space 17 in which, at a given moment, a fluid flow (F1 or F2, figure 3) may be present, in heat exchange with some of the cells 7.

[0096] The expression “at a given moment” indicates that the aforementioned fluid flow is present in the space 17: - in the nominal state of the cells (while they generate electrochemical activity or an electrical discharge), therefore following their so-called first temperature range below the overheating threshold, - and / or in an abnormal state of at least one cell with which the fluid flow is in thermal exchange, adjacently, the temperature of this cell then being beyond said threshold: it overheats.

[0097] Functionalized in accordance with the invention, each said wall is further such: - that said at least one space 17, and therefore the corresponding wall (such as 11-1 le), has an inlet 23a and an outlet 23b for fluid flow, - that, in a fluid-flow-tight manner (via seals if necessary), the fluid flow inlet 23a and the fluid flow outlet 23b communicate with, respectively, a thermal fluid flow supply 25a and an outlet 25b of said fluid flow, so that the fluid flow can circulate in said at least one space 17.

[0098] In addition: - by the wall which surrounds it (the structural material 110 of this wall 11-1 le, in the example; figure 3) and by said sealed communications, the space considered is physically isolated from the cells 7, so that the flow of fluid which is present there (flow of fluid F2 in the example of figure 3) and the interior space 9 of the housing do not communicate, and - this same wall extends laterally, parallel to at least one of the lateral faces 7b-7e of at least one said cell 7.

[0099] The flow F2 may in particular advantageously be a liquid flow, more thermally efficient than a gas flow, such as a glycolated water flow.

[0100] The risk of leakage being prevented and enlarged heat exchange surfaces being available, it will be possible to provide that the supply 25a of thermal fluid flow is a supply of liquid, so that this liquid F2 reaches, via the inlet 23a, said at least one space 17, then passes from wall 11 to wall 11 (in the successive spaces 17).

[0101] The exploded view of figure 4 shows how a said wall functionalized in accordance with the invention, such as doncl 1-1 le.

[0102] Each of these walls can thus comprise at least one plate 170a having a first and a second opposite face 170aa, 170ab, at least one of which has edges 27al, 27a2 and / or 27bl, 27b2, and possibly also protrusions 26 defining, respectively between said edges (27al, 27a2 or 27bl, 27b2) and possibly between the protrusions, said at least one space 17.

[0103] Each plate 170a is generally flat, and rectangular in the example.

[0104] In the example, the protrusions 26 are formed by rectilinear ribs or undulations 26-26a parallel to each other (see local enlargement figure 4) which extend obliquely. Alternatively, on the face concerned, the protrusions 26 could be formed by granulation or punctual stampings 26-26b (see another local enlargement figure 4).

[0105] In each case, the tops of the protrusions 26 are applied against each other, bearing from one plate to the other, and the space 17 is defined by the spaces between the rectilinear ribs or the respective stampings of the two plates, outside their crossing or bearing zones.

[0106] Two identical plates, such as 170a, 170b, one rotated relative to the other by 180° around a median horizontal axis X contained in the plane 171 of these plates, and therefore of the wall 11 (11-1 in figures 3, 4) concerned, applied against each other will define between them a so-called space 17 (marked 17-17al or 17-17a2, figure 4). Thus arranged, these two plates 170a, 170b are such that their respective edges 27al, 27a2, located at the upper horizontal and lower horizontal edges respectively, are horizontal (parallel to the axis X), face each other and are supported two by two (see enlargement at the top of figure 4).

[0107] In this way, the fluid flow concerned (F2 in the example; but it could be the flow F1, see figures 18 and 20) will be channeled horizontally and be able to circulate from said space 17-17al or 17-17a2 (called the first space) from one wall to the same space of the wall which is adjacent to the previous one, along the axis X.

[0108] Between two such successive first and second walls, such as 11-11b 1, 11-11b2 or 11-1 Here, 11-1 lc2 figure 5 or 6, a hollow connection block 31 (also called connector) enclosing at least one space 310 communicating with the aforementioned spaces of these walls (such as 11-1 le or 11-1 la), respectively, will allow the flow of fluid F2 to circulate laterally, horizontally, in the interior space 9 or on the periphery of the housing, successively from walls 11 to walls 11, as illustrated by the arrows F2 figure 6 (where the arrowed circulation is however only an example).

[0109] In the cutaways in Figure 6, two different areas have been enlarged: - in the first zone surrounded by dotted lines and corresponding to enlargement A, we detail an intermediate wall 11 at the heart of the housing 6; Since it is located between two (groups of) cells 7, the wall has (preferably), internally, the two spaces 17-17al and 17-17a2 (for the circulation of the fluid flow F2), and, preferably, the other two safety spaces, with the openings 33 (through which the fusible fluid flow F1 can escape), and - in the second zone surrounded by dotted lines and corresponding to enlargement B or C, another wall 11 is detailed, this time peripheral to the housing 6; Since it is located around the (groups of) cells 7, the wall presents (preferably), internally: — either a space 17-17al (for the circulation of the fluid flow concerned) and an opening 33 (through which the other fluid flow Fl or F2 can escape, depending on whether we are in the case of figure 3 or figure 18); solution B figure 6 as an example; — or, as an alternative, a single space 17-17al (still for the circulation of the relevant fluid flow F2 or Fl), without opening 33 (therefore without space such as 17-17b 1 receiving the fusible fluid flow Fl); solution C figure 6 as an example (the dotted arrow marks indicate the hidden aspect of what is identified).

[0110] Note that solutions B or C could also be provided, in a degraded solution, in the intermediate walls at the heart of the housing 6, between two groups of cells, instead of solution A.

[0111] Also note in Figure 6 that the arrows (in thick bold) for the circulation of the fluid flow (F2 in the example) are therefore only a non-limiting example. Other paths, from wall 11 to wall 11, are possible; see Figures 19-20.

