Sports track

Abstract

A sports track 1 comprises a base layer 2, a top layer 3 and a resilient layer between the base and the top. The resilient layer comprises an array of spring elements 5 which are inclined to the verti

Description

[0001] This invention relates to sports tracks, and is concerned particularly with sports tracks for monitoring performance and enhancing running speed.

[0002] Sports tracks for running and other athletic events have undergone significant changes throughout history. This evolution has been driven by a desire for improved performance, enhanced safety, durability and ease of maintenance. Much like with sports footwear, there is great attention in improving the foot to floor interface, ultimately to improve performance. Athletes strive to run faster, jump further, and break records.

[0003] Since the 1960s there has been a major shift towards synthetic surfaces, and synthetic tracks specifically for running purposes. By the Mexico City Olympics in 1968, the first all-weather synthetic track was installed. This track was made from a polyurethane base mixed with rubber granules, creating a durable, weather-resistant surface that required less maintenance. This innovation revolutionised track and field events, providing consistent performance across all lanes and in various weather conditions. This synthetic track was thought to provide a sufficient amount of 'spring' within the foot-to-floor interface to help to improve performance. Adding some resilience to the surface helped to improve performance whilst enhancing safety through prevention of lower limb injuries.

[0004] Manufacturers began to vary the blend of polyurethane and rubber for specific performance characteristics such as shock absorption, grip and speed. Over the past few decades these synthetic track surfaces have continued to evolve with companies developing their own proprietary blends of polyurethane, rubber and other materials. These advancements aim to balance speed, comfort, and safety, reducing the risk of injuries whilst allowing for consistent performance for the athletes.

[0005] For the past decade, modern running tracks typically feature multiple layers. These layers often comprise a base layer for stability and a top layer for performance and comfort. These tracks, when used for official, competitive events, must also be designed to meet stringent standards set by athletic organisations and governing bodies, such as World Athletics.

[0006] In more recent times, these synthetic tracks have become highly customisable, allowing for variations in colour, texture and cushioning. The use of recycled materials and environmentally friendly production methods has also become more common. However, whilst aiming to conserve an athlete's energy whilst running on the track due to the integration of some resilience, the focus has been on shoe innovation to enhance performance.

[0007] One material that is often used for running tracks is vulcanized rubber, where the rubber has undergone a process that involves hardening the rubber through heat and chemical treatment. This process creates a durable and resilient surface, capable of withstanding high levels of stress and wear. Vulcanised rubber tracks are known for their consistent texture, grip, and elasticity, thought to provide an optimal combination of speed and safety.

[0008] Typically, these multi-layered tracks comprise a base layer that provides stability and shock absorption, and a top layer with a textured surface to ensure grip and traction. These tracks are designed for optimal energy return, allowing athletes to perform at their best with reduced fatigue and impact on the body. By providing sufficient resilience underfoot, athletes expend less energy with each step. The texture of the uppermost surface is engineered to provide an ideal level of grip, reducing the risk of slips and falls. Running on these tracks helps to conserve energy and reduce injury, but it does not help to improve an athlete's performance. Currently, athletes purchase the latest footwear that claims to increase speed, in an attempt to improve on their times.

[0009] There are other surfaces for different sporting events that also benefit from a customised flooring surface. These are based on the specific needs of a venue or event. Being able to customise the track means that surfaces can be tailored for specific purposes, such as sprinting, long-distance running, or even hurdles and other jumping events. A sprinter, wishing to travel along the track as fast as possible, has different needs to a high jumper, wishing to be able to jump as high as they can.

[00010] Safety is also a key factor in track design. The combination of cushioning, grip, and energy return aims to reduce the risk of injuries whilst promoting high performance. Getting this balance right is crucial.

[00011] Energy-returning surfaces are engineered to maximise energy return, which helps the athlete to conserve energy and maintain speed throughout a race or during a sporting activity. These surfaces typically have a responsive, spring-like feel that propels an athlete forwards with each stride. The efficiency of these energy-returning surfaces, combined with sufficient shock absorption, have led to track surfaces that reduce the impact on an athlete's joints and muscles.

[00012] Further improvements to tracks for various sporting endeavours to monitor performance include ways to sense and time an athlete when using the track. One such system comprises a laser timing system that offers precise measurement of an athlete's performance, down to fractions of a second. These systems provide accurate data for coaches, athletes, and spectators, allowing for better analysis and understanding of athletic performance.

[00013] Advances in sensor technology have led to the development of smart track surfaces that can measure various performance metrics in real-time. These surfaces can track an athlete's speed, acceleration, stride length, and other key parameters, providing valuable feedback for training and competition.

[00014] Trackside cameras are often positioned along the track to capture detailed footage of athletes' performances. Coaches and athletes can use this video analysis to identify areas for improvement in technique, strategy, and race tactics. Small tweaks to an athlete's running style, equipment, training schedule can be closely monitored by these sensing methods and real-time feedback. Although the majority of these systems require additional equipment to be installed or setup alongside a running track, with a display or interface that can extract and share the data obtained.

[00015] These innovations, along with advancements in training methods, nutrition, and sports science, contribute to continual improvements in athletic performance and the overall experience of track and field competitions.

[00016] But none of these sports tracks have been designed to enhance speed of an athlete, by generating additional propulsion of the athlete in the desired direction. Whilst they do help to conserve energy loss during impact, they do not comprise a way to transfer this energy into a force of propulsion.

[00017] There is a need to provide a sports track that goes further than just an energy-return surface, by providing a force to enhance an athlete's stride, and therefore speed, in the desired direction. There is a need to provide a sports track that is portable and can be moved from place to place and installed with relative ease. There is a need to provide a sports track that is adaptable in size and configuration to suit different events or locations. There is a need to provide a sports track to enhance speed, height or drive for various sporting pursuits. There is a need to real-time track the performance of a user of such a sports track.

[00018] The prior art shows a number of devices which attempt to address these needs in various ways.

[00019] EP 2 055 833 Bl (Mondo spa) discloses an athletic track for running comprising a treading layer, constituted by an elastomer mass and a supporting layer which is also constituted by an elastomer mass. The supporting layer, on the side opposite to the treading layer, comprises an array of cavities delimited by ribbings constituting a mesh of uniform ribbings. The cavities comprise an elongated shape in the direction of running on the flooring. Whilst this document goes some way towards providing a track with 'force reduction' allowing an athlete to travel faster with every stride, the track is not portable and capable of being moved from place to place.

[00020] EP 0 913 524 Bl (Mondo spa) discloses flooring having differential flexibility intended for athletics tracks. The flooring comprises a tread layer extending in a given plane, together with support formations extending from the said tread layer in a respective direction of extension. At least some of the said support formations extend with their respective direction of extension inclined with respect to the plane of the tread layer. The flooring also has characteristics of resilience that are differential according to the ways in which stress is applied. The inclined angle of the interlocking protrusions is intended to achieve the desired balance of flexibility for comfort and stiffness for speed, allowing differing stiffness to be exhibited depending on the angle at which the foot imparts force to the floor. Whilst offering some enhancement to speed for the athlete running on the track, this disclosure does not maximise this directional energy conversion.

