ORGANIC HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND FLUIDS

Abstract

The disclosed technology relates to heat transfer fluids, heat transfer fluid systems, and methods of heat transfer using heat transfer fluids. In particular, the technology relates to heat transfer fluids having low electrical conductivity, low flammability, and low freezing point that provide excellent peak temperature reduction in heat transfer systems, such as heat transfer systems for cooling power systems of electric vehicles or computer electronics. The disclosed technology provides a method of cooling electrical components by directly contacting or immersing the electrical components in a composition comprising a hydrocarbon (possibly isoparaffinic) oil and an oxygenate and operating the electrical components.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] The disclosed technology relates to heat transfer fluids, heat transfer fluid systems, and methods of heat transfer using heat transfer fluids. In particular, the technology relates to heat transfer fluids having low electrical conductivity, low flammability, and low freezing points that provide excellent peak temperature reduction in heat transfer systems, such as heat transfer systems for cooling electric vehicles or computer electronics power systems.

[0002] The operation of the power source generates heat. A heat transfer system in communication with the power source regulates the generated heat and ensures that the power source operates at an optimal temperature. The heat transfer system typically includes a heat transfer fluid that facilitates the absorption and dissipation of heat from the power source. Traditional aqueous heat transfer fluids, typically consisting of water and glycol, tend to freeze. Traditional heat transfer fluids can also exhibit extremely high conductivity, often in the range of 3000 microsiemens per centimeter (μS / cm) or higher. This high conductivity can adversely affect the heat transfer system by promoting corrosion of metal components, and in the case of power sources where the heat transfer system is exposed to electrical current, e.g., fuel cells, computer electronics, etc., the high conductivity can lead to electrical short circuits and electric shock.

[0003] Although the battery pack is designed to provide a high level of safety and stability, situations may arise where a portion of the battery pack experiences a localized thermal condition that generates significant heat. If the temperature is sustained high enough, the localized thermal condition can turn into a runaway thermal condition that affects a wide area of ​​the battery pack, and in some cases, the entire battery pack under certain circumstances.

[0004] Current battery pack designs include an integrated and insulated cooling system that routes coolant throughout the entire enclosure. When functioning properly, the coolant from the cooling system does not come into contact with internally protected electrical potentials. Sometimes leaks occur and the coolant can enter unintended parts of the enclosure. If the coolant is electrically conductive, it can bridge terminals that have a relatively large electrical potential difference. This bridging can initiate an electrolysis process in which the coolant is electrolyzed, and if enough energy is conducted to the electrolysis, the coolant begins to boil. This boiling can create localized thermal conditions that can lead to the runaway thermal condition described above. Equipment shoring is also a common problem associated with these systems.

[0005] What is needed is a heat transfer system and method that uses inexpensive heat transfer fluids that have low electrical conductivity and freezing points. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The disclosed technology thus solves the safety issues of cooling electrical components by operating them immersed in a heat transfer fluid, as well as the issues of faster charging and increased computing power output, among others.

[0007] The method and / or system is particularly useful in transferring heat from battery systems, for example, battery systems in electric vehicles, or in transferring heat from computer electronics.

[0008] However, the methods and / or systems may also find application in other electrical components such as, for example, aircraft electronics, other computer electronics, inverters, DC-DC converters, AC-DC converters, chargers, phase change inverters, electric motors, electric motor controllers, and DC-AC inverters. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0009] Various preferred features and embodiments are described below by way of non-limiting example.

[0010] The disclosed technology provides a method of cooling an electrical component by directly contacting or immersing the electrical component in a composition comprising a hydrocarbon (optionally isoparaffinic) oil and an oxygenate and operating the electrical component.

[0011] Electrical components include any electronic device that utilizes electrical power and generates thermal energy that must be dissipated to prevent the electronic device from overheating. Examples include computer electronics, e.g., aircraft electronics, computer servers, microprocessors, uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), power electronics (e.g., IGBTs, SCRs, thyristors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, rectifiers, etc.), energy storage devices, etc. Further examples include inverters, DC-DC converters, AC-DC converters, chargers, phase change inverters, electric motors, electric motor controllers, and DC-AC inverters.

[0012] Although several examples of electrical components have been provided, the heat transfer fluid can be used in any assembly or for any electrical component to provide an improved heat transfer fluid with low temperature performance without significantly increasing the electrical conductivity and potential flammability of the mixture.

[0013] The method and / or system is particularly useful for transferring heat from a battery system, such as a battery system in an electric vehicle, such as an electric car, truck, or even an electrified mass transit vehicle, such as a train or streetcar. The main electric component in an electrified transportation is often a battery module, which may include one or more battery cells stacked against each other to form a battery module. Heat may be generated by each battery cell during charging and discharging operations, or may be transferred to the battery cells during key-off conditions of an electrified vehicle as a result of relatively extreme (i.e., hot) ambient conditions. Thus, the battery module includes a heat transfer system for thermally managing the battery module over a full range of ambient and / or operating conditions. In fact, operation of the battery module may occur during the use and drainage of power from the battery module, such as during operation of the battery module or during charging of the battery module. A charging system, including an alternator, regulator, charging cable, and fuses, may also generate heat, and the method and / or system may also be used with the charging system. With regard to charging, the use of heat transfer fluid allows the battery module to be charged and restored to at least 75% of the total battery capacity in less than 15 minutes.

[0014] Similarly, the electrical components in an electrified vehicle may include fuel cells, solar cells, solar panels, photovoltaic cells, etc. that require cooling by a heat transfer fluid. Such electrified vehicles may also include conventional internal combustion engines, such as in a hybrid vehicle.

[0015] Electrified transportation may also include electric motors as electrical components. Electric motors may be used anywhere along the driveline of a vehicle, for example, to operate the transmission, axles, and differentials. Such electric motors may be cooled by a heat transfer system that uses a heat transfer fluid.

[0016] The method and / or system may also be particularly useful in the transfer of heat from computer electronic equipment such as computer servers and other computer electronic equipment.