[0112] The interior circulation space(s) 310 in the connection blocks 31 may be different from that of FIG. 6, depending on where the connection block is placed and the number of spaces of the successive walls 11 to be connected in pairs.

[0113] Thus, it will be possible to have aligned spaces 310 (case where for example only the walls 11-111b, 11-11b2 need to communicate in figure 5), in T (block 31-31a in figure 6), in L (block 31-31b), in X (block 31-31c; see figure 7), in particular.

[0114] To also combine modularity, compactness and fluid flow distribution in the housing 6, it is also proposed that the (each) connection block 31 has at least two openings, such as 31a, 311b figure 7: - onto which the first or second open lateral side 110a1, 110a2 of said first and second walls open, respectively, and - each communicating with said at least one space 310 of the connection block, for an inlet or an outlet of said at least one flow of thermal fluid, such as F2.

[0115] For a sealed communication preventing fluid flow (in particular F2) reaches the internal space 9 of the housing, one (each) wall 11 and one (each) connection block 31 can be placed in end-to-end contact (see wall figure 3) or engaged one inside the other, two by two (see figure 7), and for example welded together, thus ensuring a watertight mechanical connection (see marks 5la, 51b figures 5, 7).

[0116] As already mentioned, another space (called “second space”) for thermal management (marked 17-17b 1 or 17-17b2, figure 4), with a flow of fluid F1 present inside at least in an abnormal situation of overheating of at least one of the cells 7, can therefore be provided in each wall 11.

[0117] To this end: - on the back of plate 170b (face 170ba figure 4), in addition to the possible protrusions 26, two edges 27bl, 27b2 extend along the vertical borders of the plate, - and a third plate 170c (figure 4) is provided, identical to the plate 170b, but rotated one by itself by 180° around said median horizontal axis X contained in the plane 171 of these plates, and therefore of the wall 11 (11-1 in figure 4) concerned.

[0118] Thus arranged, these two plates 170b, 170c are such that their respective lateral edges 27bl, 27b2, located on the left vertical and right vertical edges respectively, on either side of the protrusions 26, are vertical (perpendicular to the X axis), face each other and are supported two by two (see enlargement on the right of figure 4).

[0119] In this way, the flow of fluid F1 will be channeled vertically and will be able to escape through the opening (the slot) 33 in the upper horizontal part of the space concerned, such as that 17-17b 1 figure 4; see also figure 3.

[0120] In the lower horizontal part of the same space 17, the same opening (or slot) 33 may exist. Thus, it will be possible to internally supply, with a flow of fusible fluid F1 and when the time comes, the space(s) concerned of one or more walls 11, from a source 71; see figure 6. Seals may be placed there, for the sealing of the flow of fluid, if necessary.

[0121] At least in the second space mentioned above (17-17b 1 and / or 17-17b2 figure 4), and for a dynamic presence via the source 71, the inlet or outlet of this second space will be connected to a pump or a fan (73; figure 6), ensuring a forced supply of fluid flow F1 at the inlet.

[0122] At least one fan or at least one pump 53, 43 will ensure the same thing for the fluid flow F2 (see below). And the same thing for a fluid flow F3, if it exists: see below and supply 79 of fluid flow F3 connected to the inlets 322 in one or more walls 37 (respective spaces 17-17c), via a pump or a fan (reference 81 figure 13). Outlets 323 allow the fluid flow F3 to leave the wall(s) 37, therefore the respective spaces 17-17c, after having circulated there.

[0123] Gaskets may be placed at the inlet of the housing and / or at the outlet, for sealing. of the fluid flow F3, if necessary.

[0124] By channels (not shown) open in at least one bottom plate 35 (see figure 3) extending under the edges of the walls 11 (but also preferably under the entire bottom of the housing 6 and under the cells 7), the flow of fluid F1 could moreover circulate between the (second) space 17-17b 1 and / or 17-17b2 of a wall and the same (second) space of the wall which is adjacent to the previous one, so as to then create a situation of communicating vessels, making it possible to balance the levels in the spaces, in particular if the flow of fluid F1 is a liquid (or has at least one liquid phase in the nominal state of the cells).

[0125] The fluid flow F1 will be a vaporizable fluid, such as water (glycolated or not).

[0126] To optimize the safety / thermal management compromise, this flow of fluid Fl will thus be usefully adapted to change phase, at ambient temperature and pressure (20°C; atmospheric pressure).

[0127] In Figure 4, the wall 11-1 le is formed from a pair of double spaces, respectively 17-17al, 17-17b 1 and 17-17a2,17-17b2, these two double spaces being separated by an intermediate thermal insulation plate 29.

[0128] Indeed, the wall 11-11c, like that 11-11b, is one of those which extends between two cells 7, therefore in the interior part of the housing, in the space 9 which these walls compartmentalize.

[0129] In a cross, such compartmentalization further increases the mechanical resistance of the housing 6 and the thermal management of the cells.

[0130] On either side of the thermal insulation plate 29, each space 17 (17-17al or 17-17b 1 for example) is in thermal exchange with at least the cell 7 which is adjacent to it.

[0131] Thus, the plate 170a (its outer face 170aa) stands against one of these cells. If an air film 30 exists between them, in particular due to the protrusions 26, no fluid flow circulates there.

[0132] The thermal insulation plate 29 acts as a screen, so as to prevent overheating from one cell 7 from spreading to another. The aforementioned pair of double spaces acts on either side.

[0133] On the outer periphery of the housing 6, on the other hand, it will be possible to be satisfied with a simple wall (such as 11-1 la, 11-1 Id) (a series of such successive walls), with or without a thermal insulation plate 29 at its(their) own outer periphery.

