Systems, devices, and methods for a modular-based cascaded energy system configured to interface with renewable energy sources - Patents.com

Abstract

Exemplary embodiments of systems, devices, and methods are provided herein for an energy system having multiple modules arranged in a cascaded manner to store power from one or more photovoltaic power sources. Each module includes an energy source and converter circuitry that selectively couples the energy source to other modules in the system via an AC interface to generate AC power or to receive and store power from a charging source. Each module also includes a DC interface to receive power from one or more photovoltaic power sources. Each module can be controlled by a control system to route power from the photovoltaic power sources to its module energy source or AC interface. The energy system can be arranged in single-phase or multi-phase topologies with multiple series or interconnected arrays.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 219,021, filed July 7, 2021, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 227,646, filed July 30, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 243,061, filed September 10, 2021, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

[0002] (Field) The subject matter described herein relates generally to systems, devices, and methods for a module-based cascaded energy system configured to interface with renewable energy sources. [Background technology]

[0003] The proliferation of photovoltaic sources and the desire to utilize energy in renewable ways has led to the incorporation of these sources in a wide variety of applications and locations. Photovoltaic source performance can vary significantly based on design, age, use, and environment. Photovoltaic sources require periodic upgrades and / or supplements to maximize their efficiency. Energy systems that interface with photovoltaic sources and utilize energy from those sources are typically not easily scaled and / or modified to handle the ever-changing power capabilities of photovoltaic sources in use around the world.

[0004] For these and other reasons, a need exists for improved systems, devices, and methods for module-based cascaded energy systems interfacing with photovoltaic energy sources. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Exemplary embodiments of systems, devices, and methods are provided herein for an energy system having multiple modules arranged in a cascaded manner to store power from one or more renewable energy sources, e.g., one or more photovoltaic power sources. Each module includes an energy source and a converter network that selectively couples the energy source to other modules in the system to generate AC power via an AC interface or to receive and store power from a charging source. Each module also includes a DC interface to receive power from one or more photovoltaic power sources. Each module can be controlled by a control system to route power from a photovoltaic power source to the energy source or AC interface of that module. The energy system can be arranged in a single-phase or multi-phase topology with multiple series or interconnected arrays. The energy system can be arranged such that each module receives power from the same single photovoltaic power source or multiple photovoltaic power sources.

[0006] Each module may also include a DC interface for receiving power from other energy sources, e.g., from a fuel cell. A multi-phase topology may be arranged to receive multi-phase AC power from a renewable energy source, such as a wind turbine. An energy system may include multiple instances of an array of modules for connection to multiple AC sources, e.g., wind turbines and a power grid. Modules of the multiple instance array may be coupled together at their DC interfaces, e.g., in a daisy chain arrangement, such that the modules may exchange or transfer energy.

[0007] Other systems, devices, methods, features, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be or become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. All such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages are intended to be included within this description, be within the scope of the subject matter described herein, and be protected by the accompanying claims. Features of the example embodiments should not be construed as limiting the appended claims in any way absent express recitation of those features in the claims. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] Details of the subject matter described herein, both with respect to its structure and operation, may be apparent from consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts. The components within the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the present subject matter. Moreover, all illustrations are intended to convey the concept that relative sizes, shapes, and other detailed attributes may be depicted diagrammatically, rather than literally or precisely.

[0009] [Figure 1-1] 1A-1C are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of a modular energy system. [Figure 1-2] 1A-1C are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of a modular energy system.

[0010] [Figure 1-3] 1D-1E are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of control devices for energy systems.

[0011] [Figure 1-4] 1F-1G are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of a modular energy system coupled with a load and a charging source.

[0012] [Figure 2A]2A-2B are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modules and control systems within an energy system. [Figure 2B] 2A-2B are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modules and control systems within an energy system.

[0013] [Figure 2C] FIG. 2C is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the physical configuration of the modules.

[0014] [Figure 2D] FIG. 2D is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the physical configuration of a modular energy system.

[0015] [Figure 3-1] 3A-3C are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of modules having various electrical configurations. [Figure 3-2] 3A-3C are block diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of modules having various electrical configurations.

[0016] [Figure 4] 4A-4F are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of energy sources.

[0017] [Diagram 5] 5A-5C are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of an energy buffer.

[0018] [Figure 6-1] 6A-6C are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of a converter. [Figure 6-2] 6A-6C are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of a converter.

[0019] [Figure 7-1]7A-7E are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modular energy systems having various topologies. [Figure 7-2] 7A-7E are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modular energy systems having various topologies.