[0017] The method and / or system may include providing a heat transfer system containing an electrical component requiring cooling. The heat transfer system includes, among other things, a vessel in which the electrical component may be positioned in a manner that allows the electrical component to be in direct fluid contact with a heat transfer fluid. The vessel is in fluid communication with a heat transfer fluid reservoir and a heat exchanger.

[0018] The electrical components may be operated in conjunction with the operation of a heat transfer system. The heat transfer system may be operated, for example, by circulating a heat transfer fluid through the heat transfer system via pumping or natural circulation.

[0019] For example, the heat transfer system may include means for pumping cooled heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer fluid reservoir to the bath, pumping heated heat transfer fluid out of the bath through a heat exchanger, and returning to the heat transfer fluid reservoir. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system may use natural circulation to drive the fluid flow. Natural circulation includes gravity-driven flow due to density changes as a result of heat input. Thus, while the electrical components are operating, the heat transfer system may also be operated to provide cooled heat transfer fluid to the electrical components to absorb heat generated by the electrical components, and to remove heat transfer fluid heated by the electrical components to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled and recirculated back to the heat transfer fluid reservoir.

[0020] The dielectric constant (also called the relative permittivity) is an important characteristic of the heat transfer fluid for an immersion cooling system. To avoid problems with current leakage, the heat transfer fluid in which the electrical components are immersed may have a dielectric constant of 5.0 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. The dielectric constant of the heat transfer fluid may also be less than 4.5, 4.0, 3.0, 2.5, or 2.3, or less than 1.9.

[0021] The heat transfer fluid may also have a kinematic viscosity measured at 100° C. of at least 0.7 cSt, or at least 0.9 cSt, or at least 1.1 cSt, or from 0.7 to 7.0 cSt, or from 0.9 to 6.5 cSt, or even from 1.1 to 6.0 cSt, as measured according to ASTM D445_100. For a given chemical family being pumped at a given power output, a fluid with a higher viscosity is typically less effective at removing heat given the higher resistance to flow. The same phenomenon occurs for natural convection systems.

[0022] The immersed heat transfer fluid should be free flowing at very low temperatures. In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid has a pour point of at least -10°C, or at least -25°C, or at least -30°C, or at least -40°C, or at least -50°C, as measured according to ASTM D5985. In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid has an absolute viscosity of 900 cP or less at -30°C, or 500 cP or less at -30°C, or 100 cP or less at -30°C, as measured according to ASTM D2983.

[0023] The heat transfer fluid contains a hydrocarbon (possibly isoparaffinic) oil and an oxygenate.

[0024] The hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil has a flash point, as measured according to ASTM D92 and / or ASTM D93, of at least 50°C, at least 60°C, or at least 75°C, or at least 100°C, or at least 150°C, or at least 200°C, or at least 250°C.

[0025] Hydrocarbon oils [including isoparaffins (or isoparaffinic oils)] are saturated hydrocarbon compounds containing at least one hydrocarbyl branch or at least one saturated 5- or 6-membered hydrocarbyl ring sufficient to provide fluidity at both very low and high temperatures. Hydrocarbon oils (isoparaffins) of the present invention can include natural and synthetic oils, oils derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing of refined oils, re-refined oils, or mixtures thereof. Hydrocarbon oils include isoparaffinic oils (or isoparaffins), i.e., branched acyclic hydrocarbons, or cycloparaffinic oils (or cycloparaffins, also called naphthenic oils).

[0026] Synthetic isoparaffin oils may be produced by isomerization of primarily linear hydrocarbons to produce branched hydrocarbons. The linear hydrocarbons may be of natural origin, synthetically prepared, or derived from a Fischer-Tropsch reaction or similar process. Isoparaffins may be derived from hydroisomerized wax, typically hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or wax. In one embodiment, the oils may be prepared by Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid synthesis procedures, as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.

[0027] Suitable isoparaffins may be obtained from natural renewable sources. Natural (or bio-derived) oils refer to materials derived from renewable biological resources, organisms, or entities, and are distinct from materials derived from petroleum or equivalent feedstocks. Natural sources of hydrocarbon oils include fatty acid triglycerides, hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed triglycerides, or transesterified triglyceride esters, such as fatty acid methyl esters (or FAMEs). Suitable triglycerides include, but are not limited to, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, and related materials. Other sources of triglycerides include, but are not limited to, algae, tallow, and zooplankton. Linear and branched hydrocarbons may be obtained or extracted from vegetable oils and hydrofined and / or hydroisomerized in a manner similar to synthetic oils to produce isoparaffins.

[0028] Another class of isoparaffinic oils includes polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Polyolefins are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 2 to 28 carbon atoms. By derived or derived, it is meant that the polyolefin is polymerized from starting polymerizable olefin monomers or mixtures thereof having the recited number of carbon atoms. In an embodiment, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 3 to 24 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 4 to 24 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 5 to 20 carbon atoms. In still further embodiments, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. In still further embodiments, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 8 to 14 carbon atoms. In an alternative embodiment, the polyolefins may be derived from olefins having 8 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0029] Often, the polymerizable olefin monomer comprises one or more of propylene, isobutene, 1-butene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, or mixtures thereof. An example of a useful polyolefin is polyisobutylene.

[0030] Polyolefins also include poly-α-olefins derivable (or derived) from α-olefins. The α-olefins can be linear or branched or mixtures thereof. Examples include monoolefins such as propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, and the like. Other examples of α-olefins include 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, and mixtures thereof. An example of a useful α-olefin is 1-dodecene. An example of a useful poly-α-olefin is poly-decene.

[0031] Polyolefins may also be copolymers of at least two different olefins, also known as olefin copolymers (OCPs). These copolymers are preferably copolymers of α-olefins having from 2 to about 28 carbon atoms, preferably copolymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin having from 3 to about 28 carbon atoms, typically represented by the formula CH 2 =CHR 1 wherein R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl radical containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms. 1 may be an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl of 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Preferably, the polymer of olefin is an ethylene-propylene copolymer.

