System for generating linear movement

Abstract

To provide a linear motor which does not use friction to move but instead generates a force which pushes the linear motor in a desired direction.SOLUTION: Provided is a system for generating a linear movement, including an electromagnetically charged body 30 that freely moves in a main direction, a static magnetic field generator 50, and two buffer elements 20, 40. A movement of the electromagnetically charged body 30 in the main direction is controlled by the static magnetic field generator 50 and the buffer elements 20, 40. A power profile for generating a displacement of the system in either orientation in the main direction at a frequency Ω obtained by an equation Ω=A*f(N) is supplied using AC to the static magnetic field generator 50.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to linear motors. In particular, the present invention relates to motors that utilize electromagnetic charges to move a system that contains it along a primary direction. In particular, the linear motors described herein allow for motion in one direction in one primary direction of the system. The linear motors described herein provide motion in one direction as a result of an external bias, and such motion goes beyond simple vibration. [Background technology]

[0002] Current motors are based on two general principles for generating motion and can be divided into two macroscopic movement categories: friction motors and variable mass motors.

[0003] By friction motor is meant any motor, regardless of the power means used, that generates motion that is mechanically transmitted to an external object or surface, and that generates friction by this motion between the object to which the motor is coupled and the external object or surface.

[0004] For example, the motor of a car transmits the motion generated by the motor to the wheels of the car, which generates the motion of the car on the road as a result of friction with the surface of the road. In fact, the car moves due to this friction that occurs between the wheels and the asphalt. Similar examples could be the wheels of a train with rails, or even the magnetic levitation system of a train.

[0005] The second macro category concerns variable mass motors, i.e. motors that "fire a mass" in the opposite direction of the movement they must perform, based on the action / reaction principle. A classic example of this kind of motor is a rocket, which fires a stream of particles in the opposite direction of the movement intended by the rocket.

[0006] Patent Document 1 states: (a) at least one movable magnet movable in an axial direction, the movable magnet being axially magnetized; An electromagnetic vibrator device is described that includes: (b) two bumper magnets arranged axially in series with the moving magnet, the bumper magnets being oriented to magnetically repel the moving magnet and the moving magnet being disposed between the bumper magnets; and (c) at least one field coil for axially moving the moving magnet.

[0007] In particular, US Pat. No. 5,399,633 describes a device that is used to generate linear vibrations that can be used, for example, in mobile phones and portable electronic devices.

[0008] Patent Document 2 describes a vibration motor having a stable vibration part that can be used in various electronic devices.

[0009] Finally, US Pat. No. 6,299,633 describes a flexible tactile actuator that includes substantially the same parts as those described in the two above mentioned patents. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] US Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 001484 [Patent Document 2] US Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 248458 [Patent Document 3] European Patent Application Publication No. 3343738 Summary of the Invention

[0011] The motor proposed here is not based on either of the two macro principles outlined above.

[0012] In fact, the linear motor described herein does not expel mass and does not use friction to move, but instead generates a force that pushes it in a desired direction.

[0013] Furthermore, unlike friction motors, self-propelled motors have no achievable speed limit since they generate constant acceleration and therefore ideally could reach any speed in the absence of friction (e.g., in outer space).

[0014] Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description, given by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the figures represented in the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] 1 shows an example of a system according to the present invention. [Diagram 2] 1 shows the system in successive steps leading to its movement. [Diagram 3] 1 shows the system in successive steps leading to its movement. [Figure 4] 1 shows the system in successive steps leading to its movement. [Diagram 5] 1 shows the system in successive steps leading to its movement. [Figure 6] 1 shows the system in successive steps leading to its movement. [Figure 7(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 7(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 7(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 8(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 8(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 8(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 9(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 9(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 9(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 10(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 10(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 10(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 11(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 11(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 11(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 12(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 12(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 12(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 13(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 13(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 13(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 14(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 14(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 14(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 15(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 15(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 15(c)]5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 16] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 17(a)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 17(b)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 17(c)] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 18] 5 shows different embodiments of the system according to the invention; [Figure 19] 1 shows the trend of the integral of the force difference measured between two load cells testing a device according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] Parts according to the present description have been shown in the drawings, where appropriate, using conventional reference numerals to indicate only the specific details relevant to an understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, without emphasizing details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reference to the description set forth herein.

[0017] Referring to FIG. 1, in general, a motor or motion system according to the present invention consists of an electromagnetic charged body moving within a confined spatial volume, which is electromagnetically accelerated and decelerated in a controlled manner during its movement within said spatial volume.

[0018] Such acceleration / deceleration generates a force on the volume the mass is moving, allowing it to move through a volume in space.

[0019] An example of the first embodiment is shown in FIG.

[0020] In FIG. 1 it is possible to distinguish the basic elements of the solution proposed here, namely a pipe 10, for example a hollow cylinder, containing inside three magnets 20, 30, 40, one of which (referenced 30) is mobile and two of which (referenced 20, 40) are fixed, and an electromagnet or coil 50. The two fixed magnets 20, 40 are fixed inside the pipe 10 at their two opposite ends A and B. The third movable magnet 30 is placed in the central part C of the pipe 10. The coil 50 is fixed to the pipe 10 at its outer part. In the example shown, the coil 50 is wound around the pipe 10 starting from the end B and extends over about a quarter of the length of the pipe 10. In particular, the coil 50 is placed outside the pipe and surrounds the part of the pipe 10 that houses the fixed magnet 20. The three magnets 20, 30, 40 are arranged to show opposite poles facing each other. In particular, the equilibrium state shown in FIG. 1 results in the first fixed magnet 20 being positioned such that its positive pole 20b faces the outside of the tube 10, i.e., towards the end B of the tube 10, and its positive pole 20a faces the center C of the tube 10. The second movable magnet 30 is positioned inside the tube 10 at the center C such that its negative pole 30a faces the negative pole 20a of the first fixed magnet 20. Finally, the third magnet 40 is positioned such that its positive pole 40b faces the inside of the tube 10, i.e., towards the center C of the tube 10, and its negative pole 40a faces the outside of the tube 10, i.e., towards the end A of the tube 10. In this way, the third fixed magnet 40 is positioned inside the tube 10 such that its positive pole 40b faces the positive pole 30b of the second movable magnet 30.