[0134] Thus, with, for each functionalized wall 11, a first and a second space (17-17al and 17-17a2 or 17-17b 1 and 17-17b2), or even a pair of such first and second spaces (as illustrated in figure 3), we will have first and second spaces: - who will not communicate with each other, - which will be adapted so that there are present, at the same time or at different times, respectively said at least one flow of thermal fluid (such as F2) and another flow of fluid (such as Fl), the first flow of fluid being present dynamically, the other flow of fluid being able to be present statically or dynamically: Without opening 33 in the bottom of the wall, in said second space 17-17b 1, or 17-17bl and 17-17b2, the flow of fluid Fl will be present statically, otherwise it will be present dynamically, because in circulation (the communicating vessel implying circulation).

[0135] With the static or dynamic presence of such fluid flows F1 and / or F2 on the lateral faces of the housing (therefore, in the examples up to figure 20, neither on the upper face, nor on the face where the terminals 15 are, nor on the lower face, where the bottom plate 35 will be found), the housing 6 will in any case comprise several said functionalized walls 11 each having said at least one space 17 standing around the cells 7, or groups of cells, to define at least a part of the housing 6, which will entirely surround the cells (arranged with their terminals 7 on the upper or lower horizontal face), or groups of such cells, on several adjacent sides of the housing.

[0136] More precisely, it is provided that these functionalized walls 11 define a closed external contour (or perimeter) C1 of the housing, extending around the cells 7, considered all together (as in figure 13), or around the groups of cells considered all together (as in figure 2).

[0137] It is also possible, to further improve thermal control and safety, for the functionalized walls 11 to extend between two groups of (several) cells, to partition the housing 6, as illustrated in Figure 2 (see for example wall 11-1 Here and 11-1 lc2 Figure 6).

[0138] If we return to the situation on the outer periphery of the housing 6, we can provide for a complementary circulation of another fluid flow, F3 (see figures 13, 14), intended a priori to recharge the MCP, on the outer periphery of the housing (see below).

[0139] What follows in connection with the fluid flow F3 is independent of the preceding description in connection with the figures. The fluid flow F3 will a priori be different from the fluid flows F1 and / or F2. The fluid flow F3 may be gaseous, such as air, which may be ventilated, therefore under pressure.

[0140] Thus, whatever the way of producing said functionalized walls 11 and their internal spaces 17, it may be useful (still in terms of thermal management of the cells) for at least one layer or plate of thermal insulation 39 (which may be a PIV, vacuum insulating panel) to be able to be interposed (erected vertically on the lateral face of the housing) between the wall 37 containing the third space 17-17c and an external mechanically protective wall 40 which will be adjacent to it; see figures 13, 14.

[0141] At least one other layer or plate of phase change material (PCM) 4la, 41b may even be interposed (erected vertically on the lateral face of the housing) between the thermal insulator 39 and the wall 37 containing the third space 17-17c.

[0142] One or two layers or plates of MCP 41a and 41b containing MCPs that differ in terms of phase change temperatures will be able to cope with external environment temperatures 13 that may be very cold at one time and very hot at another time.

[0143] The (each) wall 37 may comprise two plates 37a, 37b (figure 14) crossed (in the example horizontally) along the walls 11 of the housing which are parallel to it, by channels forming said third space 17-17c; see figures 13, 14.

[0144] The material of the plates 37a, 37b contains MCP (phase change material) in a rigid structuring matrix. It will preferably be MCP (phase change material) in a polymer matrix.

[0145] The flow of fluid F3 circulating in the channels will in particular allow the MCP to be regenerated when the time comes.

[0146] Thus, a self-supporting composite body will be available regardless of the phase of the MCP (solid or liquid in particular). The channels, tubes or chutes of the peripheral passage of the fluid flow F3 may be integrated or added (tubes or chutes) in the wall 37.

[0147] With such an association between MCP, the circulating flow of fluid F3 and a surrounding thermal insulator, it will be possible to create a high-performance dynamic thermal barrier.

[0148] Between two adjacent walls 37, consecutive along the circulation path of the fluid flow F3 along the walls 11 of the housing 6, parallel to the circulation path of the fluid flow F2, if it exists, a complementary connection block 32 will be interposed which may be functionally identical to the connection block 31.

[0149] Thus, each complementary connection block 32 comprises an interior space 320, and at least two openings (depending on the shape in I, in X, in L as in figure 14, in T...) such as 321a, 321b figure 14: - onto which the said third space 17-17c of the walls 37 open laterally, and - each communicating with the interior space 320, for an inlet or an outlet of the flow of thermal fluid F3, and therefore for its lateral circulation around the housing 6, along the walls 11 and the blocks 31.

[0150] For a sealed communication preventing the flow of fluid (here F3) from reaching the internal space 9 of the housing, one (each) wall 37 and one (each) block of rac complementary cord 32 can be engaged one inside the other, two by two (see figure 14), tightly, thus ensuring a watertight mechanical connection (see marks 330a, 330b figure 14).

[0151] Thus, it will be understood that on the outer periphery of the housing 6, at least on the aforementioned contour Cl, or on this contour Cl and between two groups of cells 7 (as an intermediate partition as mentioned above), we can therefore find: - either a single flow of fluid Fl or F2, - either the two fluid flows Fl, F2, with therefore side walls (such as 11-1 la, 11-1 Id) each simple (with two adjacent parallel lateral spaces, such as 17-17a2 and 17-17b2), - either the two fluid flows F2, F3, with therefore side walls each always simple, with two adjacent parallel lateral spaces, such as 17-17a2 and 17-17c, - either the two fluid flows Fl, F3, with therefore always simple walls each erected laterally, with two adjacent lateral spaces, such as 17-17b2 and 17-17c, - either the three fluid flows Fl, F2, F3, with walls each erected laterally, with three adjacent lateral spaces, such as 17-17a2, 17-17b2 and 17-17c, as illustrated in figure 13.

