A novel method for producing flavocytochrome B2.

Abstract

A recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) comprising a mature FCb2 peptide sequence of native FCb2 or a functionally active variant of the mature FCb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus of the mature FCb2 peptide sequence consists of a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the native signal peptide sequence, the truncated signal peptide sequence having the following structures from N-terminus to C-terminus: i. methionine; ii. optionally a tag sequence; iii. an amino acid sequence of 0 to 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / VxN / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. an I / L / VxN / A / L motif having a number of 0, 1 or optionally a truncated I / L / VxN / A / L motif, wherein the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0 if the number is 0 or the I / L / VxN / A / L is partially truncated, and the amino acid sequence of the recombinant FCb2 is different from SEQ ID NO: 145.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of recombinant enzymes, particularly flavocytochrome b2, and means for producing such enzymes in yeast cells. The present invention particularly relates to recombinant flavocytochrome b2 proteins containing a truncated N-terminus. [Background technology]

[0002] The detection and measurement of L-lactate is important in various fields. In the food and beverage industry, as well as in clinical diagnostics, there is a need for highly selective, sensitive, rapid and reliable methods to determine the presence of key components or metabolites that determine the quality of products or serve as markers for human diseases or physiological conditions. L-lactate is one of these metabolites. Analysis of blood lactate levels is also important in the clinical diagnosis of hypoxia, lactic acidosis, and drug toxicity testing, hyperlactemia in diabetes and liver disease, sepsis and thiamine deficiency. It is also measured in monitoring the performance of athletes and developing optimal training regimens.

[0003] The determination of lactate content is generally based on the enzymatic oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate. Traditionally, enzymatic methods are based on NAD+-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isolated from animal muscle or heart, or on bacterial lactate oxidase (LOx) used in a chromogenic system. Many other methods have been proposed as well; for example, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, pH potentiometry, and amperometric biosensors based on O2 consumption and H2O2 formation detected on electrodes. The actual lactate content is determined by spectrophotometric detection of NADH or colorimetric assay of H2O2.

[0004] In Kavita R. et al. (2016) a biosensor based on electrochemical lactate detection is reviewed. Flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) is an enzyme that is a promising candidate for lactate DET (direct electron transfer) recognition element. This enzyme is known to be involved in lactate metabolism in yeast and is commonly referred to as L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3; flavocytochrome b2, FCb2, L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase). FCb2 catalyzes the electron transfer from L-lactate to cytochrome c in yeast mitochondria.

[0005] Naturally, FCb2 is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Import of proteins into the mitochondrial intermembrane space is reviewed in Edwards R. et al. (2021). It is described that FCb2 is imported into the mitochondrial intermembrane space by the stop-transfer pathway. FCb2 contains a bipartite signal consisting of a positively charged mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) at the N-terminus followed by a hydrophobic segment. The MTS is targeted into the matrix by the translocon of the outer membrane (TOM) and also by the translocon of the inner membrane (TIM23) via a leading sequence translocator associated motor (PAM). The stop-transfer hydrophobic signal enters TIM23, causing a migration arrest, and subsequent lateral diffusion of this segment into the inner membrane blocks further migration into the matrix. The MTS is cleaved by mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) and the mature IMS protein is released by a second cleavage event mediated by the IMS protease.

[0006] (1993) investigated the sorting signal of yeast FCb2 to the mitochondrial intermembrane space by fusing the first 167 residues of FCb2 to cytochrome oxidase subunit IV (CoxIV) as a passenger protein, whereby mutations causing mislocalization of CoxIV were analyzed.

[0007] Hartl et al. (1987) investigated the targeting of cytochromes b2 and c1 to the intermembrane space. Both proteins are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and processed in mitochondria in two steps. First, the precursors are translocated across both mitochondrial membranes into the matrix where they are processed to intermediate-sized forms by matrix peptidases. A second proteolytic processing occurs in the intermembrane space. The authors conclude that a hydrophobic section in the bipartite signal peptide of the intermediate-sized forms of these proteins acts as a transport signal directing export from the matrix into the intermembrane space.

[0008] Koll et al. (1992) disclose the effect of hsp60 on the transport of FCb2 into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Campo et al. (2016) reviewed the mitochondrial megachannel for the import of proteins and nucleic acids into mitochondria, describing signal sequences and sorting pathways for mitochondrial proteins.

[0009] Black et al. (1989) disclosed that the mature sequences of the two FCb2 enzymes from Hansenula anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are remarkably similar. The N-terminal leader sequences of these enzymes share significant similarity. Different regions of these leader sequences are presumed to be functionally similar and show a number of related features. The N-terminus is highly loaded with basic amino acids, a feature common to almost all imported mitochondrial proteins. There is an uncharged segment towards the C-terminal end of the leader sequence, as found in other polypeptides transported into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. A conserved feature indicative of a common cleavage mechanism is the acidic nature of the first amino acid at the mature N-terminus.

[0010] EP3080283A2 discloses a truncated version of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILV2 gene encoding an acetolactate synthase, in which the mitochondrial targeting signal is absent and a cytoplasmic form of the acetolactate synthase is encoded by the gene. Naturally, the ILV2 protein is located within the mitochondrial matrix. A recombinant yeast strain comprising said gene encoding a cytoplasmic acetolactate synthase for enhancing glycerol production is further described.

[0011] Currently, FCb2 is obtained by isolating the enzyme from yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae or H. anomala. However, S. cerevisiae-derived FCb2 is unstable and the enzyme is difficult to isolate and purify, which makes it difficult to produce enough of the enzyme for its application, for example, in bioanalytical devices. FCb2 isolated from the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha has previously been used as a biological recognition element in amperometric biosensors (Smutok et al., 2013). There, the enzyme was shown to be capable of direct electron transfer. However, the stability of FCb2 isolated from H. polymorpha was also limited.

[0012] WO021 / 167011A1 discloses a device for measuring lactate using lactate dehydrogenase. A chimeric fusion protein containing the heme domain of FCb2 from Pichia pastoris and an engineered L-lactate oxidase from Aerococcus viridans was generated to create a multiplexed DET-type lactate and glucose sensor. The fusion protein was expressed in E. coli (Hiraka et al., 2020).

[0013] There is therefore an urgent need in the art for improved means to produce recombinant FCb2 in yeast, particularly FCb2 variants that can be tailored for use as lactate DET recognition elements, for example in enzymatic biosensors. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0014] It is an object of the present invention to provide improved means for producing recombinant flavocytochrome b2 enzyme. This object is solved by the subject matter of the present invention.

[0015] The present invention relates to a recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) containing a truncated N-terminal signal peptide sequence. The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that yeast FCb2 can be produced that contains a truncated signal peptide sequence, which significantly increases the yield and shows significantly improved activity. [Means for solving the problem]

[0016] According to the present invention there is provided a recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) comprising a mature FCb2 peptide sequence of native FCb2 or a functionally active variant of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence comprises a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the native signal peptide sequence, said truncated signal peptide sequence having the following structure from N-terminus to C-terminus: i. methionine; ii. optionally a tag sequence; iii. an amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence, corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / VxN / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. I / L / VxN / A / L motifs, which may have a number of 0, 1 or be partially truncated, and if the number is 0 or the I / L / VxN / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0. having A recombinant FCb2 is provided, wherein the amino acid sequence of said recombinant FCb2 differs from SEQ ID NO:145.

[0017] The physiological role of FCb2 in yeast utilizes its presence in the mitochondrial transmembrane space. After or during expression in the endoplasmic reticulum (and cellular transport), FCb2 is thought to undergo maturation during incorporation into the mitochondrial membrane, similar to cellular secretion assisted by a signal peptide. In the process of incorporation of the enzyme into mitochondria, FCb2 is truncated at the N-terminus, and the mature shorter enzyme is then found in mitochondria. This process is called co-translational transfer. From the analysis of the peptide sequences of the putative FCb2 genes characterized and uncharacterized by the inventors, several sequence patterns were identified in the N-terminal precursor sequence of FCb2, indicating the possible presence of a previously unidentified N-terminal precursor sequence located upstream of the mature FCb2 sequence, which is presumed to be involved in the transfer of FCb2 into the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

[0018] Multiple sequence alignment revealed that yeast FCb2 sequences share an I / L / VxN / A / L motif in the N-terminal presequence, which is also referred to herein as the "signal peptide sequence", "transit peptide sequence" or "transit sequence". Surprisingly, deleting the signal peptide sequence, except for the N-terminal methionine, up to or including the I / L / VxN / A / L motif, provides a significant improvement in the production of recombinant FCb2 in yeast. In particular, recombinant FCb2 containing such a truncated signal peptide sequence can be produced with very high activity and high yield using the protein processing and cofactor synthesis capabilities of the original FCb2 host yeast. Thus, the specific signal peptide sequence-truncation pattern of the present invention allows for the expression of functionally active FCb2 in the cytosol. Surprisingly, the inventors found that deleting the N-terminal region of the signal peptide sequence known to be involved in the translocation of FCb2 into mitochondria is not sufficient to successfully express functionally active FCb2 in the cytosol. Instead, the inventors have surprisingly found that for successful cytoplasmic expression of active FCb2, the signal peptide must be truncated even further according to a specific pattern. This truncation pattern is based on the I / L / VxN / A / L motif, which is highly conserved among yeast FCb2 sequences. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 of the invention comprises or contains a mature FCb2 sequence and a truncated signal peptide sequence derived from a native yeast FCb2 sequence, the truncated signal peptide sequence corresponding to the sequence of the native signal peptide of yeast FCb2, but including the truncations described herein. In particular, said truncation is a deletion of the native signal peptide sequence up to or including the I / L / VxN / A / L motif.

[0019] In particular, the truncated signal peptide sequences described herein either contain an N-terminal methionine, an I / L / VxN / A / L motif and no amino acids N-terminal to said motif, or up to 9 amino acids N-terminal to said motif in the respective native signal peptide sequence and no amino acids upstream of said up to 9 amino acids. In particular, the truncated signal peptide sequences contain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or up to 9 amino acids N-terminal to the I / L / VxN / A / L motif and an N-terminal methionine.

[0020] In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is the sequence of the FCb2 peptide naturally found in yeast mitochondria, in particular in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a sequence based on the mature form of FCb2 naturally found in the yeast mitochondrial intermembrane space, and includes a cytochrome b2 domain, a flavin domain, a hinge region connecting the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain, and a tail region at the C-terminus.

[0021] In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a mature FCb2 peptide sequence that includes at least the yeast heme domain and the yeast flavin domain. According to a particular example, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence of the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2.

[0022] In a particular embodiment, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence of the recombinant FCb2 described herein is a functionally active variant of the native FCb2 mature peptide sequence found in the yeast mitochondrial intermembrane space and contains one or more point mutations in the nucleotide sequence encoding the mature FCb2 sequence compared to the respective native mature FCb2 sequence. In particular, it contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 point mutations that specifically result in one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, etc. In particular, the functional variant of the native mature FCb2 peptide sequence is a full-length mature FCb2 peptide sequence that contains point mutations, or a fragment of the full-length mature FCb2 peptide sequence that retains enzymatic activity. In particular, a variant of the mature FCb2 sequence is functionally active if it is capable of converting L-lactate to pyruvate. In particular, functionally active variants of a mature FCb2 sequence have at least 10, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70% or even more enzymatic activity than the corresponding wild-type mature FCb2 sequence. In particular, functionally active variants of a mature FCb2 sequence have at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70% or even more enzymatic activity than the corresponding wild-type mature FCb2 sequence, said enzymatic activity being determined using a CytC assay and L-lactate as a substrate.

[0023] The enzymatic activity of a flavocytochrome b2 variant can be readily determined by assays known to those skilled in the art, such as assays determining the colorimetric reduction of cytochrome c, ferricyanide or 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP). In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein contains an enzymatic activity of at least 1 U / mg as determined by the CytC assay described by Diep Le et al. (Diep Le et al. 2009).

[0024] In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequences described herein comprise at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2, or to SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2. In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequences comprise at least about 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2.

[0025] According to a particular embodiment, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae FCb2 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the truncated signal peptide sequence comprising an N-terminal methionine is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37, 38 and 39. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises or consists of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5 and 6. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 of the invention comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5 and 6 further comprises an N-terminal His tag, preferably a 6-His or 8-His tag.

[0026] According to further particular embodiments, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Kluyveromyces marxianus FCb2 (SEQ ID NO: 7) and the truncated signal peptide sequence comprising an N-terminal methionine is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41 and 42. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises or consists of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 of the invention comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10 further comprises an N-terminal His tag, preferably a 6-His or 8-His tag.

[0027] According to yet further particular embodiments, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Wickerhamomyces anomalus FCb2 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the truncated signal peptide sequence comprising an N-terminal methionine is SEQ ID NO: 43 or 44 or MSA (Met-Ser-Ala). In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises or consists of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 13 and 14. In particular, the recombinant FCb2 of the invention comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8-10 further comprises an N-terminal His tag, preferably a 6-His or 8-His tag.

[0028] In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises the truncated signal peptide sequence and the corresponding mature FCb2 peptide sequence described herein, which are expressed in S. cerevisiae, W. anomalus, K. marxianus, O. parapolymorpha, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Lachancea thermotolerans, Saccharomyces ludwigii, Naumovozyma castelli, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces parabailii, and the like. parabalii, Lachancea mirantina, Tetrapisispora phaffii, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Vanderwaltozyma polyspora, Lachancea dasiensis, Wickerhamomyces ciferri, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Kazachstania naganisii naganishii, Zygosaccharomyces mellis, Kazachstania saulgeensis, Candida boidinii, Lachancea fermentatiifermentati, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Cyberlindnera fabianii, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Kazachstania africana, Lachancea quebecensis, Kuraishia capsulata, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Komogatella pastoris, Komagatella phaffii, Lachancea nothofagi or Naumovomyces It is obtained from the plant Hymenium dairenensis.

[0029] In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a mature FCb2 peptide sequence obtained from FCb2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Wickhamomyces anomalus, Naumobozima castellii or Sibelindonella fabianii.

[0030] In certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a tag sequence.Tag sequences, such as polyhistidine tags, are effective tools in recombinant protein production.Full-length FCb2 is difficult to express with tag sequences, such as N-terminal poly-His tags.Surprisingly, the recombinant FCb2 comprising the shortened signal peptide sequence described herein can be expressed with N-terminal tags, which significantly improves and simplifies the production process.

[0031] In particular, the tag sequence is selected from the group consisting of an affinity tag, a solubility enhancing tag and a surveillance tag. In particular, the tag sequence is an N-terminal tag. In particular, the affinity tag is selected from the group consisting of a polyhistidine (polyH) tag, a polyarginine (polyA) tag, a FLAG tag, a Strep tag, a streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) tag, a calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP) tag, an S-tag, an HA tag, a c-Myc tag, and a SUMO tag, in particular, the tag is a His tag comprising one or more His, more particularly a hexahistidine or 8-His tag.

