Fuel composition comprising a renewable base and a substituted phenol-type compound

Abstract

The present invention relates to a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFAs), and 0.5% to 10% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more compounds selected from aromatic amines conforming to the formula (I): (I) in which R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms and comprising at least one double bond. This composition is useful for powering any internal combustion engine of a land, marine, aerial, or space vehicle, and in particular an aircraft or rocket engine.

Description

Title of the invention: Fuel composition comprising a renewable base and a substituted phenol-type compound

[0001] The present invention relates to a fuel composition usable among other things in air transport, and which comprises one or more cuts made up of fatty acids and / or esters of hydrogenated fatty acids in association with at least one compound chosen from among the substituted phenols of particular formula defined below.

[0002] The present invention also relates to the use of such a composition to power a heat engine, such as, in particular but not limited to, an aircraft or rocket engine. PREVIOUS STATE OF THE ART

[0003] Fuels used in aeronautics and space propulsion are subject to very strict regulations which aim to guarantee a high level of safety during their use.

[0004] Thus, turbine engines (turbojets and turboprops) which equip the majority of airplanes and helicopters (civilian or military) use specific fuels called jet fuels, which are traditionally formulated from hydrocarbon cuts called kerosene cuts from the distillation of crude oils.

[0005] The reference jet fuel for civil aviation and the most widely used is Jet Al. Its properties are defined in the international standard ASTM D1655. The physical characteristics of this fuel meet the efficiency and safety criteria required in the field of air transport, whether for ground operations or flight phases. The main properties are:

[0006] - A high calorific value, of at least 42.8 MJ / kg. It represents the quantity of energy released per unit mass of fuel during its combustion. This quantity is very important because it gives the aircraft greater range for a constant onboard mass.

[0007] - A very low freezing point, which must be below -47°C, which allows to keep the fuel in a liquid state when the aircraft is in cruise flight, in a very low temperature environment.

[0008] - A flash point (or temperature above which fuel vapors can ignite in the presence of a flame), which must be above 38°C, in order to ensure safe handling of fuel on the ground.

[0009] Other properties such as sulfur content, acidity or fuel density are also defined in ASTM DI655.

[0010] The fight against climate change now requires air transport to reduce its fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions by adopting fuels with a low environmental impact, also known as sustainable aviation fuels or SAFs. A promising solution is to replace fossil fuel-based kerosene with bio-based fuels, such as those derived from the hydrogenation of natural esters and fatty acids, known as Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFAs). Indeed, fuels formulated from these fuels have characteristics relatively close to Jet Al jet fuel, making HEFAs excellent candidates for the aeronautical industry.

[0011] However, these HEFA bases are essentially made up of linear and branched paraffins (alkanes). Their chemical composition, devoid of aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, gives them a significantly lower auto-ignition temperature than traditional jet fuels based on fossil-derived kerosene, which leads to significant safety problems, particularly fire risks when using the fuel in the hot parts of aircraft and rocket engines.

[0012] It is therefore desirable to increase the auto-ignition temperature of this type of biofuel, in particular to enable their use in the aeronautical and aerospace industries.

[0013] One solution to this problem is to add one or more fuel bases rich in aromatic and / or naphthenic hydrocarbons to the HEFA base. However, the available aromatic and / or naphthenic fuel bases most often come from fossil sources, which are non-renewable. Furthermore, these bases are available in small quantities, are expensive, and require high incorporation rates to have a significant effect on the auto-ignition temperature.

[0014] As mentioned above, jet fuels must also have a very low freezing point, which is difficult to achieve with HEFA bases alone. It is therefore also desirable to have effective solutions for lowering the freezing point of fuel compositions containing significant amounts of HEFA bases.

