Primary shell structure consisting of planar structural module made up of plural elements

Abstract

To develop a planar structural module made of elements that can be easily adapted at any time to different loads within a building and at the same time reduce the transport volume.SOLUTION: Provided is a primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of a plurality of elements. The elements are provided from upper and lower, spaced apart secondary shell elements 1 and are joined by static and necessary filling bars, to which crossbars 7 and braces 10 belong, into a two-shell planar structure in the form of the primary shell structure.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The invention relates to the production of buildings and other structures, consisting of planar structural modules, known from DE 10 200 04 133 and further developed many times, which are used to produce a primary shell structure, which is also a foundation after the corresponding first further development step for a composite building support structure described in DE 10 200 04 133. The term primary shell structure is understood here in a narrower sense and in the following refers to a horizontal planar structure, mainly for forming ceilings and foundation slabs, which is made from the planar structural modules described here. The various combinations of the various new features also allow the production of engineering buildings, for example planar foundations for wind power installations, bridges or other structures. [Background technology]

[0002] From Patent Document 3, "A structural frame for a building, comprising at least one precast concrete floor slab having adjacent first and second columns; first and second corner nanotches located at two adjacent corners; and a first longitudinal edge beam defined between the first and second corner nanotches, the first longitudinal edge beam being disposed between the first and second columns, whereby the first and second columns are received within the first and second corner nanotches, and the first longitudinal edge beam being disposed between the first and second columns, the first and second columns being ... A "structural frame for a building including: a precast concrete floor slab abutting first and second columns; and a first tendon assembly extending between the first and second columns and designed to be tensioned to compress a first longitudinal edge beam between the first and second columns, the first tendon assembly having at least one left cable and at least one right cable symmetrically disposed on either side of a vertical midplane of the first and second columns."

[0003] A drawback of the above-mentioned prior art is that identical planar modules manufactured in series cannot easily adapt to different stress situations, even in buildings. The static design of planar modules has been based up to now on loads at the upper end of the expected range in order to cover the majority of normal use situations. This is uneconomical, since in this case a significant portion of the identical modules is loaded at a low to very low degree in terms of load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, previously known fully prefabricated planar modules require a very large shipping volume and have a relatively large minimum assembly weight. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] European Patent No. 3583274 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2021 / 219189 [Patent Document 3] US Patent Application Publication No. 2019 / 0203458 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The object of the present invention is to develop a planar structural module made from elements which can be easily adapted at any time to different loads within a building and at the same time reduce the transport volume. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] This problem is solved in that the planar structural module of the known structural design is further developed and presented below: A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of a number of elements, to each of which belong two secondary shell elements, usually of identical construction, spaced apart and facing each other in a plane symmetrical manner, which secondary shell elements are formed from planar elements of a suitable material, of suitable dimensions and a suitable thickness, the length and width of which are significantly smaller than the plane, thereby limiting the volume of the planar structural module, which are square, usually rectangular, and of suitable dimensions and thickness, the length and width of which are significantly smaller than the plane, but which are sufficient on each side to accommodate a number of juxtaposed grooves extending parallel to the outer edge, in the extensions on both sides of which there are perforations, which are formed laterally, preferably in the center of a square tubular element, which is attached on one side to a cutout in a corner of the planar element that projects towards the inside of the module and which, in terms of its cross section, projects beyond the plane of the planar element, so that when the secondary shell elements are arranged flush with each other, a mutual spacing is formed, which spacing is determined by the side surfaces of the abutting planar elements and the respective projecting side areas of the square tubular element. 1. A primary shell structure comprising: a primary shell structure bounded by a plurality of secondary shell elements, the spacing and length of the two secondary shell elements defining a module being determined by crossbars, said crossbars at least at their ends consisting of hollow profiles, the internal cross-sectional area of ​​which corresponds to the external area of ​​the square tubular elements aligned with one another at the system nodes, said hollow profiles extending over the modular inner overhangs of the square tubular elements and fixed in the corresponding drillings by secured bolts or screws, so that each planar structural module no longer has its own crossbar at each edge extending perpendicularly to the secondary shell elements, but only one crossbar is provided for all module corners abutting on a primary shell structural node, and in said grooves extend normal force elements, said normal force elements being formed from bars of a sufficiently rigid material which, after passing through the abutting drillings of the square tubular elements, are initially or partially fixed by means of connecting sleeves or fastening elements.