[0032] In particular, the solubility enhancing tag is selected from the group consisting of T7A, T7A1, T7A2, T7A3, T7A4, T7A5, T7B, T7B1, T7B2, T7B3, T7B3, T7B4, T7B5, T7B6, T7B6, T7B7, T7B8, T7B9, T7B10, T7B11, T7B12, T7B13, T7C, calmodulin binding peptide (CBP) tag, polyA tag, polyLys tag, protein D tag (dTAG), the Z domain of staphylococcal protein A, and thioredoxin.

[0033] In particular, the monitoring tag is selected from the group consisting of m-Cherry, GFP and f-actin. According to particular examples, the recombinant FCb2 described herein has an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36.

[0034] Provided herein is an electrode comprising a recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) comprising the mature FCb2 peptide sequence of native FCb2 or a functionally active variant of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence, the N-terminus of which consists of a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the native signal peptide sequence, said truncated signal peptide sequence having the following structure from N-terminus to C-terminus: i. methionine; ii. optionally a tag sequence; iii. an amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence, corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / VxN / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. I / L / VxN / A / L motifs, which may have a number of 0, 1 or be partially truncated, and if the number is 0 or the I / L / VxN / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0. There is further provided an electrode having the

[0035] In particular, an electrode containing recombinant FCb2 can be used to determine L-lactate in a sample. In particular, an electrode containing recombinant FCb2 can be used as a lactate DET recognition element in an enzymatic biosensor.

[0036] As used herein, the method includes the steps of: i. A yeast cell comprising a promoter functional in yeast operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding FCb2, said native signal peptide sequence of FCb2 having the following structure from N-terminus to C-terminus: a) methionine; b) optionally a tag sequence; c) an amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence, corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / VxN / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and d) I / L / VxN / A / L motifs, which may have a number of 0, 1 or be partially truncated, in which the length of the amino acid sequence of c) is 0 if the number is 0 or if I / L / VxN / A / L is partially truncated. providing a yeast cell in which the signal peptide sequence of the present invention has been replaced with a truncated signal peptide sequence consisting of: ii. growing the yeast cells in a medium that provides for expression of the FCb2; Further provided is a method for producing recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) comprising:

[0037] In certain embodiments of the methods provided herein, the recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant FCb2 is stably integrated into the genome of the yeast cell. In particular, the yeast cell is a methylotrophic yeast cell, preferably a Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii), Kluyveromyces lactis or a non-methylotrophic yeast cell, preferably a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.

[0038] In particular, nucleic acid sequences encoding FCb2 have been reported in S. cerevisiae, W. anomalus, K. marxianus, O. parapolymorpha, Lacancea thermotolerans, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Naumobozyma castelli, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces parabailii, Lacancea milantina, Tetrapisispora phaphi, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces kudriabzevii, Saccharomyces paradoxus, van der Waldzyma polyspora, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Lacancea dasiensis, Wisconsin, and others. The bacteria may be derived from Cahamomyces ciferrii, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Casatutania naganishii, Zygosaccharomyces melis, Casatutania sorgieensis, Candida boidinii, Lacancea fermentatii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Sibelindonella fabianii, Sibelindonella jadinii, Casatutania africana, Lacancea quebecensis, Kleisia capsulata, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Komagatella pastoris, Komagatella phafi, Lacancea notophagi or Naumovomyces direnensis.

[0039] In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from S. cerevisiae FCb2 and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37-39. In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from K. marxianus FCb2 and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 40-42.

[0040] In particular, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from W. anomalus FCb2 and the truncated signal peptide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 43 or 44 or is of the amino acid sequence MSA (Met-Ser-Ala).

[0041] In particular, recombinant FCb2 produced according to the methods provided herein preferably comprises an N-terminal tag sequence selected from the group consisting of an affinity tag, a solubility enhancing tag and a surveillance tag, most preferably a polyhistidine tag.

[0042] In particular, the recombinant FCb2 produced according to the methods provided herein has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 33, 34, 35 and 36.

[0043] In particular, the promoter is a methanol-inducible promoter and the medium leading to expression of recombinant FCb2 contains methanol. In particular, the method for producing recombinant FCb2 described herein preferably further comprises the step of isolating FCb2 from yeast cells by disrupting the yeast cells to release intracellular FCb2 into the culture medium, followed by purifying FCb2 from the culture medium.

[0044] In particular, the yeast cells used in the methods provided herein are methylotrophic yeast cells selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia minuta, Candida boidinii, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Arxula adeninivorans, Zygosaccharomyces bailiii, Pichia stipites, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces oxidentalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyverom ... Preferably, the yeast cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis or Pichia pastoris cell, and most preferably, the yeast cell is a Pichia pastoris cell.

[0045] Further provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant FCb2 described herein.In particular, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant FCb2 described herein is different from the nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 145.Further provided herein is an expression cassette comprising the recombinant FCb2 described herein operably linked to a regulatory element.In particular, an expression cassette is provided that comprises a promoter, a sequence encoding the recombinant FCb2 described herein and a termination sequence.

[0046] Further provided herein is a yeast host cell or yeast host cell line that expresses the recombinant FCb2 described herein. 1. A yeast host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mature FCb2 peptide sequence of native FCb2, or a functionally active variant of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence, said nucleic acid molecule comprising at its N-terminus a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the native signal peptide sequence, said truncated signal peptide sequence having from N-terminus to C-terminus the following structure: i. methionine; ii. optionally a tag sequence; iii. an amino acid sequence of 0 to 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence, corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / VxN / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. I / L / VxN / A / L motifs, which may have a number of 0, 1 or be partially truncated, and if the number is 0 or the I / L / VxN / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0. Further provided herein is a yeast host cell having the

[0047] In particular, the host cell is a yeast cell selected from the group of methylotrophic yeasts consisting of Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia minuta, Candida boidinii, or selected from the group of non-methylotrophic yeasts consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Alcustura adeninivorans, Zygosaccharomyces baillii, Pichia stippites, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces oxidentalis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, preferably the host cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris cell. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0048] [Figure 1] Prediction of the mitochondrial cleavage site of ScFCb2 (TargetP). [Diagram 2] Prediction of the mitochondrial cleavage site of KmFCb2 (TargetP). [Diagram 3] Prediction of the mitochondrial cleavage site of WaFCb2 (TargetP). [Figure 4] Prediction of the mitochondrial cleavage site of CangFCb2 (TargetP). [Figure 5-1]FIG. 1 shows multiple sequence alignment of FCb2 N′-terminal sequences from phylogenetic data, curated to the budding yeast Saccharomycete family. [Figure 5-2] Same as above. [Figure 6] Figure 1: Multiple sequence alignment by WebLogo. ("1FCB" is the reference sequence of the cleaved and mature ScFCb2 obtained from the crystal structure being analyzed, PDB:1FCB) [Figure 7] Figure 1: ClustalOmega multiple sequence alignment. Underline: experimentally confirmed cleaved and mature N-terminal start sequences of S. cerevisiae and W. anomalus FCb2. Grey: discovered TransP recognition motifs. "*", ":" and "." in the subtext indicate different degrees of conservation of structurally related sequence parts, from good to bad. [Figure 8] (A) Volumetric activity of screening ScFCb2 TransP constructs. (B) Summary of data from activity screening (CytC assay) of ScFCb2 TransP constructs. (C) N-terminal TransP sequences with TransP recognition motifs (grey) and relative activities. [Figure 9] (A) Volumetric activity of screening KmFCb2 TransP constructs. (B) Summary of data from activity screening (CytC assay) of KmFCb2 TransP constructs. (C) N-terminal TransP sequences with TransP recognition motifs (grey) and relative activities. [Figure 10] (A) Volumetric activity of screening KmFCb2 TransP constructs. (B) Summary of data from activity screening (CytC assay) of KmFCb2 TransP constructs. (C) N-terminal TransP sequences with TransP recognition motifs (grey) and relative activities. [Figure 11](A) Activity obtained after purification in enzyme units [U / g cell pellet] of the CytC assay and (B) purified enzyme by amount of optical absorbance [mg enzyme / g cell pellet]. (C) SDS PAGE of purified, his-tagged TransP-His FCb2 construct. [Figure 12-1] FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequences referred to herein. [Figure 12-2] Same as above. [Figure 12-3] Same as above. [Figure 12-4] Same as above. [Figure 12-5] Same as above. [Figure 12-6] Same as above. [Figure 12-7] Same as above. [Figure 12-8] Same as above. [Figure 12-9] Same as above. [Figure 12-10] Same as above. [Figure 12-11] Same as above. [Figure 12-12] Same as above. [Figure 12-13] Same as above. [Figure 12-14] Same as above. [Figure 12-15] Same as above. [Figure 12-16] Same as above. [Figure 13-1] Calibration of a FCb2 modified carbon paste electrode at 37° C. and an applied potential of +0.2 V by adding increasing concentrations of lactate over time. WaFCb2(A), KmFCb2(D) and CangFCb2(G): Stepwise increase in sensor signal after stepwise increase in lactate. WaFCb2(B), KmFCb2(E) and CangFCb2(H): Decrease in sensor signal over time in the presence of 30 mM lactate. WaFCb2(C), KmFCb2(F) and CangFCb2(I): Dependence of sensor current density on lactate concentration. Enzyme loading: 0.8 μg / mm2 [Figure 13-2] Same as above. [Figure 13-3] Same as above. [Figure 14] Comparison of current density of 0.8 μg / mm2 KmFCb2 per carbon paste electrode with pretreatment of the electrode. Calibration of FCb2 modified carbon paste electrode at 37° C. and applied potential +0.2 V by adding increasing concentrations of lactate over time. A: CTAB; B: EGDGE; C: no pretreatment. [Figure 15] Figure 14. Response of KmFCb2 modified gold or carbon paste electrodes after addition of 30 mM lactate at 37°C and an applied potential of +0.2 V. A: gold - no pretreatment; B: carbon paste - no pretreatment. [Figure 16] (A) shows the temperature stability of KmFCb2; (B) shows the heat capacity curve of KmFCb2. [Figure 17] (A) shows the temperature stability of CangFCb2; (B) shows the heat capacity curve of CangFCb2. [Figure 18] Figure 1 shows SDS PAGE of FCb2 expressed in E. coli compared to FCb2 expressed in Pichia pastoris. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0049] Unless otherwise indicated or defined, all terms used herein have their usual meanings in the art and will be clear to those skilled in the art. See, for example, standard technical texts such as Sambrook et al., "Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual" (4th ed.), vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2012); Krebs et al., "Lewin's Genes XI", Jones & Bartlett Learning (2017); Berg et al., "Stryer Biochemie", Springer Verlag, 2018; and Murphy & Weaver, "Janeway's Immunobiology" (9th ed., or more recent edition), Taylor & Francis Inc (2017).

[0050] The subject matter of the claims specifically refers to man-made products or methods of utilizing or making such man-made products, which products may be variants of natural (wild-type) products. Although there may be some sequence identity to naturally occurring structures, it is well understood that the materials, methods and uses of the invention, specifically referring to, for example, isolated nucleic acid sequences, amino acid sequences, expression constructs, transformed host cells and modified proteins and enzymes, are "artificial" or synthetic and therefore are not considered the result of the "laws of nature."

[0051] As used herein, the terms "comprise," "contain," "have," and "include" may be used interchangeably and are to be understood as open definitions allowing for additional members or moieties or elements. "Consisting of" is considered the most specific definition, not including additional elements of the features of the definition that it comprises. Thus, "comprising" is broader and includes the definition of "consisting of."

[0052] As used herein, the term "about" refers to a value that is the same as a given value or that differs by up to + / - 5%. As used in this specification and claims, the singular forms, e.g., "a," "an," and "the," include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0053] As used herein, amino acid refers to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids encoded by 61 triplet codons. These 20 amino acids can be divided into those with neutral, positive and negative charges: The "neutral" amino acids are shown below with their respective three letter and one letter codes and polarities: alanine (Ala, A; non-polar, neutral), asparagine (Asn, N; polar, neutral), cysteine ​​(Cys, C; non-polar, neutral), glutamine (Gln, Q; polar, neutral), glycine (Gly, G; non-polar, neutral), isoleucine (Ile, I; non-polar, neutral), leucine (Leu, L; non-polar, neutral), methionine (Me, G; non-polar, neutral), riboflavin (Ri, Ri ... The amino acids in the ribozyme are: Met (M; non-polar, neutral), phenylalanine (Phe, F; non-polar, neutral), proline (Pro, P; non-polar, neutral), serine (Ser, S; polar, neutral), threonine (Thr, T; polar, neutral), tryptophan (Trp, W; non-polar, neutral), tyrosine (Tyr, Y; polar, neutral), valine (Val, V; non-polar, neutral) and histidine (His, H; polar, positive (10%) and neutral (90%).

[0054] The "positively" charged amino acids are: arginine (Arg, R; polar, positive) and lysine (Lys, K; polar, positive). The "negative" charged amino acids are as follows: aspartic acid (Asp, D; polar, negative) and glutamic acid (Glu, E; polar, negative). According to the present invention, the term "enzyme" refers to any substance that is composed entirely or largely of a protein or polypeptide that catalyzes or promotes one or more chemical or biochemical reactions in a more or less specific manner. In particular, the term "enzyme" is used herein to refer to a protein or polypeptide that is capable of converting L-lactate to pyruvate.

[0055] In humans, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase ("LDH"). In yeast, L-lactate is converted to pyruvate by L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3), referred to herein as "flavocytochrome b2" or "FCb2."

[0056] As used herein, the term "lactic acid" refers to lactic acid or its salts. The physiological role of FCb2 in yeast utilizes its presence in the mitochondrial transmembrane space: after or during expression in the endoplasmic reticulum (and cellular transport), FCb2 is thought to undergo maturation during integration into the mitochondrial membrane, assisted by signal peptide recognition.

[0057] Multiple sequence alignment of characterized and predicted FCb2 sequences reveals that yeast FCb2 sequences share an I / L / VxN / A / L motif in the N-terminal leading sequence, which is also referred to herein as the "signal peptide sequence", "signal sequence" or "transit peptide sequence" or "transit sequence". Surprisingly, deletion of the signal peptide sequence of FCb2 up to or including the I / L / VxN / A / L motif allows for a significant improvement in the production of recombinant FCb2. In particular, recombinant FCb2 containing such a shortened signal peptide sequence can be produced in high yield and with significantly improved activity.

[0058] Native yeast flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) has two functional domains connected via a "hinge" linker (57 kDa monomer). FCb2 from S. cerevisiae is the best studied representative and has been crystallized (PDB 1FCB). The following sections have been identified in S. cerevisiae FCb2: - the N-terminal preceding sequence up to amino acid residue 88 of SEQ ID NO: 3. This so-called "transit peptide" is cleaved upon translocation; - cytochrome-b2 domain: a <10 kDa domain that contains non-covalently bound heme b: (spanning amino acid residues 88-165 of SEQ ID NO:3); - a hinge region including the domain connecting linker connecting the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain (spanning residues 177-190 of SEQ ID NO:3); - a flavin domain of approximately 45 kDa containing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (spanning residues 197-563 of SEQ ID NO:3); - a tail region that extends at the C-terminus and wraps around the dimer (comprising residues 567 to 591 of SEQ ID NO: 3).

