Improvements in bonding gutters and valleys on main roof

Abstract

A rain deflector comprises two parts: a base unit 2 and a capping unit 1. The deflector is for use with valley or terraced roofs and can be fitted between new roofs adjacent to existing roofs. The bas

Description

The present invention relates to devices which are used to create a weather seal between the adjoining roofs of houses, including but not specifically valley roofs and terraced houses. Background The use of tiles or slates to provide new roofing to houses is common and provides a stable and lasting solution to roofs which are required to withstand weather. However, in certain types of properties, including those which do not have a parapet or partition wall dividing each property, there are issues relating to the ingress of water through deteriorated and deformed roof components which are used as a gully or valley where the two roof sections of the properties meet. Many of these property types in the UK were built by the Victorian's and would originally have had the same roofs throughout the row and the roofs would only be covered in slate or in the southern regions of the country covered in clay plain tiles. During past housing booms people would buy up individual houses and then have a need for a new roof which would be privately financed. As individual preferences for roof coverings were different and dependent on costs, mostly larger less expensive manmade slates made their way on to the market alongside concrete tiles. The original slates were usually smaller than the newer larger slates and so less were needed per roof, hence with all roofs being changed today an estimated 99% are a different size to the older neighboring roofs. The junction between the roofs causes a problem in houses without a parapet wall as a new join was necessary to maintain a watertight roof. The only remedy that was and still is commonly used in the market is a commonly fibreglass tray or gutter called a bonding gutter In an attempt to provide a weather seal between the two adjacent roofs this flexible elongated gutter, often made of a fibreglass, is installed. This is installed beneath the roof slates but on top of the roof battens which is a crucial element in the failure of its weather sealing capabilities and leads to water ingress. The partition wall of the properties is vertical of stance in the known way and on each side of this wall are rafters, a common issue that happens over time, especially with the new version of the said gutters, which are much wider than the old ones, is that the gutter flexes on the edge's near the wall and the angle alters to slope down into the roof on each side, which allows water into the roof void as the rafters which are usually 100 years old or more in age will drop downward in relation to the wall level which is static. The spread of the rafters therefore is now below the level of the party wall and angles the fibreglass gutter into the roof void of whichever property it is off centre from, this is the main reason for leaks to roof divide gulleys made from fibreglass. Therefore, a problem to be solved is that the flexible gutter does not allow for the general spread of the roof rafters according to the age of the building which lowers the adjacent rafters from their original height over time. This is especially true of Victorian timbers which dry out and loose tension with age. The slated division of both roofs rarely lays proportionally even enough so that the end of each slate is central to the underlying partition wall on each course up to the apex of the roof. Contractors will cut the middle line between both properties according to the setting of the roofing slates in situ on each roof. If this central cut or divide is off centre from the middle of the wall, this makes the adjacent wing (edge) of the gulley tip into the neighbouring properties loft space and allows ingress of rain water to spill directly into the roof void under certain weather conditions. The water then soaks the existing battens and rots them over time. This is an unseen consequence of weathering membranes to new roofs. These membranes are not meant to be a long term waterproof membrane as in flat roofs but only a wind and snow protector as in its manufacturing. A further problem to solve is that all slates on roofs, according to guidelines, require at least 3 nails to hold them in lace on the edge of a roof, so that they do not become dislodged and each tile requires both nibs at the top of the tiles to hold them in place. When said gutters are installed as previously explained, the adjacent property to the new roof being installed has to be damaged by the contractor without consent of the owner in order to fit the gutters. This is due to the new gutters being slotted underneath the old slates and its breadth protrudes beyond the aforementioned nails which hold the neighbouring slates in place. These nails then require removal all the way up the roof, some of the nails will be hidden underneath the slates as this is how they are held in place. This is the only way the gutter can be inserted which leads to slates falling off in years to come and they are only held in place with an adequate adhesive. The prior art therefore shows that there is a need for a more effective weather deflector for these types of roofs which does not allow for the ingress of water into a roof void and is fitted in a way as