[0007] a primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of several elements, in which the grooves extend in the same basic direction, i.e. in the case of rectangular planar elements, at the same height on each of two parallel sides and are arranged at a different height on the two remaining sides, so as to reduce the impact of the penetrating normal force element, firstly at least one normal force element per face of the planar element is assembled and fixed in the square tubular element, so as to form secondary shell elements if the planar element and the square tubular element are not already connected to each other by a force connection in another way and the remaining grooves can be utilized, and depending on the local load of the primary shell structure, a different number of normal force elements with a variable suitable strength and length are assembled, said normal force elements being assembled by a plurality of planar structural elements, the primary shell structure, which may also penetrate across the modules and be extended or fixed in the groove extension by means of a connecting sleeve or a fixing element, said normal force elements being able to be removed or added at any time with little effort since the accessibility is guaranteed by the spacing thereby created, said spacing then being reversibly filled with one or more bars with the appropriate cross-section and the required strength, said spacing also being available for pressure transmission if it is not used for other purposes or is only partially used, said bars being able to be used for reinforcing the tensile force derivation in the secondary shell plane if their cross-section is continuously or partially expanded beyond the height of the primary shell structure and connected with adjacent subsequent bars,

[0008] A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of several elements, in which a plug-in connection is formed between the protruding square pipe and the crossbar inserted therein, not to scale, but with a moderate amount of play, so that one secondary shell plane is extended and the other secondary shell plane is shortened at the same time by means of the strategic attachment of intermediate plates, if necessary, alternately in the thickness of the connection clearance, with the necessary perforations or slots for the passage of normal force elements, thus forming a curvature in the primary shell structure obtained.

[0009] A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of several elements, in which the shear forces of the primary shell structure are absorbed by braces which are integrally connected geometrically and frictionally and which preferentially absorb pressure, to which additional angular profile elements can be attached for efficient and simple load introduction, which are thus fixed by slightly extended connecting bolts between them and crossbars which, like the protruding square pipe elements, should be arranged with a height offset in two directions with their sides parallel, and which can still be attached and removed in the used state, and in this situation the braces must then be relieved by extension devices or by the purposeful support of the primary shell structure.

[0010] A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of several elements, in which the braces act as an obstacle when, for example, a container or a planter is to be moved, and in which the braces, if they are not removable at any time, are replaced by a two-part transverse force frame, which must be removable at any time and is therefore constructed in two parts, for which the spacing between the secondary shell elements is used, and for the frame fittings an angle profile can be used, whose legs extending in the plane of the frame plunge into the spacing between the secondary shell elements, the angle including the inner edge of the planar element, and which is welded to the end of the planar element at a right angle to the frame fitting and therefore in the direction of the crossbar, for example a rectangular pipe, as a frame stem, which is half the length of the crossbar a primary shell structure, slightly shorter than a minute and having connectors at the crossbars, depending on the stresses the transverse force frame can be attached once, i.e. only to one module when the modules are juxtaposed, or twice, i.e. to both modules, the transverse force frame can be made in such a way that when attaching the two frames to the planar structural module boundary between both legs of the angle profile used as frame fitting, space is left between the secondary shell elements for a third frame, the third frame must be made from flange bars, attached between the transverse force frames and connected to them by lateral connections, from which arises the possibility of adapting the overall strength of the transverse force frame to the actual stresses in three or more stages, the transverse force frame can also be used to additionally improve the force transmission to the secondary shell plane,

[0011] 1. A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of a number of elements, in which the lower foundation secondary shell elements of the foundation primary shell structure are made of a robust material such as reinforced concrete, the thickness of the foundation secondary shell elements being selected depending on the load, the lateral grooves and the square pipe elements and thus also the cut-outs at the corners can be omitted, for which the foundation secondary shell elements acquire an internal threaded sleeve attached and suitably fixed at each corner, said internal threaded sleeve being open at the top and used initially for fixing the mounting eyelets, said foundation primary shell structure being expanded all around by an L-shaped base element for robust lateral closure and for later accommodating the building exterior in the thickness of the exterior wall, said base element preferably being made of the same material as the foundation secondary shell elements, the horizontal leg of which likewise acquires said threaded sleeve at its free end and the upright vertical leg forming the lateral building boundary beyond the height of the foundation primary shell structure, on top of which the exterior wall load is also carried, and at the building corners the base element must be modified so that a corner base element is formed.

[0012] 1. A primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of a number of elements, in which a foundation crossbar forms a downwardly protruding base plate in the foundation primary shell structure, said base plate receiving a perforation corresponding to a screw sleeve in the foundation secondary shell element, said foundation crossbar being screwed onto the nodal points of the foundation secondary shell element, which at the same time ensures a plate action at the foundation level, and in order to compensate for height differences at the level of the foundation secondary shell element, possibly due to the construction, or to compensate for local settlement differences, the foundation crossbar can be assembled in a height-adjustable and vertically alignable manner by attaching additional nuts below the protruding base plate, and in the case of relatively high loads, it is necessary to partially or fully re-tension the base plate.