[00021] GB 1 261 625 (BASF AG) discloses a surface for a playing field comprising three layers. The middle layer comprises a sheet of steel or thick plastics material, and the first and third layers comprises a sheet of board provided with parallel ribs on one side, whereby the side with the ribs for each of the layers is in contact with the middle layer. Whilst the layers of ribs are thought to improve the elasticity of the track, helping with energy return, this spring back is not in a uniformly direction. The track is also thought to provide a permanent installation, and is not designed to be moved from place to place with ease.

[00022] Whilst the prior art appears to address the issue of energy return, and providing an athlete with a cushioned surface that provides some resilience to assist with speed and performance, this assistance is more to conserve energy rather than supplementing speed in the direction of travel. Whilst the prior art attempts to help an athlete to conserve energy whilst running on a track, it does not provide directional energy conversion to enhance and supplement speed of the athlete on the track. The prior art does not propose a modular track system, where the track can be easily transported from place to place and installed efficiently. Nor does the prior art propose an inbuilt sensing system for real-time tracking of performance for persons using the track.

[00023] Preferred embodiments of the present invention aim to provide a sports track that provides directional energy conversion and propulsion in the direction of travel of an athlete engaging with the track. Preferred embodiments of the present invention also aim to provide a modular arrangement of sports track that can be moved and installed in different configurations, at various locations, and on various surfaces with relative ease. Preferred embodiments of the present invention also aim to provide inbuilt sensing and real-time tracking of performance of an athlete engaging with said sports track.

[00024] According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a sports track having a direction of extent along which an athlete can travel, the track comprising a base layer, a top layer, and a resilient layer between the base layer and the top layer, wherein the resilient layer comprises an array of spring elements that are inclined to the vertical in a common direction along the track, each of the spring elements being resiliently deformable when a downward force is applied to the top layer, the deformation being reversed when the force is removed, the track further comprising a plurality of first strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring elements and are configured to provide output signals that are representative of bending forces applied to the spring elements.

[00025] Preferably, the track further comprises a plurality of second strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring elements and are configured to provide output signals that are representative of compressive forces applied to the spring elements.

[00026] The base layer may be supported on a plurality of load cells.

[00027] At least some of the strain gauges may be affixed to respective ones of the spring elements by adhesive.

[00028] Preferably, the angle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 10 and 80 degrees.

[00029] Preferably, the angle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 30 and 45 degrees.

[00030] A sports track as above may comprise a plurality of interconnected modules, each having a base layer, a top layer, and a resilient layer as aforesaid.

[00031] Preferably, the modules interlock with one another.

[00032] The track may be configured as a loop.

[00033] The track may be configured in multiple lanes.

[00034] Preferably, the spring elements are configured as cantilevers, having a lower portion that is secured to the base layer and an upper portion that is moveable with respect to the lower portion.

[00035] Each of the spring elements may have a lower portion that engages in a recess in the base layer.

[00036] Said lower portion may be substantially flat and said recess may be a groove.

[00037] Each of the spring elements may have a lower portion that is parallel to an upper surface of the base layer and is affixed to the base layer.

[00038] A sports track as above may have angled caps that engage with upper portions of the spring elements and have upper surfaces that are parallel to an undersurface of the top layer.

[00039] Preferably, said upper surfaces of the caps are provided with a high friction finish, to inhibit movement of the top layer with respect to the caps.

[00040] The spring elements may be secured to the top layer.

[00041] Each of the spring elements may have an upper portion that engages in a recess in the top layer.

[00042] Said upper portion of the spring element may be substantially flat and the recess in the top layer in which it engages may be a groove.

[00043] Said upper portion of the spring element may be curved and the recess in the top layer in which it engages may be a groove with a curve to match the curve of the upper portion of the spring element.

[00044] The spring elements may be formed in groups, all of the spring elements of a group being connected at their lower portions.

[00045] Each of the spring elements may have upper and lower portions and a substantially flat main body portion between its upper and lower portions.

[00046] Preferably, the base layer is of low flexibility, relative to that of the top layer.

[00047] A sports track as above may further comprise a resilient surface layer on top of the top layer.

[00048] The base layer and the resilient layer may be formed as a common extrusion.

[00049] The top layer may be formed as a common extrusion with the base layer and the resilient layer.

[00050] The spring elements may comprise a material selected from spring steel, fibreglass, carbon fibre, acrylic, natural fibres and 3D-printed material.

[00051] A sports track as above may comprise sensors embedded in or attached to the track and configured to sense variations in parameters as an athlete travels along the track.

[00052] The sensors may comprise one or more from the group comprising piezoelectric sensors, strain gauges, pressure mapping systems, inertial measurement units, temperature sensors, optical sensors, infrared sensors, acoustic sensors.

[00053] A sports track as above may comprise at least one processor configured to receive an output from at least one of the sensors and process the output to provide performance data.

[00054] A sports track as above may comprise at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the strain gauges and process the output signals to provide performance data.

[00055] A sports track as above may comprise at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the load cells and process the output signals to provide performance data.

[00056] Preferably, at least one processor configured to process the output signals from the load cells is configured to provide positional data of a downward force applied to the top layer.

[00057] A sports track according to any of the preceding aspects of the invention may further comprising a display configured to display performance data.

[00058] For a better understanding of the invention and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:

[00059] Figure 1 shows one embodiment of a sports track module, comprising a top layer, a base layer and a resilient layer therebetween;

[00060] Figure 2 shows the sports track module of Figure 1 connected to further sports track modules;

[00061] Figure 3 shows one embodiment of resilient layer, comprising an array of spring elements, with each spring element being secured to the base layer at one end, and comprising a spring cap at the other end;

[00062] Figure 4 shows one of the spring caps of Figure 3 with a ridged portion to provide friction with the top layer;

[00063] Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of spring cap, with a plurality of spring caps being joined or formed together to form an array of spring caps;

[00064] Figure 6 shows an alternative embodiment of spring caps, with a plurality of back-facing spring caps, shown in an array of spring elements within the resilient layer;

[00065] Figure 7 shows the back-facing spring cap of Figure 6 in close-up view;

[00066] Figure 8 shows one embodiment of top layer comprising a plurality of transverse ribs on an underside of the top layer, configured to engage between consecutive rows of spring caps;

[00067] Figure 9 shows an underside view of multiple sports track modules, comprising a plurality of brackets for securing a sports track module to a neighbouring sports track module, forming the required length and width of sports track;