[0021] The equilibrium state is shown in Fig. 1. In particular, the two fixed magnets 20, 40 hold the mobile magnet 30 in place by the repulsive forces of the poles of the same sign facing each other. The repulsive forces between the poles of the same sign therefore make the magnets repel each other. In particular, the two negative poles 20a and 30a repel each other, and the positive poles 30b and 40b repel each other. The mobile magnet 30 therefore remains stationary at the center C of the tube 10, since the two repulsive forces occurring against the two fixed magnets 20, 40 are balanced. In the example of Fig. 1, the coil 50 is not powered, and therefore the system is in an equilibrium state with the mobile magnet 30 resting in the center of the tube 10 at the center C. Of course, the description provided herein also applies to the dual case, where the magnets take opposite positions with respect to the poles. Thus, the fixed magnet 20 has a positive pole 20a facing the outside (end B) of the tube 10 and a negative pole 20b facing the central part C of the tube 10, the movable magnet 30 has its positive pole 30b facing the end B and its negative pole 30a facing the end A, and the fixed magnet 40 has its negative pole 40a facing the central part C of the tube 10 and its positive pole 40b facing the end A. Also, in this case, the repulsive force between magnets of the same sign causes the magnets to repel each other.

[0022] Now, with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 5, the system operation will be described step by step.

[0023] 2 shows an initial equilibrium state, in which the movable magnet 30 is at rest in its equilibrium state at the center C of the tube 10, as described above. Such a movable magnet 30 is held at rest by the repulsive forces between the poles of the same sign due to the orientation of the two fixed magnets 20, 40.

[0024] Thus, at time t0, an equilibrium state is reached.

[0025] Referring to Figure 3, a coil 50 is added and wound around end B of tube 10. In particular, coil 50 is wound around fixed magnet 20 at the end of tube 10. Initially, such coil 50 is not powered and in Figure 3, the balanced condition remains as shown in Figure 2. In other words, mobile magnet 30 is in a central position held in equilibrium by the repulsive force F generated by the two fixed magnets 20, 40.

[0026] At time t1, there is activation of a coil which generates an electromagnetic field.

[0027] In Fig. 4, the coil 50 is powered, for example, by a square wave, sine wave, or sawtooth wave pulse, and the mobile magnet 30 moves in a direction toward the end of the tube 10 due to the increased magnetic field generated by the coil 50. In particular, the mobile magnet 30 approaches the fixed magnet 40 pushed by the repulsive force FR created between the like-signed poles 20a and 30a of the two magnets 20 and 30. As a result, the mobile magnet 30 moves toward the fixed magnet 40 (in a direction toward the end A) as long as the repulsive force generated by the approach of the two like-signed poles 30b and 40b stops the mobile magnet 30.

[0028] Subsequently, at time t2, the movable magnet 30 interacts with the electromagnetic field generated by the coil 50 and moves from an equilibrium position to a position closer to the fixed magnet 40 (although an embodiment is shown in the example, a dual embodiment with a reversal of the power supplied to the coil 50 may also be considered).

[0029] More specifically, energizing the coil 50 generates an increase in the magnetic field, which increases the repulsive force between the movable magnet 30 and the fixed magnet 20, causing the movable magnet 30 to move in a direction toward the fixed magnet 40. The movable magnet 30 captures operating energy that is transferred to the entire system at the moment of maximum approach before reversing the motion of the movable magnet 30.

[0030] At time t3 (see FIG. 5), the coil 50 is switched off, reversed in polarity or reduced in strength, and the central magnet 30, which is in a position other than its normal equilibrium position, is subjected to a force tending to return it to equilibrium, and the entire system (tube 10, magnets 20, 30, 40 and coil 50) is subjected to an equal and opposite force in the opposite direction.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 6, at time t4, the accelerating movable magnet 30 will in principle move beyond its normal equilibrium position and will tend to approach the direction of the fixed magnet 20, which will repel it again beyond the equilibrium position, and if left in this situation will result in a series of smaller oscillations of the movable magnet 30 until the equilibrium position is reached again.

[0032] Instead, the coil 50 is reactivated at a precise instant so as to decelerate the moving magnet 30 and reject it in the situation at time t2 (see FIG. 4).

[0033] At time t5, steps t2 to t5 are repeated to keep the system in motion. In particular, the displacement of the system consisting of tube 10, magnets 20, 30, 40 and coil 50 occurs in the direction indicated by arrow S in Figures 5 and 6.

[0034] The forward movement is caused by the effect of a mechanical thrust of the mobile magnet 30 against the fixed magnet 40. In particular, to prevent wear on the magnets, impacts between the magnets are avoided and if the two magnets are brought too close together, repulsive forces will push the two magnets apart.

[0035] In simple terms, the system generates a series of linear movements by providing a series of pulses (square wave, sine wave, sawtooth wave) with a given frequency as power for the coil 50, i.e. impulsive power with peaks that then fall. In particular, by supplying a current to the coil 50, linear movements of the system are obtained due to the repulsive forces between like-charged poles of magnets contained within the system. Such linear movements are achieved even in a vacuum, so that the motion is not due to vibration effects or friction.

[0036] The solution described herein therefore makes it possible to obtain a linear movement by energizing the coil 50 by a generator (for example a battery). The movement obtained depends on the waveform of the pulses with which the coil 50 is powered.