[0020] [Figure 8-1] 8A is a plot depicting an example output voltage of a module, and FIG 8B is a plot depicting an example multi-level output voltage of an array of modules.

[0021] [Figure 8-2] FIG. 8C is a plot illustrating an example reference signal and carrier signal usable in a pulse width modulation control technique. FIG. 8D is a plot illustrating an example reference signal and carrier signal usable in a pulse width modulation control technique. FIG. 8E is a plot illustrating an example switch signal generated according to a pulse width modulation control technique. FIG. 8F is a plot illustrating an example multi-level output voltage generated by superposition of output voltages from an array of modules under a pulse width modulation control technique.

[0022] [Figure 9] 9A-9B are block diagrams depicting an exemplary embodiment of a controller for a modular energy system.

[0023] [Figure 10A] FIG. 10A is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a multi-phase modular energy system having interconnected modules.

[0024] [Figure 10B] FIG. 10B is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of an interconnection module in the multi-phase embodiment of FIG. 10A.

[0025] [Figure 10C]FIG. 10C is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a modular energy system having two subsystems connected together by an interconnection module.

[0026] [Figure 10D] FIG. 10D is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a three-phase modular energy system having interconnected modules supplying auxiliary loads.

[0027] [Figure 10E] FIG. 10E is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of an interconnection module in the multi-phase embodiment of FIG. 10D.

[0028] [Figure 10F] FIG. 10F is a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a three-phase modular energy system having interconnected modules supplying auxiliary loads.

[0029] [Figure 11A] 11A-11B are block diagrams depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module. [Figure 11B] 11A-11B are block diagrams depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0030] [Figure 11C] 11C-11E are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of converter modules. [Figure 11D] 11C-11E are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of converter modules. [Figure 11E] 11C-11E are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of converter modules.

[0031] [Figure 11F] FIG. 11F is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0032] [Figure 11G] FIG. 11G is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0033] [Figure 11H] FIG. 11H is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0034] [Figure 11I] FIG. 11I is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0035] [Figure 11J] FIG. 11J is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a converter module.

[0036] [Figure 12A] 12A-12B are block diagrams depicting an example embodiment of an energy system including an array of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12B] 12A-12B are block diagrams depicting an example embodiment of an energy system including an array of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources.

[0037] [Figure 12C] 12C-12F are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12D] 12C-12F are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12E] 12C-12F are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12F]12C-12F are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more photovoltaic power sources.

[0038] [Figure 12G] 12G-12H are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having an array of converter modules connected in parallel to one or more photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12H] 12G-12H are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having an array of converter modules connected in parallel to one or more photovoltaic power sources.

[0039] [Figure 12I] 12I-12J are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to photovoltaic power sources. [Figure 12J] 12I-12J are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to photovoltaic power sources.

[0040] [Figure 12K] 12K-12N are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more wind turbines. [Figure 12L] 12K-12N are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more wind turbines. [Figure 12M] 12K-12N are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more wind turbines. [Figure 12N]12K-12N are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy systems having multiple arrays of converter modules connected to one or more wind turbines.

[0041] [Figure 13A] FIG. 13A is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of an enclosure framework structure for housing a multi-phase system.

[0042] [Figure 13B] 13B and 13C depict an exemplary embodiment of an electronic rack for use in a rack-based installation. [Figure 13C] 13B and 13C depict an exemplary embodiment of an electronic rack for use in a rack-based installation.

[0043] [Figure 13D] FIG. 13D is an elevational view depicting an exemplary embodiment of a rack-based installation consistent with previous figures.

[0044] [Figure 14A] 14A-14C are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a topological and module-based arrangement of modules and connections within a multi-phase module-based energy system framework. [Figure 14B] 14A-14C are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a topological and module-based arrangement of modules and connections within a multi-phase module-based energy system framework. [Figure 14C] 14A-14C are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a topological and module-based arrangement of modules and connections within a multi-phase module-based energy system framework.

[0045] [Figure 15]15A-15B depict an example embodiment of an energy storage system having multiple energy sources for use in first-life and second-life applications.