[0015] Furthermore, due to their different chemical composition compared to fossil-based kerosenes, HEFA bases also present compatibility issues with certain materials used in the parts with which the fuel comes into contact. This stems from the fact that these bases are primarily composed of paraffins. They thus pose problems for their use in current aircraft, particularly related to their poor compatibility with the materials used in the seals employed in Fuel systems. One possible solution to this problem is to add an aromatic base to the paraffinic base. The article – Kramer S, Andac G, Heyne J, Ellsworth J, Herzig P and Lewis KC (2022) Perspectives on Fully Synthesized Sustainable Aviation Fuels: Direction and Opportunities. Front. Energy Res. 9:782823. doi:10.3389 / fenrg.202L782823 – presents the likely production pathways for so-called "100% drop-in" SAFs, by blending paraffinic and aromatic bases. However, even though aromatic compounds improve the fuel's compatibility with aircraft seals, they have a negative impact on combustion emissions, primarily on the formation of fine particles and the presence of trails.

[0016] The present invention aims to remedy the problems described above.

[0017] The present invention thus aims to propose new jet fuel compositions derived from renewable feedstocks, exhibiting improved combustion quality compared to existing jet fuel compositions, while preserving, or even improving at least one of their properties chosen from among their auto-ignition temperature, their freezing point, their compatibility with materials, in particular those constituting aeronautical seals, and their environmental impact.

[0018] The present invention aims in particular to propose a fuel composition based on fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA), which has an increased auto-ignition temperature without having to use bases rich in aromatic and / or naphthenic hydrocarbons in large quantities.

[0019] The present invention also aims to provide a fuel composition based on fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA), which has a lower freezing point.

[0020] The Applicant has now discovered that adding one or more compounds chosen from among the substituted phenols of formula (I) defined below, in a content in the range of 0.5 to 10% by mass, to a fuel base consisting of fatty acids and / or esters of hydrogenated fatty acids, in a content in the range of 0.5 to 10% by mass, made it possible to significantly increase the auto-ignition temperature of the mixture and to decrease its freezing point, while exhibiting good compatibility with the materials used in parts in contact with jet fuels, and thus to formulate a durable fuel suitable for use in the aeronautical and aerospace industries.

[0021] The present invention thus relates to a fuel composition comprising: a) at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFAs); and b) 0.5% to 10% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more compounds corresponding to formula (I) below: (I) in which R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms and having at least one double bond.

[0022] The composition according to the invention has a freezing point, measured in accordance with ASTM D7153-22, significantly lower than a composition comprising the same bases except for the compound(s) of formula (I).

[0023] Thus, the compound(s) of formula (I) can be used to lower the freezing point of a fuel composition, in particular a fuel composition for powering aircraft and rocket engines.

[0024] The composition according to the invention also has an auto-ignition temperature, measured in accordance with ASTM E659, significantly higher than a composition comprising the same bases except for the compound(s) of formula (I).

[0025] Thus, the compound(s) of formula (I) can be used to increase the auto-ignition temperature of a fuel composition, in particular a fuel composition for powering aircraft and rocket engines.

[0026] This increase in the auto-ignition temperature results in a reduction of the risk of fire when using the composition as fuel, including at high temperatures such as those found in aircraft and rocket engines. This reduction in fire risk advantageously increases the safety of the internal combustion engine, particularly the safety of aircraft and rocket engines.

[0027] While the auto-ignition temperature measured in accordance with ASTM E659 of a fuel composition consisting solely of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFAs) is sometimes less than 200°C, the auto-ignition temperature (measured according to the same standard) of the composition according to the invention is at least 200°C. Preferably, the auto-ignition temperature of the composition according to the invention is greater than or equal to 205°C and more preferably greater than or equal to 215°C.

[0028] This temperature is reached without having to add significant quantities of fuel bases rich in aromatic and / or naphthenic hydrocarbons.

[0029] Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, the aromatic hydrocarbon content of the composition according to the invention is less than 5% by mass, preferably less than 2% by mass, more preferably less than 1% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0030] Aromatic hydrocarbons are defined here as aromatic compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and devoid of heteroatoms. In particular, the compounds of formula (I) defined above do not constitute aromatic hydrocarbons within the meaning of the present invention.