[0032] When the olefin copolymer comprises ethylene, the ethylene content preferably ranges from 20 to 80 weight percent, more preferably from 30 to 70 weight percent. When propylene and / or 1-butene are used as comonomers with ethylene, the ethylene content of such copolymers is most preferably from 45 to 65 percent, although higher or lower ethylene contents can be present.

[0033] The hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil may be substantially free of ethylene and its polymers. The composition may be completely free of ethylene and its polymers. By substantially free, it is meant that the composition contains less than 50 ppm, or less than 30 ppm, or even less than 10 ppm or 5 ppm, or even less than 1 ppm of a given material.

[0034] The hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil may be substantially free of propylene and its polymers. The hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil may be completely free of propylene and its polymers. The polyolefin polymer prepared from the aforementioned olefin monomers may have a number average molecular weight of 140 to 5000. The polyolefin polymer prepared from the aforementioned olefin monomers may also have a number average molecular weight of 200 to 4750. The polyolefin polymer prepared from the aforementioned olefin monomers may also have a number average molecular weight of 250 to 4500. The polyolefin polymer prepared from the aforementioned olefin monomers may also have a number average molecular weight of 500 to 4500. The polyolefin polymer prepared from the aforementioned olefin monomers may also have a number average molecular weight of 750 to 4000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards.

[0035] Isoparaffinic oils can be saturated hydrocarbon compounds containing from 8 carbon atoms up to 50 carbon atoms and having at least one hydrocarbyl branch containing at least one carbon atom. In one embodiment, the saturated hydrocarbon compounds can have at least 10 or at least 12 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the saturated hydrocarbon compounds can contain from 14 to 34 carbon atoms, provided that the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is 24 carbons or less in length.

[0036] In an embodiment, the isoparaffinic oil has a longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that is 24 carbons or less in length.

[0037] In embodiments, the saturated hydrocarbon compound can be a branched acyclic compound having a molecular weight of 140 g / mol to 550 g / mol, or 160 g / mol to 480 g / mol, as measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) (SEC is also called gel permeation chromatography or GPC), liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, NMR, or a combination thereof.

[0038] Mineral oils often contain cyclic structures, i.e. cycloparaffins, also called aromatics or naphthenes. In one embodiment, isoparaffins comprise saturated hydrocarbon compounds that are free or substantially free of cyclic structures. By substantially free, it is meant that there is less than 1 mol %, or less than 0.75 mol %, or less than 0.5 mol %, or even less than 0.25 mol % of cyclic structures in the mineral oil. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is completely free of cyclic structures.

[0039] In an embodiment, the hydrocarbon oil can be a cycloparaffinic oil (cycloparaffin). The cycloparaffin can be derived from a mineral oil. The cycloparaffin contains at least one saturated hydrocarbyl 5- or 6-membered ring. The cycloparaffinic oil can contain at least 29 weight percent polycycloparaffins, i.e., two or more edge-sharing rings.

[0040] The hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil is the base compound of the heat transfer fluid. Thus, the hydrocarbon (e.g., isoparaffinic) oil constitutes the remainder of the composition after all oxygenates and other additives are added. The hydrocarbon oil may be present in an amount of at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% by weight of the composition. That is, the hydrocarbon oil may be present in an amount of 60-99% by weight, or even 70-98.5% by weight, or 80-98% by weight, or 90-97 or 97.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon oil may be present in an amount of 80-99% by weight, or even 81-98.5% by weight, or 82-98% by weight, or 83-97% by weight, or 84-97.5% by weight.

[0041] Oxygenates The composition also includes an oxygenate that can act synergistically with the hydrocarbon (eg, isoparaffinic) oil to provide improved heat transfer, reduced kinematic viscosity, reduced low temperature viscosity, or increased flash point.

[0042] As used herein, oxygenates refer to organic (i.e., carbon-containing, also known as hydrocarbon) compounds that contain oxygen as one of their components. As used herein, oxygenates include hydrocarbons with at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every two carbon atoms, or every three carbon atoms, or every four carbon atoms, or every five carbon atoms, or even every six carbon atoms. Oxygenates also include hydrocarbons with at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every seven carbon atoms, or every eight carbon atoms, or every twelve carbon atoms. Oxygenates also include hydrocarbons with at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every sixteen carbon atoms, or every twenty carbon atoms.

[0043] Oxygenates can include, for example, alcohols, ester oils, and ether oils. Oxygenates can be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 1 to about 45% by weight, or in some cases about 1.5 to about 40% by weight, or about 2 to about 35% by weight. Oxygenates can also be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 2.5 to about 30% by weight, or about 3 to about 25% by weight. In some embodiments, oxygenates can be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 1 to about 20% by weight, or in some cases about 1.5 to about 19% by weight, or about 2 to about 18% by weight. Oxygenates can also be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 2.5 to about 17% by weight, or 3 to about 16% by weight.

[0044] Suitable alcohols for use in the heat transfer fluid include monohydric alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, propylene alcohol derivatives such as n-butanol and tert-butanol, and isopropyl alcohol, and higher branched alcohols include isomers of pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, decanol, dodecanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol, and combinations thereof. Examples of branched alcohols include 2-ethylhexanol, iso-octanol, iso-decanol, and isododecanol. As used herein, alcohol also includes polyols such as, for example, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, and the like.

[0045] Suitable ethers for use as oxygenates in heat transfer fluids include those made from petrochemical as well as renewable sources. Examples include methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and tertiary amyl ethyl ether (TAEE). Other examples of ethers include tert-hexyl methyl ether (THEME), dioctyl ether, and diisopropyl ether. Polyethers are also contemplated herein under the term "ether" and include, for example, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. Low molecular weight oligomers of polyalkylene glycols (i.e., polyalkylene oxides), including polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and mixed polymers thereof, may also be suitable. Polyethers include alkylene oxide polymers and oligomers containing 1 to 20 repeat units, or 2 to 10 repeat units, or 2 to 5 repeat units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide, or mixtures thereof. Suitable polyether compounds include 5,8,11,14-tetraoxaicosane, 1-(2-(2-butoxypropoxy)propoxy)propan-2-yl acetate, 2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl oleate, 1-((1-((1-butoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)butane, 7,10,13,16,19-pentaoxaheptacosane, 2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, and combinations thereof.