[0013] 1. Buildings and other structures made up of a primary shell structure made up of planar structural modules made up of several elements, in which the supporting inner walls, columns and shafts are connected to the ceiling of the primary shell structure by means of fittings or mandrels which are guided into or through the square tubular members at the corners of the secondary shell structure and then screwed into the square tubular members at the height of the planar structural module elements, possibly through free drillings, or integrated into the connections between the square tubular members and the crossbars, or alternatively connecting elements, for example threaded rods, are guided also through the square tubular members and the crossbars and thus through all the elements and fixed by plates on the opposite side.

[0014] 1. Buildings and other structures consisting of a primary shell structure made up of planar structural modules consisting of several elements, the wall elements and the boundary elements of the wall are also made of prefabricated elements, said prefabricated elements being made in the width of a grid of planar structural modules sizes and being fixed by means of wall clamps which grip the corners of the secondary shell elements, said clamps acquiring vertical hollow profiles on the opposite side of the wall, the length of said hollow profiles corresponding to the protrusions of the square pipe elements at the corners of the secondary shell elements, said hollow profiles being inserted into the respective free cross sections of the crossbars or base crossbars, filling them and being secured in the crossbars in the same way as the square pipe elements, said clamps being constructed in a width sufficient to hold two adjacent wall elements securely to the outside of the building, for example through vertical drillings corresponding to the threaded sleeves on the upper side of the vertical legs of the base elements, the connection of which also connects adjacent base elements to each other on the upper side, and appropriately modified corner wall clamps being used in the building corner areas.

[0015] A method for assembling and dismantling buildings and other structures made of planar structural modules, said planar structural modules being assembled by a structural lifting method, first forming a foundation level from foundation secondary shell elements, base elements, corner base elements and foundation crossbars, installing braces and / or lateral force frames and equipment and other desired objects and devices, then closing the primary shell structure at the foundation level by mounting and securing the secondary shell elements from above, then placing the next lower layer of secondary shell elements, mounting and securing the crossbars, and installing all desired or necessary items, installing the necessary braces and lateral force frames, mounting and securing the upper secondary shell elements, leaving module-sized openings in the primary shell structure in the appropriate number and arrangement, installing building lifting devices on the foundation level in said openings, and lifting the entire primary shell structure, or an appropriate portion in case of a large building footprint, upwards by the height of one floor plus the assembly additions, then fabricating the next primary shell structure in the same manner on the foundation level, and finally disassembling the two fabricated primary shell structures. in between, all walls, supports and possibly important parts of the interior and furniture are installed, after which the upper primary shell structure is lowered around the assembled additions and fixed to ensure load transfer, after which the entire finished building part is raised above the foundation level and this process is repeated until the desired number of floors is reached or the load-bearing capacity of the lifting device is exhausted, this method can also be partially applied in high-rise buildings by extending the lifting device upwards or newly installing it at a higher level, which may require temporary support of the installation area, and finally, the lifting opening must be closed as soon as possible by fitting and fixing the missing secondary shell elements, in this case, the segments of the primary shell structure preassembled and preinstalled in the factory can also be delivered to the construction site and assembled there and integrated into the structure lifting method, in which case a slight modification of the structure lifting method can also be applied with a time difference, so that building floors can be installed later or removed from existing buildings of this type, for this purpose the wall and ceiling connections are released at the top or bottom,A method of assembly and disassembly in which an upwardly movable building section can be lifted to add or remove a new storey.

[0016] A method for assembling and dismantling buildings and other structures made of planar structural modules, which alternatively can be attached and fixed individually or to preassembled segments, where temporary supports may also be required, which can be used especially when the building is small, such as a detached house, since the individual elements can be assembled at least partially by hand.

[0017] A modification of a primary shell structure consisting of a planar structural module consisting of a plurality of elements, comprising: In said elements, the secondary shell elements are modified in such a way that they can also be used for the construction of engineering structures such as plane foundations and bridges with high stresses, in which both secondary shell elements are made of moisture-resistant and robust materials such as reinforced concrete, the spacing between the secondary shell elements is omitted, and at the lower level, foundation secondary shell elements without spacing can be used anyway, and instead of the grooves on the sides of the plane elements, corresponding continuous holes are now provided next to the sides of the modified secondary shell elements and the foundation secondary shell elements, said holes can also be prestressed after partial or total assembly of the primary shell structure as required. Modification of a primary shell structure in which the reinforcements are passed through and fixed in recesses according to the prior art provided for this purpose, said recesses can also be formed at suitable points in the modified surface-area element, each starting from the inside of the surface-area element and partially exposing a series of holes for accommodating normal force elements, to which connecting sleeves or fixing elements for the normal force elements can be attached if they end in a staggered manner or are extended, the lateral ends of these primary shell structures being formed by modified C-shaped base elements, which have an additional upper horizontal leg symmetrical to the lower leg.