to not weaken the fixture of the roof tiles over a period of time. The present invention aims to provide a solution which involves a rain deflector with is an elongated fitting of two parts to replace the need to use the current failing fibreglass gutters, therefore overcoming the issues with a solution which does not allow for the ingress of water into a roof void and is fitted in a way as to not weaken the fixture of the roof tiles over a period of time. Summary of the invention According to the present invention there is provided a rain deflector which is comprised of two parts being a base unit and a capping unit, the base unit is the weathering interface between new and old roofs. The base unit is an elongate section presented as an arch shaped profile, which may be squared as a tall rectangle and may extend thus for a length of at least, but no restricted to, 3 meters. Along the lowest edge of the elongate section, on both sides, are short horizontally disposed base flanges which extend the full length of the base unit. The arch shaped profile is derived of two vertical upright sides of equal proportion and length and a horizontally disposed top surface which adjoins the two upright sides, forming the profile of the base unit. The base unit is made from suitable materials which may vary, and may include aluminum, stainless steel and associated variants. The capping unit is in its form very similar to the base unit and its profile is also arched, which may be squared as a tall rectangle. The capping unit is designed and sized to be slightly larger on its inner profile than the base units exterior, to enable it to slot on top of the base unit, until seated, as shown in accompanying Figures. The capping unit also has short horizontal flanges in the same location as the base unit, which may be shorter than those of the base unit in their horizontal protrusion from the lower edge on each side of the elongated capping unit, as shown in accompanying Figures. The capping unit incorporates a neoprene or rubber seal to the base which applies pressure to the slates that are missing nails from the intrusion of the bonding gutter and has it has holes provided on its top surface for it to be connected to the base unit, underneath it, once it has been slotted into place and a may have further through pin arrangements for added fixture. The ends of roof battens and roof tiles or slates are held between the flanges of the base and capping unit along with the usual soaker system (not shown) forming a permanent rain and weather seal along connecting points of roofs and roof valleys, to be explained. A full detailed explanation of how the rain deflector for roofs is fitted will follow. On installation appropriate scaffolding must be in place to properly install the deflectors and in line with current health and safety codes of practice for working at height. The rain deflectors are designed to be fitted to interfaces between new roofs adjacent to existing roofs, as shown in accompanying Figures. They are also designed to replace open valley gutters at the intersection of gable walls, dormer windows or building extensions and flank changes on main roofs. They are also intended with future adaptions to be modified for a replacement of Hip and Ridge tiles on main roofs. But are currently for use with natural slate, synthetic slates and clay or concrete plain tiles only and not for large concrete profile interlocking tiles at this stage. The following instructions are assuming that the installers have at hand relevant experience of slating and tiling and are suitably trained and have the tools and equipment to handle normal installation of new roofs. Once access to the main roof is obtained the first step is to remove the existing slating or tiling and discard it. Usually this means starting at the eave or base of the roof, as always an intersecting line is to be cut into the roof at the join between the properties. Slates or tiles are removed all the way up the roof at this point to the ridge at the apex of the property. The intersecting point for the vertical cut up the roof is made with the first whole slate at the bottom being removed and then on the next course above this, a half a slate is removed with repeating action all the way to the apex of the roof. A small angle grinder tool should be used to cut a vertical line that retains the largest fractions on each course of slates, (full slate, half slate) Otherwise the contractor is left with smaller fractions of slate which can be dislodged in heavy winds. Once a straight vertical line is cut as above from the bottom course (the eave) to the top course (the ridge) no slate nails are mechanically removed hence damaging of both slates and battens does not occur with this method and all available fixing remains in place. (As stated above a 100mm smaller angle grinder is best suited to this procedure as it is easier to handle and unlike a slate ripping tool will not cause unnecessary damage at the intersection of the roofs). When a straight vertical cut on the roof flank is achieved and the remaining existing slating or tiling is removed from the roof, all that remains is to carefully cut away the existing battens from neighboring roof side, which protrude onto the new roof side. This can be done with a wood saw or small angle grinder with an all purpose blade whichever is easier and is not likely to cause damage to timber that is usually