[0046] [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a method for providing energy to a load from an energy storage system having a second-life energy source. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0047] Before the present subject matter is described in detail, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, which may, of course, vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0048] Before describing example embodiments of modular energy systems that interface with photovoltaic power sources, it is useful to first describe these underlying systems in more detail. With reference to Figures 1A-10F, the following sections describe various applications in which modular energy system embodiments may be implemented, control system or device embodiments for modular energy systems, configuration of modular energy system embodiments relative to charging sources and loads, embodiments of individual modules, topology embodiments for placement of modules within a system, control methodology embodiments, balanced operating characteristics of modules within a system, and use of interconnected modules. (Examples of uses)

[0049] A stationary application is one in which a modular energy system is placed at a fixed location when in use, but may be capable of being transported to an alternative location when not in use. The module-based energy system provides electrical energy for consumption by one or more other entities, or stores or buffers energy for later consumption, while in a static location. Examples of stationary applications in which the embodiments disclosed herein may be used include, but are not limited to, energy systems for use by or within one or more residential structures or locations, energy systems for use by or within one or more industrial structures or locations, energy systems for use by or within one or more commercial structures or locations, energy systems for use by or within one or more government structures or locations (including both military and non-military uses), energy systems for charging mobile applications described below (e.g., charging sources or charging stations), and systems that convert solar power, wind, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, or nuclear reactions into electricity for storage. Stationary applications often supply loads such as power grids and microgrids, motors, and data centers. Static energy systems can be used in either storage or non-storage roles.

[0050] Mobility applications, sometimes referred to as traction applications, are generally those in which a module-based energy system is placed on or within an entity to store and provide electrical energy for conversion to motive force by a motor to move or assist in moving the entity. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein may be used include, but are not limited to, electric and / or hybrid entities that move on land or underground, on or under the sea, above land or sea without contact therewith (e.g., flying or hovering in the air), or through space. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein may be used include, but are not limited to, vehicles, trains, trams, ships, watercraft, aircraft, and spacecraft. Examples of mobile vehicles with which the embodiments disclosed herein may be used include, but are not limited to, those with only one wheel or track, those with only two wheels or tracks, those with only three wheels or tracks, those with only four wheels or tracks, and those with five or more wheels or tracks. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein may be used include, but are not limited to, cars, buses, trucks, bikes, scooters, industrial vehicles, mining vehicles, air vehicles (e.g., airplanes, helicopters, drones, etc.), marine vessels (e.g., commercial carriers, ships, yachts, boats, or other water vehicles), submarines, locomotives or rail-based vehicles (e.g., trains, trams, etc.), military vehicles, spacecraft, and satellites.

[0051] In describing embodiments herein, reference may be made to a particular stationary application (e.g., power grid, micro-grid, data center, cloud computing environment) or mobile application (e.g., electric vehicle). Such reference is made for ease of explanation and does not mean that a particular embodiment is limited for use only to that particular mobile or stationary application. Embodiments of a system for providing power to a motor can be used in both mobile and stationary applications. Although certain configurations may be more suitable for some applications over others, all exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are capable of use in both mobile and stationary applications unless otherwise stated. (Example of a module-based energy system)

[0052] FIG. 1A is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a module-based energy system 100. Here, the system 100 includes a control system 102 communicatively coupled to N converter source modules 108-1 through 108-N, respectively, via communication paths or links 106-1 through 106-N. The modules 108 are configured to store energy and output energy to the load 101 (or other modules 108) as needed. In these embodiments, any number of two or more modules 108 can be used (e.g., N is 2 or more). The modules 108 can be connected to each other in various manners, as will be described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. For ease of illustration, in FIGS. 1A-1C, the modules 108 are shown connected in series or as a one-dimensional array, with the Nth module being coupled to the load 101.

[0053] The system 100 is configured to provide power to a load 101. The load 101 can be any type of load, such as a motor or a power grid. The system 100 is also configured to store power received from a charging source. FIG. 1F is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the system 100 with a power input interface 151 for receiving power from a charging source 150 and a power output interface for outputting power to the load 101. In this embodiment, the system 100 can receive and store power via the interface 151 while simultaneously outputting power via the interface 152. FIG. 1G is a block diagram depicting another exemplary embodiment of the system 100 with a switchable interface 154. In this embodiment, the system 100 can select, or be instructed to select, between receiving power from the charging source 150 and outputting power to the load 101. The system 100 can be configured to supply multiple loads 101, including both primary and auxiliary loads, and / or receive power from multiple charging sources 150 (e.g., a utility power grid and local renewable energy sources (e.g., solar)).

[0054] 1B depicts another exemplary embodiment of system 100. Here, control system 102 is implemented as a master control device (MCD) 112 communicatively coupled to N different local control devices (LCDs) 114-1 to 114-N, respectively, via communication paths or links 115-1 to 115-N. Each LCD 114-1 to 114-N is communicatively coupled to one module 108-1 to 108-N, respectively, via communication paths or links 116-1 to 116-N, such that a 1:1 relationship exists between the LCD 114 and the module 108.