[0018] The further developments described below eliminate the drawbacks and create new advantages and possibilities. In the following, the further developed planar structural modules and the production of buildings and other structures made therefrom are described in more detail using figures 1 to 7 and exemplary embodiments. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0019] [Figure 1] An exemplary secondary shell element 1 is shown having a planar element 1.1, including a groove 1.2 on the side with an extension 1.4, a normal force element 1.3 shown on the outside with an internal threaded sleeve exemplified as a connecting sleeve or fixing element 1.5, square pipe members 1.6 at the corners of the planar element 1.1, and perforations 1.7 in the square pipe member 1.6. [Diagram 2] An exemplary planar structural module is shown with a schematic arrangement of crossbars 7, the normal force elements 1.3 are not shown. [Diagram 3] 1 shows a portion of an unfinished foundation primary shell structure including a secondary shell element 1 and a foundation secondary shell element 3, with the foundation secondary shell structure 3 having an internally threaded sleeve 4, a base element 5, a corner base element 6, a foundation cross bar 9, a corner exterior wall clamp 18 and connections 8, although the screws are not shown. [Figure 4] Shown is the bulk of the unfinished base primary shell structure with gaps 2 between the upper secondary shell elements, and externally illustrated bars 2.1 for attachment to the gaps 2, and external wall clamps 17. [Diagram 5] A portion of a corner of a one-storey building with an exemplary brace 10 and exterior wall elements 16 and 16.1 is shown. [Figure 6] Detail of FIG. 5 showing the connection to the brace 10 with the angle profile member 11, screws not shown. [Figure 7] A portion of the primary shell structure is shown with an exemplary two-piece lateral force frame 12 attached to the exterior, screws not shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0020] It is proposed to break down previously completely prefabricated planar structural modules into elements, which firstly facilitates their manufacture, allows adaptation to different local stresses, reduces the transport volume and opens up new efficient possibilities for their use and assembly in the construction of buildings and other structures.

[0021] The individual elements assembled into planar structural modules and then into the primary shell structure are firstly associated with two secondary shell elements 1, which, with the exceptions described below, are independent in length, all usually made identically and spaced apart with plane symmetry. Here, the plane of symmetry is at half the height of the primary shell structure and runs parallel to the horizontal surface of the primary shell structure. The secondary shell elements 1 are formed from square, usually rectangular, planar elements 1.1, which are made of a suitable material and have suitable dimensions and a suitable thickness that is significantly smaller than the length and width of the planar structure, but which is sufficient to accommodate a number of juxtaposed grooves 1.2 on each side, which run parallel to the outer edge. To save material, the circumferential rods can also be made with a smaller thickness, with a higher height to accommodate the grooves 1.2 and the surface area between them. This variant is also illustrated in the drawings. The grooves 1.2 are at the same height on the two sides extending in the same basic direction, i.e. on the two parallel sides in the case of the rectangular planar element 1.1. On the two remaining sides the grooves have a uniform height offset, which avoids collisions of the possibly intersecting normal force elements 1.3 which are subsequently assembled thereon and which are described below. In the embodiment described here, three grooves 1.2 are shown by way of example. The grooves 1.2 are area-wise expanded, preferably at their ends, and the expansions 1.4 can accommodate connecting sleeves or fastening elements 1.5, such as nuts, internal thread sleeves, reinforcing clamping sleeves, wedge fasteners known from prestressed concrete construction or other useful devices, which are used for connecting the sub-members of the normal force element 1.3 and / or for introducing their forces into the nodes of the structure. The grooves 1.2 should be at least deep enough that the connecting sleeves or fastening elements 1.5 do not protrude beyond the sides of the planar element 1.1. The term node of the structure or node for short means here the area where the corners of the abutting secondary shell elements 1 meet. At the corners of the surface-area element 1.1 there are rectangular cutouts which accommodate square tubular pieces 1.6, which extend at right angles to the plane of the surface-area element.They terminate flush with the outer surface of the surface-area element 1.1 on the side that will be the rear outer side of the surface-area module and protrude beyond it on the other side. Laterally, preferably in the middle, the square tubular elements 1.6 acquire perforations 1.7 on all sides, the longitudinal extent of which corresponds to the grooves 1.2 in the sides of the surface-area element 1.1 and is therefore offset in height in the same way in both main directions. The depth of the cutouts in the corners of the surface-area element 1.1 is therefore determined by the cross-sectional size of the square tubular element 1.6, which is approximately half the cross-sectional width of the square tubular element 1.6 plus half the diameter of the connecting sleeve or fastening element 1.5. In the grooves 1.2 on the sides of the planar element 1.1, normal force elements 1.3 are attached, which consist of high-strength bars of metal or suitable material, at least one of which is guided on each side through the perforations 1.7 of the square pipe element 1.6 and fixed to the connecting sleeves or fastening elements 1.5 inside the square pipe element 1.6, forming the secondary shell element 1 first, if the planar element and the square pipe element are not already frictionally connected to each other in another way. By means of short sections of the normal force elements, for example with internal thread sleeves or connecting sleeves, the adjacent planar structural modules can also be connected to each other here. Depending on the number and arrangement of the connecting sleeves or fastening elements 1.5, the normal force elements 1.3 can also transmit pressure if the bending stability is sufficient. Later, relatively long or continuous normal force elements 1.3 can be introduced into the remaining grooves 1.2 and thus through the remaining perforations 1.7 into the square pipe element 1.6 and, if necessary, fixed or extended at the nodes. The number, length and strength of the normal elements 1.3 required depend on the stresses. If the loads change, normal elements 1.3 can also be added or removed from the finished structure, because there are gaps 2 between adjacent secondary shell elements 1 due to the protruding square tubular members 1.6. These gaps are bounded by the sides of the abutting planar elements 1.1 and the protruding sides of the square tubular members 1.6, which ensures access to the normal elements 1.3.In the normal case, after the installation of all the necessary normal force elements 1.3, the interval 2 is filled by the reversible installation of one-piece or multi-piece bars 2.1 with adapted cross section. These bars can take part in the transmission of pressure in the primary shell structure in any necessary or suitable proportion, depending on their cross section and the choice of material. In special cases, these bars, whose cross section is continuously or partially enlarged beyond the height of the primary shell structure and connected with the adjacent subsequent bars, can be used to reinforce the tensile force derivation in the secondary shell plane.