[0152] In each case, all the spaces where the fluid flows (respectively therefore F1, F2, F3 or F1, F2, or F1, F3 or F2, F3) are parallel to each other and adjacent (therefore present on the same face of the housing) may be integrated into the same so-called functionalized wall.

[0153] Also note that, wherever, when the fluid flow F1 is coupled with the fluid flow F2, the space (17- 17b 1 or 17- 17b2) of the fluid flow F1 will be arranged laterally, adjacent to the space of the fluid flow F2, but outside of it. Thus, we will find: - a cell 7, then, - the (so-called first) space (17-17al or 17-17a2) of the fluid flow F2, then - the (so-called second) space (17- 17b 1 or 17- 17b2) of the fluid flow Fl.

[0154] Even further away from said cell, one could find either an insulator 29, or the space 17-17c of the third fluid flow F3.

[0155] In this way, if (at least) one electric cell, such as 7-7a figure 4, adjacent to a “functionalized” wall, such as 11-1a, generates an electrochemical activity: - it will naturally heat up in what has been called its nominal state, following a first range of temperatures (for example between 20 and 35°C for Li-ion cells) lower than a threshold, for example 35°C in the above case, - but it risks at some point reaching an abnormal state, by overheating beyond the said threshold or by deteriorating.

[0156] Same for cell 7-7b adjacent to space 17-17a2 located opposite this wall 11-1 which is therefore in the example a partition wall between two groups of cells 7.

[0157] At least when this abnormal state is reached, and preferably from the nominal state, fluid flow F1 will be present in said second spaces (17-17bl; 17-17b2).

[0158] Furthermore, preferably during this nominal state, the temperature of these cells such as 7-7a 7-7b will be able to be thermally managed by heat exchange between them and the flow of fluid F2 circulating in the (so-called first) space (17-17al or 17-17a2) closest to the cell concerned.

[0159] If provided, the insulating layer 29 will act as a thermal screen between the two groups of cells to which cells 7-7a and 7-7b respectively belong.

[0160] The heat exchange between the fluid flow F2 and the nearest cell will make it possible to limit the risk of overheating, all the more so with a liquid fluid flow and when we are on the lateral side of the cells (7b-7e), therefore on the largest exchange surfaces.

[0161] If there is overheating despite everything, the heat from the cell will heat the flow of fluid Fl present in said second closest space (17-17b 1 or 17-17b2).

[0162] This can lead to a phase change of this fluid flow which, if it reaches its vaporization temperature and therefore vaporizes (at ambient pressure), can then be evacuated in the gas phase through the opening 33 of the space concerned (arrows Fl figure 3 or 18).

[0163] It will also be noted that unlike the periphery of the housing 6 which is at the interface between the external environment 13 and the cells 7, the entire part of the internal space 9 of the housing which can extend between two groups of cells 7 will also be favorably exclusively reserved for the heat exchange between: - the aforementioned functionalized wall (such as the walls 11-11b, 11-11c) forming at least one said partition, and - at least the cells 7 which are adjacent to it (them), so that no phase change material will then be placed, neither in these walls (see figure 4 where no MCP is provided) nor between them and the adjacent cell 7 considered.

[0164] This will optimize the compromise between mechanical resistance / size / weight / thermal management.

[0165] On the other hand, for the same purpose and within the same group of cells 7, it will be possible to place between two successive (adjacent) cells 7 a layer or plate of MCP 41c, as illustrated in Figure 2. Each MCP 41c will smooth out the thermal jolts of the cells adjacent to it.

[0166] As for fluid F3, what follows in connection with the circulation of the fluid flow F2 is independent of the preceding description in connection with the figures.

[0167] As already noted, the flow of thermal fluid F2 is dynamic. We will thus be able to take advantage of it leaving the walls 11, and therefore (from the interior space 9) of the housing 6, via the outlets 23b, so that its evacuation 25b communicates via a recycling circuit 39 which makes it possible to recycle at least part of the flow of thermal fluid towards the supply 25a; see figure 2.

[0168] At least one three-way valve 41 with variable flow rate may allow all or part of the fluid flow F2 leaving the housing 6 to be recycled, including in the solution of figures 18-19 in which a collection cover (not shown) may cover the open face of the housing on which the openings 23b exit.

[0169] To promote energy performance, it will be useful to find on the recycling circuit 39 a means 43 of forced circulation (pump if the fluid flow F2 is a liquid, fan, if it is a gas) and an exchanger 45 (between the fluid flow F2 and another fluid flow F4), to a priori cool the fluid flow F2 and recycle it in 25a colder than it left the housing; see figure 12 where, like figure 2, the circulation path of the fluid flow F2 is provided only as a non-limiting example.

[0170] Still concerning this flow of fluid F2, it may be advantageous for a control unit 49 (figure 12) to control the supply of this flow of thermal fluid at the inlet and / or the evacuation of said flow of fluid at the outlet, so that the flow of fluid F2 thus circulates in said at least one space 17; 17-17al, 17-17a2 while the cells 7 are in the nominal state.

[0171] A priori, it should also be of interest for this flow of fluid F2 to also circulate in said at least one space 17; 17-17al, 17-17a2 while the cells 7 are in an abnormal state: below or beyond the minimum and maximum temperature thresholds for nominal operation of the cells, i.e.: - below 10°C as the minimum temperature threshold, and - above 35°C as the maximum temperature threshold.

[0172] Whether or not there is recycling of the fluid flow F2, a control unit 49 may be connected with at least one temperature sensor 51 capturing the temperature of the (at least one) cell(s) 7; figure 2.

[0173] The control unit 49 may be connected with at least one temperature sensor 51 capturing the temperature of the (at least one) cell(s); figure 2.

[0174] For a forced supply of fluid flow F2 in the absence of recycling (or as a substitute for the means 43), a circulation means 53, connected with the control unit 49, will ensure the forced circulation of said fluid flow, in the housing 6 (its walls 11).

[0175] The control unit 49 may also be connected with the three-way valve(s) 41 for control; figure 12.