[0059] The recombinant FCb2 of the present invention comprises at least a yeast cytochrome b2 domain and a yeast flavin domain, which may be directly connected or linked via a hinge region.In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein also comprises a C-terminal tail region.In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a sequence based on the mature form of FCb2 naturally found in the yeast mitochondrial intermembrane space, and comprises a cytochrome b2 domain, a flavin domain, a hinge region connecting the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain, and a tail region at the C-terminus.

[0060] The recombinant FCb2 of the present invention further comprises a truncated signal peptide sequence, which corresponds to the signal of the native signal peptide but includes the truncations described herein.

[0061] In certain embodiments, a recombinant FCb2 of the invention comprises all or a different yeast homologue of the FCb2 S. cerevisiae section identified above, except for the N-terminal precursor sequence which is replaced with a truncated signal peptide sequence as described herein.

[0062] As used herein, the term "signal peptide sequence" refers to the N-terminal preceding sequence of FCb2. Signal peptide sequence is the sequence of FCb2 protein that is cleaved after the translocation of the enzyme into mitochondria. When the native signal peptide sequence is cleaved, the mature FCb2 sequence remains and its physiological role in mitochondria is functional. The mature sequence of native FCb2 can be easily identified by those skilled in the art, for example, by isolating FCb2 from yeast cells and sequencing the isolated protein. The signal peptide sequence and mature sequence of yeast FCb2 can also be determined using other conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as crystallography.

[0063] Thereby, the term "native" as used herein refers to the genetically encoded, unprocessed amino acid sequence as it exists in nature before transport into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Thus, a native amino acid sequence refers to an amino acid sequence before the native signal peptide sequence is cleaved from the native amino acid sequence to produce the mature amino acid sequence. For example, the native amino acid sequence of full-length FCb2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. Thus, amino acids 1-80 in SEQ ID NO: 3 are the native signal peptide sequence. The sequence of mature FCb2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, which does not include amino acids 1-80 in SEQ ID NO: 3. As can be seen from the example of FCb2, the native N-terminus is cleaved from the amino acid sequence during transport into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, so the sequence of mature FCb2 shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 does not include a methionine at the N-terminus.

[0064] As used herein, the term "truncated signal peptide sequence" refers to a signal peptide sequence of FCb2 that includes a deletion at the N-terminus. As described herein, recombinant FCb2 of the present invention includes a truncated signal peptide sequence, which corresponds to the sequence of the native signal peptide, but includes a deletion of the native signal peptide sequence beginning at the native N-terminus and spanning or including the I / L / VxN / A / L motif. Thus, in a particular example, recombinant FCb2 described herein includes a deletion of the entire signal peptide sequence including the I / L / VxN / A / L motif.

[0065] The recombinant FCb2 described herein further comprises a methionine at the N-terminus, thus the N-terminus of the truncated signal peptide sequence. Because mature FCb2 found in nature does not have an N-terminal methionine, the recombinant FCb2 of the present invention has an N-terminal methionine, so that the recombinant FCb2 of the present invention can be easily distinguished from the mature FCb2 of naturally occurring FCb2.

[0066] In eukaryotes, protein synthesis is initiated by methionine. Ribosomes begin translation, the assembly of a protein from amino acids, when they encounter an initiation codon in mRNA that is the sequence AUG. AUG codes for the amino acid methionine, and such protein translation of FCb2 described herein begins with methionine.

[0067] According to another specific example, the truncated signal peptide sequence of recombinant FCb2 described herein still comprises the I / L / VxN / A / L motif, but does not comprise any amino acids N-terminal to said motif, i.e., in the truncated signal peptide sequence, all amino acids N-terminal to the I / L / VxN / A / L motif are deleted, except for the N-terminal methionine.

[0068] According to yet another specific example, the truncated signal peptide sequence of recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises up to 9 amino acids N-terminal to said I / L / VxN / A / L motif, but does not include any amino acids upstream of said up to 9 amino acids, except for the N-terminal methionine. In particular, the truncated signal peptide sequence comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or up to 9 amino acids N-terminal to the I / L / VxN / A / L motif and an N-terminal methionine.

[0069] As used herein, the term "I / L / VxN / A / L motif" refers to a conserved sequence of three amino acids in the amino acid sequence of the signal peptide sequence of FCb2, in which the first amino acid in said motif is any one of isoleucine (I), leucine (L) and valine (V), followed by any amino acid (X) in the second position, followed by asparagine (N), alanine (A) or leucine (L) in the third position.

[0070] For example, the signal peptide sequence of S. cerevisiae FCb2 ranges from amino acids 1 to 80 of SEQ ID NO: 3, and includes SEQ ID NO: 15. The I / L / VxN / A / L motif in the signal peptide sequence of S. cerevisiae FCb2 has the amino acid sequence IDN and is located at positions 78 to 80 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

[0071] As used herein, the term "mature FCb2 peptide sequence" refers to the sequence of yeast FCb2 peptide naturally found in yeast mitochondria, particularly in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. As described herein, the recombinant FCb2 provided herein comprises a mature FCb2 peptide sequence. The mature FCb2 peptide sequence of the recombinant FCb2 described herein can be a full-length wild-type mature sequence, which is generated by a specific cleavage step of the transit peptide simultaneously with the translocation of FCb2 into the yeast mitochondrial intermembrane space. Since FCb2 naturally occurs in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the signal peptide of FCb2 is cleaved twice before finally localizing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Thus, the cleavage of the transit peptide ultimately results in a defined N-terminus of mature FCb2. Thus, the term "mature FCb2 peptide sequence" particularly refers to an FCb2 sequence with a defined N-terminus generated by the cleavage of a specific peptidase during the translocation of FCb2 into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. A person skilled in the art can determine the mature FCb2 by using a specific tool for determining the cleavage site. For example, one skilled in the art can predict the N-terminus of a mature protein by comparing a selected FCb2 sequence with the FCb2 sequence provided herein by sequence alignment and determining the amino acid of said FCb2 that corresponds to the amino acid of the N-terminus of FCb2 disclosed herein. In particular, one skilled in the art can perform a multiple sequence alignment of the full-length sequence of a selected FCb2 with the sequence of the full-length FCb2 sequence provided herein in SEQ ID NO: 3 (native, full-length FCb2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), SEQ ID NO: 7 (native, full-length FCb2 from Kluyveromyces marxianus), SEQ ID NO: 11 (native, full-length FCb2 from Wickhamomyces anomalus), SEQ ID NO: 16 (native, full-length FCb2 from Candida glabrata), search for the TransP recognition motifs I / L / VxN / A / L and alignment to the N-terminus mature sequence of said FCb2 sequence provided herein, and determine the corresponding N-terminus of the selected mature FCb2. For example, a method for performing multiple sequence alignment is ClustalOmega provided by the European Bioinformatics Institute at EMBL.

[0072] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the mature FCb2 sequence has the following N-terminus (the first 5 amino acids of the sequence from N-terminus to C-terminus are shown, it should be understood that the following sequences reflect only the N-terminus of the complete mature FCb2 sequence and that the mature FCb2 amino acid sequence is integrated into the remainder of the respective sequence): DAAKH (SEQ ID NO: 157), TSSVL (SEQ ID NO: 158), DVKLE (SEQ ID NO: 159), GTTKD (SEQ ID NO: 160), NELRD (SEQ ID NO: 161), DSMLL (SEQ ID NO: 162), DPKLD (SEQ ID NO: 163), EPKLD (SEQ ID NO: 164), DVSIE (SEQ ID NO: 165), DAKFD (SEQ ID NO: 166), GAKVD (SEQ ID NO: 167), DLVRD (SEQ ID NO: 168), DVPKW (SEQ ID NO: 169), GVKVD (SEQ ID NO: 170), ATKEE (SEQ ID NO: 171), ESAQQ (SEQ ID NO: 172), GTKVD (SEQ ID NO: 173), 3), DNGQP (SEQ ID NO: 174), ESKLA (SEQ ID NO: 175), DSSSS (SEQ ID NO: 176), GPVKD (SEQ ID NO: 177), GPKLD (SEQ ID NO: 178), DVPHW (SEQ ID NO: 179), DAPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 180), EAITT (SEQ ID NO: 181), ESPSV (SEQ ID NO: 182), DAAFD (SEQ ID NO: 183), DIKYE (SEQ ID NO: 184), GTVKD (SEQ ID NO: 185), DDERK (SEQ ID NO: 186), DVRQD (SEQ ID NO: 187), DSKME (SEQ ID NO: 188).

[0073] According to another embodiment of the invention, the mature FCb2 peptide sequence of the recombinant FCb2 described herein may be a functionally active variant of the full-length mature sequence found in wild-type yeast and comprises one or more genetic modifications described herein, such as point mutations, but retains enzymatic activity. In particular, functionally active variants of the native mature FCb2 peptide sequence described herein comprise at least the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain.

[0074] According to the present invention, the recombinant FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 145 disclosed in WO021 / 167011A1. According to certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1. According to certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 145-156 disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1. According to certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 and / or 156 disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1. According to certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 differs from a fragment or truncated form of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 145-156 disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1. According to certain embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 145 is the amino acid sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FCb2 disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1.

[0075] According to the present invention, when the electrode comprises recombinant FCb2, this FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1, SEQ ID NO: 146-156. According to a particular embodiment, when the electrode comprises recombinant FCb2, this FCb2 is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 and / or 156. According to a particular embodiment, when the electrode comprises recombinant FCb2, this FCb2 is different from a fragment or truncated form of said amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 146-156 disclosed in WO2021 / 167011A1.

[0076] According to one embodiment, an electrode comprising recombinant FCb2 as described herein may be used in a biosensor for the determination of lactate or hydroxyacids in a sample. According to one embodiment, a biosensor may be provided comprising an electrode, said electrode comprising recombinant FCb2 as described herein. The biosensor may be used for the determination of lactate or hydroxy acid analytes.

[0077] The flavin domain of FCb2, also called the dehydrogenase domain, is responsible for its enantioselectivity and K M They are generally characterized by their specificity for the natural lactate substrate, commonly characterized as . The oxidation of lactate by a catalytic histidine base in the active site acting with the FMN cofactor results in the abstraction of two electrons and release of pyruvate as the reaction product. The flavin domain then directs the transfer of the electrons thus gained to a suitable electron acceptor such as DCIP or a partner cytochrome domain, but is generally not responsive to the acceptance of the electron acceptor dioxygen.

[0078] The cytochrome domain of FCb2, termed the heme domain or heam domain, is commonly characterized by its ability to shuttle electrons from the adjacent flavin domain to an external electron acceptor such as cytochrome c, as in the physiological case, or to an artificial electrode. In general, the contained heme cofactor of the "b" type is coordinated by a ligated histidine support opposite the heme.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises the flavin domain of S. cerevisiae FCb2 comprising or consisting of residues 197-563 of SEQ ID NO:3 and the cytochrome domain of S. cerevisiae FCb2 comprising or consisting of residues 88-165 of SEQ ID NO:3, or comprises homologs of each of these domains in different yeasts.

[0080] For example, in S. cerevisiae, the mature FCb2 sequence begins immediately after the I / L / VxN / A / L motif and begins with amino acids EPKLD (SEQ ID NO: 45). In certain examples, the recombinant FCb2 described herein comprises a sequence based on FCb2 of S. cerevisiae and includes a truncated signal peptide sequence described herein, preferably including any one of SEQ ID NOs: 37, 38 or 39: - the cytochrome-b2 domain spanning amino acid residues 88 to 165 of SEQ ID NO: 3; - optionally a hinge region spanning residues 177 to 190 of SEQ ID NO:3, connecting the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain; - a flavin domain spanning residues 197 to 563 of SEQ ID NO:3; and - optionally comprising a mature FCb2 peptide sequence comprising the tail region comprising residues 567 to 591 of SEQ ID NO:3.

[0081] In certain examples, the mature FCb2 sequence of the recombinant FCb2 comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO:2, or a functionally active variant thereof comprising one or more genetic modifications described herein, such as point mutations or deletions, and including at least the cytochrome b2 domain and flavin domain of FCb2 of S. cerevisiae.

[0082] The term "activity" as used herein refers to a functionally active molecule, for example in the context of enzyme activity. A functional enzyme is particularly characterized by a catalytic center that recognizes an enzyme substrate and catalyzes the conversion of the substrate to a conversion product. In the case of flavocytochrome b2, the preferred substrate is L-lactate and the conversion product is pyruvate. An enzyme variant is considered functional when its enzyme activity is determined in a standard test system, for example, the enzyme activity is at least 50%, or at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or even more than 100% of the activity of the parent (unmodified or wild-type enzyme).

[0083] The enzymatic activity of a flavocytochrome b2 variant can be readily determined by assays known to those skilled in the art, such as assays determining the colorimetric reduction of cytochrome c, ferricyanide, or 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP). In particular, the recombinant FCb2 described herein contains an enzymatic activity of at least 1 U / mg as determined by the cytochrome c assay described herein and by Diep Le et al. (Diep Le et al. 2009).

[0084] In general, cytochrome c accepts electrons only from heme b2, and ferricyanide is reduced by both heme and flavin semiquinone in the enzyme. DCIP does not accept electrons from heme b, but only from flavins.

[0085] As previously described, for example by Diep Le et al. (Diep Le et al. 2009), the enzymatic activity of flavocytochrome b2 variants can be determined by the cytochrome c assay, which assesses the enzymatic activity from the colorimetric reduction of cytochrome c (CytC) at 30 °C and 550 nm; molar extinction coefficient = 20 mM-1 cm-1. The assay mixture is buffered to pH 7.4 with 11 mM potassium phosphate, 137 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, and contains 10 mM lactate, 20 μM CytC, which acts as the final electron acceptor and detects the activity of the whole enzyme, specifically as the product of all partial electron transfers (flavin and heme domains). The CytC assay thereby provides a measure of the efficiency of intramolecular electron transfer (IET) between both domains and electron transfer to an external electron acceptor as an indicator of the response of the enzyme on the electrode. One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme (U / mg) that oxidizes 1 μmole of lactate per minute under the assay conditions. The reaction stoichiometry of lactate:CytC is 1:2, since two electrons are gained per lactate molecule and transferred to two molecules of CytC, respectively. When detecting activity with other substrates, lactate can be exchanged for other compounds.

[0086] For example, as previously described (Diep Le et al. 2009), the enzyme activity of flavocytochrome b2 variants was increased by ferricyanide (Fe(III)CN6 3-) molar extinction coefficient = 1.0 mM-1 cm-1. The assay mixture is formulated as described for the CytC assay, but contains 13 mM ferricyanide instead of CytC. The reaction stoichiometry of lactate:ferricyanide is 1:2, since two electrons are gained per lactate molecule and transferred to two molecules of ferricyanide respectively. The reduction of ferricyanide is not specific for the final electron transfer by heme, since it can occur in the FMN domain as well. When detecting activity with other substrates, lactate can be exchanged for other compounds.