[0046] The oxygenates can also be polyalkylene glycol esters by reacting a polyalkylene glycol with a fatty acid, such as caprylic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and the like.

[0047] In some cases, the oxygenate may be an alcohol or ether and may be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 1 to about 45 weight percent, or in some cases at about 1.5 to about 40 weight percent, or at about 2 to about 35 weight percent. The alcohol or ether oxygenate may also be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 2.5 to about 30 weight percent, or at about 3 to about 25 weight percent.

[0048] Ester oils suitable for use as oxygenates in heat transfer fluids include, for example, esters of monocarboxylic acids and monohydric alcohols; di-esters of diols and monocarboxylic acids and di-esters of dicarboxylic acids and monohydric alcohols; polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids and polyesters of monohydric alcohols and polycarboxylic acids; and mixtures thereof. Esters can be broadly classified into two categories: synthetic and natural.

[0049] Synthetic esters suitable for use as oxygenates in the heat transfer fluid may include esters of monocarboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, neopentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid) and dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, linoleic acid, alkyl malonic acids, and alkenyl malonic acids) with any of a variety of monohydric alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol, neopentyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, iso-octyl alcohol, nonyl alcohol, decyl alcohol, isodecyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, tetradecyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, and propylene glycol). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Other synthetic esters include C 5 ~C 12 Included are those made from monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers, such as those made from neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and tripentaerythritol. The esters can also be monoesters of monocarboxylic acids and monohydric alcohols.

[0050] Suitable esters also include esters of hydroxy-substituted carboxylic acids, such as tartaric acid, malic acid, glycolic acid, and hydroxy fatty acids (eg, 12-hydroxystearic acid) in combination with the above monohydric alcohols.

[0051] Natural (or bio-based) esters refer to materials derived from renewable biological resources, organisms, or entities, and are distinct from materials derived from petroleum or equivalent sources. Suitable natural esters in heat transfer fluids include fatty acid triglycerides, hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed triglycerides, or transesterified triglyceride esters, such as fatty acid methyl esters (or FAMEs). Suitable triglycerides include, but are not limited to, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, and related materials. Other triglyceride sources include, but are not limited to, algae, tallow, and zooplankton.

[0052] In some cases, the oxygenate may be an ester and may be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 1 to about 20 weight percent, or in some cases at about 1.5 to about 19 weight percent, or at about 2 to about 18 weight percent. The ester oxygenate may also be present in the heat transfer fluid at about 2.5 to about 17 weight percent, or at 3 to about 16 weight percent.

[0053] Heat Transfer Additives The heat transfer fluid may also include heat transfer additives. One class of heat transfer additives includes, for example, metal and non-metal particles. The particles of the present invention are generally dispersed solids, often dispersed in the presence of one or more stabilizers or surfactants. The particles of the present invention are often submicron in size, also referred to as nanoparticles.

[0054] For metal nanoparticles, the metal of the metal nanoparticles can include alkaline earth metals, such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium.

[0055] The metal of the metal nanoparticles can include transition metals, such as scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, and cadmium.

[0056] The metal of the metal nanoparticles can include metals of the lanthanide series or actinide series, such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium.

[0057] The metals of the metal nanoparticles can include post-transition metals, such as aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, and polonium.

[0058] The metals of the metal nanoparticles can include metalloids, such as boron, silicon, germanium, and antimony.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the metal may include aluminum. In embodiments, the metal may include iron. The metal may also include ruthenium. The metal may include cobalt. The metal may include rhodium. The metal may include nickel. The metal may include palladium. The metal may include platinum. The metal may include silver. The metal may include gold. The metal may include cerium. The metal may include samarium. The metal may include tungsten.

[0060] The metal nanoparticles can be present in their pure form or as oxides, carbides, nitrides, or mixtures or combinations of any of these materials.

[0061] For example, metal nanoparticles can be iron oxide (e.g., Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 ), cobalt oxide (e.g., CoO), zinc oxide (e.g., ZnO), cerium oxide (e.g., CeO 2 ), and titanium oxide (e.g., TiO 2 ) can be boron oxide (e.g., B 2 O 3 ) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used. Aluminum oxide (e.g., Al 2 O 3 ) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used. Magnesium oxide (e.g., MgO) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used. Tungsten oxide (e.g., W 2 O 3 , WO 2 , WO 3 , W 2 O 5 ) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used.

[0062] Examples of metal carbide nanoparticles include iron carbides (e.g., Fe 3 CH 4 ), cobalt carbide (e.g., CoC, Co 2 C, Co 3 C), zinc carbide (e.g., ZnC), cerium carbide (e.g., CeC 2 ), and titanium carbide (e.g., TiC). Boron carbide (e.g., B 4 Aluminum carbide (e.g., Al C) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used. 4 C 3 ) is another metal nanoparticle that may be used. Tungsten carbide (e.g., WC) is another metal nanoparticle that may be used.

[0063] Examples of metal nitride nanoparticles include iron nitrides (e.g., Fe 2 N, Fe 3 N 4 , Fe 4 N, Fe 7 N 3 , Fe 16 N2 ), cobalt nitride (e.g., Co 2 N, Co 3 N, Co 4 N), zinc nitride (e.g., Zn 3 N 2 ), cerium nitride (e.g., CeN), and titanium nitride (e.g., TiN). Boron nitride (e.g., BN) is another metal nanoparticle that may be used. Aluminum nitride (e.g., AlN) is another metal nanoparticle that may be used. Tungsten nitride (e.g., WN, W 2 N, W.N. 2 ) is another metal nanoparticle that can be used.