[0176] As for the fluid F3 and the circulation of the fluid flow F2, the following in connection with the circulation of the fluid flows Fl and / or F2 and / or F3 in the housing 6 is independent of the preceding description in connection with the figures.

[0177] Thus, concerning this circulation of the fluid flows F1 and / or F2 and / or F3, and whether there is one such flow (F1 or F2), two (F1 and F2) or three (F1, F2 and F3), we will also note the following: - in relation to the flow of fluid Fl; it is therefore a flow of fusible fluid whose circulation is responsible, by boiling or vaporization of the flow of fluid Fl in the corresponding space of the wall 11 considered, for ensuring the evacuation of heat during thermal runaway of a cell and / or a group of cells, - in relation to the fluid flow F2; it is therefore a fluid flow whose circulation is responsible for ensuring that the cells 7 are kept in nominal condition during their operation (electrical production): — cooling if they heat up, — heating if they are still cold, because if a cell has to operate at too low a temperature (for a Li-Ion cell, an operating temperature between +10°C and +35°C is ideal; in nominal terms, the permitted temperature range for charging can be considered as between 0 and +45°C, and -20°C to +60°C for discharging).

[0178] Thus, it may be beneficial to heat the cells to promote their charging, if the outside temperature is less than 10°C, for example following parking during cold winter periods.

[0179] By abuse of language, however, we refer generally in this text to a “cooling circuit”, because it is likely that cooling is more frequent than heating.

[0180] Providing a circulation of thermal fluid flow only under the cells 7 as already proposed on certain vehicles is however inappropriate (accessibility, efficiency, insufficient maintenance, etc.).

[0181] The positioning (as in the invention) on several sides of the housing, and therefore of the cells, and which can in particular be perimetric (over the entire closed contour Cl figure 2 or 21), of this cooling circuit, with walls 11 typically extending, on the outer periphery of the housing 6, must make it possible to very effectively evacuate the heat produced by the cells. It must in particular make it possible to treat the hot spots present near the connections 15.

[0182] If this peripheral positioning, on several sides, is present: - on (at least) the two opposite lateral faces of greater lengths of the cells, as in figure 2, - or in a plane P2 perpendicular to an axis Bl, or to several axes B1 parallel to each other (as figure 21) of alignment of the cells 7 by their largest faces 7b,7e,

[0183] it makes it possible to significantly increase the exchange surface compared to an exchange surface under the cells, and this without any significant risk of fluid flow given the proposed design.

[0184] During a rapid recharge (time less than 5 minutes for example), a thermal power of for example 20 kW should be able to be dissipated at the level of a group of cells (a compartment figure 2 or 8), instead of for example 2 kW in nominal use. This heat should be able to increase the temperature of the entire battery pack 5, to a temperature level higher than the admissible temperature for normal operation of the pack. Devices such as elements (or plates) loaded with MCP could (could) make it possible to dampen this increase in temperature for example by 3 to 10°C. However, at the end of rapid recharge, a more efficient cooling system for the modules becomes a necessity: — via a lower temperature for the flow of cooling fluid F2 (which implies modification of the cooling instructions and a loss of efficiency of the cold producer), and / or — via an increase in flow rate (which requires a variable flow pump and higher consumption) and / or — via an increase in exchange surfaces.

[0185] Among the thermal advantages of the peripheral solution, on several sides, and in particular perimeter, proposed by the invention, we can note: - better homogenization of temperatures within cell 7 when there is such cooling, - a large heat exchange surface area available: exchange plates with a lower thermal conductivity than that of aluminium or stainless steel can be considered: composite, plastic, glass, with certainly a higher thermal resistance; but this can be compensated by a larger exchange surface area and a higher convective exchange coefficient within the cooling path, including in particular if protrusions 26 are present.

[0186] In relation to the fluid flow F3, this is therefore a fluid flow whose circulation can be responsible for ensuring the temperature of compartment 9 / cells 7 is maintained while the cells are not operating (no electrical production). The circulation of the fluid flow F3 can allow the PCM side plates 41a, 41b to be thermally recharged, if they exist.

[0187] In the solution of figure 15, the prismatic cells 7 of the battery 5 have lateral connection terminals 15, here marked 15a (anode) and 15b (cathode).

[0188] These connection terminals 15 are neither on the upper face 7a, nor on the opposite lower face, but here on two opposite lateral faces 7c, 7d.

[0189] This requires that the functionalized walls 11 of the housing 6 of the invention be lower (in this case vertically therefore) than the cells 7: H3 <H4 figure 15.

[0190] By not extending to the level of these lateral connection terminals 15, the walls 11 and the connection blocks 31 will not interfere with the connection terminals 15 which will therefore overhang them, on the two longest opposite sides of the housing 6 in the illustrated example. This makes it possible not to interfere with the electrical connections and the circulation of the fluid flow(s) F1, F2 and / or F3.

[0191] Figure 16 illustrates an example where the cells 7 of the battery 5 are cylindrical and have upper connection terminals 15: The two terminals, here marked 15a (anode) and 15b (cathode), are on the upper face 7a of each cell.

[0192] Figure 17 illustrates an example where the cells 7 of the battery 5 are still cylindrical; but with connection terminals 15a and 15b, one on the upper face 7a, the other on the lower face 7f:

[0193] Although the electrical connections between the cells and with the motor 3 are not illustrated, it is understood that the battery 5 is always, in particular in the two examples of figures 16-17, in its functionalized housing 6.

[0194] The walls 11 and the connection blocks 31 are located laterally with respect to the opposite faces 7a, 7f of the cells, again so as not to interfere with the connection terminals 15.

[0195] In Figures 16-17, said other fluid flow F1 has been assumed to be present statically in the walls 11. The inlets and outlets of the fluid flow F2 into and out of the housing 6 have not been illustrated.