[0087] As previously described, for example (Gaume et al. 1995), the enzymatic activity of flavocytochrome b2 variants can also be determined by assessing the colorimetric reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) at 30 °C and 600 nm; molar extinction coefficient = 22 mM-1 cm-1. The assay mixture is formulated as described for the CytC assay, but contains 0.1 mM DCIP instead of CytC. The reaction stoichiometry of lactate:DCIP is 1:1, since two electrons are gained per lactate molecule and transferred one DCIP molecule. In contrast to CytC and ferricyanide, DCIP accepts an electron from the primary electron transfer in the FMN domain before shuttling it to the partner heme. When detecting activity with other substrates, lactate can also be exchanged for other compounds.

[0088] The term "increased activity", or "increased activity", as used herein, may refer to a detectable increase in the activity of an enzyme. The term "increased activity", or "increased activity", as used herein, may mean that a modified enzyme, such as an FCb2 variant comprising a truncated signal peptide sequence as described herein, exhibits higher activity than a comparable enzyme of the same type, such as an enzyme without a particular genetic modification. For example, the activity of a modified or engineered enzyme may be about 5% or more, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, or about 100% or more higher than the activity of a non-engineered enzyme of the same type, e.g., a wild-type enzyme. The activity of a particular protein or enzyme in a recombinant or engineered cell may be about 5% or more, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, or about 100% or more higher than the activity of the same type of protein or enzyme in a parent cell, e.g., a non-engineered cell. Increased activity of an enzyme or protein in a cell may be verified by any method known to one of skill in the art.

[0089] The term "functional variant" or "functionally active variant" includes naturally occurring allelic variants, and mutants or any other non-naturally occurring variants. As known to those skilled in the art, allelic variants, also called homologs, are alternative forms of nucleic acids or peptides characterized by having one or more substitutions, deletions or additions of nucleotides or amino acids that do not essentially alter the biological function of the nucleic acid or polypeptide. In particular, functional variants may include substitutions, deletions and / or additions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 amino acid residues, or combinations thereof, in particular, the substitutions, deletions and / or additions are conservative modifications and do not reduce the specific activity of the enzyme. In particular, the functionally active variants of FCb2 described herein include a specific enzyme activity of at least 1 U / mg for lactate as determined by the CytC assay described herein.

[0090] In particular, the functional variants described herein contain no more than or equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 amino acid substitutions, deletions and / or additions, in particular which are conservative modifications and do not reduce the specific activity of the enzyme. In particular, the functionally active variants described herein contain no more than 15, preferably no more than 10 or 5 amino acid substitutions, deletions and / or additions, in particular which are conservative modifications and do not reduce the specific activity of the enzyme.

[0091] In particular, the functionally active variants described herein comprise at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% or more of the enzymatic activity of the respective wild-type enzyme. According to a particular example, when a recombinant FCb2 described herein is obtained from S. cerevisiae FCb2, said recombinant FCb2 is a functionally active variant if it comprises at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% or more of the enzymatic activity of FCb2 comprising SEQ ID NO:3.

[0092] Functional variants may be obtained by sequence modification of the polypeptide or nucleotide sequence, for example by one or more point mutations, which sequence modification preserves or improves the enzyme's characteristics, for example stability. Such sequence modifications may include, but are not limited to, (conservative) substitutions, additions, deletions, mutations and insertions. Conservative substitutions are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in terms of side chains and chemical properties. Examples of such families are amino acids with basic side chains, acidic side chains, non-polar aliphatic side chains, non-polar aromatic side chains, uncharged polar side chains, small side chains, large side chains, etc.

[0093] A point mutation is specifically understood as a manipulation of a polynucleotide that results in the expression of an amino acid sequence that differs from the unmanipulated amino acid sequence in one or more single (non-contiguous) or double substitutions or exchanges, deletions or insertions of amino acids for different amino acids.

[0094] According to a particular embodiment, the FCb2 described herein comprises one or more tag sequences, in particular N-terminal tag sequences. In particular, such tag sequences are C-terminal to the N-terminal methionine of the recombinant FCb2 described herein. Such tag sequences may comprise any number of amino acids, more than 2, 4, 5, 6 or 10 amino acids, up to 20 or 50 amino acids or more. In particular, the tag sequence used herein may be any tag sequence known to those skilled in the art. In particular, the tag sequence used herein is selected from affinity tags, solubility enhancing tags or surveillance tags.

[0095] Affinity tags are amino acid sequences that can be used, for example, for the purification of proteins to which they are attached. These affinity tags have a high affinity for suitable ligands of solid supports, such as chromatography resins, or directly for the resin. The selective binding of proteins with affinity tags to specific resins allows the proteins to be purified very effectively in only one chromatography step. According to a particular embodiment, the affinity tag sequence used herein is selected from histidine (His) tags, in particular polyhistidine tags, polyarginine tags, FLAG tags, Strep tags, streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) tags, calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP) tags, S-tags, HA tags, c-Myc tags and SUMO tags, or any other tag known to be useful for efficient purification of proteins fused thereto. Preferably, the tag is a His tag, in particular a hexahistidine tag, containing one or more Hs. In particular, proteins containing poly- or hexahistidine tags (His tags) can be captured and purified using chromatography, for example by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).

[0096] Solubility enhancing tags can be fused to the N-terminus of FCb2 described herein. The solubility enhancing tag can increase the titer of soluble protein when expressed in the cytosol of a host cell, e.g., P. pastoris, compared to expression of a protein without a tag. According to further specific embodiments, the solubility enhancing tag sequence used herein is selected from calmodulin binding peptide (CBP), poly-Arg, poly-Lys, protein D tag (dTAG), Z domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A and thioredoxin or any other tag known to improve the solubility of the protein fused thereto during expression in a host cell, for example. In particular, the solubility enhancing tag is a T7 tag, preferably selected from the group consisting of T7A, T7A1, T7A2, T7A3, T7A4, T7A5, T7B, T7B1, T7B2, T7B3, T7B3, T7B4, T7B5, T7B6, T7B6, T7B7, T7B8, T7B9, T7B10, T7B11, T7B12, T7B13 and T7C.

[0097] According to further particular embodiments, the surveillance tag sequence used herein is m-Cherry, GFP or f-actin or any other tag useful for detecting or quantifying the recombinant enzyme during the production process, including fermentation, isolation and purification, by simple in situ, in-line, online or at-line detectors such as ultraviolet, infrared, Raman, fluorescence, etc.

[0098] Further provided herein is a method of producing the recombinant FCb2 described herein in a host cell. Since the FCb2 molecule requires the cofactors FMN and heme b incorporated into its three-dimensional structure to establish a direct electron transfer from the substrate lactate to FMN, heme b, and finally to the electrode, the expression of the recombinant FCb2 of the present invention must be carried out using a host capable of producing sufficient amounts of these cofactors. In particular, to produce sufficient amounts of the heme b cofactor, a yeast organism according to the present invention is used. Yeast cells can successfully produce recombinant proteins with heme b as a cofactor. In contrast, bacterial cells generally cannot produce sufficient amounts of the iron cofactor heme b. The expression system also affects the specific activity and stability of the enzyme. The term "host cell" referred to herein is understood to mean any type of yeast cell that is amenable to transformation, transfection, transduction, etc. with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding an expression product as described herein, or otherwise to the introduction of a recombinant enzyme as described herein. In particular, the host yeast cell is maintained under conditions that allow expression of the enzyme. The host yeast cell can be a haploid, diploid or polyploid cell.

[0099] Also described herein is a "host cell line" or "production cell line," which is generally understood to be a yeast cell line that is ready to be grown / cultured in a bioreactor to obtain the product of a production process, such as the recombinant enzymes described herein. A yeast host or yeast cell line as described herein is particularly understood to be a recombinant yeast organism that can be grown / cultured to produce a desired recombinant protein.

[0100] Such genetic modifications of host cells include modifications that introduce a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide into the cell; modifications that substitute, add (i.e., insert), or delete one or more nucleotides of the genetic material of the parent cell, including chemical modifications (exposure to chemicals) that result in changes to the genetic material of the parent cell. Genetic modifications include heterologous or homologous modifications of the referenced species. Genetic modifications further include modifications of coding regions of polypeptides. Genetic modifications also include modifications of non-coding regulatory regions that change the expression of a gene or the function of an operon. Non-coding regions include 5' non-coding sequences (5' to the coding sequence) and 3' non-coding sequences (3' to the coding sequence).

[0101] As used herein, "gene" refers to a nucleic acid fragment that encodes a particular protein, such as recombinant FCb2 described herein, which may optionally include at least one regulatory sequence, such as 5' and 3' non-coding sequences (3' and 5' with reference to their relative position to the coding sequence).

[0102] In some embodiments, a gene encoding a recombinant FCb2 described herein may be introduced into a yeast cell or inserted into the endogenous genetic material (e.g., chromosome) of the yeast cell. The gene may be inserted into one or more locations of a particular endogenous gene of the yeast cell to disrupt the endogenous gene. The particular endogenous gene to be disrupted may include the native FCb2 gene.

[0103] The gene encoding recombinant FCb2 may be introduced into a yeast cell, but may not be inserted into the endogenous genetic material of the yeast cell, for example, the gene may be contained in an expression vector, such as a plasmid, and remain separated from the endogenous genetic material of the yeast cell.

[0104] A gene can be introduced into yeast cells in an expressible form and expressed to produce its gene product in yeast cells. The expressible form can be a structure in which the gene is operatively linked to an expression regulatory sequence. For example, the gene can be operatively linked to at least one sequence selected from an exogenous enhancer, an operator, a promoter and a transcription terminator so as to be expressible in yeast cells, or can be linked to the endogenous regulatory sequence of yeast cells so as to be expressible in yeast cells.

[0105] The gene may be introduced into the yeast host cell using any known method of introducing genetic material into yeast cells (see, for example, R. Gietz et al., Biotechniques 30:816-831, April 2001). Introduction may include spheroplasting, transformation of intact yeast cells, electroporation, or a combination thereof. For example, transformation of intact yeast cells may use certain monovalent alkaline cations (Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and Li+) in combination with PEG to promote uptake of DNA, such as plasmids, by the yeast cells. For example, transformation of intact yeast cells may include applying a heat shock to an aqueous solution of PEG, LiAc, carrier ssDNA, plasmid DNA, and yeast cells. For example, electroporation may include applying an electric pulse to a mixed medium containing yeast cells and DNA, such as plasmid DNA.

[0106] For introduction into yeast, the gene may be included in a vector with a homologous sequence to the endogenous genetic material of the parent yeast cell. The homologous sequence is complementary to a target sequence present in the endogenous genetic material of the parent yeast cell and may therefore be replaced by the target sequence by homologous recombination. The vector may include two sequences that are homologous to the 5' and 3' ends of the target sequence, respectively. In this regard, the introduction may include culturing the yeast cells under selective pressure during or after the contact. Selective pressure may refer to materials or conditions that allow the selection of only those cells in which homologous recombination has occurred. Selective pressure may include culturing in the presence of an antibiotic. In this regard, the vector may include a gene that confers antibiotic resistance to the yeast cell, for example a gene that encodes an enzyme that degrades an antibiotic.

[0107] With respect to host cell lines, the term "cell culture" or "growing" ("culturing" is used interchangeably herein), also referred to as "fermentation", means maintaining cells in an artificial, e.g., in vitro environment, under conditions that favor cell growth, differentiation, or continued survival in an active or dormant state, particularly in a controlled bioreactor according to methods known in the industry. When growing, the cell culture is contacted with a cell culture medium or substrate in a culture vessel under conditions appropriate to support the growth of the cell culture. In certain embodiments, the cells are cultured using the culture medium described herein according to standard cell culture techniques well known to those skilled in the art for growing or growing yeast cells.

[0108] Growth of the yeast host cells may be in one, two or multiple phases. According to certain embodiments, the growth of the cells and the production of the recombinant protein are in a single phase, in which case the medium used for the growth process contains the respective components required for the production of the protein from the very beginning of the growth process.

[0109] Cell culture media provide the nutrients necessary to maintain and grow cells in a controlled, artificial, in vitro environment. The characteristics and composition of cell culture media vary depending on the specific cell requirements. Important parameters include osmolality, pH, and nutrient formulation. Nutrient feeding may be performed in a continuous or discontinuous manner according to methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0110] The cell culture may be a batch process or a semi-batch process. A batch process is a growth mode in which all nutrients required for cell growth, including optionally the substrates required for the production of FCb2 as described herein, are contained in the initial culture medium without additional supply of further nutrients during fermentation. In a semi-batch process, a feed phase is performed after the batch phase. In the feed phase, one or more nutrients, such as an inducer, for example methanol, are supplied to the culture by a feed. In a particular embodiment, the method described herein is a semi-batch process. In particular, the host cell transformed with the nucleic acid construct encoding the enzyme described herein is cultured in a growth phase medium and transferred to an induction phase medium to produce the recombinant protein described herein.

[0111] In another embodiment, the host cells described herein are grown in a continuous mode, e.g., in chemostat culture. A continuous fermentation process is characterized by the feeding of fresh culture medium to a bioreactor at a defined, constant and continuous rate, while culture broth is simultaneously removed from the bioreactor at an also defined, constant and continuous removal rate. By keeping the culture medium, feed rate and removal rate at the same constant level, the growth parameters and conditions within the bioreactor remain constant.

[0112] Expression products, such as polypeptides, proteins, or enzymes described herein, can be introduced into a host cell either by introducing the respective coding polynucleotide or nucleotide sequence for expressing the expression product in the host cell, or by introducing the respective expression product in an expression system or isolated. Any known procedure for introducing expression cassettes, vectors, or otherwise introducing (e.g., coding) nucleotide sequences into a host cell can be used (see, e.g., Sambrook et al.).

[0113] The present invention makes it particularly possible to carry out the production process on a pilot or industrial scale. The growth medium that allows the accumulation of biomass as described herein is in particular a basal growth medium, generally a carbon source, a nitrogen source, a sulfur source and a phosphate source. Generally, such a medium contains additional trace elements and vitamins, and may further contain amino acids, peptones or yeast extracts.

[0114] The fermentation is preferably carried out at a pH of 3 to 7.5. Typical fermentation times are about 24-120 hours at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C, preferably 22-30°C.

[0115] In particular, the cells are grown under conditions appropriate to produce the recombinant enzymes described herein, and the enzymes may be purified from the cells or the culture medium. The term "exogenous" as used herein refers to a reference molecule (e.g., a nucleic acid) that is introduced into a host cell. The nucleic acid may be exogenously introduced into the host in any suitable manner. For example, the nucleic acid may be introduced into the host cell and inserted into the host chromosome, or the nucleic acid may be introduced into the host as non-chromosomal genetic material, such as an expression vector (e.g., a plasmid) that does not integrate into the host chromosome. The nucleic acid encoding the protein should be introduced in an expressible form (i.e., such that the nucleic acid can be transcribed and translated).