[0064] The nanoparticles can also include non-metallic nanoparticles. Such non-metallic nanoparticles can be in the form of oxides, carbon, carbides, nitrides, or any mixture or combination of these materials. For example, the non-metallic nanoparticles can be graphene oxide or diamond.

[0065] The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 1000 nm. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 700 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 500 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 250 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 100 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 75 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of less than 50 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of 0.01 nm to 1000 nm. The nanoparticles can also have a D50 particle size of 0.1 nm to 100 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of 1 nm to 75 nm. The nanoparticles can have a D50 particle size of 10 nm to 50 nm. The D50 particle size can be measured by dynamic light scattering according to ASTM E2490-09(2015).

[0066] The nanoparticles can have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 5000. As used herein, "average aspect ratio" refers to the average ratio of the length of the particles in the nanoparticle mixture to the width of the particles in the mixture. The term "average" is intended to mean that any and all aspect ratios can be present, but the average aspect ratio throughout the collection is within the disclosed range. The measurement method for determining the average aspect ratio length and width is not important as long as the same measurement method is used for both measurements. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 2500. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 1000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 500. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 250. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 100. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 50. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 25. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 100. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 50. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 25. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1 to 10. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 10 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 25 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 50 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 100 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 250 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 500 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 1000 to 5000. The nanoparticles can also have an average aspect ratio of 2500 to 5000.

[0067] In general, the nanoparticles are selected to have a thermal conductivity greater than that of the heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include particles having a minimum thermal conductivity greater than 5 W / mK. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include nanoparticles having a thermal conductivity of 10 W / mK or greater. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include nanoparticles having a thermal conductivity of 30 W / mK or greater. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include nanoparticles having a thermal conductivity of 250 W / mK or greater. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include nanoparticles having a thermal conductivity of 500 W / mK or greater. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid can include nanoparticles having a thermal conductivity of 1000 W / mK or greater. As used herein, thermal conductivity can be measured by ASTM D7896-19.

[0068] The heat transfer fluid may include at least one nanoparticle at a concentration of 0.5-30% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may include at least one nanoparticle at a concentration of 0.75-25% by weight. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may include at least one nanoparticle at a concentration of 1-20% by weight. In embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may include at least one nanoparticle at a concentration of 1.25-15% by weight. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may include at least one nanoparticle at a concentration of 1.5-10% by weight.

[0069] However, care should be taken when incorporating nanoparticles so as not to exceed the dielectric constant constraint of the heat transfer fluid. Generally, this is not an issue unless more electrically conductive nanoparticles, such as those in the form of pure metals, are used at high levels, typically 10% by weight or more. If there is concern, the heat transfer fluid can be formulated and the dielectric constant of the dispersion tested.

[0070] The nanoparticles are often loaded with a surfactant suitable for associating with the nanoparticles and keeping them dispersed in the heat transfer fluid, as will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, which can include any surfactant or dispersant now known or hereafter developed.

[0071] Performance Additives The heat transfer fluid may also include a rheology modifier, such as, for example, a high molecular weight polymer. In one embodiment, the polymer may be prepared by polymerizing an alpha-olefin monomer, or a mixture of alpha-olefin monomers, or a mixture comprising ethylene and at least one C3-C28 alpha-olefin monomer, in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and an alumoxane compound.

[0072] Suitable polymers of the olefin polymer class include ethylene propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-alpha olefin terpolymers, ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, ethylene propylene copolymers further containing a non-conjugated diene, and isobutylene / conjugated diene copolymers, each of which may then be provided with grafted carboxyl functionality.

[0073] Ethylene-propylene or higher alpha monoolefin copolymers may consist of 15-80 mole % ethylene and 20-85 mole % propylene or higher monoolefins, in some embodiments the molar ratios are 30-80 mole % ethylene and 20-70 mole % of at least one C3-C10 alpha monoolefin, for example 50-80 mole % ethylene and 20-50 mole % propylene. Terpolymer versions of the foregoing polymers may contain up to 15 mole % non-conjugated dienes or trienes.

[0074] In these embodiments, the polymer substrate, such as an ethylene copolymer or terpolymer, can be an oil-soluble, substantially linear, rubbery material. Also, in certain embodiments, the polymer can be other than substantially linear in form, i.e., a branched or star polymer. The polymer can also be a random or block copolymer, including diblocks and higher order blocks, including tapered blocks and various other structures. These types of polymer structures are known in the art and their preparation is within the capabilities of one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0075] The polymers of the disclosed technology may typically have a number average molecular weight (by gel permeation chromatography, polystyrene standard) that can be 2,000-500,000, 10,000-300,000, 50,000-250,000, or 9,000-55,000, or 11,000-52,000, or 40,000-50,000.

[0076] Another useful class of polymers is constituted by polymers prepared by cationic polymerization of, for example, isobutene or styrene. Typical polymers from this class include polyisobutenes obtained by polymerization of C4 refinery streams having a butene content of 35-75% by mass and an isobutene content of 30-60% by mass in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts such as aluminum trichloride or boron trifluoride, with aluminum trichloride being preferred. A suitable source of monomers for producing poly-n-butenes is a petroleum feed stream such as Raffinate II. These feedstocks are disclosed in the art, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,739. Polyisobutylene is a suitable polymer for the present invention, since it is readily available from butene streams by cationic polymerization (e.g., using AlCl3 or BF3 catalysts).

[0077] It is known that polyisobutylene can be prepared by cationic polymerization using boron halides, especially boron trifluoride (EP 206756, U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,973, GB 525542 and GB 828367). The polymerization of isobutylene can be controlled to obtain polyisobutylene with number average molecular weights (Mn) much higher than 1,000,000.

[0078] In one embodiment, the olefin polymer is a copolymer of olefins having 4 or more carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the olefin polymer (polyolefin) comprises 50-100% by weight of units derived from at least one olefin monomer having 4 or more carbon atoms. In a typical embodiment, the olefin can be an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon such as butene, isobutylene (or isobutene), butadiene, isoprene, or combinations thereof.