[0196] On the other hand, in Figure 16, an inlet 23a and an outlet 23b of the fluid flow F2 circulating in one of the walls 11 have been illustrated. Internally, in each wall 11, the embodiment can be as illustrated in Figure 17, that is to say as Figure 3 or 7.

[0197] A solution tilted by 90° around a central axis A perpendicular to the plane P (figure 18) of the panel(s) 11 which can follow one another in a coplanar manner, as shown diagrammatically in figure 5 or 6, is however possible.

[0198] In this case, as illustrated in figures 18, 19 and 20: - the fluid flow Fl will circulate “in series” and will be evacuated from panel 11 to adjacent panel 11 (arrows Fl figure 20), via the connection blocks 31, while: - the fluid flow F2 will circulate “in parallel” (each panel connects its drain(s); arrow F2 figure 19).

[0199] If the walls 11 are erected, the fluid flow F2 can circulate from bottom to top or vice versa (the arrows would then be downwards in Figure 18). Similarly, it is possible to have a “series” path of the fluid flow F1 other than that of the example in Figure 20.

[0200] In any case, we expect even better thermal management of the cells 7 thanks to maintaining the fluid flow(s) (F1, F2) at a lower temperature for a longer period.

[0201] The above can of course be applied to the case of figures 21-22 where the rolling vehicle concerned, of which a part of the horizontal chassis has been schematized, namely the (horizontal) bottom plate 35, comprises a housing 6 as presented above (walls 11 on several sides with in particular flow F1 and / or F2) but with the particularity that one of said walls of the housing (11-1 la in the figure) which encloses at least one said space (17- 17al / 17- 17b 1 in the figure) is oriented, on the vehicle, to be arranged parallel to said chassis (to its bottom plate 35), facing it.

[0202] Thus, the contour Cl is in a vertical plane P2 and the axis(es) B1 of aligned arrangement of the cells, by line, is horizontal.

[0203] With the help of this figure (considered solely as a non-limiting example), it will be noted that, if in accordance with the invention, the housing 6 surrounds on several sides of this housing (and therefore the cells 7): - the said cells considered all together, or - the groups of cells 7 considered all together, it is possible that the walls 11 with hollow interiors (therefore with internal space(s) 11) allowing at least one of the fluids F1 and F2 to be present therein are organized as follows: one of these walls (marked 11-1 le) is a bottom wall, located in a plane parallel to the plane P2.

[0204] Thus, the functionalized walls 11 can extend in three perpendicular planes, these walls being adjacent two by two, so that one and / or the other of the fluids F1 and F2 can, if necessary, pass from one wall 11 to the adjacent wall 11.

[0205] In the solution of figures 21 and 22, we can also note: - that each cell 7 has lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides (including that 7th) defining the largest surfaces of each cell 7, and - that the perimeter Cl extends perpendicularly to the said largest surfaces of the cells considered all together or of the groups (here of the two groups) of cells considered all together.

[0206] This can in particular allow for efficient arrangement of the cells: - with their connection faces (terminals 15) arranged face to face, from one line to the next line, parallel to the plane P2, the terminals 15 being oriented towards the center of the housing where a free volume 55 allows the installation of the cables (not shown) for electrical connections of the cells between them and with the electric motor concerned, - and with their thin edges (sides of smaller surfaces 7a and 7f) elongated vertically.

[0207] A back-to-back orientation would have been less practical.

[0208] Differently, in the solution of figures 2, 13 and 15: - if each cell 7 always has lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides (7b,7e) defining the largest surfaces of each cell, - the perimeter Cl passes around the said largest surfaces of the cells considered all together or the groups of cells considered all together.

[0209] As already mentioned, these two solutions are very efficient in terms of thermal efficiency, energy performance and / or compactness or size.

[0210] In this regard, it can be noted that in both cases, each cell 7 therefore has lateral sides with, among these sides, two which are opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) which define the largest surfaces of each cell parallel to which the cells are arranged in the housing, along a line (figure 15) or several lines (figure 2 or 13).

[0211] Concerning the walls 11 which enclose said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17- 17bl, 17- 17b2...), it is also worth noting the following: these walls each have two opposite elongated thin edges (11 la and 111b figure 7) which each extend: - either between two connections 31 by which two said walls 11 are assembled (as figure 7), - either between two successive angles of the housing 6 (such as angles 57a and 57b in figure 11) which limit its sides.

[0212] In the latter case, the housing 6 could be in one piece (with walls 11 integrated together, for example molded all together, the bottom (11-1 in figure 21) also being able to be integrated or attached by fixing with the other walls)

[0213] With this embodiment of wall 11 with thin edges such as 11a and 111b, the walls 11 concerned with interior spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2....) will each extend favorably in a plane (171 figure 3 and P3 figure 11): - perpendicular to said thin edges, and - according to which the wall has a surface S (see hatching in figure 11 and perimeter in alternating long / short lines in figure 3).

[0214] The surface S is delimited by said two thin edges 111a and 111b and: — either said two successive angles (such as 57a and 57b) of the housing, — or said two connections 31.

[0215] Furthermore, said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b1, 17-17b2) of the walls of the housing occupy most of the surfaces (S) of these walls.

[0216] In other words, for optimized efficiency in terms of heat exchange performance, it is advisable that said spaces (17...) of the walls of the housing which define respective hollow interiors in these walls: - are so large that they occupy at least the majority of the interior of the said walls, and - contain said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2), which is then in heat exchange with said cells, to adapt the temperature.

[0217] Thus, as already mentioned, these walls can be made so that a single fluid F1 or F2, or two fluids F1 / F2, are present internally.

[0218] Another solution is also to be considered. Two examples are illustrated in figures 23 and 24.

[0219] This solution is partly inspired by a network realization of at least one of the spaces 17. Indeed, in the solution with internal protrusions 26, these protrusions form a network adapted so that the flow of fluid F1 or F2 can circulate in the corresponding space 17.