[00068] Figure 10 shows a cross-sectional view through one embodiment of sports track module, showing an array of spring elements mounted to the base layer at an angle to the vertical;

[00069] Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view through a further embodiment of sports track module, showing the array of spring elements connected to the base layer and the top layer within angular grooves;

[00070] Figure 12 shows a diagrammatic view of the forces acting on the sports track module by a person travelling in direction A, showing a downward force Fl acting on the sports track module by a person and an upward reaction force F2 acting on the person in the direction of travel A;

[00071] Figure 13 shows one embodiment of an array of spring elements, joined to a neighbouring array of spring elements;

[00072] Figure 14 shows one embodiment of fastener for fastening an array of spring elements to the base layer;

[00073] Figure 15 shows a further embodiment of resilient layer comprising arrays of spring elements configured in a staggered arrangement, relative to one another, on a base layer;

[00074] Figure 16 shows yet a further embodiment of resilient layer comprising arrays of spring elements where each of the spring elements comprises a bent portion at a top end for engaging with the top layer;

[00075] Figure 17 shows an alternative embodiment of resilient layer where the spring elements comprise a U-shaped section;

[00076] Figure 18 shows a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of sports track module, showing upper bent portions of spring elements engaging within grooves within the top layer;

[00077] Figure 19 shows yet a further embodiment of sports track module where the resilient layer comprises an extruded array of spring elements, whereby each of the spring elements extends across the width of the module and the base layer and resilient layer are extruded as one-piece;

[00078] Figure 20 shows the sports track module of Figure 19 in cross-sectional view;

[00079] Figure 21 shows a close-up view of one embodiment of a joint between neighbouring sports track modules;

[00080] Figure 22 shows the embodiment of Figure 19 whereby each of the spring elements incorporates a back-facing cap portion moulded at the uppermost end for engaging with the top layer;

[00081] Figures 23, 24 and 25 shows further views of Figure 22 with integral back-facing caps for engaging with the top layer;

[00082] Figure 26 shows yet a further embodiment of sports track module showing the top layer, resilient layer and base layer formed through coextrusion;

[00083] Figure 27 shows one embodiment of sensors within the sports track, operatively connected to a processor and display unit;

[00084] Figure 28 shows a diagrammatic view of a Force Ft engaging with a surface, and load cells engaging with a base layer to determine the vertical force components from the Force Ft;

[00085] Figure 29 shows Figure 28 in plan view, showing load cells in four corners;

[00086] Figure 30 shows a cross-sectional view through one embodiment of sports track module, showing an array of spring elements mounted to the base layer at an angle to the vertical, strain gauges mounted to the spring elements to measure bending and load cells in the corners of the base layer to measure vertical forces for calculating foot position and forces acting at the foot position;

[00087] Figure 31 shows a cross-sectional view through a further embodiment of sports track module, showing an array of spring elements connected to the base layer and the top layer and pairs of strain gauges mounted to the spring elements to measure both bending and compression, for calculating foot position and forces acting at the foot position;

[00088] Figure 32 shows one embodiment of spring element with strain gauge on either side, shown in an unloaded condition;

[00089] Figure 33 shows the spring element of Figure 32 under tension, showing an equal increase in length, and therefore resistance, of the strain gauges;

[00090] Figure 34 shows the spring element of Figures 32 and 33 under compression, showing an equal decrease in length, and therefore resistance, of the strain gauges;

[00091] Figure 35 shows the spring element of Figure 32 under bending, showing an increase in length and therefore resistance of one strain gauge, and a decrease in length and therefore resistance of the other strain gauge;

[00092] Figure 36 shows a diagrammatic view of four spring elements, showing strain gauges mounted to the front and the back of each of the spring elements;

[00093] Figure 37 shows a series of diagrams to demonstrate how forces applied by a foot can be calculated by measuring bending forces of spring elements and using a 45 degree mapped force relative to the force from the foot and load cells mounted beneath a base layer; and

[00094] Figure 38 shows a series of diagrams to demonstrate how the forces applied by a foot can be calculated by measuring bending and compression forces of spring elements from pairs of strain gauges on each of the spring elements.

[00095] In the figures like references denote like or corresponding parts.

[00096] It is to be understood that the various features that are described in the following and / or illustrated in the drawings are preferred but not essential. Combinations of features described and / or illustrated are not considered to be the only possible combinations. Unless stated to the contrary, individual features may be omitted, varied or combined in different combinations, where practical.

[00097] Figure 1 shows one embodiment of flooring configured as a sports track 1 for sports use, configured to provide an enhanced level of energy return to a person or athlete with each stride on the surface of the sports track 1. The sports track 1 comprises a base or bottom layer 2, and a top layer 3, with a resilient layer 4 sandwiched therebetween. The resilient layer 4 comprises a plurality of spring elements 5 that are configured to return some of the energy expended by the athlete. Each of the spring elements 5 is resiliently or elastically deformable when a downward force is applied to the top layer, the deformation being reversed when the force is removed.

[00098] The sports track 1 in this particular embodiment is configured to redirect the energy that is transferred into the sports track 1 when an athlete's feet push against the top layer 3 and use some of that energy to propel the athlete forwards. With each stride, the athlete's muscles cause the foot to exert a force on the sports track 1. This force holds the athlete's foot in contact through friction and allows the athlete's muscles to generate leg extension and propel the athlete forward.