[0022] Usually, the lowest part, i.e. the foundation primary shell structure of the building, is mostly or completely below the ground surface. There, the lower secondary shell elements are made of a robust material, such as reinforced concrete, due to the contact with the construction and the large surface loads. The secondary shell elements are referred to below as foundation secondary shell elements 3. The thickness is selected depending on the stresses, the lateral grooves 1.2 and the square pipe elements 1.6, and thus also the cutouts, are usually omitted at the corners. At each corner, the foundation secondary shell elements 3 acquire at least one attached and correspondingly fixed internal threaded sleeve 4, which is free upwards and is used initially for fixing the mounting eyelets. At the end of the foundation primary shell structure, which extends downwards on the building exterior wall, an L-shaped base element 5 is used, which is preferably made of the same material as the foundation secondary shell element 3. The horizontal leg of the base element 5 expands the area of ​​the foundation by the thickness of the supporting exterior wall and acquires the previously described threaded sleeve 4 at its free corner. The upright vertical legs form a lateral, robust building boundary at the level of the foundation primary shell structure, where the exterior wall loads are also applied. To connect adjacent base elements 5, similar precautions must be taken, such as threaded sleeves for screwing in connecting fittings, which are advantageously integrated into the exterior wall clamps 17 described below. Corner base elements 6 are correspondingly fitted to the building corners.

[0023] The difference with the prior art is that the planar structural modules no longer get their own crossbars at any of the four edges running perpendicular to the secondary shell elements, but instead a common crossbar 7 is attached for each node for all subsequent planar structural modules. This crossbar has a hollow cross section at least at its two ends, into which square pipe elements 1.6 protruding from the inside of the planar structural module and present in the corners of the secondary shell elements 1 are inserted. The internal cross section of the crossbar ends therefore results from the number of planar structural modules abutting the node and the cross section of the square pipe elements 1.6 used. The plug-in connection between the protruding square pipe elements 1.6 at the corners of the secondary shell elements 1 and the crossbar 7 is ensured by corresponding drillings in the side of the hollow profile 1.6 involved, into which the screws or fastening bolts 8 are attached. These are likewise attached in both directions and offset in height. In this way, not only can the occurring normal forces be absorbed in the crossbar 7, but also a frictionally bonded interconnection of adjacent planar structural modules can be realized partially or completely due to stresses in the plane of the secondary shell element 1 by means of the plug-in connection. The plug-in connection between the protruding square pipe elements 1.6 and the plug-in crossbar 7 is not made to scale but with various degrees of play. By means of the purposeful alternating attachment of intermediate plates in the thickness of the connection clearance with the necessary perforations or slots for the passage of the normal force elements 1.3, one secondary shell plane is lengthened while the other secondary shell plane is shortened at the same time. This allows the resulting primary shell structure to be curved, for example, to provide a drainage gradient or to adjust the deflections caused by the loads. In the area of ​​the foundation primary shell structure, the crossbar acquires a protruding base plate with perforations, which correspond to the internally threaded sleeves 4 in the foundation secondary shell element 3. The so-called foundation crossbars 9 are screwed to the nodal points of the foundation secondary shell element 3, which at the same time ensures a plate action at the foundation level.To accommodate possible manufacturing-induced height differences at the level of the foundation secondary shell elements 3 or to subsequently compensate for local settlement differences, the foundation crossbars 9 can be assembled height-adjustably and vertically alignable by means of additional nuts attached below the protruding base plate. In the case of relatively high loads, it may be necessary to partially or completely re-tension the base plate.