[0031] According to an also preferred embodiment, the naphthenic hydrocarbon content of the composition according to the invention is less than 5% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0032] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the total content of naphthenic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons of the composition according to the invention is less than 5% by mass, preferably less than 4% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0033] The composition according to the invention also exhibits excellent compatibility with the materials used in aircraft parts, and in particular with the constituent materials of sealing gaskets such as, for example, elastomers.

[0034] The paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s) consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFAs) are bases of biological origin. Thus, the composition according to the invention comprises a majority of bio-based materials. It therefore has a high eco-material content. The mass content of eco-material in the composition is defined by the following equation: Eco-material content in % = 100 - (percentage of non-bio-based, non-biodegradable, non-recycled materials).

[0035] According to an advantageous embodiment, the composition has an eco-material content of at least 70% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, preferably at least 90% by mass, and more preferably at least 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0036] The composition according to the invention also exhibits good properties in terms of calorific value and flash point.

[0037] It is perfectly suited for use as fuel to power aircraft and rocket engines, but also and more generally for powering any internal combustion engine used in propulsion, whether on land, sea, air or space.

[0038] Thus, the present invention also relates to the use of the composition according to the invention to power an internal combustion engine of a land, sea, air or space propulsion vehicle, and preferably an aircraft or rocket engine.

[0039] Other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become even clearer upon reading the description and examples that follow.

[0040] In what follows, and unless otherwise indicated, the bounds of a range of values ​​are included in that range, in particular in the expressions "between" and "ranging from ... to ...". Furthermore, the expressions "at least one" and "at least" used in this description are respectively equivalent to the expressions "one or more" and "greater than or equal to". Finally, in a manner known in itself, a compound or group in CN is designated as a compound or group containing in its chemical structure N carbon atoms. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The cut of paraffinic hydrocarbons (a) The composition according to the invention contains at least one cut of paraffinic hydrocarbons consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA).

[0042] In a manner known per se, these cuts commonly referred to as HEFA are mainly made up of paraffins, resulting from the hydrogenation of fatty acids and fatty acid esters.

[0043] By fatty acid, we mean a carboxylic acid comprising a hydrocarbon chain having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 7 to 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0044] By fatty acid ester, we mean both monoesters and polyesters (in particular di- and tri-esters) of the above fatty acids with an alcohol which may be a monoalcohol or a polyol.

[0045] According to a preferred embodiment, the paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s) (a) consist of hydrotreated vegetable oils, also known as HVOs (from the English "hydrotreated vegetable oils"). These are oils of vegetable origin that have undergone successive treatments including hydrotreatment and optional isomerization. The processes for preparing such hydrotreated vegetable oils are known per se.

[0046] Examples of suitable vegetable raw materials include rapeseed oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, hemp oil, olive oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, palm oil, castor oil, coconut oil.

[0047] Patent applications WO2016 / 185046 and WO2016 / 185047 describe non-limiting examples of methods for obtaining hydrotreated vegetable oil cuts usable as fuel bases.

[0048] The paraffinic hydrocarbon cut(s) (a) have a distillation range advantageously within the range of 60 to 350°C, preferably 100 to 300°C, more preferably 120 to 290°C and even better 140 to 280°C.

[0049] The distillation range of said paraffinic hydrocarbon cut is determined in accordance with standard NF EN ISO 3405.

[0050] The paraffinic hydrocarbon cut(s) (a) advantageously have a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the cut(s) (a).

[0051] By "paraffins" is meant, in a manner known per se, branched alkanes (also called iso-paraffins or iso-alkanes) and unbranched alkanes (also called n-paraffins or n-alkanes).