[0037] Powering the coil 50 makes it possible to obtain unbalanced thrust in a given direction with respect to the main axis, so as to move the entire system in a certain direction. Thus, by selecting different pulse amplitudes and frequencies for powering the coil 50, different responses of the system can be obtained.

[0038] The power supply of the system is alternating current rather than direct current and can be regulated at different ranges of frequencies and with different waveforms (e.g., square wave, sawtooth wave, sine wave, etc.) to generate motor movement, which can generate different types of thrust along the two axes and different types of acceleration of the system.

[0039] We will now describe some of the possible embodiments of the system described herein.

[0040] The simplest diagram of the system is shown in Figure 7. In particular, in this case there is a mobile magnet MM inserted into a tube T, for example a hollow cylinder closed at its ends A and B and equipped with two mechanical bumpers RM at the ends of the tube T, and a single coil Bob.

[0041] The coil Bob can take different positions on the tube T. In particular, in FIG. 7a) the coil Bob is in a first part of the tube T, directly below the center C of the tube T, below the movable magnet MM. Conversely, in FIG. 7b) the coil Bob is again located in the first part of the tube T, below the movable magnet MM, near the end B of the tube T. Finally, in FIG. 7c the coil Bob is located in the center C of the tube T, surrounding the tube T in the rest position of the movable magnet MM.

[0042] In the operation of the system in the three cases a), b) and c), depending on the position of the coil, only the motor efficiency and frequency range change, since the principle is almost the same.

[0043] The two mechanical bumpers RM can be made of an elastic material such as silicone rubber (see FIG. 7).

[0044] The tube T may, as already mentioned, be, for example, a hollow cylinder having a circular cross section, or it may be a tube having a square, rectangular, oval, hexagonal or other type of cross section.

[0045] In one or more alternative embodiments, the two mechanical bumpers RM can be made in the form of two elastic elements or springs ML (see FIG. 8) placed at the two ends A and B of the tube T. In this case too, the coil Bob can assume different positions, as shown in the embodiments (b) and (c) of FIG. 8. The coil Bob can assume the same positions as described for FIG. 7, i.e. - in a first part of the tube T, directly below the central part C of the tube T, below the movable magnet MM, or - in a first part of the tube T, under the movable magnet MM, in the vicinity of the end B of the tube T, or - Located in the central part C of the tube T and surrounding the tube T in the rest position of the movable magnet MM.

[0046] Alternatively, as shown in figure 9, the mobile magnet MM can be kept in an equilibrium position by a system of springs Ma, in particular fixed to the ends A, B of the tube T. Again, the coil Bob can assume different positions, as shown in the embodiments a), b), c) of figures 7 and 8.

[0047] Another possible embodiment is shown in Figure 10. In particular, in this case the system comprises a tube T closed at ends A and B, with a mobile magnet MM inside the central part C and two fixed magnets MF blocked at the ends A and B of the tube T. Again there is a single coil Bob wound around the tube T in three possible positions. - in a first part of the tube T, directly below the central part C of the tube T, below the movable magnet MM, or - in a first part of the tube T, under the movable magnet MM, in the vicinity of the end B of the tube T, or - Located in the central part C of the tube T and surrounding the tube T in the rest position of the movable magnet MM.

[0048] In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the magnets may also have different sizes from each other.

[0049] Further embodiments (see Figs. 11 and 12) can be obtained by mixing the features of the solution of Fig. 10 with one of the three variants (a, b, c) of Fig. 7, 8 or 9. In particular, there may be a mechanical buffer RM made of elastic rubber at the first end, a spring bumper ML or a spring MA connected between the tube T and the mobile magnet MM, and a fixed magnet MF at the other end B of the tube T. Alternatively, the elements may be mutually inverted at the two ends A and B of the tube T.

[0050] Further embodiments (see Figs. 11 and 12) can be obtained by mixing the features of the solution of Fig. 10 with one of the three variants (a, b, c) of Fig. 7, Fig. 8 or Fig. 9. In particular, it can be said to have a closed tube T, which has a mobile magnet MM inside a central part C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at the ends A and B of the tube T. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other. In this case, too, there is a single coil Bob. In these alternative embodiments, between the ends of the tube T and the fixed magnet MF, there can be a mechanical buffer RM, which can be made of an elastic material such as silicone rubber. In a variant, there can be one or two springs ML, or a system of springs MA, which hold the fixed magnet MF in an equilibrium position. Naturally, the pair of fixed magnet MF and mechanical buffer RM can be only from the end A, or from both ends A and B.

[0051] According to a further variant, there may be two fixed magnets MF fixed to the ends A and B of the tube T and two mechanical buffers RM, which may be made of an elastic material such as silicone rubber, between the fixed magnets MF and the mobile magnet MM. In other alternative embodiments, there may be a system of two springs ML or a spring MA between the fixed magnet MF and the mobile magnet MM that hold the central magnet in a balanced position, or any combination of the aforementioned elements.

[0052] Only some of the possible variations discussed are shown in the figures.

[0053] In various other embodiments, for example with reference to Fig. 13, the system comprises a closed tube T and a pair of coils Bob1 and Bob2, the closed tube T having a mobile magnet MM in the middle C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at the ends of the tube T at two ends A and B. Figures a), b), c) show three examples of positioning of the two coils Bob1 and Bob2. In the illustrated examples, the two coils Bob1 and Bob2 have different numbers of turns, but embodiments can be envisaged in which the number of turns of the two coils Bob1 and Bob2 is equal. Alternatively, other distributions of the two coils Bob1 and Bob2 along the tube T can be envisaged.

[0054] By adjusting the size (number of turns and size of the two coils Bob1 and Bob2, supply and frequency) the acceleration of the system can be adjusted more efficiently (see Figure 13). The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other.