[0079] The polyolefin polymers of the present invention may have a number average molecular weight (gel permeation chromatography, polystyrene standard) of 20,000 to 10,000,000, 100,000 to 1,500,000, or 200,000 to 1,000,000. In other embodiments, the olefin polymer is a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of at least 50,000, at least 100,000, or at least 250,000 up to 850,000, 600,000, or 500,000. Specific ranges include 250,000 to 750,000 or 250,000 to 500,000.

[0080] The polymer may be present in the heat transfer fluid at 0.001-1%, or 0.003-0.8%, or 0.005-0.5%, or 0.01-0.1%, or 0.02%-0.05%, such as 0.003%-0.1%, or even 0.003%-0.01%, by weight. In another embodiment, the polymer additive component may be present in the heat transfer fluid at a concentration of 500 parts per million (ppm) or less, or 300 ppm or less, or 100 ppm or less, or 10 ppm to 50 ppm, or even 20 to 40 ppm. The concentration of the polymer in the heat transfer fluid is measured on an oil-free basis.

[0081] Other conventional additives may also be present, such as antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, fluoroelastomer seal regenerators, lubricity additives, flow improvers, or any combination thereof. The co-additives may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 2% by weight, or 0.025 to 2% by weight, or 0.03 to 1% by weight, or 0.035 to 0.5% by weight of the composition.

[0082] Various embodiments of the compositions disclosed herein may optionally include one or more additional performance additives. These additional performance additives may include one or more flame retardants, smoke suppressants, antioxidants, flame retardants, metal deactivators, flow additives, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swell agents, and any combination or mixture thereof. Typically, a fully formulated heat transfer fluid may contain one or more of these performance additives, and often may contain multiple packages of performance additives. In one embodiment, the one or more additional additives may be present at 0.01 weight percent to 3 weight percent, or 0.05 weight percent to 1.5 weight percent, or 0.1 weight percent to 1.0 weight percent.

[0083] The thermal management system disclosed herein can remove heat at a rate that allows for rapid charging of the battery. Rapid charging goals include 120-1000 kW. Heat generated during charging and discharging of the battery can generate over 10 kW of heat within the pack.

[0084] The heat captured by the fluid can be recaptured and reused for other functional uses, such as heating the interior of a building or vehicle.

[0085] As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl" is used in its ordinary sense, which is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:

[0086] Hydrocarbon substituents, i.e., aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic, aliphatic, and alicyclic substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents in which the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents taken together form a ring);

[0087] Substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy);

[0088] Hetero substituents, i.e., in the context of the present invention, include those that have a predominantly hydrocarbon character but contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms, and include substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, and imidazolyl.Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.In general, there are no more than two, or no more than one non-hydrocarbon substituent for every 10 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group, and alternatively, there may be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.

[0089] It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may differ from those initially added. For example, metal ions (e.g., of a detergent) may migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby may not be easily explained, including the products formed when using the composition of the present invention in its intended application. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the present invention. The present invention includes the composition prepared by mixing as described above.

[0090] The present invention is useful for cooling electrical components during operation and may be better understood with reference to the following examples. EXAMPLES

[0091] A series of oil-miscible fluids utilizing hydrocarbon oils in combination with oxygenates were evaluated for their ability to dissipate and conduct thermal energy. The hydrocarbon fluids range from simple isoparaffinic hydrocarbons (IH) to polyalphaolefins (PAO) and cycloparaffinic oils (CP). The hydrocarbon oils are summarized below (Table 1). [Table 1] 1. Performed according to ASTM D445_40. 2. Performed according to ASTM D92. 3. Performed according to ASTM D97.

[0092] A variety of different oxygenates were evaluated, including esters, ethers, polyethers, and hydrocarbyl alcohols, and are summarized below (Table 2). [Table 2] 1. Performed according to ASTM D445_25. 2.Perform according to ASTM D445_40 3. Performed according to ASTM D854. 4. Performed according to ASTM D5950 or D97. 5. Performed according to ASTM D92. 6. 1-(2-(2-butoxypropoxy)propoxy)propan-2-yl acetate 7.5,8,11,14-Tetraoxaicosane 8. 2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate 9.7,10,13,16,19-Pentaoxaheptacosane 10. 1-((1-((1-butoxypropan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)butane 11. 2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl oleate

[0093] Fully formulated fluids were prepared from hydrocarbon oils, oxygenates, and optionally other performance additives. The formulations for evaluation are summarized below (Table 3). [Table 3] 1. Base fluid concentrations are normalized to 100% treat. Additive concentrations are the top treat for the fluid composition. 2. Contains additives to improve foam inhibition, lubricity, surface activity, and corrosion control without substantially affecting thermal properties.

[0094] test The fluid mixtures were evaluated for viscosity, electrical conductivity, flash point, and ability to absorb and dissipate heat. In addition to kinematic viscosity (per ASTM D445) and flash point (ASTM D92), tests included heat capacity at 40° C. measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal conductivity at 50° C. (ASTM D7896), and dielectric strength (ASTM D1816). The tests are summarized in Table 4. [Table 4]

[0095] The results show that the fluids of the present invention introduce negligible conductivity compared to, for example, water, yet provide acceptable heat removal at useful kinematic viscosities.

[0096] Additional examples were prepared to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) (Table 5). [Table 5] 1. Base fluid concentrations are normalized to 100% treat. Additive concentrations are the top treat for the fluid composition. 2. Contains additives to improve foam inhibition, lubricity, surface activity, and corrosion control without substantially affecting thermal properties.