[0052] The paraffins present in the paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s) (a) according to the invention advantageously comprise from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Preferably, the paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s) (a) are composed of at least 80% by mass, more preferably at least 90% by mass, and even better at least 95% by mass, of paraffins comprising from 8 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0053] According to a preferred embodiment, the paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s) (a) used in the composition according to the invention contain at least 60% by mass, preferably at least 70% by mass, of isoparaffins, relative to the total mass of the fraction(s) (a). According to a particularly preferred embodiment, they contain at least 80% by mass of isoparaffins.

[0054] The paraffinic hydrocarbon cut(s) (a) have an aromatic compound content preferably less than or equal to 10000 ppm by mass, more preferably less than or equal to 1500 ppm by mass, even more preferably less than or equal to 1000 ppm by mass.

[0055] Their naphthenic compound content is preferably less than or equal to 50000 ppm by mass.

[0056] Their sulfur content is advantageously less than or equal to 10 ppm by mass, preferably less than or equal to 5 ppm by mass. Particularly preferred, the paraffinic hydrocarbon cut(s) (a) are totally sulfur-free.

[0057] The composition according to the invention preferably comprises at least 75% by mass of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions (a) as described above. Preferably, it contains at least 85% by mass of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions (a), more preferably at least 90% by mass of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions (a). mass and better still at least 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0058] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention contains at least 95% by mass, preferably at least 98% by mass, and even better at least 99% by mass of one or more paraffin hydrocarbon cuts (a) as described above.

[0059] Compounds of formula (I) The composition according to the invention comprises one or more compounds corresponding to the formula (I) below: f (I) in which R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms and having at least one double bond.

[0060] By hydrocarbon group, we mean here a group formed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

[0061] Preferably, R designates a hydrocarbon group containing from 9 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and even better from 14 to 16 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the R group contains 15 carbon atoms.

[0062] Preferably, the R group contains one to three double bonds.

[0063] Preferably, the group R is linear.

[0064] According to a more preferred embodiment, R designates a linear hydrocarbon group containing from 9 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably from 14 to 16 carbon atoms and even better 15 carbon atoms, and comprising one to three double bonds.

[0065] A particularly preferred compound is cardanol, which is a product known in itself, commercially available and consisting of a mixture of compounds of formula (I) in which R denotes the following groups: with a total content of compounds in which the hydrocarbon chain is unsaturated (mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated and tri-unsaturated) greater than 90% by mass, or even greater than 95% by mass.

[0066] The compounds of formula (I) may be of natural origin. Advantageously, the eco-material content of the composition is further increased when the compound of formula (I) is obtained from compounds of natural origin.

[0067] For example, cardanol is typically of natural origin and can be obtained from cashew nut shells.

[0068] Thus, the compounds of formula (I) can be used to increase the eco-material content of a fuel composition, in particular a fuel composition intended to power aircraft and rocket engines.

[0069] The composition according to the invention comprises the compound(s) of formula (I) in a total content of 0.5 to 10% by mass, preferably 1 to 8% by mass, more preferably 2 to 7% by mass, better 3 to 6% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0070] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises cardanol in a content ranging from 0.5 to 10% by mass, preferably from 1 to 8% by mass, more preferably from 2 to 7% by mass, better from 3 to 6% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0071] Any possible additives The composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more additives, different from the compounds of formula (I) described above.

[0072] This additive or these additives may be chosen, for example, but not limited to, antioxidants, antifreeze, antistatic, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, cold-weather additives, detergents, and tracer additives. Antioxidant additives are particularly preferred.

[0073] These additives can be incorporated at levels, for each one, ranging from a few ppm to 1000 ppm by mass.

[0074] The use of the composition The composition according to the invention is useful as fuel to power any internal combustion engine of a propulsion device, in particular for land, sea, air or space propulsion.

[0075] The composition according to the invention can in particular be used to power any internal combustion engine in one of the following vehicles: road vehicles including light vehicles (in particular automobiles) and heavy goods vehicles (trucks of different loads known as "medium duty" and "heavy duty", garbage trucks, buses, coaches...) and non-road vehicles (construction or public works equipment, tractors, trains, boats).

