Construction aid having a protective device, and protective device

Abstract

The invention relates to a construction aid having a protective device that prevents falling out, characterized in that the protective device comprises a brush (1). The protective device is particularly advantageous for construction aids in which relative movements can occur.

Description

[0001] Construction aids with protective devices and protective devices

[0002] The invention relates to a construction aid with a fall-preventing device for the construction of buildings. The invention also relates to a protective device for the construction aid.

[0003] A construction aid is a tool used for the construction of structures. Examples of structures include buildings, bridges, or walls. Cranes, scaffolding, and formwork are used to erect such structures. With such construction aids, there may be a risk that people and objects such as tools, bolts, screws, debris, etc. could fall from great heights. To prevent these risks, construction aids may be equipped with protective devices to prevent falling. Protective devices can include railings, gratings, nets, walls, etc.

[0004] Gaps may exist between parts of a protective device, for example, between two walls of a protective device. Since objects can fall through gaps, a protective device can also include seals such as rubber lips to close gaps.

[0005] A formwork is a mold. Fresh concrete can be poured into the mold. After the concrete has hardened, the formwork can usually be removed. This can be used to create components for buildings or bridges, for example. Examples of components include walls, ceilings, shafts, and columns.

[0006] A formwork can be formed from a number of formwork panels. A formwork panel is a panel made of wood or plastic, for example. Supporting elements, such as a frame, longitudinal beams, and / or cross beams, can be located on the back of the panel. The supporting elements can be made of wood or steel, for example.

[0007] A formwork panel frame generally does not protrude beyond the front of the panel. A formwork panel can have one or more anchor holes. An anchor can be inserted through opposite anchor holes in a formwork. The ends of an anchor can be secured in such a way that the anchor cannot then be pulled out of the anchor holes. The two ends of an anchor can be attached to the backs of formwork panels, for example, in such a way that an anchor can absorb at least compressive forces, and preferably also tensile forces. Two opposing formwork panels can be connected to one another using one or more anchors.

[0008] An example of a construction aid is a climbing frame. A climbing frame can be attached to an already completed section of a structure. Part of the climbing frame can be moved upwards and held in place. A platform can be attached to the climbing frame and can be moved to a desired height. The platform can be walked on. One or more formwork panels can be placed on the platform to form a formwork. A safety device can be attached to the platform to protect against falling. A climbing frame with other components attached to it, such as a platform, formwork panel, and / or safety device, is called a climbing system.

[0009] The object of the invention is to provide an advantageous construction aid with a protective device that protects against people and objects falling out.

[0010] This task is solved by a construction aid with a protective device comprising a brush. A brush comprises a brush head, which can be made of wood, metal, or plastic, for example. Bristles protrude from the top of the brush head. The bristles can be bent elastically. The bristles can be made of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, and / or metal.

[0011] The bristles of a brush can cover a gap to prevent objects from falling through it. The gap can be located between two devices, for example, provided for safety reasons. If one side of a gap is moved relative to an opposite side of the gap, only low frictional forces need to be overcome. In the event of movement, the risk of bristles being damaged is also low. Bristles can adapt very flexibly to uneven surfaces.

[0012] Although a sealing lip made of rubber, for example, can be manufactured more easily than a brush, a brush can be particularly advantageous in cases of relative movement, which justifies the increased manufacturing effort.

[0013] The brush bristles can be encased in a flexible sheath. The sheath can comprise a textile, film, and / or mesh. The sheath, or the textile, film, and / or mesh, improves the protective effect. The sheath effectively prevents objects from passing through the bristles. The textile, film, or mesh is made of a flexible material. The textile, film, and / or mesh can be made of plastic, natural material, and / or metal.

[0014] A film is a sheet of very thin metal or plastic. It can be completely sealed or perforated.

[0015] A textile is a fabric made of fibers, threads, or yarns. The fabric can be produced by weaving, felting, crocheting, or knitting. The textile can therefore be, for example, a woven fabric, a knitwear, or a nonwoven.

[0016] A net is a meshed fabric made of fibers, threads, or yarns. The fibers, threads, or yarns can be interlaced or knotted.

[0017] The fibers, threads or yarns of a textile or net can consist of synthetic fibers, natural fibers and / or metallic fibers.