[0055] Further embodiments are obtained by combining the features of the solution of Fig. 13 with one of the three variants (a, b, c) of Fig. 7, Fig. 8 or Fig. 9. In particular, there can be an embodiment having a pair of coils Bob1 and Bob2 at the first end A, a mechanical buffer RM made of elastic rubber, a spring bumper ML or a spring MA connected between the tube T and the fixed magnet MF, then a mobile magnet MM and finally a fixed magnet MF Fig fixed at the other end B of the tube T. Alternatively, the elements can be mutually inverted at the two ends A and B of the tube T.

[0056] Further embodiments are obtained by combining the features of the solution of FIG. 13 with one of the three variants (a, b, c) of FIG. 7, FIG. 8 or FIG. 9. In particular, it can be an embodiment with a pair of coils Bob1 and Bob2 and a closed tube T, which has a mobile magnet MM inside its central part C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at the ends A and B of the tube T. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other. In these alternative embodiments, between the ends A and B of the tube T and the fixed magnet MF there may be two mechanical buffers RM, which may be made of an elastic material such as silicone rubber. In a variant, there may be two springs ML, or a system of springs MA, which hold the fixed magnet MF in an equilibrium position.

[0057] In all the embodiments shown herein, the system acceleration can be adjusted more efficiently by adjusting the size of the two coils Bob1 and Bob2, the number and size of the windings, the power and the frequency. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other.

[0058] 14, a further embodiment is conceivable in which there is a single coil Bob, wound on a closed tube T, which has a mobile magnet MM inside its central part C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at its ends A and B. In this alternative embodiment, a diamagnetic cover CD of the tube T is also provided at the position of the tube T between the two fixed magnets MF, the purpose of which is to act as a "magnetic brake" to slow down the movement of the mobile magnet MM during the step of returning to the equilibrium position. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other.

[0059] A variant of the embodiment shown in Fig. 14 comprises a pair of coils Bob1 and Bob2 wound on a closed tube T, which has a mobile magnet MM inside its central part C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at the ends A and B of the tube T. In this embodiment, a diamagnetic cover CD of the tube T is provided at the position of the tube T between the two fixed magnets MF, the purpose of which is to act as a "magnetic brake" that slows down the movement of the mobile magnet MM during the step of returning to the equilibrium position. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other and the "magnetic brake" CD may be placed between the two coils Bob1 and Bob2 or between the coils Bob1 and Bob2 and one end (A or B) of the closed tube T.

[0060] More specifically, the diamagnetic cover CD, acting as a magnetic brake, is a cover of diamagnetic material, which is used to brake the mobile magnet MM as it moves inside the area of ​​the tube T covered by said diamagnetic cover CD. The diamagnetic cover CD can be made of copper, aluminum, graphite or any strongly diamagnetic material and can be either passive (i.e. a simple cover that is not powered) or active (i.e. a copper, graphite or aluminum coil that is activated just before the passage of the mobile magnet MM). For example, the diamagnetic cover CD can be a hollow cylinder fitted over the tube T.

[0061] Alternatively, braking can be obtained with a single coil by reversing the polarity of the power supply, or by providing a pair of coils, one for launching or accelerating and one for braking.

[0062] A further embodiment of the solution described herein is explained with reference to Fig. 15. In particular, in this case there are a number of coils Bob1, Bob2, ..., BobN wound on a closed tube T, which has a mobile magnet MM inside its central part C and two fixed magnets MF fixed at the ends A and B of the tube T. The system acceleration can be adjusted more efficiently by adjusting the size, number of turns and magnitude, power and frequency of the N coils. The magnets can also have different dimensions from each other.

[0063] In detail, the purpose of providing a plurality of N coils is to "fire" the mobile magnet MM towards one of the two fixed magnets MF, thus creating a situation similar to a Gauss rifle during the step of accelerating the mobile magnet MM in a direction, and to act as a magnetic brake during the step of returning the mobile magnet MM in the opposite direction. The coils therefore generate a force at the base of their general shape depending on their position relative to the mobile magnet MM and as a function of the time the mobile magnet MM is activated.

[0064] In particular, a Gauss rifle is a barrel that uses magnetic or electromagnetic acceleration to propel a metallic bullet at extremely high velocities by a linear motor arranged on a common axis.

[0065] With multiple coils, the thrust and acceleration / deceleration of the moving magnet MM can be managed with better control. It is also preferable to manage each coil individually with a power supply and a square wave generator with adjustable frequency. It would therefore be preferable to have a series of coils with as narrow a diameter as possible to generate a strong magnetic field. Conversely, a middle ground must be found to avoid making the system too heavy. A good compromise would be to use two or three offset coils as pulses, which still allow for precise management of acceleration and deceleration, so as to avoid the system being too heavy.

[0066] A further embodiment can be obtained from the embodiment shown in Figure 15, in which one or more diamagnetic covers CD of the tube T are added at various positions of the tube T between the two fixed magnets MF, with the purpose of acting as a "magnetic brake" to slow down the movement of the mobile magnet MM during the step of returning to the equilibrium position. Again, the magnets may be of different sizes from each other.

[0067] A further variant, which can be applied to all of the above-mentioned embodiments, envisages the use of a central tube TC made of diamagnetic material as an additional magnetic brake. Figure 16 shows an example of an embodiment in which it is envisaged to use a central tube TC made of diamagnetic material as an additional magnetic brake.

[0068] A further embodiment of the system according to the invention will be described with reference to Figure 17. In this embodiment, a central pin PC is provided, on which a mobile magnet MM slides (in this embodiment drilled in the middle), to which two fixed magnets MF are fixed at ends A and B.

[0069] Naturally, all the variants described above can also be applied to this embodiment.