[0116] The term "endogenous" refers to a reference molecule (e.g., a nucleic acid) that is already present in a host cell prior to a particular genetic modification (e.g., the genetic makeup, trait or biosynthetic activity of a "wild-type" or parent cell).

[0117] The term "heterologous" refers to a reference molecule (e.g., nucleic acid) obtained from a source other than the referenced species; the term "homologous" refers to a molecule (e.g., nucleic acid) or activity obtained from a host parent cell. Thus, an exogenous molecule (e.g., expression of an exogenous coding nucleic acid) can be heterologous (e.g., a coding nucleic acid from a different species) or homologous (e.g., an additional copy of a coding nucleic acid from the same species).

[0118] As used herein, the term "expression" with respect to expression of a polynucleotide or nucleotide sequence is meant to encompass at least one of the steps selected from the group consisting of DNA transcription into mRNA, mRNA processing, non-coding mRNA maturation, mRNA export, translation, protein folding and / or protein transport. Nucleic acid molecules containing a desired nucleotide sequence can also be used to produce an expression product (e.g., a transcription product such as a protein or RNA molecule) encoded by such nucleotide sequence. To express a desired nucleotide sequence, an expression system is conveniently used, which may be an in vitro or in vivo expression system as required to cause a host cell or host cell line to express a particular nucleotide sequence. In general, a host cell is transfected or transformed with an expression system that includes an expression cassette that includes the desired nucleotide sequence and a promoter operably linked thereto, optionally together with further expression control or other regulatory sequences. Certain expression systems utilize expression constructs, such as vectors, that include one or more expression cassettes.

[0119] As used herein, the term "expression construct" refers to a vehicle, such as a vector or plasmid, by which a DNA sequence is introduced into a host cell so as to transform the host and promote expression (e.g., transcription and translation) of the introduced sequence. As used herein, "expression construct" includes both autonomously replicating nucleotide sequences and nucleotide sequences that are integrated into a genome.

[0120] The terms "vector", "DNA vector" and "expression vector" refer to a vehicle by which a DNA sequence (e.g., a foreign gene) may be introduced into a host cell so as to transform the host and promote expression (e.g., transcription and translation) of the introduced sequence. As used herein, "vector" includes both autonomously replicating nucleotide sequences and nucleotide sequences that are integrated into a genome, such as an artificial chromosome. Plasmids are the preferred vectors of the present invention.

[0121] In certain embodiments, an expression vector may contain multiple expression cassettes, each comprising at least a coding sequence and a promoter in operable linkage. A "cassette" refers to a DNA coding sequence or a segment of DNA encoding an expression product that can be inserted into a vector at a defined restriction site. The restriction sites of the cassette are designed to ensure insertion of the cassette in the proper reading frame. As used herein, an "expression cassette" refers to a nucleic acid molecule that contains the desired coding sequence and control sequences in operable linkage, such that an expression system can use such expression cassette to produce a respective expression product, including, for example, an encoded protein or other expression product. Certain expression systems utilize a host cell or host cell line that is transformed or transfected with an expression cassette, which can then produce the expression product in vivo. To effect transformation of a host cell, an expression cassette may conveniently be included in a vector that is introduced into the host cell; however, the associated DNA may also be integrated into the host chromosome. A coding sequence is generally a coding DNA or coding DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence of a particular polypeptide or protein, or codes for any other expression product.

[0122] The term "expression vector" refers to a linear or circular DNA molecule that contains a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide and is operatively linked to a control sequence that provides for its expression. A vector generally contains a cloned recombinant nucleotide sequence, i.e., a DNA sequence required for transcription of the recombinant gene and translation of its mRNA in a suitable host organism. A coding DNA sequence or a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for an expression product can be conveniently inserted into the vector at a defined restriction site. To generate a vector, heterologous foreign DNA can be inserted into one or more restriction sites of the vector DNA and then carried by the vector into the host cell together with the transmissible vector DNA. The vector preferably contains an expression system, e.g., one or more expression cassettes. The restriction sites of the expression cassettes are designed to ensure that the cassette is inserted in the proper reading frame.

[0123] To obtain expression, a sequence encoding a desired expression product, such as any of the polypeptides or proteins described herein, is generally cloned into an expression vector that contains a promoter to direct transcription. A suitable expression vector generally contains a regulatory sequence suitable for expressing the coding DNA. Examples of regulatory sequences include promoters, operators, enhancers, ribosome binding sites, and sequences that control the initiation and termination of transcription and translation. Regulatory sequences are generally operably linked to the DNA sequence to be expressed.

[0124] A promoter is herein understood as a DNA sequence that initiates, regulates, or otherwise mediates or controls the expression of coding DNA. The promoter DNA and coding DNA may be from the same gene or from different genes, and may be from the same or different organisms. Recombinant cloning vectors often contain one or more replication systems for cloning or expression, one or more markers for selection in the host, such as antibiotic resistance, one or more nuclear localization signals (NLS), and one or more expression cassettes.

[0125] The term "sequence identity" as used herein is understood as the relationship between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences, described by the degree of sequence identity or sequence complementarity. The sequence identity of a variant, homologue or ortholog compared to a parent nucleotide or amino acid sequence indicates the degree of identity of two or more sequences. Two or more amino acid sequences may, to some extent, up to 100%, have the same or conservative amino acid residues at corresponding positions. Two or more nucleotide sequences may, to some extent, up to 100%, have the same or conservative base pairs at corresponding positions.

[0126] Sequence similarity searching is an effective and reliable strategy to identify homologs with excessive (e.g., at least 50%) sequence identity. Frequently used sequence similarity search tools are, for example, BLAST, FASTA and HMMER.

[0127] Sequence similarity searches can identify such homologous proteins or polynucleotides by detecting excess similarity, and statistically significant similarity that reflects a common ancestry. Homologs may include orthologs, which are understood herein as the same protein in different organisms, e.g., variants of such proteins in different organisms or species.

[0128] To determine the % complementarity of two complementary sequences, one of the two sequences needs to be converted into its complementary sequence before the % complementarity can then be calculated as the % identity between the first sequence and the second converted sequence using the algorithm described above.

[0129] "Percentage (%) identity" with respect to the amino acid sequences, homologs and orthologs described herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acid residues in a particular polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, without considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Those skilled in the art can determine the appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms required to achieve maximum alignment over the entire length of the sequences being compared. In the case of the percentages determined for sequence identity, it is possible that arithmetic decimal places that are not possible in a complete nucleotide or amino acid may occur. In this case, the percentage shall be rounded up to the full nucleotide or amino acid.

[0130] For purposes described herein, sequence identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using standard methods, for example using the NCBI BLAST program version 2.2.29 (January 6, 2014).

[0131] For example, "percent (%) identity" with respect to the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof, particularly a coding DNA sequence, is defined as the percentage of nucleotides in a candidate DNA sequence that are identical to the nucleotides in the DNA sequence after aligning the sequences, introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, without considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for the purpose of determining percent nucleotide sequence identity can be achieved by various means within the skill of the art, for example using publicly available computer software. Those skilled in the art can determine the appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms required to achieve maximum alignment over the entire length of the sequences being compared.

[0132] Optimal alignment may be determined using any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting examples of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the MAFFT: multiple alignment using the Fast Fourier Transform, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g., Burrows-Wheeler Aligner), Clustal W, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies; available at novocraft.com), ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, CA), SOAP (available at soap.genomies.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge.net).

[0133] The examples described herein are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Many modifications and variations may be made to the techniques described and illustrated herein without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that the examples are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. EXAMPLES

[0134] Flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) has two functional domains connected via a "hinge" linker (57 kDa monomer). FCb2 from S. cerevisiae is the best studied representative and has been crystallized (PDB: 1FCB). The following sections have been identified: - the N-terminal amino acid residues up to amino acid residue 88 are hypothesized to be involved in cellular targeting into mitochondria. This so-called "transit peptide" is cleaved upon translocation; - Cytochrome-b2 domain: <10 kDa domain containing non-covalently bound heme b: (spanning amino acid residues 88-165); - a hinge region (spanning residues 177–190) containing the domain-connecting linker connecting the cytochrome b2 domain and the flavin domain; - a flavin domain of approximately 45 kDa containing FMN (spanning residues 197–563); - a tail region (comprising residues 567–591) that extends at the C-terminus and wraps around the dimer.

[0135] The physiological role of FCb2 in yeast makes use of its presence in the mitochondrial transmembrane space (IMS), and its presence in this mitochondrial subcompartment has been confirmed by two publications on FCb2 from S. cerevisiae (Grandier-Vazeille et al. 2001; Vogtle et al. 2012). The final destination of FCb2 in yeast cells could be experimentally confirmed, so it is very likely to be synthesized as a precursor in the cytosol, taking advantage of the presence of a targeting signal within the precursor to facilitate its directional transport from one compartment to the other.

[0136] As made clear from biochemical data for FCb2 from S. cerevisiae, the only FCb2 whose crystal structure has been solved so far, PDB:1FCB (Xia and Mathews 1990), analysis of the FCb2 sequence revealed that the FCb2 gene indeed contains a portion of the N-terminal sequence that is not contained in the mature FCb2 enzyme and is presumed to be removed during integration as a targeting signal or signal peptide (Ghrir, Becam, and Lederer 1984; Lederer et al. 1985). In addition to ScFCb2, the literature provides data for FCb2 from Wicahamomyces anomalus (WaFCb2, formerly Hansenula anomala), showing cleavage of the mitochondrial transit peptide as the literature reports for N-terminal processing to yield mature WaFCb2 (Haumont et al. 1987; Black et al. 1989).

[0137] Import into mitochondria is thought to exploit the presence of sequence intervals with similar physicochemical properties rather than sharing a common sequence (Abe et al., 2000). Analysis of peptidase cleavage sites in the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial proteome identified several sequence patterns in the precursor sequences depending on their pathway through the mitochondrial membrane. However, these patterns were less than 65% conserved, highlighting the inherent heterogeneity of sequence conservation (Gakh, Cavadini, and Isaya, 2002).

[0138] The transport of FCb2 into the IMS must involve at least transport into the mitochondria and two subsequent steps: (1) translocation through the outer mitochondrial membrane and then (2) incorporation into the intermembrane space. Despite the fundamental processes involved in step (2), the final targeting of the FCb2 enzyme to the IMS is still enigmatic, and a more comprehensive understanding of the preceding step (1) through the outer (and then inner) mitochondrial membrane is available. This initial step is governed by signal recognition by a receptor and a membrane-integrated translocase, followed by release via cleavage by a specialized mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP). Publications describing sequence analysis of mitochondrial precursor proteins have revealed three main features found in the majority of precursor sequences cleaved by MPP (Gakh, Cavadini, and Isaya, 2002), namely: (i) an overall positive charge, (ii) the predicted ability to form amphipathic α-helices, and (iii)- The presence of an arginine residue at position 2 ("R-2 rule") was revealed.

[0139] Four cleavage site motifs have been reported: · xRx<>x(S / x) (R-2 motif); xRx(Y / x)<>(S / A / x)x (R-3 motif) ·xRx<>(F / L / I)xx(S / T / G)xxxx↓ (R-10 motif, sequential MPP, MIP) xx<>x(S / x) (without R motif) In a survey of 71 mitochondrial matrix-targeting precursor sequences of S. cerevisiae, R-2, R-3 or R-10 motifs were found in only approximately 65% ​​of the precursor sequences. Thus, there is a relatively high degree of amino acid sequence degeneracy at MPP cleavage sites, which limits the level of confidence with which such sites can be predicted, statistically or otherwise. These predictions are often complicated by the fact that following the initial cleavage by MPP, many precursor sequences are cleaved again at different locations by other peptidases with different requirements for substrate recognition. This is likely to be a secondary processing of the FCb2 N-terminus.

[0140] Example 1 Characterization of the N-terminal leader sequence of FCb2 Few online tools are currently available that are capable of predicting cellular targeting to mitochondria by N-terminal signal peptides. ·Mitofates(http: / / mitf.cbrc.jp / MitoFates / cgi-bin / top.cgi) ·Predotar(http: / / urgi.versailles.inra.fr / predotar / predotar.html) ·TargetP(http: / / www.cbs.dtu.dk / services / TargetP / ) The most established, TargetP-2.0 (http: / / www.cbs.dtu.dk / services / TargetP / ), is able to predict cellular fates for a variety of organisms and compartments. Tests were performed with established FCb2 sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScFCb2), Kluyveromyces marxianus (KmFCb2), Wiccahamomyces anomalus (WaFCb2) and Candida glabrata (CangFCb2) (SEQ ID NOs: 3, 7, 11, 16) to gain insight into the predictions. Analysis of FCb2 leader sequence ·FCb2 sequences obtained from BLAST searches against Uniprot and NCBI were assembled and restricted to entries from yeast (Saccharomycetaceae). A total of 37 sequences were compiled, and 1FCB crystal structure (SEQ ID NO:1) served as a positive control since it contains the mature, processed N'-terminus. Fasta files were downloaded from the BLAST searches and loaded into Jalview. Sequence duplicates were removed from the list. The most likely sequence alignment was calculated using the MAFFT algorithm with the G-INS-I preset, and the alignment was inspected for obvious errors. The alignment was then truncated to the first 164 positions of the structurally related part to the conserved "WVVI" and colored for conservation.

[0141] In a second step, these related regions were analyzed for conservation of specific residues using the WebLogo online tool (https: / / weblogo.berkeley.edu / logo.cgi). result Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScFCb2) TargetP (Figure 1) recognizes the mitochondrial import signal cleavage site with 93% confidence to position RA-Y32<>G33, reflecting the TOM recognition and MPP cleavage R3 motif (RxY / x<>S / A / x), where <> represents the cleavage that occurs at that position. Another peptidase cleavage site is predicted at N80 / 81E. Cleavage at this position would result in the mature FCb2 protein sequence cleaving at: IDN<>EPKLD...

[0142] Mitofates recognized the same MPP (mitochondrial processing peptidase) cleavage site at position RA-Y32<>G33 with 99.6% confidence. No additional peptidase cleavage sites were predicted by Mitofates. Kluyveromyces marxianus (KmFCb2) TargetP (Figure 2) recognized the mitochondrial import signal cleavage site with 92% confidence, which is to the position R-Y33<>L34-S, reflecting the TOM recognition and MPP cleavage R2 motif (Rx<>xS). A second peptidase cleavage site was indicated but not quantifiable. Wicahamomyces anomalus (WaFCb2) TargetP (Figure 3) recognized the mitochondrial import signal cleavage site with 92% confidence, which is to position QR-F27<>N28-S, reflecting the TOM recognition and MPP cleavage R2 motif (Rx<>xS). Other peptidase cleavage sites were indicated but not quantifiable. Candida glabrata (CangFCb2) TargetP (Figure 4) recognizes the mitochondrial import signal cleavage site with 78% confidence to position RG29<>I30, reflecting a likely R10 motif for TOM recognition and MPP cleavage. No other peptidase cleavage sites were found.