[0018] The cover preferably does not have an opening large enough for a wrapped bristle to reach through the opening. The bristles of the brush can be grouped together in bundles. In this case, it may be sufficient if the cover does not have an opening large enough for such a bundle of bristles to reach through the opening. This ensures that the bristles are and remain completely wrapped at all times. The functionality of the brush can thus be improved and ensured over the long term. If, for example, a net covers the bristles, the mesh size of the net is preferably smaller than the diameter of the bristles or smaller than the diameter of a bundle of bristles.

[0019] Opposite sides of the shell can be sewn together with one or more threads or yarns. This can further improve stability and thus the protective effect. Opposite sides of the shell can be connected to each other by other seams, such as welded seams. Seam-like connections between opposite sides of the shell can alternatively be created by gluing or staples in order to improve stability and thus the protective effect. The distance between two parallel, adjacent seams is preferably at least 5 cm and / or no more than 100 cm in order to achieve good protective effect. The distance between two parallel, adjacent seams is, for example, no more than 50 cm or no more than 30 cm.

[0020] For example, the seams can run parallel to the brush head and / or perpendicular to the brush head. Parallel to the brush head means parallel to the top of the brush head, from which the bristles protrude. Perpendicular to the brush head means perpendicular to the top of the brush head, from which the bristles protrude.

[0021] The brush's bristles can be arranged in three rows. The bristles in the middle row can be wrapped in a flexible sheath. The sheath then covers only the middle row. The bristles in the two outer rows then protect the sheath from damage. This further enhances the protective effect and ensures a long service life.

[0022] There may be three brushes instead of just one brush with three rows of bristles. Each brush may therefore comprise a row of bristles. A brush with preferably shorter bristles may comprise a flexible sheath. The flexible sheath may enclose the bristles. This brush may be arranged between the other two brushes so that the sheath of the middle brush is protected by adjacent bristles from the other two brushes.

[0023] Preferably, the bristles of the middle row or the middle brush are shorter than the bristles of the outer rows or the other two brushes. The cover preferably fits snugly against the bristles so that the cover does not protrude beyond the bristles of the outer rows. This provides the cover with particularly reliable protection against damage. The protective effect is further enhanced and long-lasting.

[0024] However, the bristles of the brush can also be arranged in just one or two rows. In this case, there is only one row or only two rows formed by the bristles of a brush. Even in the case of only two rows, one row can serve as protection for the other row. In this case, the protective effect can be limited to just one side, which usually means that attention must be paid to the alignment during assembly. The bristles of the other row can then be surrounded by a flexible sheath. The bristles surrounded by a flexible sheath can be shorter than the other bristles. There can also be more than three rows.

[0025] There may be two brushes instead of just one brush with two rows of bristles. Each brush may thus comprise a row of bristles. A brush with preferably shorter bristles may comprise a flexible sheath. The flexible sheath may enclose the bristles. This brush may be arranged adjacent to the other brush so that the sheath of one brush is protected by the adjacent bristles of the other brush.

[0026] Brush bristles can be grouped together in bundles. A bundle consists of several bristles. There is only a small gap between two adjacent bristles in a bundle compared to two adjacent bristles belonging to two different bundles. This provides particularly good protection, as bristles grouped together in bundles are particularly resilient. Nevertheless, excessive frictional forces that can occur during relative movement are avoided.

[0027] Bristles can be glued together, at least in places, to better prevent objects from passing through the bristles.

[0028] The construction aid can be a climbing frame. The climbing frame can be attached to an already completed section of a building. If the climbing frame has been attached to an already completed section of a building, then one or more of the climbing rails of the climbing frame can be moved upwards. If a platform is attached to one or two climbing rails, then the platform can be moved upwards together with the climbing rails. The platform can comprise a protective device that includes one or more walls, one or more grilles, one or more sheets of metal, one or more framed nets, etc. The brush can be attached to a wall, grille, sheet of metal or to the frame of a net in such a way that the bristles protrude from the wall, grille, sheet of metal or frame. A climbing frame can also be designed in such a way that it can climb downwards as an alternative or in addition to it.Such a climbing frame can be useful for demolishing a building. Relative movements can occur systematically in climbing systems. Therefore, the provision of a brush for closing gaps in climbing systems is particularly advantageous.