over 100 years old. The roof flank being worked on which is the new roof now has exposed original rafters with a half-exposed party wall either side. Upon each side of the new roof parting walls is a vertical cut line of slate or tile on either side that extends up the roof in a vertical fashion with underlying visible battens underneath the slates or tiles. Now the rain deflector can be mechanically fitted to either side of the new roof. The rain deflector, as aforementioned, is comprised of the two parts being the base unit and the capping unit, the base unit. The base unit is held in place by sliding its base flange underneath the old roof battens on either side with the new roof battens when fitted holding the said unit in place. The capping unit then sits on top of the slates or tiles with the short horizontal flanges on either side of the capping unit seated on top of the slates or tiles and the underside of the slates or tiles seated on top of the roof batten ends which all seat on top of the base unit flanges on both sides, creating a weather tight seal from the capping unit down. As shown in Figures 1 and 2. The capping unit is then fixed to the horizontal top surface upper part of the base unit with mechanical fixings. This capping unit serves the purpose of securing the slate halves that are only fixed mechanically with a single nail once removed which are usually just glued in place (short term fix) and often dislodge over time and cause leaks in to the roof void. It also prevents wind lift for those slates and provides the permanent protection for the protruding rain while serving the purpose of acting as a secondary weather protection deflector because of its profile which incorporates a neoprene or rubber seal to the base of each capping unit. Therefore, the described main soaker system and the capping unit both deflect the rain from allowing water ingress into the building, and thus retains two lines of defense against weather conditions. The base deflector unit may now be pushed against the newly made aperture which is the slate or tile and batten intersection. The lower part of the base unit has a flange projection of suitable width, which has been fabricated so that it can be slid under the old battens and loosely left in situ. The base unit is supplied in two separate profiles. One incorporates a gutter unit which is the unit that is first placed on the roof which sits on the fascia board. The rest of the units are flank unit’s which are fitted on top of the gutter unit in preferably, but not restricted to, 3 meter sections dependent on the length of the roof to which they are installed. The gutter unit is slotted under the battens and then this allows the nib at the base of this unit to be screwed onto the existing fascia board. Once this section is in place, a measurement is taken from the tip of this first gutter unit when in situ to the apex of the roof at the ridge and then the next 3 meter flank section is added. The Rain deflectors are mitered where they meet at the apex of the roof. They are then cut with a large hack saw or small grinder at the apex join. Once all the units are slid under the adjacent battens it then leaves the flank of the neighboring roofs intact without the need for remedial repairs such as gluing or slate clipping to the neighboring property. With both sides of the roof fitted with the rain deflector normal roofing procedures can then begin. This stage involves felt and battening of the roof and at each abutment all traditional forms of roofing incorporate a soaker system underlying each slate or tile to prevent water from descending into the roof void. Soakers act as a deflector to channel the water that hits an abutment of any kind but usually vertically onto the slate or tile beneath it without leaking through the lap of the slate or tile. The soaker diverts the water to the lower half of the slate or tile on every coarse and eventually into the guttering. Once the rain deflector is firmly in place, a soaker system can be placed on every course against the preferable but not limiting 200mm upstand of the base units on the old roofing side and the new roofing side once slating is taking place. The soakers are attached on every course and as usual turned down onto the top of the batten to prevent slippage. Soakers are made from lead or Aluminum and are over the counter items, they are shaped at a right angle with a vertical aspect preferably but not limited to 50mm and a horizontal aspect at 100mm @ 3mm thickness and overall girth of 150mm. They vary in length to suit requirements of either slate or tile sizes being used on each roof, the slates and tiles differ in sizes depending on the angle of the roof and therefore the lap of the tile or slate’s varies and is set by the battening gauge the distance between battens. This means sometimes the contractor may have longer soakers and for some slates or tiles will have shorter soakers. The roof can now be felt and battened with the new roofing felt and battening. The roofing felt protruding preferably but not limited to 50mm vertically up the 200mm upstand of the rain deflector. This is not fixed in place as it is held in place when the battens are placed on top of the roofing felt. The base unit is mechanically held in place on the roof with self-tapping screws that are fixed on every course of battens and screwed through each batten and then into the 4mm aluminum flange. With