[0143] In general, it was clear that the available tools could detect the classical, canonical TOM-dependent peptidase cleavage sites required for step 1 of mitochondrial import. In addition, as seen from the ScFCb2 analysis (Figure 1), there appeared to be indications for peptidase cleavage at FCb2-relevant positions. To confirm, a detailed sequence alignment of the known FCb2 sequences was performed (Figures 5A, 5B).

[0144] A conserved TOM-dependent MPP cleavage site was identified with good conservation at position 67 of the alignment highlighted in Figure 5B (in Figure 5, the position numbers indicate the alignment position rather than the respective residue position), confirming the results of the TargetP prediction: MPP R2 motif (Rx<>xS) and R3 motif (RxY / x<>S / A / x).

[0145] A good sequence match was also found further downstream (Fig. 5A), just before the conserved structural domain of the FCb2 enzyme (Fig. 5A, position 143 onwards). A potential (I / L / VxN / A / L) recognition site is reflected in ScFCb2 as IDN<>EPKLD. In ScFCb2, the I / L / VxN / A / L recognition site is located at positions 127-129, 25 positions upstream from the conserved His (alignment position 154).

[0146] A high degree of conservation exists within the sequence interval from positions 127 to 129, highlighting an I / L / VxN / A / L motif (Figure 6), which is predicted to represent a previously unknown recognition sequence for secondary processing.

[0147] In the crystal structure of ScFCb2, the mature N-terminus "EPLKD..." fits this prediction well. Structurally relevant parts of the mature enzyme are predicted to be located further downstream. It is possible that the activity and stability of the enzyme are influenced by parts of the leader sequence, and were therefore further examined herein.

[0148] As can be observed from the alignment in Figure 7, the N-terminus of the FCb2 sequence presents itself as being highly heterogeneous for the selected set of FCb2 enzymes. Moreover, there appears to be a pattern of approximately 5-10 residues upstream of the structurally important region that may be involved in recognition.

[0149] "VxxH" is the first conserved part of the structure, and the region upstream of it interacts with the heme, a short stretch of amino acids likely involved in the recognition of the transit peptide peptidase, which is not present in the ascomycete sequences more distantly related to yeast.

[0150] The mature N-terminus of ScFCb2 starts with EPKLD (in PDB:1FCB) and similarities to closely related sequences are observable. There appears to be a recognition motif consisting of hydrophobic amino acids (I, L, V), a spacer and an asparagine, which was sometimes replaced by A, L in the alignment.

[0151] After the putative recognition motif "I / L / VxN / A / L", charged amino acids (D, K, E) appear prominent, but no obvious homology was identified (Figure 6). Potentially, the mature N-terminus is formed from the residues immediately following it, already having structurally relevant effects on the mature enzyme. conclusion The structural N-terminus of the mature FCb2 protein is generally well conserved. However, the N-terminal sequence is less well conserved, although several motifs have been identified: - the MPP motif R2 / R3 (TOM incorporation) predicted from the literature could be confirmed for the various FCb2 variants in this study; and - A conserved sequence was identified before the structural start of the mature protein, which was designated the I / L / VxN / A / L motif (also further referred to herein as the "TransP recognition motif" or simply the "TransP motif").

[0152] Based on the identified I / L / VxN / A / L motifs, several expression plasmids were constructed for FCb2 variants of S. cerevisiae (ScFCb2), Weichamomyces anomalus (WaFCb2), Kluyveromyces marxianus (MaxFCb2), Candida glabrata (CangFCb2), Naumobozima castellii (NacaFCb2) and Syberlindonella fabianii (CyberFCb2). The gene sequences encoding the FCb2 variants were truncated to the putative I / L / VxN / A / L recognition motifs at different lengths, and some variants also featured an N-terminal His-tag.

[0153] Example 2 Screening for FCb2 variants containing truncated transit peptide sequences Activity screening of FCb2 variants was successful using a protocol including minimal medium, three growth stages, and medium exchange by centrifugation published by Kaushik et al., 2020. Producer screening was performed in 96 deep-well plates in a volume of 500 μL.

[0154] The following transit peptide (TransP) variants, characterized by different degrees of truncation, were prepared by commercial DNA synthesis and subsequently transformed into P. pastoris competent cells utilizing methanol-inducible expression and an antibiotic resistance gene for selection (Figures 8-10): - 10x ScFCb2 TransP: Sc02, Sc22, Sc33, Sc42, Sc52, Sc62, Sc72, Sc77, Sc82, Sc86 - 10x WaFCb2 TransP: Wa02, Wa22, Wa28, Wa37, Wa47, Wa57, Wa62, Wa67, Wa72, Wa74 - 10x KmFCb2 TransP: Km02, Km22, Km34, Km42, Km52, Km62, Km72, Km77, Km82, Km87. Development and Expression Growth and expression were performed according to the detailed protocols provided in the publication by Kaushik et al., 2020 (Kaushik et al., 2020). Cell disruption Cell disruption was performed using the chemical protein extraction reagent "Y-Per"; the disruption protocol was based on standard operating procedures and suggested adaptations from the supplier Fisher scientific (78991).

[0155] 1. Centrifuge the deep well plate at 4000rcf and 20°C for 10 minutes. 2. Carefully remove the supernatant 3. Add 150 μL of Y-per yeast solution per well and stir at 340 rpm for 30 min at 33° C. Close with a suitable lid to prevent evaporation.

[0156] 4. Add 450 μL of PBS buffer to aid in pelleting and to dilute for activity measurement. 5. Pellet the debris at 3000 rcf and 20° C. for 10 minutes.

[0157] 6. Transfer 20 μL of supernatant to a new 96-well plate for activity analysis using the CytC assay. Enzyme activity measurement using the CytC assay Determination of the volume (per supernatant volume, mL) and specific activity (per protein amount, mg) of FCb2 variants was performed in a plate reader format using an established CytC assay with 5 mM L-lactate as similarly described for cellobiose dehydrogenase and glucose (Geiss AF et al., 2021).

[0158] In detail: Enzyme activity was determined by following the reduction of 80 μM cytochrome c from horse heart at 550 nm in a plate reader configuration (CytC, ε550nm=19.6 mM-1cm-1, enzyme coefficient=0.98). Using the enzyme coefficient (EF), the raw measurements of absorbance change per time (Abs min-1) in the 200 μL scale configuration were recalculated to volumetric activity expressed as UmL-1. The assay mixture was buffered with standard PBS (phosphate buffered saline) buffer and monitored at the respective wavelengths for 300 s at 30 °C in an Infinite plate reader (Tecan). When enzyme samples were present in a non-purified state, i.e. in crude extracts or supernatants, activity was related to % maximum activity. Protein concentrations of purified FCb2 variants were determined by absorbance at 280 nm. The theoretical molar absorption coefficient ε280nm was calculated using Expasy Prot-Param (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics). result TransP ScFCb2 (Hisless) Figure 8 shows that the ScFCb2 TransP construct increases the volumetric activity (yield) until the TransP recognition motif, which in ScFCb2 is of the sequence "IDN", is reached. The measurements are of high quality and the standard deviations are reasonable.

[0159] When only the "I / L / VxN / A / L" motif remained in the transition peptide, maximal activity (0.23 U / mL) could be seen in Sc77, in contrast to the crystal structure of native ScFCb2 (1FCB), where EPKLD forms the N-terminus. TransP KmFCb2 (without His) The KmFCb2 TransP construct also increases the volumetric activity (yield) until the TransP recognition motif, which in KmFCb2 is of the sequence "IQN", is reached (Figure 9). Analogous to ScFCb2, maximum activity (1.74 U / mL) can be seen for Km77 when only the TransP recognition motif "IQN" forms the N-terminus.

[0160] Overall, activity is approximately 8-fold higher compared to ScFCb2, with exceptional yields evident for KmFCb2. In contrast to ScFCb2, no significant activity was observed for the native TransP construct, Km02 (maximum 3%). TransP WaFCb2 (without His) The WaFCb2 TransP construct also increases the volumetric activity (yield) until the TransP recognition motif, which in WaFCb2 is of the sequence "ISA", is reached (Figure 10). The maximum activity (2.12 U / mL) can be seen in Wa72, when only the "IxN" part forms the N-terminus.

[0161] The overall activity is approximately 10-fold higher compared to ScFCb2. Similar to KmFCb2, and in contrast to ScFCb2, only little activity was observed with native TransP (only 13%). conclusion A previously tested and adapted screening protocol (Kaushik et al., 2020) utilizing 96-deep well plates and minimal medium was utilized to screen FCb2 TRansP variants. In general, a mixed spectrum of results was obtained for the native TransP constructs: - The native KmFCb2 containing the TransP sequence was not able to produce any activity (3%). - In the case of native WaFCb2 containing the TRansP sequence, only slight activity was obtained (13%). - Significant activity was reported for native ScFCb2 containing the TransP sequence (79%) Sequences with partial truncations did not perform well and it is likely that certain sequence features prevent proper processing or expression.

[0162] The prediction of the TransP motif “I / L / VxN / A / L” is accurate and its impact on the activity and yield of FCb2 in the P. pastoris expression platform is implicit.

[0163] The data suggest that it is not necessary to remove all of the transit peptide to facilitate high yields and successful expression, but that sequences preceding it may interfere with good performance. Sequences in which the transit peptide was removed up to the "I / L / VxN / A / L" motif performed best for all three variants, KmFCb2, WaFCb2 and ScFCb2.

[0164] In the case of ScFCb2, the highest volumetric activity in a given configuration (Figure 8) was shown for Sc77, which possesses "I / L / VxN / A / L", one amino acid immediately upstream of the motif and an N-terminal Met. In total, the signal peptide of Sc77 has 5 amino acids (the sequence "EPKLD" is the mature N-terminus described elsewhere herein).

[0165] In the case of KmFCb2, the highest activity in the given configuration (Figure 9) was shown for Km77, which carries "I / L / VxN / A / L", two amino acids immediately upstream of the motif and an N-terminal Met. In total, the signal peptide of Km77 has six amino acids (the sequence "ATKEE" is the mature N-terminus described elsewhere herein).

[0166] In the case of WaFCb2, the highest activity in a given configuration (FIG. 10) was shown with Wa72, which carries the truncated form of "I / L / VxN / A / L" plus an N-terminal Met. In total, the signal peptide of Wa72 has 3 amino acids (the sequence "DVPH" is the mature N-terminus shown herein in FIG. 7).

[0167] For ScFCb2 and KmFCb2, truncation of the native signal peptide to amino acid 77 resulted in the highest volumetric activity. In WaFCb2, truncation of the native signal peptide to amino acid 72 resulted in the highest volumetric activity. Sequences in which the entire transit peptide was removed, including the "I / L / VxN / A / L" motif, also performed well, showing high yields and successful expression.

[0168] If the sequence of the natural signal peptide upstream of the "I / L / VxN / A / L" motif contains more than 9 amino acids of the natural signal peptide, the volumetric activity is significantly reduced. As shown in Figure 8, the volumetric activity of Sc22, Sc33, Sc42, Sc52 and Sc62 is very low. Accordingly, as shown in Figure 9, the volumetric activity of Km02, Km22, Km34, Km42, Km52 and Km62 is also very low. And finally, the sequences Wa02, Wa22, Wa28, Wa37, Wa47 and Wa57 also show very low volumetric activity (Figure 10).

[0169] The results indicate that only specific truncated patterns of signal sequences result in functionally expressed FCb2 with appreciable yield / volume activity. Since nascent cytochrome C (CytC) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an apoenzyme lacking a heme cofactor and it was specifically reported by Diekert K. et al. (2001) that CytC is only activated by interacting with a dedicated lyase enzyme that binds heme after reaching the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), it was surprising that it was possible to express functionally active FCb2 in the cytosol at all. There are several points of agreement between CytC and FCb2 in yeast: they share a similar leader sequence structure that includes a bipartite leading sequence consisting of an N-terminal matrix targeting signal and a C-terminal hydrophobic section, both have a non-covalently bound heme cofactor, both reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and both are part of the respiratory chain. Since both CytC and FCb2 are dependent on a non-covalently bound heme cofactor, it may be hypothesized that FCb2 would also require the action of a supporting enzyme located in the IMS to activate its catalytic activity. FCb2 activity outside mitochondria has not been reported, and the presence of FCb2 in the cytosol has not been reported. Therefore, the expression of functionally active FCb2 that is not located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space was unexpected and surprising. It was surprising that FCb2 does not require activation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and that FCb2 is completely active in the cytosol.

[0170] Due to the specific truncation of the signal peptide, the N-terminus of FCb2 is processed differently and the N-terminus of FCb2 expressed herein is not identical to that of FCb2 naturally expressed in yeast cells. As shown herein, FCb2 has Met at the N-terminus followed by the mature FCb2 sequence or alternatively Met followed by a truncated native signal peptide. In general, artificial modification of the N-terminus of a protein can have a detrimental effect on the function of the protein. For example, as reported by Petrovic et al. (2018), the enzyme, lytic polysaccharide oxygenase, carries an N-terminal methylated methionine that is essential for its activity. It was surprising that FCb2 according to the invention is active only with the addition of an artificial methionine, despite the modification of its mature N-terminus. Also consistent with the prerequisite of a defined N-terminus, the effect of the truncation of the signal sequence of FCb2 provided herein is limited to the defined truncation of the invention, and a longer signal sequence leads to a rapid loss of function of FCb2.

[0171] Since denaturation, degradation or controlled decay can occur at many stages of the process, artificial modification of the post-translational transport process, such as in the case of FCb2 shown here by modifying the signal peptide of the protein, can result in loss of activity. In general, expression of mature mitochondrial intermembrane proteins always relies on the presence of an intact and stable pre-version that passes through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial intermembrane space, and also on the interaction of the later cleaved signal sequence with the remainder of the "mature" protein.

[0172] As described by Beasley et al. (1993), the signal sequence of FCb2 is bipartite, the N-terminal region of the signal peptide being involved in the translocation into the mitochondrial matrix as a matrix targeting signal. The C-terminal region of the signal peptide is necessary for sorting into the intermembrane space. In the particular example of S. cerevisiae FCb2, the N-terminal matrix targeting signal comprises amino acids 1-32 of the native full-length signal sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, and the signal peptide for sorting into the intermembrane space comprises amino acids 33-80 of the native signal sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. It was already surprising that expression of functional FCb2 in the cytosol was possible in general at all, but it was even more surprising that this functional expression was not possible by simply deleting the matrix targeting signal, given the bipartite nature of the signal peptide. Instead, the data clearly show that a further truncation of the signal peptide is required. Due to the deletion of the matrix targeting signal of FCb2, these FCb2 must remain in the cytosol since there is no longer a signal for translocation into the mitochondrial matrix, but no or little activity was observed for FCb2 containing only a truncation in the matrix targeting signal. Using the particular truncated signal peptide of FCb2 shown herein, functional FCb2 could be expressed in the cytosol.

[0173] The present findings indicate that FCb2 sequences with longer signal peptide sequences, such as the truncated signal peptides presented herein, are not functionally active in the cytosol. The specific truncation patterns of the present invention provide guidelines that allow the sequence portion of the native signal sequence to distinguish active from inactive FCb2 in the future.