[0029] A gap between two walls, grilles, sheets, or framed nets of a protective device can be closed by the brush. The bristles of the brush can rest against a wall, grille, or the frame of a framed net to which the brush is not attached. Relative movements between two walls, grilles, and / or frames of framed nets are then particularly easy and safe to perform without compromising the protective effect. The brush can therefore only be attached to one of two walls, grilles, sheets, and / or framed nets. A gap between a part of the construction aid and a wall, ceiling, or floor of a building can be or have already been closed by the brush. The brush can abut the wall, ceiling, or floor to close it. There can be an overlap area between the brush on one side and the wall, ceiling, or floor on the other side.

[0030] A wall is a flat component that can define a room or divide it into two areas. Typically, it is a vertically positioned flat component that serves as a lateral boundary of a room. However, the term "wall" also encompasses flat components with other orientations. It can also be a flat component in a horizontal plane. In this case, it can serve as a floor or ceiling, for example.

[0031] Climbing scaffolds with formwork panels, also known as climbing formwork for short, and / or climbing scaffolds with safety devices are used in building construction, for example, for the construction of high-rise buildings. This allows for particularly fast construction. Formwork panels can be moved vertically without blocking a crane. Climbing formwork, which can include climbing protection walls, is primarily used in building construction and on narrow inner-city construction sites.

[0032] Rail-guided climbing formwork, in which climbing shoes attached to the concrete guide the climbing rail, is particularly preferable. Climbing rails can be permanently connected to a climbing platform. For very high structures, protection from falling objects such as tools, components, or debris is particularly important. Walls attached to climbing scaffolds, also called climbing protection walls, can be covered with tarpaulins or close-meshed nets for this purpose. Weak points are primarily vertical joints between individual units of the climbing formwork platform or climbing protection wall. From a technical point of view, gaps leading to gaps are regularly necessary to enable safe climbing of the individual units and, in particular, to prevent the units from becoming entangled during the climbing process. Distances of at least 5 cm are usual. Gaps can therefore be at least 5 cm wide.The bristles of a brush should therefore preferably be at least 5 cm, preferably at least 10 cm, long. However, a length of more than 30 cm should preferably be avoided for stability reasons.

[0033] To ensure sufficient inherent stability, the bristles can have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm, preferably at least 1 mm. To ensure sufficient elastic flexibility, the diameter of a bristle should not exceed 5 mm or 3 mm.

[0034] Gaps can vary greatly in width, even within a construction project. The main reason for these variations is inaccuracies in the placement of the anchors for the platforms or units. Such gaps can be closed with flexible covers, such as rubber flaps, foil, or nets. However, such covers can open even in light winds and often do not provide sufficient resistance in the event of an impact from a falling object. Such problems can be avoided by attaching covers on both sides of a gap. However, the fastening on at least one side of the cover must then be loosened before climbing either of the two adjacent platforms or climbing protection walls. In addition, these covers must then be folded back and secured while climbing to prevent them from snagging or being torn off.Such work is very complex and sometimes has to be carried out at great heights, which may require the use of cherry pickers or similar equipment. Furthermore, this work must be carried out and monitored very thoroughly, as otherwise the cover could open on its own, which would compromise safety.

[0035] Solid cover plates made of metal or plywood can offer greater safety and rigidity. Solid cover plates are capable of absorbing impacting objects quite securely. However, even these must be opened manually for climbing and secured against accidental closure during the climb. Furthermore, problems arise if the anchors of the climbing units are installed at an imprecise height, as this may prevent the flaps from closing.

[0036] Sealing using special rubber sealing lips is also possible. Such rubber sealing lips can consist of large rubber extrusion profiles and be attached to climbing systems, which include climbing frames and protective devices, on both sides of the gap. The size of the rubber lips can be designed to the target size of the gap, whereby the size can be selected so that the two lips overlap by a few centimeters. This also necessarily results in a fixed target size for the gap between the climbing units when using the sealing profiles. However, if this target size is deviated from, for example due to the reasons mentioned above, climbing problems may arise or the sealing effect may no longer be achieved. If the gap falls below the target size, the units may become jammed and the sealing lips may tear off.If the target size is exceeded, the lips may no longer overlap, meaning that protection is no longer provided.