[0070] In particular, the embodiments are described based on greater efficiency, with a multi-coil system having two fixed magnets being the most efficient, while a first system having a single magnet, a single coil and a mechanical repulsion means is the least efficient.

[0071] Finally, it is possible to create a system of systems that can be assembled to allow movement vertically or in various directions.

[0072] In essence, the system described herein behaves as a Gauss rifle, with two plugs at the end of the rifle (tube) and a magnet replacing the bullet that is repeatedly brought close to and / or into contact with buffer elements (springs, magnets, etc.), particularly one of them, in a given direction and orientation, to transfer kinetic energy and set the entire system in motion.

[0073] Of course, with appropriate transformation means, it is also possible to imagine a movement system that utilizes circular motion.

[0074] An application example will now be described. In the described example, the tube T is made of a plastic material that is resistant to impacts and high temperatures. In alternative embodiments, the tube T may also be made of ceramic, sintered ceramic, wood, cardboard, vulcanized fiber, or wood or cardboard soaked in epoxy resin.

[0075] In particular, ceramics have the advantage that, in addition to being immune to ageing, they are extremely resistant to high temperatures, are mechanically strong and are not heavy.

[0076] Additionally, sintered ceramics have the same advantages as traditional ceramics, but may also have superior features than traditional ceramics.

[0077] Wood has a low specific gravity and is a poor conductor of heat, preventing the heat generated by the coil from being transferred to the central magnet.

[0078] Carbon, on the other hand, has similar characteristics and advantages as wood, but with a lower specific gravity.

[0079] Vulcanized fibers have similar characteristics to wood and carbon, but have superior mechanical strength, are a homogenous material, do not exhibit structural defects, and are also excellent electrical insulators.

[0080] Wood, carbon, or vulcanized fiber soaked in epoxy resin has the same characteristics as the three materials before soaking, but likely has greater structural strength.

[0081] Additionally, in further embodiments, the tube T may be made of aluminum, graphite or metal, although it appears that strongly diamagnetic or ferromagnetic materials may limit system performance in some cases.

[0082] Therefore, antiferromagnetic or non-magnetizable materials such as ceramics, plastics, wood, and paper are preferred.

[0083] In the embodiment considered, the tube T has a length that can vary from 0.5 cm to 300 cm and an internal diameter comprised between 0.1 mm and 600 mm. The magnets used (MM and MF) are preferably chosen for their high magnetization and good thermal resistance due to eddy currents that may occur inside the magnets themselves during operation.

[0084] As an example, and referring to Figure 18, a plastic tube T of length 130 mm can be used with an inner diameter of 11 mm and an outer diameter of 15 mm. Two neodymium magnets MF with axial magnetization N52, diameter 10 mm and height 35 mm, are fixed to ends A and B of the tube T with epoxy glue.

[0085] The two magnets MF are fixed so that the N pole (or positive pole) of one of the magnets, MF1, faces the inside of the tube and the S pole (or negative pole) faces the outside, and the other magnet, MF2, is fixed so that its S pole (or negative pole) faces the inside of the tube T and its N pole (or positive pole) faces the outside.

[0086] A movable magnet MM, identical to the previous MF1 and MF2, is held in magnetic levitation by the repulsive forces generated by the other two magnets MF1 and MF2 and is positioned inside the tube T between the two magnets MF1 and MF2.

[0087] For example, a coil Bob of enamelled copper wire with a diameter of 0.25 mm may be wound around the tube T to obtain overall dimensions of a length of 10-25 mm and an outer diameter of 25 mm. The coil Bob is placed between the mobile magnet MM and one of the two fixed magnets MF1 and MF2, in particular between MM and MF2 in FIG. 18. In the embodiment described, the coil Bob is in this case located about 7 mm from the end of the mobile magnet MM at rest (in particular, the mobile magnet MM is located in the centre C of the tube T at rest).

[0088] Coil Bob is powered via square wave pulses with a 50% duty cycle at a frequency between 0.5 and 250 Hz, specifically at a frequency of about 5 Hz.

[0089] The coil can be driven by a square wave with a 50% duty cycle generated by a solid-state relay managing an adapter connected to a high-capacity capacitor (preferably an electrolytic capacitor with two diodes at the output to avoid return effects arising from the motorized coil). In particular, sawtooth or sinusoidal waveforms are also acceptable for driving. Furthermore, waveforms with very narrow and high pulses are preferred.

[0090] Finally, enameled aluminum coils are preferred over enameled copper coils due to the increased weight involved.

[0091] It is preferable for the coils to be vertical rather than tilted, since the proportion of the effective magnetic field generated by the coils is greatest when the coils are perpendicular to the magnet.

[0092] The systems described herein can be used in the aerospace industry.

[0093] As an example of an embodiment, consider a 140 mm methacrylate tube T with an inner diameter of 11 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. At both ends of the tube T there are two "plugs" glued with two-component epoxy resin with plastic threads, 0.75 mm pitch and adjustment washers. Also, at the bottom of the two screws, another methacrylate is glued and a fixed magnet (neodymium magnet with axial magnetization N50 and dimensions: diameter 10 mm, height 17 mm) is glued with two-component epoxy resin. So, two magnets are glued to both ends of the tube T, arranged so that the north and south sides of the magnets fixed at both ends face each other.

[0094] A third movable magnet, identical to the other two, is placed in the center of the tube and oriented so that it is repelled by the other two magnets, which hold it "levitating" in the center of the tube.

[0095] Two methacrylate coil-carrying tubes, 15 and 25 mm long respectively, with a wall thickness of 2 mm, are placed together with two screws and adjusting washers made of plastic material with a pitch of 0.75 mm. The washers made of plastic material are glued with a cyanoacrylate system to the ends of the two tubes on which the coils slide to hold the wound wire coils, the washers have an outside diameter of 50 mm.