[00099] All materials experience some amount of physical deformation when acted on by a contact force, and the result of this finite stiffness is that a portion of the sports track 1 undergoes a slight displacement when the athlete's foot pushes against the top layer 3 with each step. This displacement in response to the applied force means that the athlete's body is doing work on, and therefore transferring some energy to, the sports track 1. [000100] In the vast majority of surfaces that humans walk and run on, a significant portion of this energy is dissipated as heat or sound within the flooring itself. However, in this embodiment, the sports track 1 comprises a structure specifically designed to push back on the athlete's foot with nearly as much force as was originally applied, over nearly as much displacement as was originally incurred. [000101] The sports track 1 is configured to deliver this push-back during the small increment of time that the athlete's foot remains in contact with the track surface, the result being a return of that small quantity of transferred energy back to the athlete's body in the form of kinetic energy, which will provide an additional boost to propel the athlete forward. Over the course of many strides taken by the athlete, those small boosts will add up, resulting in more of the metabolic energy expended by the athlete being realised as speed. [000102] The sports track 1 accomplishes this energy return by employing an array of spring elements 5 within the resilient layer 4, the spring elements 5 connecting the top layer 3 to the base layer 2. The sports track 1 may comprise modular sections, as shown in Figure 2, where each module 6 of sports track 1, is joined to a neighbouring module 6 to create the required length and / or width of track. These modules 6 may be joined together using mechanical fasteners, such as brackets or clips, or they may be joined through built-in restraining features to form a track of the desired dimensions. [000103] In such an embodiment the spring elements 5 are thought to behave much like cantilevers, whereby each spring element 5 comprises a lower portion that is secured to the base layer 2 and an upper portion that is moveable with respect to the lower portion. [000104] Modules 6 of sports track 1 allow the track to be portable, so that it can be set up in a temporary location, such as in a competition venue. The modules 6 can then be disassembled and stored or moved for later use in a different location. This allows the sports track 1 to be installed in environments that are not typically used for such a purpose, such as through city centres, at famous landmarks and in other standout locations. [000105] Figure 3 shows a section of sports track 1 with top layer 3 removed, showing each of the spring elements 5 that make up the resilient layer 4. In the embodiment shown, the spring elements 5 fit into angled grooves 12 in the base layer 2 and extend upward at an angle toward the top layer 3, not shown. The angle of the spring elements 5 can be chosen to provide a directed energy return to the athlete, imparting an impulse having a forward-directed component in response to a vertical downward instigation. [000106] At the top of each spring element 5 is a spring cap 7. The spring cap 7 is fitted over the spring element's 5 distal end, where the spring element 5 will engage with the top layer 3. Figure 4 shows one embodiment of spring cap 7 in close-up view, showing a ridged portion 14, configured to engage with the underside of the top layer 3. Figure 5 shows an array of spring caps 7 moulded or joined together. Having the spring caps 7 in an array makes assembly faster and more efficient. [000107] The top layer 3 of the sports track 1 may comprise a surface with which the athlete's feet directly engage, or there may be further layers on top of the top layer 3 onto which the athlete's feet engage. [000108] Figures 6 and 7 show an alternative arrangement of spring cap 7. The spring caps 7 are angled in a backwards direction relative to the spring angle, which provides superior grip and retention against the top layer 3 as the spring elements 5 experience bending under the force exerted by the athlete. [000109] Figure 8 shows an array of back-facing spring caps 7 that make up the resilient layer 4, configured to engage with the top layer 3. The top layer 3 formed with transverse ribs on an underside for engaging with these springs caps 7, whereby the transverse ribs extend across the full width of the underside of the top layer 3, or at least a portion of the underside of the top layer 3, to fit into a gap between the spring caps 7 of consecutive rows of spring elements 5, further reducing slippage between the layers. [000110] Figure 9 shows one possible embodiment of how neighbouring modules 6 may be joined to one another, through a plurality of brackets 17. [000111] Figure 10 shows a cross-sectional view of sports track 1, showing one embodiment of how the three main layers, the base layer 2, the top layer 3 and the resilient layer 4, fit together. In this embodiment, the spring elements 5 are fitted into grooves 12 within the base layer 2. These grooves 12 comprise a complementary shape to the end of the spring elements 5 so that the end of each one of the spring elements 5 slots into these grooves 12. Other fastening methods to join these components may also be used, such as mechanical fasteners or adhesives. [000112] The top layer 3 may be laid over the top of the spring elements 5, with friction between the top layer 3 and the spring caps 7 maintaining the alignment and preventing slippage between the spring caps 7 and the top layer 3. The ridged portion 14 helps to further prevent slippage by enhancing the friction therebetween. Alternatively, various adhesives or friction-enhancing substances may be used to bond or join the top layer 3 to the resilient layer 4. [000113] The spring elements 5 are mutually spaced between base layer 2 and top layer 3, and the resilient layer 4 therebetween comprises discrete spring elements 5 for performance enhancement. [000114] In a further embodiment, the spring caps 7 may be moulded onto the spring elements 5 by dipping the spring elements 5 into a thermoplastic material in liquid form, to be cured onto the spring elements 5, or by other means of deposition onto the spring elements 5. [000115] Figure 11 shows a further arrangement of spring elements 5. These spring elements 5 fit into angled grooves 12 within the base layer 2, as just described. The other ends of the spring elements 5 are configured to mate with the top layer 3 using a similar arrangement of angled grooves 13 formed in the top layer 3. This configuration provides retention of the top layer 3 on the spring elements 5 and therefore resists any slipping along the direction of force without needing to use a separate spring cap 7 fitted to each spring element 5. [000116] Figure 12 shows, in diagrammatic form, the resilient layer 4 comprising spring elements 5 in a partially compressed state. The athlete's foot exerts a force Fl against the top layer 3 in a substantially downward direction, which causes the spring elements 5, mounted at an angle X to the vertical, to deflect in response to the applied force Fl. The force exerted by the athlete's foot may also have a horizontal component, not shown, that is directed to the right in this diagram as the runner pushes tangentially against the top layer 3 to propel their body forward and in the direction of travel A. This horizontal component of force will also act to deflect the spring elements 5. As the upper ends of the spring elements 5 undergo a displacement under the applied force Fl, work is done on the spring elements 5, which transfers energy to the spring elements 5 to be temporarily stored as internal energy in the compressed spring elements 5. [000117] During the time that the athlete's foot is causing the spring elements 5 to be compressed, the spring force F2 will exert a net positive force on the athlete's foot, which imparts an acceleration to the athlete in the direction of travel A. This force F2 continues until the spring elements 5 have completely decompressed, or returned to their original state and position, or until the athlete's foot breaks contact with the top layer 3. During this time, the internal energy stored in the spring elements 5 is returned to the athlete as kinetic energy. The athlete therefore conserves some of their energy, whilst feeling enhanced propulsion in the direction of travel A. It is this enhanced propulsion that helps to improve their speed and therefore their time covering a set distance. [000118] These angled spring elements 5, when provided with a force that is being exerted on the athlete's foot during spring decompression, will always have a component aligned tangentially to the sports track 1 in the athlete's direction of forward motion, even if the initial compression of the spring elements 5 was caused by a purely vertical force applied downwardly against the top layer 3. The result is that a portion of the energy that goes into the sports track 1 will be returned to the athlete with each step and provide a boost to the athlete's forward motion. [000119] The angle X at which the spring elements 5 are inclined to the vertical may be between 10 and 80 degrees according to track use. A preferred range for angle X is between 30 and 45 degrees for optimum running speed with added propulsion. [000120] The resilient layer 4 has been shown to return up to 98 percent of the energy of compression, and when configured with the base layer 2 and top layer 3, has returned approximately 85 percent of the energy of compression. [000121] In a preferred embodiment, the layered structure of the sports track 1 has an overall stiffness value between 100 kN / m and 600 kN / m when pressed by a foot of average size. Greater compliance allows the track to absorb and transfer more energy to the athlete, but contact time can be adversely affected if the sports track 1 compliance is too high. [000122] Figure 13 shows a further embodiment of spring elements 5 arranged as spring arrays 8. One spring array 8 is shown joined to a further spring array 8. These spring arrays 8 comprise a one-piece construction, with multiple spring elements 5 protruding from a common rail. Each spring element 5 may be formed by cutting a slot in a planar piece of material. Each spring element 5 can flex independently in response to a force applied to the region of the top layer 3 in contact with the end of the spring element 5. Multiple spring plates 8 can be positioned end-to-end as shown here, allowing the spring elements 5 to extend straight across a sports track 1 of any desired width. These spring plates 8 can be made from a material having desired elastic modulus, yield strength, and other mechanical properties. The material for the spring elements 5 or spring plates 8 may comprise spring steel, fibreglass, carbon fibre, acrylic, natural fibres (e.g. wood, bamboo) or 3D-printed materials. [000123] The spring plates 8 may be joined to the base layer 2 by fitting them into angled grooves 12 in the base layer 2, as shown in Figures 10 and 11. Alternatively, the spring plates 8 may be fabricated to include a mating surface 11 as shown in Figure 14, with rivets 9 or other fasteners being used to join the spring plates 8 to the base layer 2, via an array of holes 10 formed in the base layer 2. [000124] Various arrangements of multiple rows of spring elements 5 can be configured, as shown in