[0076] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention is used to power an aircraft or rocket engine.

[0077] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention is used to power a turbojet or turboprop in an aircraft, preferably chosen from an airplane and a helicopter (civilian or military), and more preferably an airplane.

[0078] The composition according to the invention can also be used to improve the eco-performance of an internal combustion engine of a land, marine, air or space propulsion vehicle, in particular an aircraft engine or a rocket engine.

[0079] For example, the eco-performance of the internal combustion engine can be the reduction of the environmental impact of the internal combustion engine.

[0080] Indeed, the quantity of compounds of biological origin in the composition according to the invention is significant. As explained above, the quantity of fuel bases rich in aromatic and / or naphthenic hydrocarbons of fossil origin and the quantity of compound formula (I) in the composition according to the invention can be low. Thus, the environmental impact of the composition according to the invention is lower than the environmental impact of a fuel composition of fossil origin. The environmental impact of the internal combustion engine powered by the composition according to the invention is therefore reduced.

[0081] The use of compounds of formula (I) The present invention also relates to the use of one or more compounds corresponding to the formula (I) below: (I) in which R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms and having at least one double bond, to increase the auto-ignition temperature of a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon cuts consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA).

[0082] The auto-ignition temperature is measured in accordance with the method defined in ASTM E659.

[0083] The present invention also relates to the use of one or more compounds corresponding to formula (I) to lower the freezing point of a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the mass

[0084]

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[0090]

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[0092]

[0093] total composition of one or more paraffin hydrocarbon cuts consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA). The freezing point is measured in accordance with the method defined in ASTM D7153-22. The present invention also relates to the use of one or more compounds corresponding to formula (I) to increase the compatibility with elastomers of a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon cuts consisting of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA). The fuel composition is as described above. The compound(s) of formula (I) are advantageously used in a content ranging from 0.5 to 10% by mass, preferably from 1 to 8% by mass, more preferably from 2 to 7% by mass, better from 3 to 6% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. The method The present invention also relates to a method of propulsion of a land, sea, air or space vehicle equipped with at least one internal combustion engine, consisting of supplying said engine with a fuel composition as described above. Preferably, said engine is an aircraft or rocket engine, more preferably a turbojet or turboprop engine equipping an airplane or helicopter, and more preferably an airplane. The examples below are given as an illustration of the invention, and should not be interpreted in such a way as to limit its scope. EXAMPLES The following examples were prepared using a paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction designated fraction A, consisting of esters and hydrogenated fatty acids (HEFA). More specifically, fraction A consists of a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) whose characteristics are detailed in Table I below: Compounds Mass Concentration (%) C8-C16 N-paraffins 14.56 C8-C17 Iso-paraffins 80.50 Naphthenes 4.76 Aromatics 0.00 1. Comparative examples Fuel compositions were prepared by adding an aromatic compound (mesitylene) or a naphthenic compound (methylcyclohexane) to cut A, in the contents detailed in Table II below.

[0094] The auto-ignition temperature (hereinafter referred to as AIT) of each of these compositions was measured, in accordance with the method defined in ASTM E659. The parameter A AIT corresponds to the difference between the auto-ignition temperature of each composition and that of the reference composition ECO.

[0095] The results obtained are also detailed in Table II below. Compositions ECO EC1 EC2 EC3 Content in section A (% by mass) 100 89 90 99.5 Mesitylene content (% by mass) - 11 - - Methylcyclohexane content (% by mass) - - 10 0.5 TAI (°C) 196 212 215 200 A TAI (°C) 0 16 19 4

[0097] These results show that to significantly increase the auto-ignition temperature of cup A, the aromatic compound and the naphthenic compound must be added in high quantities, as is the case in the comparative compositions EC1 and EC2. In contrast, the addition of 0.5% naphthenic compound (composition EC3) provides a very moderate increase in the auto-ignition temperature.