[0055] 1C depicts another exemplary embodiment of the system 100, in which the MCD 112 is communicatively coupled to M different LCDs 114-1 to 114-M via communication paths or links 115-1 to 115-M, respectively. Each LCD 114 is coupled to and can control two or more modules 108. In the example shown here, each LCD 114 is communicatively coupled to two modules 108, whereby the M LCDs 114-1 to 114-M are coupled to 2M modules 108-1 to 108-2M via communication paths or links 116-1 to 116-2M, respectively.

[0056] The control system 102 can be configured as a single device for the entire system 100 (e.g., FIG. 1A) or can be distributed or implemented across multiple devices (e.g., FIGS. 1B-1C). In some embodiments, the control system 102 can be distributed among the LCDs 114 associated with the modules 108, such that the MCD 112 is not necessary and can be omitted from the system 100.

[0057] Control system 102 can be configured to perform the control using software (instructions stored in memory executable by processing circuitry), hardware, or a combination thereof. Each of the one or more devices of control system 102 can include processing circuitry 120 and memory 122, as shown herein. Exemplary implementations of processing circuitry and memory are described further below.

[0058] The control system 102 can have a communication interface for communicating with devices 104 external to the system 100 via communication links or paths 105. For example, the control system 102 (e.g., the MCD 112) can output data or information about the system 100 to another control device 104 (e.g., a vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU) or motor control unit (MCU) in a mobile application, a power grid controller in a stationary application, etc.).

[0059] Each of the communication paths or links 105, 106, 115, 116, and 118 (FIG. 2B) can be a wired (e.g., electrical, optical) or wireless communication path that communicates data or information bidirectionally, in parallel or serial fashion. Data can be communicated in a standardized (e.g., IEEE, ANSI) or custom (e.g., proprietary) format. In automotive applications, the communication path 115 can be configured to communicate according to a FlexRay or CAN protocol. The communication paths 106, 115, 116, and 118 can also provide wired power to directly supply operating power for the system 102 from one or more modules 108. For example, operating power for each LCD 114 can be supplied solely by the one or more modules 108 to which it is connected, and operating power for the MCD 112 can be supplied indirectly from one or more of the modules 108 (e.g., through the vehicle's power network, etc.).

[0060] The control system 102 is configured to control one or more modules 108 based on status information received from the same or different one or more of the modules 108. The control may also be based on one or more other factors, such as the requirements of the load 101. The controllable aspects include, but are not limited to, one or more of the voltage, current, phase, and / or output power of each module 108.

[0061] Status information of all modules 108 in the system 100 can be communicated to control the system 102, which can control all modules 108-1...108-N independently. Other variations are possible. For example, a particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108) can be controlled based on status information of the particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108), based on status information of a different module 108 that is not the particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108), based on status information of all modules 108 other than the particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108), based on status information of the particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108) and status information of at least one other module 108 that is not the particular module 108 (or a portion of modules 108), or based on status information of all modules 108 in the system 100.

[0062] The status information can be information about one or more aspects, characteristics, or parameters of each module 108. Types of status information include, without limitation, the following aspects of the module 108 or one or more components thereof (e.g., energy source, energy buffer, converter, monitor circuitry): state of charge (SOC) of one or more energy sources of the module (e.g., the level of charge of an energy source relative to its capacity, such as a fraction or percentage), state of health (SOH) of one or more energy sources of the module (e.g., a figure of merit of the condition of an energy source compared to its ideal condition), temperature of one or more energy sources or other components of the module, capacity of one or more energy sources of the module, voltage of one or more energy sources and / or other components of the module, current of one or more energy sources and / or other components of the module, state of power (SOP) (e.g., the available power limit of an energy source during discharge and / or charge), state of energy (SOE) (e.g., the current level of available energy of an energy source relative to the maximum available energy of the source), and / or the presence or absence of a fault in any one or more of the module's components.

[0063] The LCD 114 can be configured to receive status information from or determine status information from monitoring signals or data received from or within each module 108 and communicate that information to the MCD 112. In some embodiments, each LCD 114 can communicate raw collected data to the MCD 112, which then algorithmically determines status information based on the raw data. The MCD 112 can then use the module 108 status information to make control decisions as appropriate. The decisions can take the form of instructions, commands, or other information (such as modulation index, as described herein) that can be utilized by the LCD 114 to either maintain or adjust the operation of each module 108.