Figures 15,16 and 17. Figure 15 shows an arrangement of spring elements 5 where the spring elements 5 in each row are staggered from the spring elements 5 in the adjacent rows. The rows of spring elements 5 are offset from one another. Figure 16 shows spring elements 5 where the top layer engaging end is bent to form a U-shaped end portion, for engaging with a groove or pocket in an underside of the top layer 3, or for providing greater surface area of spring element 5 in contact with an underside of the top layer 3. Figure 17 shows the spring elements 5 as a continuous loop that begins and ends at the base layer 2. [000125] In one example, configured for a multi-lane sports track 1, spring elements 5 are made from FR4 fibreglass, where each spring element 5 is 50mm long and spaced from neighbouring spring elements 5 by 20mm, and rows of spring elements 5 are spaced apart by 10mm. The fibreglass is 2mm thick. This spacing results in 4,000 individual spring elements 5 or cantilevers per lane and per metre length of track, assuming a 0.8m lane width. Other values can also be used for the size and spacing of the spring elements 5 depending on material choice and the desired energy return. Likewise, the angle of said spring elements 5 can be varied according to the desired directional return force F2 from the sports track 1. [000126] The base layer 2 may comprise Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) or other polymer by machining or other suitable process. Alternatively, metals such as aluminium or various steels may be used. [000127] The top layer 3 may comprise a sheet of natural rubber. The rubber may have been compression-moulded to produce a desired surface finish. The top layer 3 may also be joined to further layers. The sports track 1 for specific environments and conditions may require one or more additional layers on top of the top layer 3, through which the athlete can engage with the sports track 1. The top layer 3 may comprise more than one layer, and may include a transfer layer to provide enhanced stiffness and to improve force distribution between the top layer 3 and the spring elements 5. The sports track 1 is not limited to comprising three layers, but there may be additional layers on top of the top layer 3, or beneath the base layer 2. [000128] Figure 18 shows an alternative embodiment of the spring elements 5. The spring elements 5 comprise a bent metal construction, where the top end of each spring element 5 is bent into a curved tip that fits into a complementary-shaped groove 13 formed into the underside of the top layer 3. [000129] In yet a further embodiment as shown in Figures 19 and 20, the sports track 1 may be made by extrusion, with each spring element 5 being extruded as a single rib extending the entire width of the module 6 of sports track 1. The base layer 2 and the resilient layer 4 may be made as a monolithic unit, extruded together. The base layer 2 may be formed as a row of truss-like features having ribs to provide structural rigidity and strength. This extruded configuration of sports track 1 may comprise a separate top layer 3 that is placed over the top of the extruded sections of spring elements 5 to provide the sports track 1. This top layer 3 may be substantially longer and / or wider than the extruded sections and may be unrolled over the extruded sections once they have been joined to form a surface of the desired shape and size. This approach provides the advantage of fewer seams in the top surface. [000130] Figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of the extruded sports track 1 showing a joint 16 between two modules 6. The base layer 2 may comprise a tongue on a first end and a mating groove on the second end, facilitating linking of multiple modules 6 to form a track of any desired length. The modules 6 may be linked through 'keyhole slot' shaped tongues and grooves interconnecting neighbouring modules 6. [000131] Figures 22, 23, 24 and 25 shows a further embodiment of the extruded sports track 1. The top end of each spring element 5 is separated from the adjacent spring array 8 or spring elements 5 rather than being conjoined as in the previous embodiment of Figures 19 and 20. In this arrangement the top layer engaging end of each spring element 5 comprises the shape of a back-facing spring cap 7, extruded as part of the spring element 5. This arrangement provides similar advantages as the back-facing spring caps 7 depicted in Figures 6 and 7. The gap separating the spring arrays 8 can be formed into the track module shape as part of the extrusion process, or it can be made by removing material from the extruded piece. The absence of this material joining the tops of the spring arrays 8 can provide the advantage of allowing the spring elements 5 freedom to flex independently under the differing load to which each spring element 5 is subjected. [000132] Additionally, although not shown in these images, longitudinal grooves may be cut into the spring arrays 8 of the extruded sports track 1, separating each spring array 8 into individual spring elements 5 similar to the spring elements 5 shown in other embodiments described herein. A top layer 3 comprising transverse ribs on the resilient layer engaging side can be used with the extruded track module 6, as shown in Figures 24 and 25, providing the same advantages of grip and retention described above. [000133] An additional variation of the extruded sports track 1 is to form each track module 6 by co-extrusion, as shown in Figure 26. In this embodiment, the top layer 3, the resilient layer 4 and the base layer 2 are formed together by coextruding a suitable combination of polymers or other materials having the desired characteristics for each layer. The use of co-extrusion provides the advantages of easier transport and setup, potentially lower production cost, and a stronger bond between the top layer 3 and the resilient layer 4. [000134] As shown in Figure T1, the sports track 1 may also be fitted with a variety of sensors 18 to make measurements of various aspects of athletic performance as the sports track 1 is being used for both competitive or training purposes. The sensors 18 may be operatively connected to one or more processor 19, one or more display 20, and one or more power supply, not shown. The display 20 may be through a mobile phone or tablet, or may be through a screen display. The display 20 may also be configured within the sports track 1 itself. The various components may communicate with one another via wired and / or wireless connections. [000135] The sensors 18 may comprise force and / or pressure sensors, embedded within the sports track 1, or mounted to the surface. These sensors 18 may comprise piezoelectric sensors, force plates, or strain gauges, embedded directly into the top layer 3 or the resilient layer 4. The sports track 1 may incorporate a structure to measure the impact forces and pressure distribution of the athlete's feet, for analysing their gate and stride. By integrating strain gauges into the resilient layer 4, an athlete or their coach can measure the deformation and strain caused by their weight and impact forces. [000136] Pressure mapping systems, such as a grid of pressure sensors 18 can be embedded into the track surface to create a pressure map, providing detailed information about the pressure distribution across the foot during each stride. [000137] Motion sensors 18 may also be incorporated as part of the sports track 1 sensing system. These motion sensors 18 might include inertial measurement units (IMUs). Small IMUs, consisting of accelerometers and gyroscopes, can be embedded into the top layer 3, or any further layers on top of the top layer 3, or alternatively placed along the edges of the sports track 1. These sensors 18 can track the runner's movements, stride length, cadence, and other kinematic parameters without requiring any attachments to the athlete. [000138] Integrated sensing technology may also comprise environmental sensors 18. These environmental sensors 18 may comprise temperature sensors, for monitoring the surface temperature of the sports track 1, which can affect the athlete's performance and the behaviour of the resilient layer 4. [000139] Another option for the sensing technology may comprise optical sensors or optical motion capture systems. These sensors 18 may comprise highspeed cameras, time of flight or depth sensors positioned around the track to capture the athlete's movements and biomechanics from multiple angles, without the need for any physical attachment to the athlete themselves, or the need for any visual markers on their body. [000140] The sensors 18 may also comprise infrared sensors, used to detect the presence and motion of the runner on the sports track 1, which can be useful for tracking and timing purposes. [000141] Acoustic sensors 18 may also be used, such as microphones integrated within the sports track 1 to detect the sound patterns generated by an athlete's footsteps, which can provide insights into stride patterns, cadence and potentially biomechanical factors. [000142] Figure 28 shows one embodiment of a sports track 1 in side view, showing a force Ft engaging with the top layer 3 at a foot position 24, a plurality of load cells 23 in corners of the platform for measuring vertical forces Fl, F2, F3 and F4. Measurement of these vertical forces determines the vertical force Fv at the foot position 24. [000143] Figure 29 shows one embodiment of rectangular sports track 1 used to measure the forces acting on a foot of a person when they engage with the top layer 3 of the sports track 1. In this embodiment a load cell 23 is configured within each of the four corners of the sports track 1. These load cells 23 measure the reaction forces Fl, F2, F3 and F4 at all four corners of the sports track 1. The foot position 24 is the centre of pressure of where the foot lands on the upper plate 3. In this embodiment, the forces acting on the foot can be calculated from the vertical force Fv. The total vertical force Fv (or Fz in x, y, z coordinates) is measured using the force measurements Fl, F2, F3 and F4 of the four load cells 2, each mounted at the corners of the force platform 1, ensuring a comprehensive capture of vertical force distribution across the upper plate 3. [000144] The data from the load cells 2 is sent to a data processor 19 for data processing. The data processor 19 performs various calculations to provide an output to a display 20, and / or wirelessly transmits this data to a smartphone, tablet or similar device, for a user to view. [000145] Figure 30 shows a first embodiment of sensors embedded within sports track 1. In this embodiment the sensors are designed to measure horizontal and vertical forces through spring element bending force Fb and reaction forces at load cells Fr. Figure 31 shows a further embodiment of sensors embedded within the sports track 1. In this embodiment the sensors are designed to measure horizontal and vertical forces through spring element bending force Fb and spring element compression force Fc. This enables a user to capture foot position, pressure distribution, and dynamic force data derived from spring element bending. [000146] This sports track 1 aims to capture a wide range of critical data, including vertical force, horizontal force, centre of pressure position (both average and dynamic), contact time, and flight time. Notably, the system is designed to gather this data over the entirety of a sporting surface, ensuring comprehensive analysis and