[0174] In summary, N-terminal truncation of the FCb2 sequence up to or including the TransP motif "I / L / VxN / A / L" significantly increases expression rate, activity and yield. This effect was shown for three different FCb2 sequences from different organisms: S. cerevisiae, K. marxianus and W. anomalus. In Examples 3 and 4 below, it is shown that these findings from Example 2 and the truncations of the signal peptide provided herein can be used to predict functional cytosolic expression of FCb2 in other organisms.

[0175] Example 3 Expression of His-tagged FCb2 variants This example summarizes and evaluates the results of the production process (expression and purification) and the characterization of FCb2 TransP-His constructs from S. cerevisiae (ScFCb2), K. marxianus (KmFCb2), W. anomalus (WaFCb2) and C. glabrata (CangFCb2). All contain an N-terminal His8-tag and three different lengths of transP sequence. The variants were prepared by commercial DNA synthesis and subsequently transformed into P. pastoris competent cells utilizing methanol-inducible expression and an antibiotic resistance gene for selection: - TransP, total length + His: Sc02-His (SEQ ID NO: 17) Km02-His (SEQ ID NO: 18) Wa02-His (SEQ ID NO: 19) Cang02-His (SEQ ID NO: 20) - TransP, -MPP+His: Sc33-His (SEQ ID NO: 21) Km34 / His (SEQ ID NO: 22) Wa28 / His (SEQ ID NO: 23) - TransP, negative + His: Sc82 / His (SEQ ID NO: 24) Km82 / His (SEQ ID NO: 25) Wa74 / His (SEQ ID NO: 26) Cang80 / His (SEQ ID NO:27) Growth, cell disruption and purification Cell growth and induction of enzyme expression were performed as described in the publication by Geiss et al., 2021, with minor modifications. After the growth stage, a cell pellet of approximately 13 g was obtained from 600 mL of culture and subjected to cell disruption in 4 cycles using a 30 mL French Press cell homogenizer operating at an external pressure of 1500 bar. The cell debris so generated was centrifuged at 10000 rcf for 30 min to obtain the supernatant and the crude extract was purified essentially as described in the publication using an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) strategy. Enzyme activity measurement using the CytC assay Determination of volume (per supernatant volume, mL) and specific activity (per protein amount, mg) was performed in a plate reader format using the established CytC assay with 5 mM L-lactate as described similarly for cellobiose dehydrogenase and glucose (Geiss AF et al., 2021). In detail: Enzyme activity was determined by following the reduction of 80 μM cytochrome c from horse heart at 550 nm in a plate reader configuration (CytC, ε550nm=19.6 mM-1cm-1, enzyme coefficient=0.98). Using the enzyme coefficient (EF), the raw measurements of absorbance change per time (Abs min-1) in the 200 μL scale configuration were recalculated to a volume activity expressed as UmL-1. The assay mixture was buffered with standard PBS (phosphate buffered saline) buffer and monitored for 300 s at 30 °C at the respective wavelengths in an Infinite plate reader (Tecan). The protein concentration of the purified FCb2 variants was determined by absorbance at 280 nm. The theoretical molar absorption coefficient ε was calculated using Expasy Prot-Param (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics). purity SDS PAGE of the purified TransP-His constructs was performed: - All samples were diluted to approximately 0.4mg / mL in sterile hq water - 10 μL of diluted enzyme sample was mixed with 10 μL of 2× Laemmli buffer that had been heated to 99°C for 5 min and then placed on ice for 5 min. - 14 μL of sample was loaded into the Mini-PROETAN TGX gel pocket - 5μL of Precision Plus unstained protein marker (Bio-Rad) was used as a reference. - The gel is run at 90V for 5 minutes, then at 150V for approximately 50 minutes - Protein bands are visualized using UV illumination result The results of the expression and purification process of all TransP-His constructs are summarized in Table 1.

[0176] [Table 1]

[0177] In summary, Table 1 and Figure 11A / B / C show that for all four His-tagged variants (ScFCb2, KmFCb2, WaFCb2 and CangFCb2): the shorter the transit peptide sequence, the higher the expression and purification yields, and the higher the specific activity and RZ values ​​(A), which are indicative of the spectral purity of the FCb2 enzyme according to the absorbance of the heme cofactor. 412nm / A 276nm ) becomes higher. S. cerevisiae (ScFCb2) TransP Sc02-His FCb2: His-tagged ScFCb2 could not be expressed when containing the full-length transit peptide. No enzyme was obtained.

[0178] TransP Sc33-His FCb2: containing transP-MPP and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, ScFCb2 was expressed and could not be purified efficiently by IMAC.

[0179] - 0.019U and 0.06mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 0.34%) - Decrease in specific activity of Cytc; decrease in RZ value - SDS PAGE: shows impurities or degradation products of the enzyme > No pure or fully expressed enzyme was obtained TransP Sc82-His FCb2: does not contain the transit peptide but contains an additional N-terminal His8-tag, ScFCb2 could be expressed and successfully purified by IMAC - 8.6U and 0.34mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 109%) - Specific activity: 25.7U / mg; RZ value: 1.34 - SDS PAGE: A strong band of approximately 58 kDa is shown (Figure 11C) > Fully expressed and active enzyme was obtained As shown in Example 2, full length ScFCb2 (including all transit peptides) could be expressed. However, when an N-terminal His-tag was added, full length ScFCb2 was no longer expressed. As shown in this example, when the transit peptide was deleted, fully active His-tagged ScFCb2 could be successfully expressed and purified. K. marxianus (KmFCb2) TransP Km02-His FCb2: containing the complete transit peptide and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, KmFCb2 was expressed and could not be purified satisfactorily by IMAC according to the protocol used - 0.37U and 0.15mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 3%) - Decrease in specific activity of Cytc; decrease in RZ value - SDS PAGE: Approximately 60 kDa band, but also some impurities (Figure 11C) >The enzyme obtained was impure and less active. TransP Km34-His FCb2: KmFCb2, containing transP-MPP and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, could be expressed but could not be purified satisfactorily by IMAC according to the protocol used. - 7.4U and 0.86mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 15%) - Decrease in specific activity of Cytc; decrease in RZ value - SDS PAGE: shows a strong band of approximately 60 kDa (Figure 11C) > Pure enzyme was obtained, but showed reduced activity TransP Km82-His FCb2: containing no transit peptide but an additional N-terminal His8-tag, KmFCb2 was successfully expressed and purified by IMAC according to the protocol used - 240U and 5mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 153%) - Specific activity:47.4U / mg;RZ:1.56 - SDS PAGE: A strong band at approximately 58 kDa is shown (Figure 11C) > Fully expressed and active enzyme was obtained W. Anomalous (WaFCb2) TransP Wa02-His FCb2: containing the complete transit peptide and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, WaFCb2 could not be expressed or purified according to the protocol used. No enzymes were obtained TransP Wa28-His FCb2: WaFCb2, containing transP-MPP and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, could not be expressed and purified efficiently by IMAC according to the protocol used. - 0.04U and 0.03mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 0.4%) - Decrease in specific activity of Cytc; decrease in RZ value - SDS PAGE: shows impurities or degradation products (Figure 11C) > No pure or fully expressed enzyme was obtained TransP Wa74-His FCb2: does not contain the transit peptide but contains an additional N-terminal His8-tag, WaFCb2 could be expressed and purified by IMAC according to the protocol used - 8.3U and 0.21mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 37%) - Specific activity: 17.5U / mg; RZ value: 1.52 - SDS PAGE: A strong band at approximately 58 kDa is shown (Figure 11C) > Fully expressed and active enzyme was obtained C. glabrata (CangFCb2) TransP Cang02-His FCb2: containing the complete transit peptide and an additional N-terminal His8-tag, CangFCb2 could not be expressed or purified according to the protocol used. →No enzymes were obtained. TransP Cang80-His FCb2: does not contain the transit peptide but contains an additional N-terminal His8-tag, and CangFCb2 was expressed and successfully purified by IMAC according to the protocol used. - 67U and 1.3mg enzyme / g cell pellet (purification yield: 67%) - Specific activity: 53U / mg; RZ value: 1.45 - SDS PAGE: A strong band at approximately 58 kDa is shown (Figure 11C) → Fully expressed and active enzyme was obtained conclusion The distinct effect of the N-terminal sequence on the expression and purification yield (and specific activity) of FCb2 is shown: TransP, full length+His (Sc02, Km02, Wa02, Cang02):FCb2 could not be fully expressed and therefore could not be further purified by IMAC.

[0180] TransP, -MPP+His(Sc33, Km34, Wa28):FCb2 cannot be expressed well and is purified by IMAC with reduced specific activity and different RZ values.

[0181] TransP, negative + His(Sc82, Km82, Wa74, Cang80):FCb2 could be successfully expressed and purified by IMAC. Furthermore, Cang80 containing a truncated signal peptide according to the present invention could be functionally expressed with high activity and yield in cell pellets, indicating that the findings relating to the truncated signal peptide in Example 2 can be used to predict functional expression of FCb2 in the cytosol (Figure 11).

[0182] Example 4 Yield and biochemical properties of new FCb2 constructs containing truncated transit peptide sequences The selection of new FCb2 sequences was based on bioinformatics analysis of phylogenetic relationships and prediction of thermostability using available online tools: BlastP (sequence search, https: / / blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / ), NGPhylogeny (phylogeny, https: / / ngphylogeny.fr / ), SWISS-MODEL (structure prediction, https: / / swissmodel.expasy.org / ) and SCooP (stability prediction, http: / / babylone.ulb.ac.be / SCooP). Expression constructs were designed according to previous findings in Example 3, with the native N-terminus shortened to the conserved I / L / VxN / A / L motif and a His8-tag added after the first methionine.

[0183] Intracellular expression of the variants was again performed in a shake flask format and the resulting cell pellets were stored frozen prior to cell disruption and purification by IMAC as described in Example 3. The variants were analyzed similarly to the process described in Example 3.

[0184] This example summarizes the results (expression, purification and biochemical characterization) of a new FCb2 variant containing a signal sequence truncated to the I / L / VxN / A / L motif. - WaFCb2 (SEQ ID NO: 28) - Kluyveromyces marxianus FCb2 (KmFCb2, SEQ ID NO: 29) - Candida glabrata FCb2 (CangFCb2, SEQ ID NO: 30) - Cyberlindonella fabianii FCb2 (CyberFCb2, SEQ ID NO: 31) - Naumobojima castellii FCb2 (NacaFCb2, SEQ ID NO: 32) result The yields and biochemical characterization results of all new FCb2 variants are summarized in Table 2: [WaFCb2(His): SEQ ID NO:28; KmFCb2(His): SEQ ID NO:29; CangFCb2(His): SEQ ID NO:30; CyberFCb2(His): SEQ ID NO:31; NacaFCb2(His): SEQ ID NO:32]

[0185] [Table 2]

[0186] In summary, all variants showed good yields and specific activities suitable for production. In Example 4, it is shown that the truncations of the signal peptide according to the invention can be used to predict the expression of the FCb2 sequence as a functional enzyme with high yield and specific activity in the cytosol of cells. The data show that functional expression in the cytosol of all the FCb2 shown is possible due to the technical features of the specific truncations of the signal peptide according to the invention.

[0187] Example 5 Direct electron transfer of FCb2 variants modified carbon paste electrodes WaFCb2, KmFCb2, and CangFCb2 were immobilized on a commercial carbon paste electrode (type DRP-C110; Metrohm / DropSens) following a two-step protocol adapted from Geiss et al. (2021). First, the electrode was immersed in a 1% (volume / volume) solution of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE; Polysciences) dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH for 1 h at 60 °C. After a washing step with water and drying with nitrogen, the enzyme solution (10 mg mL -1) was applied to the working electrode and allowed to dry for 1 h at room temperature in the presence of silica gel. Electrochemical readings of the modified working electrode were performed using a potentiostat (EmStat3, PalmSens) and a screen-printed carbon counter with a Ag|AgCl (0.14 M NaCl) pseudo reference electrode. The current response to increasing lactate concentrations was measured using a 8 g L -1 NaCl and 0.2 gL -1 The measurements were performed on sensors immersed vertically in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing KCl, pH 7.4, at 37° C. versus a pseudo reference electrode with an applied potential of +0.2 V. The current density was calculated by relating the current to the area of ​​the working electrode covered with the enzyme. result All tested FCb2 variants show a sensor signal that increases with increasing lactate concentration, saturates in the low mM range, and decreases over time (see FIG. 13). This decrease is expected, since possible inactivation or detachment of the enzyme layer from the electrode surface proceeds over time, and no counter stabilization measures such as crosslinking or membranes are applied. The sensor signal arises from direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode, since no intermediary is present. The difference in sensor current between the variants may result from different enzyme activities and variations in the ability of direct electron transfer governed by the (different) enzyme structure and orientation on the electrode surface.

[0188] Example 6 Direct electron transfer to premodified carbon paste electrodes. To improve DET, the surface of a commercial carbon paste electrode (type DRP-C110; Metrohm / DropSens) was pre-modified in two ways: 1: The cationic detergent cetyltrimethylamine bromide (CTAB) was applied to the electrodes by immersing them in a 0.2% (wt / vol) solution for 30 minutes, then rinsing with water and drying under nitrogen.

[0189] 2: Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE) was applied according to a two-step protocol adapted from Geiss et al. (2021): first, the electrodes were immersed in a 1% (volume / volume) (EGDGE; Polysciences) solution in 0.1 M NaOH for 1 h at 60 °C, then rinsed with water and dried under nitrogen.

[0190] Control: No pretreatment. The electrodes were used as delivered. KmFCb2, 10 mg mL -1 1 μL of the solution was added and immobilized on the pretreated electrode by drying in the presence of silica gel at room temperature for 1 h. Electrochemical readings of the modified working electrode were performed using a potentiostat (EmStat3, PalmSens) carbon paste counter electrode and a Ag|AgCl (0.14 M NaCl) pseudo reference electrode. The current response to increasing lactate concentrations was measured at 8 g L -1 NaCl and 0.2 gL -1 The measurements were made against a pseudo reference electrode at 37° C. with the sensor immersed vertically in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing KCl, pH 7.4, and an applied potential of +0.2 V. The current density was calculated by relating the current to the amount of enzyme per working electrode area. result KmFCb2 immobilized on a pre-modified carbon paste electrode exhibited an ion exchange rate of 3000 nA mm -2 High current densities exceeding 100% can be generated. The current results from unmediated electron transfer since no mediator is present, but the current density is modulated by the type of pre-modification; see FIG. 14.

[0191] Example 7 Direct electron transfer at gold and carbon paste electrodes. This example demonstrates the ability of the engineered FCb2 variants to perform direct electron transfer (DET) to conductive materials relevant to biosensors, such as gold or carbon paste.