[0064] For example, the MCD 112 may receive status information, evaluate the information, and determine differences between at least one module 108 (e.g., its components) and at least one or more other modules 108 (e.g., its comparable components). For example, the MCD 112 may determine that a particular module 108 is operating with one of the following conditions compared to one or more other modules 108: a relatively low or high SOC, a relatively low or high SOH, a relatively low or high capacity, a relatively low or high voltage, a relatively low or high current, a relatively low or high temperature, or the presence or absence of a fault. In such an example, the MCD 112 may output control information to reduce or increase (depending on the condition) a relevant aspect (e.g., output voltage, current, power, temperature) of that particular module 108. In this manner, the utilization of an outlier module 108 (e.g., operating with a relatively low SOC or high temperature) can be reduced as the relevant parameter (e.g., SOC or temperature) of that module 108 converges toward that of one or more other modules 108.

[0065] The decision whether to adjust the operation of a particular module 108 may be made by comparison of the status information to a predetermined threshold, limit, or condition, not necessarily by comparison to the status of other modules 108. The predetermined threshold, limit, or condition may be a static threshold, limit, or condition that does not change during use, such as those set by the manufacturer. The predetermined threshold, limit, or condition may be a dynamic threshold, limit, or condition that is allowed to change (or changes) during use. For example, the MCD 112 may adjust the operation of a module 108 if the status information regarding that module 108 indicates that it is operating in violation of (e.g., above or below) a predetermined threshold or limit or outside a predetermined range of acceptable operating conditions. Similarly, the MCD 112 may adjust the operation of a module 108 if the status information regarding that module 108 indicates the presence of an actual or potential fault (e.g., an alarm or warning), or indicates the absence or removal of an actual or potential fault. Examples of faults include, but are not limited to, actual failure of a component, potential failure of a component, short circuits or other excessive current conditions, open circuits, excessive voltage conditions, poor reception of communications, reception of corrupted data, etc. Depending on the type and severity of the fault, utilization of the faulty module may be reduced to avoid damaging the module, or utilization of the module may be discontinued entirely. For example, if a fault occurs in a given module, MCD 112 or LCD 114 may cause that module to enter a bypass state, as described herein.

[0066] The MCD 112 can control the modules 108 in the system 100 to achieve or converge towards a desired target. The target can be, for example, that the operation of all modules 108 be at the same or similar levels relative to one another, or within a predetermined threshold, limit, or condition. This process is also referred to as balancing or attempting to achieve balance in the operation or operating characteristics of the modules 108. The term "balance," as used herein, does not require absolute equality between the modules 108 or their components, but rather is used broadly to convey that the operation of the system 100 can be used to actively reduce inequalities in operation (or operating states) between the modules 108 that would otherwise exist.

[0067] The MCD 112 can communicate control information to the LCD 114 for purposes of controlling the module 108 associated with the LCD 114. The control information can be, for example, a modulation index and a reference signal as described herein, a modulated reference signal, or others. Each LCD 114 can use (e.g., receive and process) the control information to generate switch signals that control the operation of one or more components (e.g., converters) in the associated module 108. In some embodiments, the MCD 112 generates the switch signals directly and outputs them to the LCD 114, which relays the switch signals to the intended module components.

[0068] All or a portion of the control system 102 can be combined with a system external control device 104 that controls one or more other aspects of a mobile or stationary application. When integrated within this shared or common control device (or subsystem), control of the system 100 can be implemented in any desired manner, such as one or more software applications executed by processing circuitry of the shared device, hardware of the shared device, or a combination thereof. Non-exhaustive examples of external control devices 104 include a vehicle ECU or MCU having control capabilities for one or more other vehicle functions (e.g., motor control, driver interface control, traction control, etc.), a power grid or micro-grid controller responsible for one or more other power management functions (e.g., load interfacing, load power requirement prediction, transmission and switching, interfacing with charging sources (e.g., diesel, solar, wind), charging source power prediction, backup source monitoring, asset dispatch, etc.), and a data center control subsystem (e.g., environmental control, network control, backup control, etc.).

[0069] 1D and 1E are block diagrams depicting an example embodiment of a shared or common control device (or system) 132 in which the control system 102 may be implemented. In FIG. 1D, the common control device 132 includes a master control device 112 and an external control device 104. The master control device 112 includes an interface 141 for communication with an LCD 114 via path 115 and an interface 142 for communication with the external control device 104 via an internal communication bus 136. The external control device 104 includes an interface 143 for communication with the master control device 112 via the bus 136 and an interface 144 for communication with other entities of the overall application (e.g., components of a vehicle or power grid) via communication path 136. In some embodiments, the common control device 132 can be integrated as a common housing or package, with the devices 112 and 104 implemented as separate integrated circuit (IC) chips or packages contained therein.