value. [000147] The data captured by the system serves multiple purposes. First, it provides valuable coaching data and pressure distribution data, by measuring three-axis force information across the entire athletic surface, empowering coaches to make more informed, data-driven decisions. Second, it facilitates injury prevention by enabling the tracking of force data over time, potentially identifying early signs of impending injury in athletes. Finally, the data enhances the audience experience during sporting events, offering engaging and compelling real-time information to improve viewer engagement and overall enjoyment of the event. [000148] The system incorporates advanced mechanisms for determining an athlete's location on the sports track 1 and the forces exerted during movement. Strain gauges that are integrated into the spring elements 5 of the sports track 1 measure the bending strain Fb experienced by these spring elements 5. The outputs of strain gauges 21 and 22 (Figure 32) reveal the degree of bending deflection for each spring element 5, thereby identifying the location of the athlete's foot based on the spring elements 5 experiencing the greatest strain. The strain gauges 21 and 22 may be affixed to the spring elements 5 using adhesives or embedded directly into the spring elements 5. [000149] In addition to strain gauge-based measurements, the system determines the applied forces by analysing reaction support forces at various locations on small segments of the sports track 1. Load cells 23 are strategically placed at each corner of the track panels, as depicted in Figure 30, to measure these reaction forces Fr. Differences between the reaction forces and strain gauge measurements are used to calculate the horizontal forces applied by the athlete's foot. [000150] The deflection of spring elements 5, recorded by built-in strain gauges 21 and 22, provides additional insights into the forces applied. The location of the athlete's foot is calculated by identifying which spring elements 5 are bent. The vertical forces are directly measured by the load cells 23 placed strategically in the track. The horizontal component of force can then be derived by the combination of vertical load cell force and spring deflection force. These two measurements allow for comprehensive characterisation of the athlete's force on the track. The integration of strain gauges 21 and 22 and load cells 23 enables the system to accurately measure forces and track the athlete's position across the surface of the track. [000151] The arrangement shown in Figure 31 includes compressive strain Fc measurements of the spring elements 5, in addition to the bending strain measurements Fb. The compressive strain Fc measurements can be made using the same strain gauges whose output provides the bending strain measurements, or they can be made using a different set of strain gauges for each measurement. Figures 32, 33, 34 and 35 show one embodiment of spring element 5 with a first strain gauge 21 on one side and a second strain gauge 22 on the opposite side. In Figure 32 there is no load applied to the spring element 5. Figure 33 shows the same spring element 5 under tension Ftn, showing the length of the first strain gauge 21 and the second strain gauge 22 increasing, and therefore the resistance of these strain gauges 21 and 22 also increasing, by the same amount as one another. [000152] Figure 34 shows the same spring element 5 when subjected to a compressive force Fc, showing the decrease in length of the first strain gauge 21 and the second strain gauge 22 by the same amount, and therefore the resistance of these strain gauges 21 and 22 also decreasing by the same amount. Figure 35 shows the same spring element 5 when subjected to a bending load Fb showing the change in length of the strain gauges 21 and 22. The first strain gauge 21 increases in length by a greater amount than the second strain gauge 22 due to the nature of the bend of the spring element 5. [000153] Figure 36 shows pairs of strain gauges 21 and 22 either side of spring elements 5, with one end of the spring elements 5 secured to a base layer 2. [000154] The vertical and horizontal forces imparted into the sports track 1 at the athlete's foot position 24 can be determined by analysing the distribution of compression strain Fc and bending strain Fb among the spring elements 5. The strain gauges 21 and 22 integrated into the spring elements 5 are used to measure both the deflection and compression of these spring elements 5. The compression is calculated by comparing the differential and absolute measurements of strain in the spring elements 5, enabling precise determination of the forces acting on the track. [000155] The athlete's foot position 24 is calculated from the spatial distribution of force measurements over multiple spring elements 5. The total force exerted by the athlete is calculated by combining the measured compression force Fc and bending force Fb. The vertical and horizontal components of this total force are further derived by analysing the spatial distribution of Fc and Fb across the spring elements 5, providing a detailed breakdown of the forces applied at the athlete's point of contact with the track. [000156] This method leverages the physics of deformation, where the distribution of strain in the spring elements 5 reflects both the magnitude and direction of the forces being applied. By correlating the strain gauge data with the mechanical behaviour of the spring elements 5, the system achieves a comprehensive understanding of the forces exerted at the athlete's foot position 24. [000157] Once the complete set of force components in the interaction between athlete and track surface have been determined, they can be used to compute additional performance metrics relating to the athlete's performance. When combined with the known values of the athlete's weight and physical dimensions (including height and center of mass), traction force values can be used to deduce the athlete's instantaneous acceleration, average speed, metabolic energy expended, and other physiological and performance measures. [000158] Figure 37 and 38 illustrate different angles at which a foot may apply a force Ft to top layer 3 of sports track 1, at foot position 24, using spring elements 5 as illustrated in Figure 36, for example, which are inclined at a 45-degree angle to the vertical and to base layer 2 and have strain gauges 21, 22 that enable resolution of bending force perpendicular to the spring element axis. Since that axis is positioned at a 45-degree angle relative to the sports track's reference frame (standard x, z coordinate system), the forces from the foot can be remapped into two new components: one perpendicular to this 45-degree reference frame (the cantilever bending force) and one parallel to it (the cantilever compression force). By measuring the difference between the front and back strain gauges on the cantilevers, the cantilever bending force component can be isolated and accurately measured. Additionally, vertical load 23 cells placed under the track measure the force directed in the z-axis, isolating the component of the force mapped to the z direction from the foot. Together, these two sensors measure the same force from the foot but map it to two different reference frames, providing different values based on the angle of the applied force. This combined data provides sufficient information to resolve both the absolute value of the force applied by the foot and the direction in which the force is being applied. [000159] Figure 38 shows a similar arrangement to Figure 37 but does not require vertical load cells 23. It relies on the cantilevers measuring both the bending force (mapped at 45 degrees from the foot) and the compression force (mapped at -45 degrees from the foot). The 45-degree mapping can be extracted from the cantilever bending force measurement by determining the difference between the front and back strain gauge values. Similarly, the -45-degree mapping is derived from the cantilever compression measurement by summing the values from the front and back strain gauges. These two orthogonal force measurements, taken in a 45-degree rotated reference frame, can then be converted into x and z force components by transferring the force measurements back into the track's reference frame. [000160] The sports track 1 may be designed with dimensions suitable for use on both standard outdoor and indoor tracks. Outdoor tracks typically have a standard width of 1.22 metres, while indoor tracks range from 0.9 to 1.22 metres in width. To ensure versatility and adaptability, the sports track 1 should be modular, portable, and lightweight enough to be positioned manually, facilitating ease of use across different environments and setups. [000161] The panel width for the sports track 1 is determined by the requirements of governing bodies, such as World Athletics, and should fall within the range of 0.9 metres to 1.22 metres. The panel length is designed to strike a balance between modularity and minimising the number of joints, with a recommended range of 0.5 meters to 1.5 metres. This length is also constrained by the panel's mass, which should be between 20 kilograms and 50 kilograms to ensure manageability. The panel thickness is specified to be between 50 millimeters and 100 millimeters. The length of the spring elements 5 directly impacts the stiffness and panel thickness. [000162] The sports track 1 may be used for a wide variety of sporting endeavours, with a different arrangement of angular spring elements 5 specific to each of these. For an example, a sprint track for athletics may have a different requirement to a run up track for the long jump, which again may have different requirements to the run up region for a high jump. The angular spring elements 5 may be set at a different angle to a neighbouring module, which may assist with an event such as the hurdles, where an athlete is required to sprint between hurdles, yet leap over the hurdles at intervals. [000163] The sports track 1 may also be used within sports halls, stadiums, gyms and other sports environments. The sports track 1 may be configured as a plurality of lanes, whereby each athlete runs within their lane. The sports track 1 may be configured with multiple modules 6 to span a standard running track length of 60m, 100m, or to a bespoke length lesser or greater than these standard lengths. The sports track 1 may also be configured as a loop, of 400m or otherwise, much like standard athletics tracks. [000164] In this specification, the terms 'top' and 'base' or 'bottom' are used in the context of the usual orientation of a sports track on a horizonal plane, as shown in the accompanying drawings. However, in use, the sports track may be arranged, at least partially, on an inclined plane. [000165] In this specification, the verb "comprise" has its normal dictionary meaning, to denote non-exclusive inclusion. That is, use of the word "comprise" (or any of its derivatives) to include one feature or more, does not exclude the possibility of also including further features. The word "preferable" (or any of its derivatives) indicates one feature or more that is preferred but not essential. [000166] All or any of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and / or all or any of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive. [000167] Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features. [000168] The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