[0096] The coil is wound with transformer grade enamelled copper wire having an overall diameter of 0.25 mm. The coil is wound to achieve an overall outside diameter equal to 25 mm.

[0097] The device is powered in such a way that, upon ignition of the coil, the central movable magnet is pushed towards the magnet located behind the longer coil (25 mm long). The two coils are powered in parallel with a voltage of 9 volts and a frequency of 4.37 Hz square wave with a duty cycle of 50%. The square wave starts from 0 volts to 9 volts. The power supply circuit is composed of a prototype phase, generated by an Arduino Nano connected to an IRF540, powered by a 9 volt battery. In this way, the weight of the entire system is about 90 grams and can replace a weight of 200 grams by pushing it linearly on the table.

[0098] Of course, by applying appropriate scaling factors, it is possible to make larger systems with higher returns that can be used in different fields and for a variety of applications.

[0099] It can be placed inside the satellite attached to a plate and can be moved 360° along the horizontal axis and 360° along the vertical axis to allow the satellite to move in all directions.

[0100] Considering the very low cost of materials, the fact that the copper coils "levitate" the central magnet so that it does not touch the tube, and the extremely low consumption, they are preferable to other types of motors currently used, requiring no fuel, only electrical energy, which can also be taken from solar panels, allowing any distance to be reached in space. Arrays of many systems of this type can also be used as motors for spacecraft.

[0101] In such a system, constant acceleration makes it possible to achieve any speed in space, which can be used for space exploration.

[0102] The system speed can be adjusted by varying the frequency and the supply voltage.

[0103] It is possible to devise a similar system using electric fields instead of magnetic fields to generate motion through electrostatic phenomena. One can also consider using a dual-powered bifilar coil where each wire is powered differently in terms of the amperage, voltage and frequency and waveform sent, where the two pulses can also be sent with opposite polarity to each other. Using a bifilar coil instead of a single strand coil allows for more precise management of the acceleration of the system.

[0104] Generalizing further, it is possible to devise coils with more than two wires, with each wire being powered differently in terms of amperage, voltage, frequency and waveform.

[0105] Laboratory tests have been carried out to measure the forces exerted by the system in an object using load cells. Tests have been carried out on two different prototypes implementing two different embodiments of the above.

[0106] In particular, Figure 19 shows the time integral of the difference between the readings of two load cells used to measure the system's response to the applied power. Given the arrangement of the two load cells, their difference from each other provides the sum of the forces measured in the same direction. To obtain the average value of the force measured from the two load cells, the difference in the readings is divided by two.

[0107] Tests showed that the tested systems generated larger forces in one of two directions along the main direction.

[0108] Here, the formulas that make it possible to have a linear motor using electromagnetic charges and the theory underlying this system are described in order to set up a system containing electromagnetic charges to move along a main direction.

[0109] The formula for deriving the appropriate frequencies for properly operating a linear motor was derived by observing that the most likely frequencies are related to the Fibonacci sequence.

[0110] Starting from a theory that can be summarised in the concept of changing the magnetisation state of one of the two "fixed" magnets, i.e. the magnet present at the end of the motor, indicated in the diagram by reference 20, 40 or MF, and changing the way in which the fixed magnet interacts with the moving magnet 30 or MM of the motor itself while it is moving, an empirical process was followed.

[0111] Therefore, the solution is to create a maximum overmagnetization delta of the first fixed magnet, for example 20 or MF1, which will result in overmagnetization when the mobile magnet 30 or MM is as close as possible, and undermagnetization when the mobile magnet 30 or MM is as far away as possible, i.e. near the second fixed magnet 40 or MF2.

[0112] The primary coil, indicated in the figures by the reference numerals 50, Bob, Bob1, in this case when off, has the advantage that in the simple case of a single coil motor (see for example FIG. 18), it generates a counter magnetic field which partially cancels the "baseline" magnetic field of the fixed magnet 20 or MF1 which had previously been increased or over-magnetized.

[0113] More generally, the sum of the magnetic fields present in a linear motor must be maximum when the moving magnet 30 or MM interacts with the first fixed magnet 20 or MF1, and minimum or zero when the moving magnet 30 or MM interacts with the second fixed magnet 40 or MF2.

[0114] In the embodiment described above where there is no fixed magnet MF, the coil 50 becomes an electromagnet when powered and, when powered impulsively, generates a variable, non-uniform field that periodically over-magnetizes and under-magnetizes the moving magnet MM. The coil 50 is fixed to the motor body and can therefore be considered a true "fixed magnet."

[0115] In other embodiments, one or more coils Bob2-BobN having fewer windings than the main coil 50 or Bob1 are constructively added to slow down the return time of the movable magnet 30 or MM to its equilibrium position and then allow time for the main coil 50, Bob or Bob1 to overmagnetize the first fixed magnet 20 or MF1 again.

[0116] As primary coils 50, coils Bob1-BobN also become electromagnets when powered and, when powered impulsively, generate a series of variable, non-uniform fields that cyclically over-magnetize and under-magnetize the movable magnet MM. The coils are fixed to the motor body and can therefore be considered true "fixed magnets" MF.

[0117] In the experiment, the simplest pulse waveform, i.e., a square wave, was first adopted to provide the required pulse. The frequency suitable for the movement of the linear motor was obtained through a square wave generator with a variable duty cycle between 1 and 99%, and the frequency range used was set between 0.01 Hz and 1000 Hz (with an accuracy of 0.01 Hz).

[0118] The system was powered by a 0-30 volt / 0-5 amp low impedance power supply.

[0119] A 0-30 volt / 0-5 amp low impedance power supply was obtained by placing a large 22,000 pF flash type electrolytic capacitor in parallel with the adjustable power supply.