[0220] Thus, we will not necessarily find, as space 17 sufficiently large to occupy at least the majority of the interior of said walls 11 (therefore of said surface S), a single space, but a networked or compartmentalized space.

[0221] In the solution of figure 23, one of the plates or panels defining the wall, here the outer plate or panel 170a, has been replaced by a series 1700a of tubes 173. The fact that in the example it is on the two opposite lateral faces of the panel 11 (two series 1700a) does not change anything.

[0222] If we look at one of these faces (or at each face considered in itself), the tubes 173 of an entire series (like that on the front figure 23) all together define a surface for the passage of the fluid F2 almost equivalent to the previous cases and which is as voluminous as mentioned above: the series of tubes 173 extends over almost the entire said surface S. All the tubes 173 are therefore hollow and extend along the aforementioned surface S; in this case over the entire length L of the remaining plates 170b, 170c between which a fluid F1 can be present, as previously. Parallel or not to each other, all the tubes 173 of one (of each) series will form a structure extending parallel to the aforementioned common plane 171 of the remaining plates of the wall.

[0223] If necessary, the ends of each tube 173 may be in fluid connection with the connectors 31 already presented, so that such a panel 11 can be connected to another adjacent identical panel 11.

[0224] The solution of Figure 24 differs from that of Figure 23 in that the three plates 170a, 170b, 170c of the first solution have been replaced by two adjacent series 1700a, 1700b, placed against each other along the plane 171.

[0225] Each series allows one of the fluids F2 (the outermost) and Fl (the innermost) to circulate and the series of tubes 173 occupies almost the equivalent of the entire surface area S previously defined.

[0226] Between the two most central series 1700b in the plane 171 extends the thermal insulating panel 29, to place this solution as a perfect alternative to that of the figure 4, and equivalent to it in terms of heat exchange performance with the cells 7 standing in this case on either side, parallel to the plane 171.

[0227] The tubes 173 may be metallic, for example made of aluminum. But in fact, whether formed with plates, tubes or other materials, the hollow walls 11 will be made of polymer (plastic) or metallic material, or even composite, but a priori without PCM. As a polymer material, an interest has been shown for an elastomer. As a composite, we can notably cite an organic matrix composite (OMC) or a metal matrix composite (MMC). Metallic, the walls would advantageously be thermally conductive with a conductivity X greater than 1 W / mk, and even preferably greater than 5, or even 10 W / mk, in fact greater than the conductivity / . of PCMs which may be used elsewhere in the housing 6.

[0228] If they extend opposite a flat plate of the housing (such as 170b or 170c in the solution of Figure 23), they may be fixed to it, for example by gluing or welding.

[0229] In the solution of figure 24 with two adjacent series 1700a, 1700b of tubes, the series can also be fixed together and to the plate 29 in this case, to form a unitary assembly.

[0230] If the tubes 173 of a series are vertical, they may have a lower end with a closed bottom 173a and contain a fluid Fl which will vaporize when the time comes, if there is overheating of an adjacent cell.

[0231] In a situation of wall 11 with two fluids F1 and F2, whether with two adjacent series 1700a, 1700b of tubes or with a wall 11 with double internal spaces (such as 17-17al and 17-17b1 and / or 17-17a2 and 17-17b2) parallel to each other along the plane of this wall (such as plane 171 figure 3), the circulations of these two fluids F1 and F2 in the wall will preferably be crossed with respect to each other as in the drawings; but this is not strictly imperative: parallel flows could be provided (rectilinear or bent, depending for example on the way of placing the edges (27al, 27a2, 2bl..) on the plates 170a, 170b, 170c in a solution comparable to that of figure 4).

Claims

Claims

1. Assembly comprising: - several cells or groups of cells (7) of an electric battery (5), and - a housing (6) containing all of said cells, the housing (6) peripherally comprising several sides and one or more walls (11) per side, said walls (11) each enclosing at least one space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b 1, 17-17b2) adapted to receive at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2) capable of being in heat exchange with the cells, for their thermal management, the housing surrounding on several sides: - said cells (7) considered all together, or - the groups of cells (7) considered all together, and - at least one peripheral wall (37) surrounding at least some of said walls (11) of the housing which each enclose at least one space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2;17- 17b 1, 17-17b2), said at least one peripheral wall (37): — containing a phase change material in a rigid structuring matrix, and — being crossed by channels (17-17c) in which a flow of fluid (F3) can circulate so as to allow the phase change material to be regenerated when the time comes.;

2. Assembly according to claim 1, in which the housing (6) has a perimeter (Cl) and entirely surrounds, along said perimeter, the cells (7) considered all together or the groups of cells (7) considered all together.

3. Assembly according to claim 2, in which: - each cell has lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) defining the largest surfaces of each cell (7), and - the perimeter (Cl) passes around said largest surfaces of the cells considered all together or the groups of cells (7) considered all together.

4. An assembly according to any preceding claim, wherein each cell has lateral sides, of which two are opposite lateral sides (7b,7e) which define the largest surfaces of each cell (7) parallel to which the cells are arranged in the case, following one or more lines.

5. Assembly according to claim 1 or 2, in which: - each cell has terminals (15) for electrical connections, - each cell has lateral sides, among these sides two are opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) which define the largest surfaces of each cell (7) parallel to which the cells are arranged in the housing, along several lines, - and the cells are arranged with the terminals (15) for electrical connections facing each other, or back to back, from one line to the next line.

6. Assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which: - each cell has electrical connection terminals (15), and - said walls (11) each enclosing at least one space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) extend offset from the electrical connection terminals (15) of the cells, so as to extend, as close as possible: - either along lateral sides of cells devoid of said electrical connection terminals (15), - or as far as below the electrical connection terminals (15), on lateral sides of cells having said electrical connection terminals (15).

7. Assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, in which: - the walls (11) which enclose several said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b 1, 17-17b2) each have two opposite elongated thin edges which each extend: — either between two successive angles of the housing which limit the sides thereof, — or between two connections by which two said walls are assembled, - the walls (11) which enclose said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b 1, 17-17b2) each extend in a plane perpendicular to said thin edges and according to which the wall has a surface (S) delimited by said two thin edges and: — either said two successive angles of the housing, — or said two connections, and - said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) of the walls of the housing occupy most of the surfaces (S) of these walls.

8. An assembly according to any preceding claim wherein: - each cell has lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) defining the largest surfaces of each cell (7), and, - in a said wall (11) which extends opposite a said lateral side of at least one said cell, said at least one space comprises at least a first space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2) and at least a second space (17;17- 17bl, 17-17b2): — which extend in two planes parallel to each other and to said lateral side of said at least one cell facing which said wall (11) of the housing extends, — which are separated by at least one partition, so as not to communicate with each other, — and which are adapted to receive therein, as said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2) and at the same time or at different times of operation of the cells, respectively a first fluid flow (F2), dynamically present to circulate in a nominal operating state of the cells, and a second vaporizable flow (Fl), originating from the same fluid flow or from a different fluid flow and adapted to be vaporized in said second space (17; 17- 17b 1, 17-17b2), in the event of overheating of at least one said cell.;

9. Assembly according to any one of the preceding claims wherein, in the housing: - the cells being distributed into several groups of cells, at least one of said walls (11) which encloses at least one said space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b1, 17-17b2) extends between two groups of cells, in the manner of an internal partition of the housing, and - said space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) of said internal partition communicates with said spaces of other said walls of the housing, so that said at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2) can circulate from one space to the other.

10. A vehicle comprising an assembly according to any one of the preceding claims.

11. Rolling vehicle: - comprising an assembly according to claim 2, alone or in combination with any one of claims 3 to 9, and - which has a horizontal chassis adapted to rest on a ground defined as horizontal, one of said walls of the housing which each enclose at least one space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17M, 17-17b2) being arranged parallel to said frame ( ), facing it.

12. Vehicle according to claim 10 or 11, wherein said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) of the walls of the housing, which define respective hollow interiors in these walls: - are so voluminous that they occupy at least the majority of the interior of said walls, and - are adapted to receive said at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2), which is then in heat exchange with said cells, to adapt the temperature thereof.

13. Vehicle according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein, in the housing: - the cells being distributed in the housing into several groups of cells, at least one of said walls (11) each enclosing at least one said space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) extends between two groups of cells, like an internal partition of the housing, and - said space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17bl, 17-17b2) of said internal partition communicates with said spaces of other said walls of the housing, so that said at least one flow of fluid (F1, F2) can circulate, at a time, from one space to another space of a said other wall.

14. Vehicle according to any one of claims 10 to 13: - which comprises: - means for circulating said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2), and - as said at least one fluid flow (F1, F2), respectively a first fluid flow (F2) that said circulation means are adapted to circulate in a nominal operating state of the cells, and a second vaporizable flow (F1), originating from the same fluid flow or from a different fluid flow, and, - in which: - each cell has lateral sides among which two opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) defining the largest surfaces of each cell (7), and, - in a said wall (11) which extends opposite a said lateral side of at least one said cell, said at least one space comprises at least one first space (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2) and at least one second space (17; 17- 17bl, 17-17b2): — which extend along two surfaces parallel to each other and to said lateral side of said at least one cell facing which said wall (11) of the housing extends, — which are separated by at least one partition, so as not to communicate with each other, and — which are adapted to receive, at the same time or at different times of operation of the cells, respectively said first flow of fluid (F2), and said second vaporizable flow (F1), adapted to be vaporized in said second space (17; 17-17b 1, 17-17b2), in the event of overheating of at least one said cell which then no longer operates in the nominal state.

15. Vehicle according to claim 14, in which, the cells having the nominal state following a first temperature range lower than a temperature threshold from which they overheat or deteriorate, said fluid flow (F1) which is received in the second space (17; 17-17b1, 17-17b2) of at least one said wall arranged adjacent to at least one cell (7) which overheats is actually present in this second space: - either both in the nominal state of the cells and during overheating or deterioration, - or only during said overheating or deterioration.

16. Vehicle according to any one of claims 14 to 15 wherein, in the second space, said fluid flow (F1) is a fluid flow capable, at ambient pressure, of changing phase.

17. Vehicle according to one of claims 14 to 16, wherein: - said fluid flow (Fl) is present in the second space (17; 17- 17b 1, 17- 17b2), in the overheated state of at least one said cell with which it is in heat exchange, so that at a temperature threshold of said at least one cell said fluid flow (Fl) reaches its vaporization temperature, and - the second space is open (33), to allow evacuation of said vaporized fluid flow (Fl) out of said wall.

18. Vehicle according to any one of claims 14 to 17: - which comprises a pump (53) or a fan, ensuring forced circulation of the fluid flow (F2) in the wall, and - in which, for circulation of the first fluid flow (F2) towards and out of the wall, the first space (17; 17-17al) communicates, in the wall which contains it, with a fluid flow inlet and outlet, one of which is connected to the pump (53) or to the fan.

19. Vehicle according to any one of claims 10 to 18: - in which the cells have a nominal state following a first temperature range below a temperature threshold from which they overheat or deteriorate, and - which also includes: — a circuit for supplying (25a) and discharging fluid flow (F2) from at least some of said spaces (17; 17-17al, 17-17a2; 17-17b1, 17-17b2) of the walls of the housing, — and a control unit (49) which controls the supply of said fluid flow (F2) at the inlet and / or the evacuation of said fluid flow at the outlet, so that said fluid flow (F2) circulates in said spaces (17;17-17al,17-17a2), while the cells operate in the nominal state.

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