[0070] In FIG. 1E, the external control device 104 serves as a common control device 132, with the master control functionality implemented as a component within the device 104. This component 112 can be or include software or other program instructions stored and / or hard-coded in the memory of the device 104 and executed by its processing circuitry. The component can also include dedicated hardware. The component can be a self-contained module or core with one or more internal hardware and / or software interfaces (e.g., application program interfaces (APIs)) for communication with the operating software of the external control device 104. The external control device 104 can manage communication with the LCD 114 via interface 141 and with other devices via interface 144. In various embodiments, the devices 104 / 132 can be integrated as a single IC chip, integrated into multiple IC chips in a single package, or integrated as multiple semiconductor packages in a common housing.

[0071] 1D and 1E, the master control functionality of the system 102 is shared within the common device 132, however, other divisions of the shared control are also possible. For example, a portion of the master control functionality can be distributed between the common device 132 and the dedicated MCD 112. In another example, both the master control functionality and at least a portion of the local control functionality can be implemented within the common device 132 (e.g., the remaining local control functionality is implemented within the LCD 114). In some embodiments, all of the control system 102 is implemented within the common device (or subsystem) 132. In some embodiments, the local control functionality is implemented within a device shared with another component of each module 108, such as a battery management system (BMS). (Example of a module in a cascaded energy system)

[0072] The module 108 may include one or more energy sources, a power electronics converter, and, optionally, an energy buffer. FIGS. 2A-2B are block diagrams depicting additional exemplary embodiments of the system 100 with the module 108 having a power converter 202, an energy buffer 204, and an energy source 206. The converter 202 may be a voltage converter or a current converter. Although the embodiments are described herein with reference to a voltage converter, the embodiments are not limited thereto. The converter 202 may be configured to convert a direct current (DC) signal from the energy source 206 to an alternating current (AC) signal and output it via a power connection 110 (e.g., an inverter). The converter 202 may also receive an AC or DC signal via the connection 110 and apply it to the energy source 206 with either polarity in a continuous or pulsed form. The converter 202 may be or include an arrangement of switches (e.g., power transistors), such as a half-bridge or full-bridge (H-bridge). In some embodiments, the converter 202 includes only switches, and the converter (and the module as a whole) does not include a transformer.

[0073] Converter 202 may (or alternatively) be configured to perform AC / DC conversion (e.g., a rectifier), DC / DC conversion, and / or AC / AC conversion (e.g., in combination with an AC / DC converter), such as for charging a DC energy source from an AC source. In some embodiments, such as for performing AC / AC conversion, converter 202 may include a transformer, either alone or in combination with one or more power semiconductors (e.g., switches, diodes, thyristors, etc.). In other embodiments, such as those where weight and cost are important factors, converter 202 may be configured to perform the conversion without a transformer, using only power switches, power diodes, or other semiconductor devices.

[0074] The energy source 206 is preferably a robust energy storage device capable of outputting direct current and having an energy density suitable for energy storage applications for electrically powered devices. The energy source 206 can be an electrochemical battery, such as a single battery cell, or multiple battery cells connected together in a battery module or array, or any combination thereof. Figures 4A-4D are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of the energy source 206 configured as a single battery cell 402 (Figure 4A), a battery module with a series connection of multiple (e.g., four) cells 402 (Figure 4B), a battery module with a parallel connection of single cells 402 (Figure 4C), and a battery module with a parallel connection with tributaries each having two cells 402 (Figure 4D). A non-exhaustive list of examples of battery types is described elsewhere herein.

[0075] The energy source 206 can also be a high energy density (HED) capacitor, such as an ultracapacitor or a supercapacitor. HED capacitors can be configured as double layer capacitors (electrostatic charge storage), pseudocapacitors (electrochemical charge storage), hybrid capacitors (electrostatic and electrochemical), or others, as opposed to typical electrolytic capacitors of solid dielectric type. In addition to higher capacitance, HED capacitors can have energy densities 10-100 times (or higher) than that of electrolytic capacitors. For example, HED capacitors can have specific energies greater than 1.0 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh / kg) and capacitances greater than 10-100 Farads (F). Similar to the batteries described with respect to FIGS. 4A-4D, the energy source 206 can be configured as a single HED capacitor, or multiple HED capacitors connected together in an array (e.g., in series, parallel, or a combination thereof).