[0037] To avoid excessively long brushes and the associated manufacturing and handling difficulties, two brushes can be arranged one behind the other. A joint of one brush can then be adjacent to the joint of the other brush, thus covering gaps that are longer than a single brush can cover.

[0038] To prevent a gap between two joints, a joint may include a closure device that can be used to prevent a gap between two joints. For example, each joint may include a closure device. Each closure device may, for example, be connected to another closure device in such a way that a gap between two joints is avoided.

[0039] A strap can form a closure device. A strap at a joint of a first brush can be connected to a strap at a joint of a second brush in order to avoid an opening between two joints. A strap is advantageously flexible in order to be able to cover openings of different sizes. Each strap can be designed so that a gap of up to 30 mm or up to 25 mm wide between two joints can be closed by one or more straps. Hook and loop fasteners can be provided in order to be able to connect one strap to another. Two hook and loop fasteners can be connected to one another using a hook and loop fastener and, if necessary, detached from one another again.

[0040] A magnet can be attached to a belt. The magnet can, for example, be connected to a magnet from another belt to close a gap between two brush joints. A brush joint can consist of or comprise a ferromagnetic material. The magnet of a first brush can then be connected to the ferromagnetic material of the second brush by magnetic forces to prevent a gap between two brush joints.

[0041] A locking device may be formed by a spring present during the stroke. The spring may be pressed against the stroke of another brush or against the spring during a stroke of another brush to prevent a gap between two strokes.

[0042] The present invention avoids the aforementioned problems and offers a simple and safe way of sealing gaps where relative movement can occur. In particular, the invention therefore relates to closing vertical gaps between different climbing systems. The bristles of the sealing brushes can be flexible enough to avoid obstacles such as stage coverings or edges in the cladding when climbing. At the same time, when combined with a mesh insert, they can be stable enough to prevent small objects falling or ricocheting off from the outside from penetrating the seal. The flexibility of the bristles means that the seals can be designed to overhang a gap in such a way that it is still securely closed even if the gap is wider than planned or if side protection elements have shifted relative to one another.When a unit climbs, the brushes can easily avoid the platform surfaces of opposing units. Sealing of the vertical gap is guaranteed at all times.

[0043] Sealing with a brush is simple and robust. Sealing with a brush can adapt to different gap widths and can avoid obstacles when climbing. The installation of a sealing brush is very simple and flexible. The construction is maintenance-free. It does not need to be opened or extensively checked while climbing. Multiple use of a brush is advantageously possible, which keeps the technical effort and therefore costs to a minimum. The invention therefore enables a simple and inexpensive way of providing reliable vertical sealing. The robustness of the bristles and the protection of the potentially crucial central bristles by outer bristles makes the construction resistant to damage. Brushes can even be used multiple times on successive construction projects.

[0044] The invention is flexibly applicable to all climbing systems and is not tied to a specific system.

[0045] To achieve the object, the invention also relates to an arrangement for a preferably vertical seal in a climbing formwork system or a climbing protection wall or between two climbing formwork systems or climbing protection walls. The climbing formwork systems or climbing protection walls can be equipped with side protection elements. Between side protection elements of at least two adjacent climbing formwork systems or climbing protection walls, there can be a gap that has a planned nominal dimension. The actual width of the gap can deviate from the nominal dimension. The gap can be completely closed by the brush. The brush can be attached to only a first side protection element. The bristles of the brush can be so long that they extend far enough beyond the edge of the second side protection element that the gap is reliably closed even if the width of the gap deviates from the nominal dimension.The fastening and construction of the brush then allows the two adjacent side protection elements to be moved against each other and primarily along or in the longitudinal direction of the gap.

[0046] For brush bristles, it may be sufficient for the bristle bundles to not pass through the mesh of a net or through holes in another covering (e.g., foil or fabric). The thickness and material of the bristles are preferably selected so that the bristles, or at least the bristle bundles, are capable of holding the covering, such as a net, in place. The covering can be firmly attached to the brush head on both sides of the central bristles.

[0047] One or more seams can be at least partially sewn together in such a way that they prevent even partial displacement of the sheath relative to the bristles or bristle bundles. At least some of the bristles can be forced to follow the sheath's displacement and thus be bent if the sheath is partially displaced. The thickness and material of the bristles or bristle bundles can be selected so that they are capable of reversing the sheath's displacement once the load is removed.