the slates now in place and the base unit protruding above the slate line, the capping part of the deflector can be fitted. The capping part of the deflector encases the base part of the unit and is fixed at the top with mechanical water tight screws. The capping has a neoprene rubber seal which once the capping is secured in place sits on top of the slates and after the pressure from the screw fixing is applied pushes into the slate or tile. This as in the valley unit will apply enough pressure to secure and stabilise any slates or tiles that could have moved or would have been dislodged during heavy weather conditions and storms. This is because especially in the valley unit they are locked in place by the pressure from above and the sidewall of the deflector upstand. The capping deflector is anodized as added protection against the elements. Thermal expansion does not play a crucial part with the rain deflector as there are no strict tolerances involved. The valley rain deflector is fitted on roofs where angle changes are incorporated into building designs. Dormer windows are an example, gabled ends on roofs will also mainly involve a valley gutter. These gutters frequently leak as they age suffering from thermal movement problems with modern heating systems and inadequate ventilation when incorporated with lead. Slates or tiles often become loose and drop into the valley area after so much wear and tear. The rain deflector eliminates these problems by fully supporting the slates or tiles locking them against the upstand and pressuring smaller cuts of slates or tiles with the cover capping or canopy of the deflector. The valley deflector is fitted into the central part of the roof valley and is fixed to the valley rafter which acts as the substrate for the Rain Deflector. Once all slates or tiles are removed from the valley area the valley support timber which sit on top of the rafters that hold the slating or tiling in place needs to be removed. This exposes the main rafter which supports the valley and branching off from this timber are the main roof rafters which support the bulk of the weight of the external roofing material. Once exposed in this fashion without the lead valley support timber the Rain Deflector can be mechanically fixed to the roof with brass 50mm slotted screws and as above the fixing and fitting of the felt and batten and slating and tiling procedure is repeated complete with the Rain Deflector Capping. The only other remedial work to be carried out is the closing up of the Deflector at the apex of the roof with mitering of ridge tiles at these intersections as per usual for Ridge and Hip replacements. The rain deflector for valleys gulleys will have an impact on the toxic use of lead which is widely used all over the world for valley intersections and will contribute to less CO2 emissions going forward depending on the uptake In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the Patent Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved rain deflector for roofs which has all the advantages of the prior art rain deflectors and none of the disadvantages. It is another object of the present invention to provide a new rain deflector for roofs which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved rain deflector for roofs which is of durable and reliable construction. An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved rain deflector for roofs which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labour, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such a product available to the buying public. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved rain deflector for roofs which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith. These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and detailed descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention. Brief description of figures Figure 1 shows a dimensional close view of the rain deflector installed on a roof. Figure 2 shows a dimensional view of the rain deflector installed on a roof. Figure 3 shows a dimensional view of a property with the rain deflector installed. Figure 4 shows a dimensional view of terraced properties with the rain deflector installed. Figure 5 shows a dimensional view of the capping unit. Figure 6 shows a dimensional view of the base unit. Figure 7 shows a dimensional upper view of the base unit. Figure 8 shows a dimensional upper view of the capping unit. Figure 9 shows a plan view of the base unit. Figure 10 shows a plan view of the capping unit. Detailed description of figures A typical embodiment of the coupling device is shown in Figure 1. It comprises the rain deflector which is comprised of two parts being a base unit 2 and a capping unit 1. The base unit being an elongate section presented as an arch shaped profile, which may be squared as a rectangle and extends thus for a length of at least, but not restricted to, three meters, which is, in use, the weathering interface between new and old roofs and is seated on top of the partition wall in certain installations. Along the lowest edge on both sides of the elongate section are short horizontally disposed base flanges 4 which extend the full length of the base unit 2. The capping unit 1 is in its form very similar to the base unit 2 and its profile is also arched, which may be squared as a rectangle. The capping unit is designed and sized to be slightly larger on its