[0098] 2. Examples according to the invention Fuel compositions were prepared by adding cardanol to cut A, in the contents detailed in Table III below.

[0099] 2.1. Effect on auto-ignition temperature The auto-ignition temperature of each of these compositions was measured, in accordance with the method defined in ASTM E659. The results obtained are also detailed in Table III. Compositions ECO Cl C2 C3 C4 Content in cup A (% by mass) 100 99.4 97.7 96.5 95 Cardanol content (% by mass) - 0.6 2.3 3.5 5 TAI (°C) 196 208 216 216 218 A TAI (°C) 0 12 20 20 22

[0101]

[0102]

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[0106]

[0107] The ECO composition is comparative (consisting entirely of the A cut), while the Cl to C4 compositions conform to the invention. These results show that adding the compound according to the invention to section A in small quantities increases the auto-ignition temperature. The auto-ignition temperature increases with the cardanol content. Compared to the addition of aromatic and naphthenic compounds according to comparative examples EC1 and EC2, the addition of the compound according to the invention makes it possible to obtain better results or equivalent results at much lower levels. Compared to the addition of the naphthenic compound according to comparative example EC3, said compound in a similar concentration allows for a greater increase in the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel composition. 2.2. Effect on freezing point The freezing point of the ECO and Cl to C4 compositions was determined in accordance with the method defined in ASTM D7153-22. The results obtained are detailed in Table IV, in which the parameter A FP corresponds to the difference between the freezing point of each composition and that of the reference composition ECO. Compositions ECO Cl C2 C3 C4 Freezing point (°C) -41.7 -42.4 -43.9 -45.3 -47.5 A FP (°C) 0 -0.7 -2.2 -3.6 -5.8 These results show that adding the compound according to the invention to section A in small quantities lowers the freezing point. The freezing point decreases with increasing cardanol content.

Claims

Demands

1. Fuel composition comprising: (a) at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more cuts of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFAs); and (b) from 0.5% to 10% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more compounds corresponding to formula (I) below: (I) in which R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms and having at least one double bond.

2. Composition according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the HEFA cut(a) consists of hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO).

3. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the HEFA cut(s) (a) have a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by mass, preferably greater than or equal to 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the cut(s) (a).

4. Composition according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the paraffins present in the HEFA cut(a) comprise from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 8 to 18 carbon atoms.

5. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least 75% by mass of one or more HEFA(a) cuts, preferably at least 85% by mass, more preferably at least 90% by mass and even better at least 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

6. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in formula (I), R denotes a hydrocarbon group containing from 9 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, better from 14 to 16 carbon atoms, and better still the group R contains 15 carbon atoms.

7. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in formula (I), group R contains one to three double bonds

8. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the compound of formula (I) is cardanol.

9. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the compound(s) of formula (I) in a total content of 1 to 8% by mass, more preferably of 2 to 7% by mass, better of 3 to 6% by mass relative to the total mass of the composition.

10. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that its aromatic hydrocarbon content is less than 5% by mass, preferably less than 2% by mass, more preferably less than 1% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.

11. Use of the composition as defined in any of the preceding claims to power an internal combustion engine of a land, sea, air or space propulsion vehicle.

12. Use according to the preceding claim, to power an aircraft or rocket engine, preferably a turbojet or turboprop in an aircraft selected from an airplane and a helicopter and more preferably an airplane.

13. Method of propulsion of a land, sea, air or space vehicle equipped with at least one internal combustion engine, consisting of supplying said engine with a fuel composition as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10.

14. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said engine is an aircraft or rocket engine, more preferably a turbojet or turboprop engine equipping an airplane or a helicopter and more preferably an airplane.

15. Use of one or more compounds of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 and 6 to 8 to increase the auto-ignition temperature of a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more cuts of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA).

16. Use of one or more compounds of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 and 6 to 8 to lower the freezing point of a fuel composition comprising at least 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition, of one or more cuts of fatty acids and / or hydrogenated fatty acid esters (HEFA).