[0120] After empirically searching and finding a "fundamental" generally useful frequency that appears to be independent of the motor's geometric configuration parameters equal to 4.37Hz (50% duty cycle), we then began to explore the various harmonics and analyze them.

[0121] Once the fundamental harmonic was identified, by multiplying or dividing the fundamental frequency by an integer, the intermediate numbers to be analyzed were determined, the results were checked, and so on.

[0122] There appear to be numerical ratios between the various frequencies analyzed, which are found to be generally valid (i.e., theoretically independent of the motor construction parameters).

[0123] The numerical relationships analyzed led to the following formula for calculating frequency in Hz:

number

[0124] Any frequency Ω expressed in Hz can be obtained by multiplying a natural number "A" (preferably, but not limited to, between 1 and 5) by a function "f(N)" that depends on a variable "N", which is a natural number between 1 and 100.

[0125] "f(N)" is a function that can be expressed as two different functions "f" depending on the selected number "N", i.e., whether the selected number "N" is odd or even. 1 (N) and f 2 (N)".

[0126] The derived functions, functions "f(N)", are shown as functions of "N", but with numbers added to the vertices to distinguish them and make their derivation understandable and unambiguous according to standard mathematical formalism.

[0127] A variable "k", which is an arbitrary integer, is introduced to define a function "f(N)".

[0128] Thus, the two derivative functions applied are: f 1 (N)" and the function "f 2 "(N)" is used when the number "N" is an even number, formally denoted as "2k".

[0129] Here we consider the function f, which is a simple linear expression. 1 (N) and f 2 (N)" is specifically defined.

[0130] This function is obtained by multiplying a selected number "N" by the square root of 2 and multiplying the result by 10 a variable "Vc" which is equal to approximately 1.13198824 and is known as the Viswanath variable. -1 The result of the product equal to the result of multiplication is added.

[0131] Function "f 1For "(N)", add the result of multiplying 0.005 by the sum of 1 and the lowest integer obtained by dividing "N" by 2.

[0132] Function "f 2 For "(N)", subtract the result of multiplying 0.004 by the sum of 1 and the result of dividing "N" by 2.

[0133] Next, the two functions "f 1 (N) and f 2 Each of the functions "f(n)" includes a second correction function that defines and corrects the call function "g(n)", which is 1 (N)" and "f 2 (N)"

number

[0134] The correction function g(n) is inserted to avoid redundancy. 1 (n) and g 2 As can be seen from the definition of "f(n)" itself, both of these depend on the same function "f(N)" being inserted.

[0135] The function "g 1 (n)" and "g 2 (n)" also depends on the variable "n", which is an integer between 0 and 30.

[0136] Therefore, by inserting different values ​​of the three variables "A", "N", and "n" into the function "f(N)" and deciding whether to add or subtract the function "g(n)", which is a correction function of "f(N)", we can obtain different numerical values ​​in a linear and simple manner.

[0137] For example, if A=2, N=3, and n=3 in the above formula, we get 8.6Hz.

[0138] The same can be done for 4.37Hz by putting variables A=1, N=3, and n=0.

[0139] The motor described herein can generate thrust by itself when powered by a variable DC pulse generator, repetitive or unbalanced (10-90% duty cycle), using any Ω frequency in Hz derived from the above formula.

[0140] The application of these impulses produces a non-zero net thrust force that depends primarily on the frequency and, in turn, on the applied waveform.

[0141] As previously mentioned, square waves, sawtooth waves or half sine waves, or patterns that vary in amplitude and shape over time, can be used, so long as they are impulsive and of the prescribed frequency.

[0142] The amount of change in the voltage parameter, primarily and to a lesser extent secondarily to the amperage parameter, can bias the motor in some way and adjust its direction of movement.

[0143] Simply put, all frequencies derived from the formula above are valid for locomotion, but the characteristic configuration parameters of a single motor determine its efficiency and directional response.

[0144] In other words, the same resulting frequency can run two motors (with respect to one or more parameters) in different ways (one in forward and one in reverse, or one fast forward and one slow forward).

[0145] A non-zero force, i.e. the integral force of a force different from zero, can be obtained from the above formula by applying a frequency. Applying other frequencies results in zero force and therefore simple oscillation, as in the solutions described in the above cited publications.

[0146] At the experimental level, various tests were carried out with three different sizes of motors. For example, a 140 mm long device made of transparent methacrylate with three different inner diameter sizes of 11, 16 and 21 mm was used, with magnets fixed at the ends and glued with two-component epoxy glue on adjustable supports, with plastic screws (pitch 1 mm) to vary the relative distance between the magnets. The magnets were 1 mm smaller than the diameter used. Neodymium magnets with N52 magnetization were used.

[0147] The length of the magnet used was 1.5 to 2 times its diameter to avoid tipping or inversion within the tube. The device was constructed with a coil placed on a support adjustable by a plastic screw so that the coil could slide and be positioned along the entire length of the tube.

[0148] Basically, the support for the above-mentioned device was made of Styrodur C and Styrodur 3035 (a type of polystyrene used in building panels) carved and glued together, with the flat, smooth side as the low-friction surface, placed on a plastic support with a low friction index.

[0149] Using various frequencies and conformations, it was noted that several values ​​appeared recursively, regardless of conformation and motor. It was then hypothesized that there was a base frequency that could generate a greater or lesser degree of movement, and after many attempts, a value of 4.37 Hz was found.

[0150] By testing various multiples and divisors, we found that they all produced displacements.

[0151] Several test prototypes were then constructed with longer tubes (up to 280mm) and shorter tubes (up to 70mm) to test those parameters as well.

[0152] Finally, we did tests with different types of lubricants to see if their effect could be better seen with lower friction, and found that the frequencies listed in the formula caused the motor to move in one direction or another. Other frequencies just created vibrations by oscillating it in place. We also tried using the same frequencies with other waveforms, and those frequencies seemed to work.