inner profile to enable it to slot on top of the base unit, until seated, as shown. The capping unit also has short horizontal flanges 7 in the same location as the base unit, which may be shorter than those of the base unit in their horizontal protrusion form the lower edge on each side of the elongated capping unit 1 these incorporate a neoprene or rubber seal to its flanges 7 creating a seal to the base and has holes and fixings 8 provided on its top surface for it to be connected to the base unit, underneath it, once it has been slotted into place and a may have a further through pin arrangement for added fixture. Upon installation as explained previously, the roofs battens 5 are overlapped onto the elongated flanges 7 due to the base unit 2 being slid underneath them for the full length of the install, with the roof tiles or slates 6 fitted in the known way to the battens 5 as also described previously and have the elongated flanges 7 laid on top said tiles or slates creating a further weather seal along with the traditional soaker system already incorporated.. Figure 2 shows an expanded view of the installation of the rain deflector, showing only a short section of both the base unit 2A and the capping unit 1A, which may be at least three meters in length, per section, with a multiple of these sections installed in a row up the roof, the number of which is determined by the height of the roof in question, in each instance. The base unit 2A, which is seated onto the partition wall 9 upper surface 11 in this example, has been slid under the ends of the roof battens 5A with the batten ends resting on said flanges 4A thereto. Once all the base units 2A are slid under the adjacent battens along the roof it then leaves the flank of the neighboring roofs intact without the need for remedial repairs such as gluing or slate clipping to the neighboring property. The roof battens 5A are then secured in place using self-tapping screws 12, holding the ends of the battens which are laid in rows onto the elongate flanges 4A. The capping unit 1A then sits on top of the tiles or slates 6A with the short horizontal flanges 7A on either side of the capping unit 1A seated on top of the slates or tiles 6A and the underside of the slates or tiles seated on top of the roof batten ends 5A which all seat on top of the base unit flanges 4A on both sides, creating a weather tight seal from the capping unit down. The capping units’ size may be determined to enable it to fit exactingly and uniformly over the base unit without any gaps or openings to its ends 13, in between the outer surface of the base unit and the inner surface of the capping unit, whilst still pressing down onto the tiles or slates and roof battens. The holes and fixings 8A holding down the capping unit 1A onto the base unit 2A which may be accompanied by an additional through pin 10. A typical installation of the rain deflectors 1B is shown on a corner valley location on a roof with tiles or slates 6B in Figure 3. This is further demonstrated in a roof installation of a rain deflector 1C in Figure 4, onto terraced house with tiles or slates 6C. As aforementioned in this document, the rain deflectors are designed to be fitted to interfaces between new roofs adjacent to existing roofs, as shown in accompanying Figures. They are also designed to replace open valley gutters at the intersection of gable walls, dormer windows or building extensions and flank changes on main roofs with a future adaption to replace hips and ridge tiles and are for use with natural slate, synthetic slates and clay or concrete plain tiles only and not for large concrete profile interlocking tiles at this stage. The base unit is supplied in two separate profiles. One incorporates a gutter unit which is the unit that is first placed on the roof which sits on the fascia board. The rest of the units are flank unit’s which are fitted on top of the gutter unit in preferably but not restricted to three meter sections dependent on the length of the roof to which they are installed. The gutter unit is slotted under the battens and then this allows the nib at the base of this unit to be screwed onto the existing fascia board. The arch shaped profile of the capping unit is derived of two vertical upright sides 15 of equal proportion and length and a horizontally disposed top surface 14 with holes and fixtures 8D, which adjoins the two upright sides 15, forming the profile of the capping unit 1D with a through hollow 16 inside. This further has the flanges 7D as described along the lower edges of the profile, as shown in Figure 5. The capping unit is made from suitable materials which may vary, including aluminum, stainless steel and associated variants. In Figure 6 the arch shaped profile of the base unit 2E is derived of two vertical upright sides 19 of equal proportion and length and a horizontally disposed top surface 17 and underside 3E, which adjoins the two upright sides 19, forming the profile of the capping unit 1D with end sections 18 to both opposing ends which may be filled, as shown, or hollow. This further has the flanges 4E as described along the lower edges of the profile Figure 7 shows an upper view of a base unit 2F with the capping unit 2G shown in Figure 8. A plan view of the base unit 2H is shown in Figure 9 having flanges 4H and top surface 17H. A plan view of the capping unit 11 is shown in Figure 10 having flanges 7I and top surface 141.