[0048] Alternatively, or in addition to seams, opposite sides of a cover may also be locally connected in other ways. Opposite sides of the net or other cover may be connected by staples or similar parts. Opposite sides of a net or other cover may be glued or welded together. Opposite sides of the net or other cover may be connected by mesh or textile strips or similar parts, which are attached for this purpose between the two sides of the net or other cover.

[0049] At least one side of the net or other covering may be at least partially glued or welded to individual wrapped bristles or bristle bundles. The thickness and material of the wrapped bristles or bristle bundles may be selected such that they are capable of reversing any displacement of the net or other covering after the load is removed.

[0050] The mesh or other covering does not have to completely enclose the middle bristles to achieve beneficial effects. It is already beneficial if only individual bristles or bristle bundles are covered. Alternatively or additionally, other bristles or bristle bundles can be glued or welded together, at least in places, to prevent objects from passing through the bristles.

[0051] By providing elastically flexible bristles on the brush, frictional forces that can occur, for example, when climbing are kept to a minimum. This allows large overlaps, such as a large overlap between the bristles of the brush and the edge of a wall or grating. Large overlaps lead to a high level of safety. Low frictional forces can prevent damage. In the case of a climbing system, relatively low forces can advantageously be sufficient for climbing upwards. This can keep the energy required for climbing to a minimum and / or hydraulic or other components intended for climbing can be designed particularly simply. The elastically flexible bristles of the brush can independently and reliably straighten themselves up when encountering obstacles and can therefore very reliably close a gap in front of and behind an obstacle or at least very reliably minimize it.The elastically flexible bristles of the brush can therefore adapt very well to changing gap sizes.

[0052] The brush can close a gap in any direction, for example a horizontal gap or a vertical gap.

[0053] If the brush is part of a climbing system, the brush allows both climbing upwards and climbing downwards.

[0054] A flexible cover for the brush bristles provides puncture protection.

[0055] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to figures.

[0056] It shows

[0057] Figure 1 : Detail of a side view of a brush;

[0058] Figure 2: Top view of the brush bristles bundled together;

[0059] Figure 3: Climbing frame with protective device

[0060] Figure 4: Brush with locking device at impact;

[0061] Figure 5: Brushes with connected locking devices.

[0062] Figure 1 shows a detail of a side view of a brush 1. The brush 1 comprises a brush head 2. Bristles 3, grouped together in bundles, protrude from the top of the brush head 2. The bristles 3, grouped together in bundles, are arranged along a row and attached to the brush head 2. Behind the bristles 3 there is a net 4 that encloses a central row of bristles grouped together in bundles. The net 4 is attached to the brush head 2. The bristles 3, grouped together in bundles, protrude from the net 4. The bristles that are enclosed by the net 4 are therefore shorter than the bristles 3 grouped together in bundles. Opposite sides of the net 4 are sewn together. The seams 5 run parallel to the brush head 2 of the brush 1. The seams 6 run perpendicular to the brush head 2 of the brush 1.

[0063] Figure 2 shows a partial plan view of the bristles 3, 7 of the brush 1, which are grouped together in bundles. There are three rows formed by bristles 3, 7. The three rows run parallel to one another. The bristles 7 of the middle row are shorter than the bristles 3 of the two outer rows. The mesh size of the net 4 is smaller than the diameter of a bristle 7. A bristle 7 cannot therefore extend out of the net 4. Bristles in one bundle are significantly spaced from bristles in an adjacent bundle. In comparison, adjacent bristles within a bundle are very closely spaced.

[0064] Figure 3 shows a climbing scaffold 8 with climbing rails 9 that are guided and held by climbing shoes 10. The climbing shoes 10 are attached to an already completed section 11 of a structure to be erected. Two climbing shoes 10 are arranged one above the other to guide a climbing rail 9 vertically. A hydraulic cylinder can be attached to a climbing shoe at one end and to the climbing rail at the other end. If the hydraulic cylinder is extended, the climbing rail 9 is moved upwards. A climbing shoe 10 can comprise a pivoting hook that secures a climbing rail 9 against downward movement. If the climbing rail 9 is moved upwards, the hook is pivoted out of its securing position. Once the climbing rail 9 has been moved upwards, the hook pivots back into its securing position, and the climbing rail 9 is again held by the hook.The climbing rail may comprise stacked horizontal bolts that can be held by the hook to secure the climbing rail.