[0024] The shear forces of the primary shell structure are absorbed by the frictionally and form-locking attached braces 10, whereas in the exemplary embodiment described here only pressures are absorbed as planned. The braces 10 can be made of various materials, where wood appears to be advantageous at least for the corresponding stresses. For efficient and simple load introduction to the braces 10, additional angular profile elements 11 can be attached, which are fixed by means of connecting bolts 8 slightly extended through them. The braces 10 can also be installed and removed in the used state, in which case they must be relieved during the assembly by means of extension devices or purposeful support of the primary shell structure.

[0025] If the braces 10 act as an obstacle when, for example, containers or planters according to the prior art are to be moved, the braces 10 are replaced by two-part lateral force frames 12. Since the spacing 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 must be fully utilized for the lateral force frames 12, they are constructed in two parts as upper and lower partial frames, which can be attached and removed at any time. It is proposed to use an angle profile as the frame fitting 12.1, whose leg extending in the frame plane enters the spacing 2 between the secondary shell elements. The angle embraces the inner edge of the planar element 1.1. At the end of the angle, for example a square pipe is welded at right angles to the direction of the crossbar as a frame stem 12.2, which is slightly shorter than half the length of the crossbar and is connected to the crossbar 7. These connections 13 can preferably be formed as screw connections, which are likewise offset in height in the two main directions. Depending on the stresses, the lateral force frames 12 can be attached once, i.e. to one module, if the planar structural modules are arranged side by side, or twice, i.e. to both modules. The lateral force frame 12 can be made in such a way that when the two frames are attached to the module boundary between the vertical angle legs of the frame fittings 12.1, there is still space left in the interval 2 of the secondary shell elements 1 for the third frame 14. This third frame must be made from a flat bar and must be attached between the previously described lateral force frames 12 and connected to them by lateral connections 15. The overall stiffness of the lateral force frames 12, 14 can thus be adapted to the actual load in more than two steps. Furthermore, the lateral force frame 12 can also be used to additionally improve the force transmission to the secondary shell plane. If no lateral force frame 12 is attached or only one is attached, the entire interval or the remaining interval 2 of the secondary shell elements 1 is filled with the previously described bar 2.1 with a corresponding cross section and suitable material. In the basic primary shell structure, the lower partial frame of the lateral force frame 12 is omitted or adapted accordingly.

[0026] The load-bearing inner walls, columns and shafts for vertically connecting the floors, whose length should be oriented to the planar module raster, are manufactured according to the prior art, the shafts can consist of geometrically adapted planar modules, mounted with a 90° twist. If complex spatial architectural support structures are to be created, the walls are constructed in the form of disks or trusses, to which the shafts are connected in a friction-locking manner. Shafts in the size of planar modules are necessary, for example, if containers or planters are to be moved throughout the entire building, i.e. also vertically. The inner walls, columns and shafts are connected to the ceiling, which consists of the primary shell structure, by means of fittings or mandrels. The fittings or mandrels are guided in or through the square pipe elements 1.6 in the corners of the secondary shell element 1 and then screwed through possibly free perforations in the square pipe elements 1.6 at the height of the planar modules or integrated in the connection 8 between the square pipe elements 1.6 and the crossbars 7. However, this is only possible if the normal force element 1.3 is not guided through the node area or is not guided completely through it. Alternatively, a connecting element, such as a threaded rod, can be guided through the square pipe element 1.6 and the crossbar 7 through all elements and fixed on the opposite side by a plate.