[0153] The preferred frequencies can all be derived from the formula with particular interest in frequencies below 100 Hz, as it is easier to obtain motors optimized for those frequencies.

[0154] The inertial mass of an object changes with the variation of its magnetic field and therefore a variation of inertia can be created, thus creating mass, by varying the magnetization of the motor and its components (at a given time, as described above).

[0155] That is, to create a first impulse with high inertia or "increased mass" and a second impulse with "decreased mass", this "mass" delta creates a change in inertia, allowing the object to move and create an outward force.

[0156] Therefore the fluctuation of the mass at precise moments is of utmost importance, otherwise, if those moments are not observed, there will be simple vibrations and no movement will be obtained.

[0157] The motor can therefore be considered as a particular kind of variable mass motor (like a rocket), in which the amount of change in "mass" is produced by over- or under-magnetization of the motor itself in relation to a given "impulse" or interaction between the magnetic piston and two buffer magnets (note that it is not an actual impulse, as they do not need to collide to interact, but simply get very close and repel each other via magnetic repulsion).

[0158] Finally, instead of moving magnets, it is also possible to devise alternative embodiments in which a gas or plasma is used as the moving mass inside the system.

[0159] Naturally, in keeping with the principles of the invention, the details of construction and implementation may vary widely with respect to what has been described and illustrated purely by way of example, without, by reason of such variations, departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A system for a linear motor generating linear movement, comprising an electromagnetic charged body (30, MM) freely moving along a main direction, at least one static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) and at least two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF), the movement of said electromagnetic charged body (30, MM) along said main direction being controlled by said static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) and said buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF), said static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) makes it possible to obtain an unbalanced thrust in a given direction with respect to a main axis so as to move the whole system in a certain direction; said static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) being powered with alternating current by a power profile that varies in amplitude and shape over time so as to generate a displacement of said system in one of two directions along said main direction, The advancement as a movement in one direction is caused by a mechanical thrust of said electromagnetic charge body (30, MM) against said two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF), avoiding impacts between said electromagnetic charge body (30, MM) and said two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF); In order to prevent the two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF) and the electromagnetic charge body (30, MM) from wearing away from each other, when the electromagnetic charge body (30, MM) and the two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF) get too close, a repulsive force causes the electromagnetic charge body (30, MM) and the two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF) to move away from each other, When the electromagnetic charge (30, MM) and the two buffer elements (20, 40; RM, RM; ML, ML; MA, MA; MF, MF) move apart, the static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) is powered such that the repulsive force of the electromagnetic charge (30, MM) decreases, The system has the following formula: [0010] 23. A system for generating linear motion, comprising: a bias for said linear motor being provided having a frequency Ω that can be obtained by:

2. 2. The system for generating linear motion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic charged body is a mobile magnet (MM) sliding inside a hollow tube (T) closed at two ends (A, B), the two buffer elements are mechanical bumpers (RM, RM) made of elastic material and placed at the two ends (A, B) of the hollow tube (T), and the static magnetic field generator is a coil (Bob) further acting as a fixed magnet (MF).

3. 2. The system for generating linear motion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic charged body is a mobile magnet (MM) sliding inside a hollow tube (T) closed at two ends (A, B), the two buffer elements are springs (M1, M1) placed at the two ends (A, B) of the hollow tube (T), and the static magnetic field generator is a coil (Bob) further acting as a fixed magnet (MF).

4. 2. The system for generating linear motion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic charged body is a mobile magnet (MM) sliding inside a hollow tube (T) closed at two ends (A, B), the two buffer elements comprise a system of springs (MA, MA) arranged at the two ends (A, B) of the hollow tube (T) that hold the mobile magnet (MM) in a balanced position, and the static magnetic field generator is a coil (Bob) that further acts as a fixed magnet (MF).

5. 2. The system for generating linear motion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic charged body is a moving magnet (MM) sliding inside a hollow tube (T) closed at two ends (A, B), the two buffer elements are two fixed magnets (MF, MF) arranged at the two ends (A, B) of the hollow tube (T), the two fixed magnets (MF, MF) being arranged to hold the moving magnet (MM) in a balanced position, and the static magnetic field generator is a coil (Bob) further acting as a fixed magnet (MF).

6. 2. The system for generating linear motion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic charged body is a moving magnet (MM) sliding on a central pin (PC), the two buffer elements are two fixed magnets (MF, MF) arranged at two ends (A, B) of the central pin (PC), the two fixed magnets (MF, MF) are arranged to hold the moving magnet (MM) in a balanced position, and the static magnetic field generator is a coil (Bob) which further acts as a fixed magnet (MF).

7. 7. The system for generating linear motion according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, wherein the static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) comprises a number of separately powered coils (Bob1, Bob2, ..., BobN), said coils further acting as fixed magnets (MF).

8. 8. The system for generating linear motion according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, wherein the static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) comprises a plurality of coils (Bob1, Bob2, ..., BobN) powered together, said plurality of coils further acting as fixed magnets (MF).

9. The system for generating a linear motion according to one or more of claims 1 to 8, wherein said static magnetic field generator (50, Bob) is powered with a square wave or a sine wave or a sawtooth power profile.

10. A system for generating linear motion according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, wherein a diamagnetic cover (CD) is present and acts as a "magnetic brake" to slow down the motion of the electromagnetic charged body (30, MM) during the step of returning to the equilibrium position.

11. A system for generating linear motion according to one or more of claims 1 to 10, in which a central tube (TC) made of diamagnetic material is present and acts as a "magnetic brake" to slow down the motion of the electromagnetic charged body (30, MM) during the step of returning to the equilibrium position.

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