Claims

1) A rain deflector for roofs comprising two parts being a base unit and a capping unit, for use on valley or terraced connecting roof types to be fitted to interfaces between new roofs adjacent to existing roofs or to replace open valley gutters at the intersection of gable walls, dormer windows or building extensions and flank changes on main roofs and are for use with natural slate, synthetic slates and clay or concrete plain tiles, the base unit is the weathering interface between new and old roofs and is an elongated section presented as an arch shaped profile, to the lowest edge of the elongate section are short horizontally disposed base flanges which extend the full length of the base unit, the arch shaped profile is derived of two vertical upright sides of equal proportion and length and a horizontally disposed top surface which adjoins the two upright sides, forming the profile of the base unit, said capping unit is very similar to the base unit in form being designed and sized to be slightly larger on its inner profile to enable it to slot and engage on top of said base unit, with its profile also arched in an exacting shape to the base unit with horizontal flanges in the same location from the lower edges on each side of the elongated capping unit, these may be horizontally shorter than those of the base unit in their protrusion, this incorporates a neoprene or rubber seal to the base and has holes provided on its top surface for it to be connected to the base unit, underneath it, using mechanical fitting on any chosen side of a roof, once it has been slotted into place and a may have a further through pin arrangement for added engagement means, the ends of roof battens and roof tiles or slates are held between the flanges of the base and capping unit, forming a permanent rain and weather seal along connecting points of roofs.2) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 1 wherein, in use, the capping unit serves the purpose of securing the roof slate halves that are only fixed mechanically with a single nail once removed and often dislodge over time and cause leaks in to the roof void.3) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 2 wherein, in use, the capping unit also prevents wind lift for said slates and provides permanent protection against rain ingress while serving the purpose of acting as a further secondary weather protection deflector due to its profile incorporating said neoprene or rubber seal to the base of each capping unit.4) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 3 wherein the profile of the capping unit and base unit may be squared as a rectangle.5) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 1 wherein several rain deflectors are installed onto each roof to complete installation.6) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 5 wherein each rain deflector, comprising of said base and capping unit may extend for a length of at least but not restricted to, 3 meters.7) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 6 wherein, in use, said capping unit is seated on top of the roof slates or tiles with the horizontal flanges on either side of the capping unit seated on top of the slates or tiles and the underside of the slates or tiles are further seated on top of the roof batten ends which all seat on top of the base unit flanges on both sides; which are slid under the battens on installation, creating a weather tight seal from the capping unit down.8) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 7 wherein, in use, said base unit is mechanically held in place on the roof with self-tapping screws that are fixed on the end of every course of the roof battens and screwed through each batten and then into the flange, with the slates now in place and the base unit protruding above the slate line, the capping part of the deflector is fitted.9) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 8 wherein the capping part of the deflector encases the base unit and is fixed at the top with mechanical water tight screws.10) A rain deflector for roofs as claimed in claim 9 wherein the capping unit has a said neoprene rubber seal which, once the capping is secured in place, seats on top of the slates and after the pressure from the screw fixing is applied pushes into the slate or tile applying ample pressure to secure and stabilise any slates or tiles that could have moved or would have been dislodged during heavy weather conditions and storms.

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