[0097] The samples were also measured for a specific wall area ("A 壁 Tests were conducted to determine the convection heat transfer coefficient "h" of a sample fluid through a pipe having a constant flow rate ("S") of 1000 rpm. A higher heat transfer coefficient is considered to be a better performing fluid. The tests involved pumping the sample fluid through the pipe at a constant pump speed ("S"). The temperature of the fluid at the pipe inlet was also controlled by a heat exchanger to a set inlet temperature, which was 35°C in these tests. The pipe walls were heated with a DC power source at constant power ("P"). The wall temperature ("T 壁 The fluid temperature ("T") was measured using a thermocouple. The thermocouple was placed in the fluid flow and measured the fluid temperature ("T 流体 A co-located wall temperature sensor was placed near the point of wall temperature measurement to measure the wall temperature ( ). After steady state was reached, data was collected and averaged over 60 seconds. The convection heat transfer coefficient was calculated by the equation X:

number

number

[0098] Using equations X and Y, heat transfer coefficients were calculated for the sample fluids in the table below (Table 6). [Table 6]

[0099] As the data demonstrates, compositions containing both a hydrocarbon-based fluid and an oxygenate exhibit a significant increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) at a constant pump speed.

[0100] Each of the documents mentioned above is incorporated herein by reference, including any prior application to which priority is claimed, whether or not specifically listed above. The reference of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of the skilled artisan in any jurisdiction. Except in the examples or where otherwise expressly indicated, all quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, should be understood as being modified by the word "about". It should be understood that the upper and lower limits of amounts, ranges, and ratios described herein can be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the present invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.

[0101] As used herein, the transitional term "comprising," which is synonymous with "including," "containing," or "characterized by," is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. However, in each occurrence of "comprising" herein, the term is also intended to encompass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of," where "consisting" excludes any unspecified elements or steps, and "consisting essentially of" permits the inclusion of additional, unrecited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essential or basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.

[0102] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which in this regard should be limited only by the scope of the claims that follow.

[0103] A heat transfer fluid comprising a mixture of a hydrocarbon oil and an oxygenate.

[0104] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid is substantially free or free of cyclic structures.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises an isoparaffinic oil containing at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound having from 8 to 50 carbon atoms.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises an isoparaffinic oil containing at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound having at least 10 carbon atoms.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises an isoparaffinic oil containing at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound having at least 12 carbon atoms.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises an isoparaffinic oil containing at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound having from 14 to 34 carbon atoms.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises an isoparaffinic oil having at least one hydrocarbyl branch and having a single continuous carbon chain of 24 carbon atoms or less. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound contains at least 10 carbon atoms and at least one hydrocarbyl branch and has a single continuous carbon chain of 24 or less carbon atoms.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound comprises a branched acyclic compound having a molecular weight of 140 g / mol to 550 g / mol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound comprises a branched acyclic compound having a molecular weight of 160 g / mol to 480 g / mol.

[0105] A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a natural hydrocarbon oil. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a synthetic hydrocarbon oil. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a hydrocarbon oil derived from petroleum or an equivalent source. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a hydrocarbon oil derived from a natural source. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isoparaffinic oil derived from triglycerides. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of number average molecular weight between 140 and 5000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography against a polystyrene standard. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, a polyalphaolefin having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 4750 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, a polyalphaolefin having a number average molecular weight of 250 to 4500 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, a polyalphaolefin having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 4500 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, a polyalphaolefin having a number average molecular weight of 750 to 4500 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin having a number average molecular weight of 750 to 4000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerized from C2 to C24 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerized from C3 to C24 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerized from C4 to C24 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerized from C5 to C20 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerised from C6 to C18 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerised from C8 to C14 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the oil-based heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin polymerised from C8 to C12 olefins or mixtures thereof. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a propylene polymer. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isobutene polymer. A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 1-butene polymer.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isoprene polymer.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 1,3-butene polymer.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer.

[0106] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 140 to 5000. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 4500. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 250 to 4000. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 300 to 3500. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 350 to 3000. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyisobutylene polymer having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 2500 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.

[0107] The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from a C4 to C24 α-olefin or mixtures thereof. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-pentene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-hexene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-heptene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-octene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-nonene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-decene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-decene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-undecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-dodecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-tridecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-tetradecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-pentadecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-hexadecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-heptadecene.The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-octadecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-nonadecene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-eicosene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-heneicosene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-docosene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-tricosene. The composition according to any sentence of any preceding paragraph, wherein the at least one branched polyolefin polymer is polymerized from 1-tetracosene.

[0108] A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polydecene polymer having a Mn of 1000 to 5000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polydecene polymer having a Mn of 1250 to 4750 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polydecene polymer having a Mn of 1500 to 4500 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polydecene polymer having a Mn of 2000 to 4250 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polydecene polymer having an Mn of 2500 to 4000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard.

[0109] A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin comprising a mixture of any of the polymers in the preceding sentence.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6 and C8 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6 and C10 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6 and C12 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as claimed in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6 and C14 α-olefins. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6 and C16 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6, C8 and C10 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6, C8 and C12 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6, C8 and C14 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C6, C8 and C16 α-olefins. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8 and C10 alpha-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8 and C12 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8 and C14 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8 and C16 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8, C10 and C12 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8, C10 and C14 α-olefins. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C8, C10 and C16 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C10 and C12 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C10 and C14 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C10 and C16 α-olefins.A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C10, C12 and C14 α-olefins. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the isoparaffinic oil of the heat transfer fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyalphaolefin of a mixture of C10, C12 and C16 alpha-olefins.

[0110] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 6 carbon atoms. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 7 carbon atoms. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 8 carbon atoms. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 12 carbon atoms. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 16 carbon atoms. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises a hydrocarbon having at least one aprotic or protic oxygen for every 20 carbon atoms.

[0111] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester oil.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ether oil.

[0112] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a monohydric alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ethanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of methanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a propylene alcohol derivative.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of n-butanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of tert-butanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isopropyl alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isomer of pentanol. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric hexanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric heptanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric octanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric decanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric dodecanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric tetradecanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isomeric hexadecanols. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of branched alcohols. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 2-ethylhexanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isomer of iso-octanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an isomer of iso-decanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of isododecanol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of propylene glycol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ethylene glycol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,4-butanediol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of pentaerythritol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of trimethylpropane.