[0027] The external wall elements 16 are also formed from finished parts, which in the described exemplary embodiment are made from wooden frame parts. They are formed to the width of the grid of the planar structural module size and are fixed by external wall clamps 17 which encircle the respective corners. The corners of the building should be fitted with appropriately formed filling elements with a rectangular cross section. The external wall clamps 17 acquire vertical hollow profiles on the opposite side of the wall, the length of which corresponds to the protrusion of the square pipe elements 1.6 at the corners of the secondary shell elements 1, which are inserted into the respective free cross sections of the crossbars 7 or foundation crossbars 9, filling them, so that the connection between the planar structural modules and the external wall elements 16 is established. This securing corresponds to that of the square pipe elements 1.6 at the crossbars 7. The width of the external wall clamps 17 is made so that it is sufficient to hold two adjacent external wall elements 16 securely and also to connect adjacent base elements to each other on the upper side, for example by passing corresponding vertical drillings similar to 4 on the upper side of the vertical leg of the base element 5 and screwing them to the outside of the building. Correspondingly modified corner external wall clamps 18 are used at the corners of the building. Above the level of the planar structural module above ground level, corresponding wall elements or wall frames are attached to the external wall plane by suitable planks called external wall reinforcement elements 16.1, which close the building to the outside in this area and further transfer the external wall loads. These are fixed to the crossbars 7 by threaded sleeves through the free holes or to the external wall elements 16 by screws. The external wall elements 16, including the external wall clamps 17, 18 at this level, can be formed with closable holes through which, when stresses change in the service state, completely or partially continuous normal force elements 1.3 can be removed or additionally attached and, if necessary, fixed at the ends.

[0028] The assembly of the building can be carried out very efficiently and simply by the structure lifting method described below. In this case, first of all the foundation plane is formed from the secondary foundation shell elements 3, the base elements 5, the corner base elements 6 and the foundation crossbars 9. After the installation of the braces 10 and / or the lateral force frames 12, as well as the installation and other desired objects and devices, the primary shell structure is closed from above at the foundation level by mounting and securing the secondary shell elements 1. Then, next to the secondary shell elements 1, the lower layer is placed, the crossbars 7 are mounted and secured and everything desired or necessary is installed. After the required braces 10 and / or lateral force frames 12 are installed and the upper secondary shell elements 1 are mounted and secured, the insulation and sealing of the roof can be formed if necessary, because in the best case of the complete structure lifting method, the primary shell structure thus formed will form the roof ceiling. In this primary shell structure, secondary shell elements 1 are temporarily removed to expose openings of the size of the planar structural modules in the appropriate number and arrangement, on which the lifting devices or lifting masts are installed on or in the base primary shell structure. The lifting devices lift the entire primary shell structure, or appropriate parts if the footprint of the building is too large, upwards by the height of one floor plus the prefabricated additions. In the case of a multi-storey building, the next primary shell structure is created in the same way at the foundation level, and all walls, columns, shafts and possibly important parts of the interior and furniture are installed between the last two prefabricated primary shell structures. The upper primary shell structure is then lowered down around the prefabricated additions and fixed, thus ensuring the load transfer. The entire completed building part is then lifted above the foundation level, and the process is repeated until the desired number of floors is reached or the load-bearing capacity of the lifting devices is exhausted; of course this method can also be applied section by section in high-rise buildings by extending the lifting devices upwards or by installing them anew at an even higher level, but temporary support of the installation area may be required. In this case, the elevation can be reduced to just one floor. By fitting and fixing the missing secondary shell elements 1, the lifting opening is closed as far as possible.For example, if an existing building is to be independently extended upwards, the building lifting method can be supplemented by the horizontal movement of a building or building segment that is installed and lifted next to the building to be extended. Of course, segments of the primary shell structure, preassembled and preinstalled in a factory, can also be delivered to the construction site and assembled there and integrated into the structure lifting method. A slight modification of the structure lifting method can also be applied to a time lag, which allows building floors to be incorporated or removed at any level at a later time in an existing building of this type. For this purpose, the wall and ceiling connections can be released at the top or bottom and the building parts that can be moved upwards can be lifted to add or remove the new floors.

[0029] Alternatively, the elements of the planar structural module can be attached and fixed individually or to prefabricated segments, although temporary supports may also be required. This is particularly applicable in small buildings such as detached houses, as the individual elements can be attached at least partially by hand, allowing the builder to carry out part of the installation himself.