[0076] The energy source 206 can also be a fuel cell. The fuel cell can be a single fuel cell, multiple fuel cells connected in series or parallel, or a fuel cell module. Examples of fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), solid acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, high temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten electrolyte fuel cells, and others. Similar to the batteries described with respect to Figures 4A-4D, the energy source 206 can be configured as a single fuel cell or multiple fuel cells connected together in an array (e.g., in series, parallel, or a combination thereof). The foregoing examples of source classes (e.g., batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells) and types (chemical and / or structural configurations within each class) are not intended to form an exhaustive list, and one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other variations that fall within the scope of the present subject matter.

[0077] The energy buffer 204 may be connected to a DC line or link (e.g., +V DCL and -V DCL ) and help maintain stability in the DC link voltage. These fluctuations may be relatively low (e.g., kilohertz) or high (e.g., megahertz) frequency fluctuations or harmonics or other transient events caused by the switching of converter 202. These fluctuations may be absorbed by buffer 204 instead of being passed to source 206 or ports IO3 and IO4 of converter 202.

[0078] The power connection 110 is a connection for transferring energy or power to, from, and through the module 108. The module 108 can output energy from an energy source 206 to the power connection 110, which can be transferred to other modules or loads in the system. The module 108 can receive energy from other modules 108 or from a charging source (DC charger, single phase charger, multi-phase charger). Signals can also be passed through the module 108 and bypass the energy source 206. The routing of energy or power in and out of the module 108 is performed by the converter 202 under the control of the LCD 114 (or another entity in the system 102).

[0079] In the embodiment of Figure 2A, the LCD 114 is implemented as a component separate from the module 108 (e.g., not in a shared module housing) and may be connected to and in communication with the converter 202 via communication path 116. In the embodiment of Figure 2B, the LCD 114 is included as a component of the module 108 and may be connected to and in communication with the converter 202 via an internal communication path 118 (e.g., a shared bus or a separate connection). The LCD 114 may also be capable of receiving signals from and transmitting signals to the energy buffer 204 and / or the energy source 206 via paths 116 or 118.

[0080] The module 108 may also include monitor circuitry 208 configured to monitor (e.g., collect, sense, measure, and / or determine) one or more aspects of the module 108 and / or its components, such as voltage, current, temperature, or other operating parameters that constitute (or may be used to determine, e.g., by the LCD 114) status information. A primary function of the status information is to describe the state of one or more energy sources 206 of the module 108 and enable decisions regarding how much to utilize the energy source relative to other sources in the system 100, although status information describing the state of other components (e.g., voltage, temperature, and / or presence of a fault in the buffer 204, temperature and / or presence of a fault in the converter 202, presence of a fault anywhere in the module 108, etc.) may also be used in the utilization decision as well. The monitor circuitry 208 may include one or more sensors, shunts, dividers, fault detectors, coulomb counters, controllers, or other hardware and / or software configured to monitor such aspects. The monitor circuitry 208 can be separate from the various components 202, 204, and 206, or integrated with each component 202, 204, and 206 (as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the monitor circuitry 208 can be part of or shared with a battery management system (BMS) for the battery energy source 204. Separate circuitry is not required to monitor each type of status information, as more than one type of status information can be monitored or otherwise algorithmically determined using a single circuit or device without the need for additional circuitry.

[0081] The LCD 114 can receive status information (or raw data) about the module components via the communication paths 116, 118. The LCD 114 can also transmit information to the module components via the paths 116, 118. The paths 116 and 118 can include diagnostic, measurement, protection, and control signal lines. The transmitted information can be control signals for one or more module components. The control signals can be switch signals for the converter 202 and / or one or more signals requesting status information from the module components. For example, the LCD 114 can cause the status information to be transmitted via the paths 116, 118 by directly requesting the status information or by applying a stimulus (e.g., a voltage) in some cases in combination with a switch signal that places the converter 202 in a particular state, causing the status information to be generated.