[0192] KmFCb2, 10 mg mL -1Enzyme solution was immobilized on a gold (Zensor R&D co. Ltd) or carbon paste working electrode (DRP-C110 type; Metrohm / DropSens) by adding 1 μL of the enzyme solution and drying for 1 h at room temperature in the presence of silica gel. Electrochemical readings of the modified working electrodes were performed using a potentiostat (EmStat3, PalmSens), a gold or carbon paste counter electrode and a Ag|AgCl (0.14 M NaCl) pseudo reference electrode. The current response after addition of 30 mM lactate was measured using 8 g L -1 NaCl and 0.2 gL -1 The measurements were performed on sensors immersed vertically in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing KCl, pH 7.4, at 37° C. versus a pseudo reference electrode with an applied potential of +0.2 V. The current density was calculated by relating the current to the area of ​​the working electrode covered with the enzyme. result KmFCb2 immobilized on gold or carbon paste electrodes generates a clear catalytic current upon addition of 30 mM lactate without the need for a facilitating layer, such as a thiol-based self-assembled monolayer; see Figure 15. In the absence of a mediator, the current results from direct electron transfer.

[0193] Example 8 temperature stability The stability of the different FCb2 enzymes was determined for the temperature range: 30°C, 34°C, 39°C, 41°C, 47°C, 51°C, 55°C and 60°C. For incubation of the FCb2 enzymes, a thermocycler was used. Each enzyme sample was incubated at a concentration of approximately 0.4-1mg / mL in 100mM PPB, 1mM EDTA, pH 7.0. Thereby, aliquots of 70μL were incubated at each time point (triplicate activity measurements) and 70μL were stored on ice for reference measurements. The samples were incubated for 30 min. After incubation, the samples were placed on ice for 10 min. The remaining activity was assayed with CytC in PBS buffer, pH 7.4, at 30°C, 550nm for 5 min. The T50 was then determined. The T50 temperature or T50% temperature reflects the temperature at which the remaining activity of the enzyme is reduced by 50% after a thermal challenge over a defined time period. The T50 for KmFCb2 and CangFCb2 are shown in Table 3 below.

[0194] [Table 3]

[0195] Data showing the remaining activity over the measured temperature range are shown in Figure 16A for KmFCb2(A) and in Figure 17A for CangFCb2(A). The heat capacity curve of KmFCb2 is shown in Figure 16B; that of CangFCb2 is shown in Figure 17B. Heat capacity was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures heat consumption against a temperature gradient, which allows one to study the temperature-dependent structural transitions and thus the stability of a sample. Generally, the data are presented as melting temperatures (Tm) and are an indication of the thermal stability of the protein. Purified enzyme samples were used at 1.0 mg / mL in PBS buffer pH 7.4. Measurements were performed on a PEAQ DSC Automated, Malvern Panalytical instrument against the same PBS buffer in a reference cell. Each sample scan was performed twice. The first scan shows the heat consumption data. The data from the second scan (rescan), if no peaks were determined, indicates a completely denatured enzyme from the first scan and can be used as a blank in the data evaluation. A temperature increase from 20 to 100 °C was performed in increments of 1 °C / min steps (60 °C / h). Also, the same rate of temperature change was used for cooling and rescanning. Data processing was performed with PEAQ Microcal software, using the rescan as background and a non-two-state fitting for the determination of melting temperatures.

[0196] The melting temperatures (Tm1 and Tm2) of KmFCb2 and CangFCb2 are shown in Table 4 below.

[0197] [Table 4]

[0198] Example 9 Expression of FCb2 in E. coli In comparison with the expression of FCb2 in yeast cells, the expression of FCb2 in E. coli BL21 cells was tested, and the expression study of pET21 His8 KmFCb2 is shown in this example. Thereby, pET21 His8 KmFCb2 was transformed into E. coli BL21 expression strain. The CytC activity of eight transformed colonies was confirmed by producer strain screening in a deep-well plate format. A new streak of the well showing the highest activity (8U / mL) was prepared to obtain a single colony for expression study. Here, His KmFCb2 was expressed as a TB Amp Expression was carried out at a scale of 4 x 250 mL cultures. Cell pellets were harvested and stored at -20°C for further purification studies.

[0199] For pre-incubation (overnight culture), TB Amp 2x6mL of medium was inoculated with the same colony of E. coli BL21 pET21 His8 KmFCb2. Incubation was carried out overnight at 37°C with shaking.

[0200] The main culture (fermentation) was performed using TB Amp Culture medium 4 x 250 mL scale was performed. TB Amp 250 mL of medium was filled into a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask (without baffle plate, sterile). The medium was inoculated with 2.5 mL of overnight culture and incubated at 37° C. and 150 rpm.

[0201] After 1 hour, OD 600 The check was started until the β-actin concentration reached a minimum of 0.5. The culture was induced with 50 μL of IPTG (500 mM) and further incubated at 20° C. and 250 rpm until the next day (expression time approximately 20 hours).

[0202] O.D. 600 : 1 hour incubation: flask 1: 0.06; flask 2: 0.05; flask 3: 0.06; flask 4: 0.06 2 hour incubation: flask 1: 0.18; flask 2: 0.20; flask 3: 0.19; flask 4: 0.19 Incubation for 2 h 40 min: Flask 1: 0.51; Flask 2: 0.53; Flask 3: 0.52; Flask 4: 0.54 Cell harvest: The culture fluid from each flask was transferred to a pre-chilled 500 mL centrifuge beaker and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was resuspended in 50 mM KPP, pH 6.5 and centrifuged again. The pellet was transferred to a tared Falcon tube and washed two more times with buffer.

[0203] Cell pellet weight: 1: 2.5g; 2: 2.4g; 3: 3.1g; 4: 2.7g The pellets were stored at -30°C. As a result, four pink cell pellets weighing 2.5 g to 3.1 g were harvested.

[0204] Finally, His8 KmFCb2 was expressed in E. coli BL21. Four pink cell pellets, 2.5-3.1 g each, were harvested and stored at -20°C for purification. Below, we describe IMAC purification studies of His8 KmFCb2 expressed in E. coli BL21 and compare the specific activity obtained with that of KmFCb2 expressed in yeast, and more specifically, in Pichia pastoris.

[0205] Cell disruption of E. coli: Two frozen cell pellets of 2.4 and 3.1 g were thawed on ice and resuspended in Buffer A (filled up to 10 mL). Immediately prior to cell disruption, 2000 μL of PMSF (10 mg / mL) was added to the cell suspension. The cell suspension was homogenized in a French press for four successive cycles until the liquid was free-flowing and not viscous. A low temperature was maintained throughout the process.

[0206] After cell disruption, 30 mL of lysate was carefully transferred into a 50 mL centrifuge beaker. An additional 10 mL of Buffer A was used to rinse the tube and transferred to the centrifuge beaker. The volume was made up to 40 mL with Buffer A. Centrifugation was carried out at 20000 rpm (48000 g) for 30 min at 4° C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was made up to 100 mL with Buffer A and filtered.

[0207] IMAC purification was performed using a 5 mL column. Different binding and elution buffers were used: Buffer A: 50 mM PPB (potassium), 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole, pH 6.5 Buffer B: 50 mM PPB (potassium), 500 mM NaCl, 750 mM imidazole, pH 6.5 The purified enzyme was rebuffered to 100 mM PPB, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0.

[0208] A purification table for E. coli His8 KmFCb2 is shown in Table 5 below.

[0209] [Table 5]

[0210] Specific activity and RZ values, E. coli vs. P. pastoris expressed enzymes: ·Escherichia coli His8 KmFCb2:2.2U / mg;RZ:0.2 P. pastoris His8 KmFCb2: 180U / mg; RZ: 1.5 SDS PAGE analysis was performed for E. coli CE, E. coli KmFCb2 final I, E. coli KmFCb2 final II, P. pastoris His8 KmFCb2, P. pastoris His8 KmFCb2.

[0211] Samples were prepared for SDS PAGE by: Dilute the purified enzyme sample to approximately 1mg / mL in H2O. Dilute E. coli CE to approximately 3mg / mL in H2O. Mix 15 μL of sample with 15 μL of Laemmli buffer (2x concentration) Load 25 μL of sample and 5.5 μL of protein standard onto the gel. Run the gel at 90V for 5 minutes, then at 150V for approximately 50 minutes. The results of SDS PAGE are shown in Figure 18. Expression of FCb2 in E. coli BL21 shows a thick band at approximately 58 kDa in E. coli CE. Purified His8 KmFCb2 from E. coli and P. pastoris shows the same banding pattern: The band at approximately 58 kDa represents FCb2 (theoretical size 57.8 kDa). The bands at approximately 37 kDa and 25 kDa become more intense the longer the enzyme is stored at 4°C. However, purified FCb2 expressed in E. coli exhibited a significantly less red color than purified FCb2 expressed in Pichia pastoris.

[0212] Finally, E. coli-derived His8 KmFCb2 could be fully expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified by IMAC. Two purified enzyme samples: approximately 45 mg; 100 U (40% yield), respectively. Specific activity was 2.2 U / mg and RZ: 0.2. SDS PAGE confirmed the correct size of the enzyme (approximately 58 kDa). However, E. coli His8 KmFCb2, although having the correct size, showed a low RZ value. Note that the low specific activity with CytC and the color of the enzyme solution indicate a fully expressed enzyme without heme.

[0213] Additionally, the final electron transfer capacity in E. coli versus P. pastoris was compared using DCIP and CytC as electron acceptors. Table 6 below shows a comparison of CytC and DCIP activity in the differently expressed KmFCb2.

[0214] [Table 6]

[0215] As described, KmFCb2 was produced intracellularly in P. pastoris in a truncated form (MHHHHHHHH-QNATKEELN: SEQ ID NO: 189) and contained an N-terminal His8-tag. It was isolated from the culture by mechanical cell disruption and purified by IMAC chromatography to apparent homogeneity. E. coli KmFCb2 was of the same design, expressed intracellularly in E. coli, and also utilized an N-terminal His8-tag. It was similarly released from the cell pellet by mechanical cell disruption (French press) and isolated by subsequent IMAC chromatography, eluting in two partially overlapping peaks (I and II). The large reduction in the spectral ratio and the virtual disappearance of CytC activity, as well as the shift in the CytC:DCIP ratio, are clear evidence of a lack of heme cofactor due to the change in the expression host. This is also observable from the images of the purified enzyme solution. The remaining minimal activity by CytC could point to a small fraction of the heme-incorporated holoenzyme in the samples (E. coli b-type heme synthesis is limited, but not entirely absent). Alternatively, it could be the result of a slow, non-specific interaction of the FMN DH moiety with the electrode (FMN diffusion). Interestingly, DCIP activity was comparable among the three preparations and does not appear to be significantly dependent on the expression host. In subsequent electrode measurements, no direct electron current could be recorded in any of the E. coli-produced KmFCb2 samples.

[0216] [Table 7-1]

[0217] [Table 7-2]

[0218] [Table 7-3]

Claims

1. A recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2) comprising a mature FCb2 peptide sequence of natural FCb2 or a functionally active variant of the mature FCb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus of the mature FCb2 peptide sequence consists of a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the natural signal peptide sequence, and the truncated signal peptide sequence has the following structure from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: i. Methionine; ii. Optionally a tag sequence; iii. An amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif of the natural signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. An I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif having a number of 0 or 1 or which may be partially truncated, and when the number is 0 or I / L / V-x-N / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0, the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif having, wherein the amino acid sequence of the recombinant FCb2 is different from SEQ ID NO: 145, the above recombinant FCb2.

2. i. The mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae FCb2, and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37, 38, and 39; or ii. The mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Kluyveromyces marxianus FCb2, and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41, and 42; or iii. The mature FCb2 peptide sequence is obtained from Wickerhamomyces anomalus FCb2, and the truncated signal peptide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 43 or 44, or has the amino acid sequence MSA, The recombinant FCb2 according to claim 1.

3. The recombinant Fcb2 according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the tag array is selected from the group consisting of an affinity tag, a solubility enhancing tag, and a monitoring tag.

4. The recombinant Fcb2 according to claim 1 or 2, having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36.

5. An electrode comprising a recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (Fcb2) comprising a mature Fcb2 peptide sequence of natural Fcb2 or a functionally active variant of the mature Fcb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus consists of a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the natural signal peptide sequence, wherein the truncated signal peptide sequence has the following structure from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: i. Methionine; ii. Optionally a tag array; iii. An amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less corresponding to the amino acid sequence immediately upstream of the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif of the natural signal peptide sequence of Fcb2, and iv. An I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif having a number of 0 or 1 or which may be partially truncated, wherein when the number is 0 or I / L / V-x-N / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0, the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif having the above electrode.

6. i. A yeast cell comprising a promoter functional in yeast operably linked to a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding Fcb2, wherein the natural signal peptide sequence of the Fcb2 has the following structure from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: a) Methionine; b) Optionally a tag array; (c) An amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids in length of the native signal peptide sequence corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of Fcb2; and (d) An I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif that may have a number of 0 or 1 or may be partially truncated, wherein when the number is 0 or I / L / V-x-N / A / L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence in (c) is 0, the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif Preparing a yeast cell replaced with a truncated signal peptide sequence consisting of ii. Growing the yeast cell in a medium that results in the expression of Fcb2 A method for producing recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (Fcb2) comprising

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding Fcb2 is stably integrated into the genome of the yeast cell.

8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the yeast cell is a methylotrophic yeast cell, preferably a Pichia pastoris cell, or a non-methylotrophic yeast cell, preferably a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.

9. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding Fcb2 is obtained from S. cerevisiae, W. anomalus, K. marxianus, or O. parapolymorpha.

10. i. The mature Fcb2 peptide sequence is obtained from S. cerevisiae Fcb2, and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37, 38, and 39; or ii. The mature Fcb2 peptide sequence is obtained from K. marxianus Fcb2, and the truncated signal peptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 40, 41, and 42; or iii. The mature Fcb2 peptide sequence is obtained from W. anomalus Fcb2, and the shortened signal peptide sequence is SEQ ID NO: 43 or 44, or has an amino acid sequence MSA, The method according to claim 9.

11. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the recombinant Fcb2 preferably comprises an N-terminal tag sequence selected from the group consisting of an affinity tag, a solubility enhancement tag, and a monitoring tag, most preferably a His tag.

12. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the recombinant Fcb2 has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 33, 34, 35, and 36.

13. The method according to claim 6 or 7, further comprising the step of isolating Fcb2 from yeast cells, preferably by disrupting the yeast cells to release intracellular Fcb2 into the medium, and then purifying Fcb2 from the medium.

14. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant Fcb2 according to claim 1 or 2.

15. A yeast host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mature Fcb2 peptide sequence of natural Fcb2 or a functionally active variant of the mature Fcb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus consists of a shortened signal peptide sequence replacing the natural signal peptide sequence, The shortened signal peptide sequence has the following structure from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: i. Methionine; ii. Optionally a tag sequence; iii. An amino acid sequence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids corresponding to an amino acid sequence of 9 amino acids or less immediately upstream of the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif of the natural signal peptide sequence of Fcb2; and iv. An I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif having a number of 0 or 1 or which may be partially shortened, wherein when the number is 0 or I / L / V-x-N / A / L is partially shortened, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii is 0, the I / L / V-x-N / A / L motif The yeast host cell having the same.

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