[0030] For the manufacture of engineering constructions that need to be completely dismantled after a relatively short service life, such as high-load planar foundations for towers or wind power plants, some of the above features can be combined again, if necessary after minor modifications. For this purpose, the two secondary shell elements 1 must be made from a moisture-resistant and robust material, such as reinforced concrete, the spacing 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 must be omitted, and a foundation secondary shell element 3 can be used, in which the spacing 2 does not occur in any case at the lower level. Instead of the grooves 1.2 on the sides of the planar element 1.1, corresponding continuous holes are now provided in the foundation secondary shell element 3, through which the normal force elements 1.3 in the form of the necessary reinforcement, which can also be prestressed, are passed after the full or partial installation of the primary shell structure and fixed in the recesses according to the prior art provided for this purpose. In suitable places, recesses can also be formed in the modified secondary shell element 1, each of which extends from the inside of the secondary shell element 1 and partially exposes a continuous hole for receiving the normal force elements 1.3. These can be fitted with connecting sleeves or fastening elements 1.5 for the normal force elements 1.3 if they end up in a staggered manner or are extended. The lateral edges of the secondary shell elements 1 used and modified in this way must be provided with recesses for cast connections in order to ensure airtightness of the building and corrosion protection when using steel reinforcement. The lateral connections of these primary shell structures are formed by modified base elements 5 in the shape of a C-shape with an additional horizontal upper leg, which is constructed symmetrically with the lower one. In the same way, for example, bridge structures can also be manufactured, which are possibly assembled at ground level and then transported to the installation site by the aforementioned structure lifting method, if necessary in conjunction with horizontal travelling movements and horizontal rotations around a vertical axis. [Explanation of symbols]

[0031] 1 Second-order shell elements 1.1 Planar elements 1.2 Grooves in planar elements 1.3 Normal drag elements 1.4 Groove extensions in planar elements 1.5 Connection sleeves or fixing elements of normal force elements, such as nuts, internally threaded sleeves, reinforced clamping sleeves, wedge fixings or other useful devices 1.6 Square pipe members 1.7 Perforations in square pipe members 2 Spacing between quadratic shell elements 2.1 One-piece or multi-piece bars for reversible attachment to the spaces 2 between the secondary shell elements 1 3. Foundation second-order shell elements 4 Internally threaded sleeves in foundation secondary shell elements and base elements 5 Base Elements 6 Corner-Based Elements 7 Crossbar 8 Bolted or screwed connection between the protruding square pipe member 1.6 and the crossbar 7 9. Base Crossbar 10 Bracing 11 Angular profile members 12 Two-piece side force frame 12.1 Frame fittings 12.2 Frame stem 13 Connection between frame and crossbar 14 Optional flat bar frame 15 Lateral connections of individual frames 16 Exterior wall elements 16.1 External wall reinforcement elements 17 Exterior wall clamp 18 Corner exterior wall clamp

Claims

[Claim 1] A primary shell support structure comprising surface structure modules, The surface structure module is made up of components formed from upper and lower secondary shell elements spaced apart from one another, assembled into a double shell surface structure in the form of a primary shell support structure together with statically necessary filler rods, including transverse rods (7) and diagonal rods (10); said surface structure module is made up of individual components, each of which comprises two identical, planarly symmetric and mutually spaced secondary shell elements (1), whereby said secondary shell elements (1) delimit the volume of the surface structure module and are formed from surface components (1.1); The spacing and position of the two secondary shell elements (1) that define a module are determined by transverse rods (7) that define an internal cross-sectional area, at least at the ends of which are hollow, and whose internal cross-sectional area corresponds to the outer surface of the rectangular tube section (1.6) that is located together with the node of the system, and which are pressed onto the part of the rectangular tube section (1.6) that protrudes into the module, and then fastened in the corresponding holes by secured bolts or screws (8), so that each surface structure module does not have its own transverse rods along all edges extending perpendicular to the secondary shell surface, but rather only one transverse rod (7) is provided at all corners of the module adjacent to the node of the primary shell support structure; wherein the primary shell structure is each side surface has several grooves (1.2) arranged side by side and extending parallel to the outer edge, and on both sides of the extension of the shape there are holes (1.7) formed transversely and centrally through the rectangular tube sections (1.6), which are set in the corner cuts of the surface elements (1.1) and have a protrusion on one side, which is directed perpendicular to the surface of the secondary shell element (1) and towards the interior of the module, and which protrude with their cross section beyond the surface of the surface elements (1.1), so that when several secondary shell elements (1) are placed next to each other a common gap (2) is formed, which common gap (2) is bounded by the side surfaces of the adjacent surface elements (1.1) and by the protruding side areas of the rectangular tube sections (1.6); a normal force element (1.3) consisting of a rod extends into the groove (1.2) and, after passing through the adjacent hole (1.7) in the rectangular tube section (1.6), is initially or partially anchored in the hole (1.7) or near the hole (1.7) by a connecting sleeve or fixing element (1.5); A primary shell support structure, characterized by:

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