[0113] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME). The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of tertiary amyl ethyl ether (TAEE). The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of tert-hexyl methyl ether (THEME). The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diisopropyl ether. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyether. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diethylene glycol dibutyl ether.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of low molecular weight oligomers of polyalkylene glycols.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG).The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of polypropylene glycol (PPG).

[0114] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester of a monocarboxylic acid and a monohydric alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a di-ester of a diol and a monocarboxylic acid.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a di-ester of a dicarboxylic acid and a monohydric alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyol ester of a monocarboxylic acid.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyester of a monohydric alcohol and a polycarboxylic acid.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester of a monocarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic acid and a monohydric alcohol.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of dibutyl adipate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of di-n-hexyl adipate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of dioctyl sebacate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diisooctyl azelate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diisodecyl azelate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of dioctyl phthalate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of didecyl phthalate. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a dieicosyl sebacate.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a complex ester formed by reacting 1 mole of sebacic acid with 2 moles of tetraethylene glycol and 2 moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid. 5 ~C 12 The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester made from a monocarboxylic acid, a polyol and a polyol ether.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester of a monohydric alcohol and a hydroxy-substituted carboxylic acid.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a fatty acid triglyceride.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed triglyceride.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a transesterified triglyceride ester.The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a fatty acid methyl ester (or FAME).

[0115] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 1 to about 45 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 1.5 to about 40 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 2 to about 35 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 2.5 to about 30 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 3 to about 25 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 1 to about 20 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 1.5 to about 19 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 2 to about 18 wt. %. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 2.5 to about 17 wt. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the oxygenates are present at about 3 to about 16 wt.%.

[0116] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100°C of 0.7 to 7.0 cSt, when measured in accordance with ASTM D445_100.

[0117] A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 50°C as measured according to ASTM D56. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 93°C as measured according to ASTM D56. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 110°C as measured according to ASTM D56. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 150°C as measured according to ASTM D56. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 200°C as measured according to ASTM D56. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a flash point of at least at least 250°C as measured according to ASTM D56.

[0118] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a pour point of at least -5°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D5985. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a pour point of at least -40°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D5985. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a pour point of at least -36°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D5985. The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a pour point of at least -20°C as measured in accordance with ASTM D5985.

[0119] A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 5.0 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 4.5 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 4.0 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 3.0 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 2.5 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 2.3 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924. A heat transfer fluid as described in any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a dielectric constant of 1.9 or less, as measured according to ASTM D924.

[0120] The heat transfer fluid of any preceding sentence, further comprising a heat transfer additive.

[0121] The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a battery. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electrical component comprises a plurality of battery cells stacked together to form a battery module. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the battery operates an electric vehicle. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electric vehicle comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an electric car. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electric vehicle comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a truck. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electric vehicle comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an electrified mass transit vehicle. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of aircraft electronics. The method and / or system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of computer electronics, e.g., a computer server. The method and / or system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an inverter. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a DC-DC converter. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a charger. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an electric motor. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an electric motor controller. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a microprocessor. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of power electronics. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an IGBT. The method and / or system of the preceding claim, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an SCR.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a thyristor. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a capacitor. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a diode. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a transistor. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a rectifier. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a DC-AC inverter. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the method and / or system further comprises operating the electrical component in a charging operation. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the method and / or system further comprises operating the electrical component in a discharging operation. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the step of removing heat comprises removing heat transferred to the electrical component as a result of extreme ambient conditions. The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the heat transfer fluid enables the charge of the battery module to be restored to at least 75% of the total battery capacity in a time of less than 15 minutes.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a fuel cell.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a solar cell.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a solar panel.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a photovoltaic cell.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an internal combustion engine.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein removing heat from the electrical component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of positioning the electrical component in a bath in direct fluid communication with the heat transfer fluid and circulating the heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer system.The method and / or system of any preceding sentence, wherein the vessel of the heat transfer system is in fluid communication with the heat transfer fluid reservoir and the heat exchanger.

Claims

1. A heat transfer fluid comprising a mixture of an isoparaffinic oil containing at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound having 8 to 50 carbon atoms and at least one organic oxygenate selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ester oils, polyether oils, and ether oils.

2. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon oil substantially does not contain or does not contain a cyclic structure.

3. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, wherein the at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound contains at least 10 carbon atoms and at least one hydrocarbyl branch and has a single continuous carbon chain of 24 or fewer carbon atoms.

4. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, wherein the at least one saturated hydrocarbon compound includes a branched acyclic compound having a molecular weight of 140 g / mol to 550 g / mol.

5. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, comprising 1 to 45% by weight of the oxygenate.

6. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, comprising 1 to 20% by weight of the oxygenate.

7. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, having a kinematic viscosity measured at 100 °C of 0.7 to 7.0 cSt as measured according to ASTM D445_100.

8. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, having a flash point of at least 50 °C as measured according to ASTM D56.

9. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, having a pour point of at least -5 °C as measured according to ASTM D5985.

10. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, having a dielectric constant of 5.0 or less as measured according to ASTM D924.

11. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, further comprising a heat transfer additive.

12. The heat transfer fluid according to claim 1, further comprising metal and non-metal particles or combinations thereof.

13. A method for cooling an electrical component, comprising immersing the electrical component in a tank containing the heat transfer fluid according to any one of claims 1 to 12 and operating the electrical component.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical component includes a battery.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the battery operates an electric vehicle.

16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical component includes at least one of aircraft electronic equipment, computer electronic equipment, an inverter, a DC-DC converter, an AC-DC converter, a charger, an inverter, an electric motor, and an electric motor controller.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the electrical component includes computer electronic equipment.

18. An immersion cooling system for an electric vehicle including a battery pack located within a tank, the tank being in fluid communication with a heat transfer fluid reservoir containing the heat transfer fluid according to claim 1.