[0065] A platform 12 can be attached to the top of two adjacent climbing rails 9. The platform 12 can comprise one or more horizontally arranged panels. The panels can be made of wood, plastic, or metal. The platform 12 is walkable and can project outward from the upper edge 13 of the already completed section. A wall 14 can be attached to the outside of the platform 12 to protect people and objects from falling.

[0066] A plurality of climbing frames with platforms 12 and walls 14 can be arranged next to each other. Between two walls 14 of two climbing systems, there can be a gap 15. To prevent objects from falling through this gap,

[0067] 15, the brush head 2 of a brush 1 can be attached to one of the two walls 14. The bristles 3 then rest against the other wall 14 and thus cover the gap 15. One wall 14 can still be moved upwards relative to the other wall 14.

[0068] Figure 4 shows a brush 1 with closure devices 16 at its joints 17. One closure device 16 can be connected to another closure device 16 to close a gap between two joints 17. The closure devices 16 can be hook-and-loop fasteners. The closure devices 16 can, for example, be attached to the mesh 4 surrounding the central bristles 7. Figure 4 shows a top view of the edge side of the strips. The width of each strip can extend over the entire length of the bristles 7 to close a gap in such a way that no object can pass through it.

[0069] Figure 5 shows a first brush 1 with a closure device 16 and a second brush 1 with a closure device 16. The two brushes 1 are arranged one behind the other to close a gap that is longer than each individual brush 1. One closure device 16 is connected to the other closure device by a hook-and-loop fastener. The closure devices can close a gap between the two brushes in such a way that it is prevented that an object can pass through the gap. The gap can be up to 20 mm or up to 30 mm wide, for example. The closure devices

[0070] 16 can therefore, for example, protrude at least 20 mm or at least 30 mm from the respective joint 17 in order to be able to close such gaps.

Claims

1. Construction aid with a protective device that protects against falling out, characterized in that the protective device comprises a brush (1).

2. Construction aid according to the preceding claim, characterized in that bristles (7) of the brush (1) are wrapped in a textile, a film and / or a net (4).

3. Construction aid according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the textile, the film and / or the net (4) does not have an opening large enough for a bristle (7) or a bristle bundle to pass through it.

4. Construction aid according to one of the two preceding claims, characterized in that opposite sides of the textile, the film and / or the net (4) are connected to one another by one or more seams (5, 6).

5. Construction aid according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the distance between two parallel, adjacent seams (5, 6) is at least 5 cm and / or no more than 100 cm.

6. Construction aid according to one of the two preceding claims, characterized in that the seams (5, 6) run parallel to the brush head (2) of the brush (1) and / or perpendicular to the brush head (2).

7. Construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bristles (3, 7) of the brush (1) are arranged in three rows and the bristles (7) of the middle row are wrapped in a textile, a film and / or a net (4).

8. Construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that bristles (7) of a middle row are shorter than bristles (3) of outer rows.

9. Construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that bristles (3, 7) are combined into bundles.

10. Construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the construction aid is a climbing scaffold.

11. Construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the protective device comprises walls (14) and / or grids and a gap (15) between two walls (14) and / or grids is closed by the brush (1).a12. Construction aid according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the brush (1) is attached only to one of the two walls and / or grids.

13. Brush for a construction aid according to one of the preceding claims, having a brush head (2) and bristles (7) protruding from an upper side of the brush head (2), characterized in that a row of bristles (7) is wrapped in a net (4), a textile or a film.

14. Brush according to the preceding claim, characterized in that there are at least three rows formed by bristles (3, 7) and the middle row is wrapped in the net (4), textile or film.

15. Brush according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the bristles (7) of the middle row are shorter than the other bristles (3).

16. Brush according to one of the three preceding claims, comprising a hook-and-loop strip (16) attached to an end (17) of the brush (1).

17. Brush according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the hook-and-loop strip can project at least 20 mm or at least 30 mm from the end (17).

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