1. A sports track having a direction of extent along which an athlete can travel, the track comprising a base layer, a top layer, and a resilient layer between the base layer and the top layer, wherein the resilient layer comprises an array of spring elements that are inclined to the vertical in a common direction along the track, each of the spring elements being resiliently deformable when a downward force is applied to the top layer, the deformation being reversed when the force is removed, the track further comprising a plurality of first strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring elements and are configured to provide output signals that are representative of bending forces applied to the spring elements.

2. A sports track according to claim 1, wherein the track further comprises a plurality of second strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring elements and are configured to provide output signals that are representative of compressive forces applied to the spring elements.

3. A sports track according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the base layer is supported on a plurality of load cells.

4. A sports track according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein at least some of the strain gauges are affixed to respective ones of the spring elements by adhesive.

5. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the angle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 10 and 80 degrees.

6. A sports track according to claim 5, wherein the angle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 30 and 45 degrees.

7. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising a plurality of interconnected modules, each having a base layer, a top layer, and a resilient layer as aforesaid.

8. A sports track according to claim 7, wherein the modules interlock with one another.

9. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the track is configured as a loop.

10. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the track is configured in multiple lanes.

11. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the spring elements are configured as cantilevers, having a lower portion that is secured to the base layer and an upper portion that is moveable with respect to the lower portion.

12. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein each of the spring elements has a lower portion that engages in a recess in the base layer.

13. A sports track according to claim 12, wherein said lower portion is substantially flat and said recess is a groove.

14. A sports track according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein each of the spring elements has a lower portion that is parallel to an upper surface of the base layer and is affixed to the base layer.

15. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising angled caps that engage with upper portions of the spring elements and have upper surfaces that are parallel to an undersurface of the top layer.

16. A sports track according to claim 15, wherein said upper surfaces of the caps are provided with a high friction finish, to inhibit movement of the top layer with respect to the caps.

17. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the spring elements are secured to the top layer.

18. A sports track according to claim 17, wherein each of the spring elements has an upper portion that engages in a recess in the top layer.

19. A sports track according to claim 18, wherein said upper portion of the spring element is substantially flat and the recess in the top layer in which it engages is a groove.

20. A sports track according to claim 18, wherein said upper portion of the spring element is curved and the recess in the top layer in which it engages is a groove with a curve to match the curve of the upper portion of the spring element.

21. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the spring elements are formed in groups, all of the spring elements of a group being connected at their lower portions.

22. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein each of the spring elements has upper and lower portions and a substantially flat main body portion between its upper and lower portions.

23. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer is of low flexibility, relative to that of the top layer.

24. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a resilient surface layer on top of the top layer.

25. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer and the resilient layer are formed as a common extrusion.

26. A sports track according to claim 25, wherein the top layer is formed as a common extrusion with the base layer and the resilient layer.

27. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the spring elements comprises a material selected from spring steel, fibreglass, carbon fibre, acrylic, natural fibres and 3D-printed material.

28. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising sensors embedded in or attached to the track and configured to sense variations in parameters as an athlete travels along the track.

29. A sports track according to claim 28, wherein the sensors comprise one or more from the group comprising piezoelectric sensors, strain gauges, pressure mapping systems, inertial measurement units, temperature sensors, optical sensors, infrared sensors, acoustic sensors.

30. A sports track according to claim 28 or 29, comprising at least one processor configured to receive an output from at least one of the sensors and process the output to provide performance data.

31. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the strain gauges and process the output signals to provide performance data.

32. A sports track according to claim 3 and any of claims 4 to 31, comprising at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the load cells and process the output signals to provide performance data.

33. A sports track according to claim 32, wherein said at least one processor configured to process the output signals from the load cells is configured to provide positional data of a downward force applied to the top layer.

34. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a display configured to display performance data.

35. A sports track substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.23 09 25CLAIMS:

1. A sports track having a direction of extent along which an athlete can travel, the track comprising a base layer, a top layer, and a resilient layer between the base layer and the top layer, wherein the resilient layer comprises 5 an array of spring elements that are inclined to the vertical in a commondirection along the track, each of the spring elements being resiliently deformable when a downward force is applied to the top layer, the deformation being reversed when the force is removed, the track further comprising a plurality of first strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring 10 elements and are configured to provide output signals that are representative ofbending forces applied to the spring elements.

2. A sports track according to claim 1, wherein the track further comprises a plurality of second strain gauges that are connected to at least some of the spring elements and are configured to provide output signals that are15 representative of compressive forces applied to the spring elements.

3. A sports track according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the base layer is supported on a plurality of load cells.

4. A sports track according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein at least some of the strain gauges are affixed to respective ones of the spring elements by adhesive.20 5. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein theangle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 10 and 80 degrees.23 09 256. A sports track according to claim 5, wherein the angle at which the spring elements are inclined to the vertical is between 30 and 45 degrees.

7. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising a plurality of interconnected modules, each having a base layer, a top layer, and a 5 resilient layer as aforesaid.

8. A sports track according to claim 7, wherein the modules interlock with one another.

9. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the track is configured as a loop.10 10. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the trackis configured in multiple lanes.

11. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the spring elements are configured as cantilevers, having a lower portion that is secured to the base layer and an upper portion that is moveable with respect to 15 the lower portion.

12. A sports track according to claim 11, wherein each of the spring elements has a lower portion that engages in a recess in the base layer.

13. A sports track according to claim 12, wherein said lower portion is substantially flat and said recess is a groove.23 09 2514. A sports track according to claim 11, wherein each of the spring elements has a lower portion that is parallel to an upper surface of the base layer and is affixed to the base layer.

15. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising 5 angled caps that engage with upper portions of the spring elements and have upper surfaces that are parallel to an undersurface of the top layer.

16. A sports track according to claim 15, wherein said upper surfaces of the caps are provided with a high friction finish, to inhibit movement of the top layer with respect to the caps.10 17. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein thespring elements are secured to the top layer.

18. A sports track according to claim 17, wherein each of the spring elements has an upper portion that engages in a recess in the top layer.

19. A sports track according to claim 18, wherein said upper portion of the 15 spring element is substantially flat and the recess in the top layer in which it engages is a groove.

20. A sports track according to claim 18, wherein said upper portion of the spring element is curved and the recess in the top layer in which it engages is a groove with a curve to match the curve of the upper portion of the spring20 element.23 09 2521. A sports track according to claim 11, wherein the spring elements are formed in groups, all of the spring elements of a group being connected at their lower portions.

22. A sports track according to claim 11, wherein each of the spring elements 5 has upper and lower portions and a substantially flat main body portion between its upper and lower portions.

23. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer is of low flexibility, relative to that of the top layer.

24. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, further 10 comprising a resilient surface layer on top of the top layer.

25. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer and the resilient layer are integrally formed as a single structural unit.

26. A sports track according to claim 25, wherein the top layer is integrally formed with the base layer and the resilient layer as a single structural unit.15 27. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, wherein thespring elements comprises a material selected from spring steel, fibreglass, carbon fibre, acrylic, natural fibres and 3D-printed material.

28. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, comprising additional sensors embedded in or attached to the track and configured to sense 20 variations in parameters as an athlete travels along the track.23 09 2529. A sports track according to claim 28, wherein the additional sensors comprise one or more from the group comprising piezoelectric sensors, pressure mapping systems, inertial measurement units, temperature sensors, optical sensors, infrared sensors, acoustic sensors.5 30. A sports track according to claim 28 or 29, comprising at least oneprocessor configured to receive an output from at least one of the additional sensors and process the output to provide performance data.

31. A sports track according to any of claims 1 to 20, comprising at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the strain gauges and10 process the output signals to provide performance data.

32. A sports track according to claim 3 and any of claims 4 to 31, comprising at least one processor configured to receive output signals from the load cells and process the output signals to provide performance data.

33. A sports track according to claim 32, wherein said at least one processor 15 configured to process the output signals from the load cells is configured to provide positional data of a downward force applied to the top layer.

34. A sports track according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a display configured to display performance data.

Images