[0082] The physical configuration or layout of the module 108 can take a variety of forms. In some embodiments, the module 108 can include a common housing in which all module components, e.g., converter 202, buffer 204, and source 206, are stored along with other optional components such as an integrated LCD 114. In other embodiments, the various components can be separated in separate housings that are fastened together. FIG. 2C is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a module 108 having a first housing 220 that holds the module's energy source 206 and associated electronics such as monitor circuitry, a second housing 222 that holds the module electronics such as converter 202, energy buffer 204, and other associated electronics such as monitor circuitry, and a third housing 224 that holds the LCD 114 (not shown) for the module 108. In an alternative embodiment, the module electronics and LCD 114 can be stored in the same single housing. In yet other embodiments, the module electronics, LCD 114, and energy source can be stored in the same single housing for the module 108. Electrical connections between the various module components may run through the housings 220 , 222 , 224 and may be exposed either on the housing exterior for connection with other devices, such as other modules 108 or MCD 112 .

[0083] The modules 108 of the system 100 can be physically arranged in various configurations relative to each other depending on the needs of the application and the number of loads. For example, in a stationary application where the system 100 provides power for a microgrid, the modules 108 can be installed in one or more racks or other framework structures. Such configurations may also be suitable for larger mobile applications such as marine vessels. Alternatively, the modules 108 can be fastened together and arranged in a common housing called a pack. The rack or pack may have its own dedicated cooling system shared across all modules. The pack configuration is useful for smaller mobile applications such as electric vehicles. The system 100 can be implemented with one or more racks (e.g., for parallel feeding into a microgrid), or one or more packs (e.g., feeding different motors of a vehicle), or a combination thereof. FIG. 2D is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the system 100 in which nine modules 108 are configured as a pack electrically and physically coupled together in a common housing 230.

[0084] Examples of these and further configurations are described in International Application No. PCT / US20 / 25366, filed March 27, 2020, and entitled “Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0085] 3A-3C are block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a module 108 having various electrical configurations. These embodiments are described as having one LCD 114 / module 108, with the LCD 114 housed within an associated module, but may be otherwise configured as described herein. FIG. 3A depicts a first example configuration of a module 108A within a system 100. The module 108A includes an energy source 206, an energy buffer 204, and a converter 202A. Each component has a power connection port (e.g., terminal, connector) through which power may be input and / or from which power may be output, referred to herein as an IO port. Such ports may also be referred to as input or output ports, depending on the context.

[0086] The energy source 206 can be configured as any of the energy source types described herein (e.g., a battery, HED capacitor, fuel cell, or other, as described with respect to FIGS. 4A-4D ). Ports IO1 and IO2 of the energy source 206 can be connected to ports IO1 and IO2 of the energy buffer 204, respectively. The energy buffer 204 can be configured to buffer or filter high and low frequency energy pulsations arriving at the buffer 204 through the converter 202, which may otherwise degrade the performance of the module 108. The topology and components for the buffer 204 are selected to accommodate the maximum allowable amplitude of these high frequency voltage pulsations. Several (non-exhaustive) exemplary embodiments of the energy buffer 204 are depicted in the schematic diagrams of FIGS. 5A-5C . In FIG. 5A , the buffer 204 is configured to filter electrolytic and / or film capacitors C EBであり、 In FIG. 5B, the buffer 204 includes two inductors L EB1 and L EB2 and two electrolytic and / or film capacitors C EB1 and C EB25C, the buffer 204 is formed by two inductors L EB1 and L EB2 and two electrolytic and / or film capacitors C EB1 and C EB2 and diode D EB and a quasi-Z-source network 720 formed by

[0087] The ports IO3 and IO4 of the energy buffer 204 can be connected to the ports IO1 and IO2 of the converter 202A, respectively, which can be configured as any of the power converter types described herein. FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of the converter 202A configured as a DC-AC converter that can receive DC voltages at ports IO1 and IO2 and switch to generate pulses at ports IO3 and IO4. The converter 202A can include multiple switches, where the converter 202A includes four switches S3, S4, S5, S6 arranged in a full-bridge configuration. The control system 102 or the LCD 114 can control each switch independently via the control input line 118-3 to each gate.

[0088] The switches can be any suitable switch type, such as power semiconductors, such as metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or gallium nitride (GaN) transistors, as shown here. The semiconductor switches can operate at a relatively high switching frequency, thereby allowing the converter 202 to be operated in a pulse width modulation (PWM) mode, if desired, and to respond to control commands within a relatively short time interval. This can provide high tolerance and fast dynamic behavior of the output voltage regulation in transient mode.

[0089] In this embodiment, the DC line voltage V DCLcan be applied to the converter 202 between ports IO1 and IO2. Different combinations of switches S3, S4, S5, and S6 allow DCL By connecting the GND to ports IO3 and IO4, the converter 202 can provide three different voltage outputs: +V DCL , 0, and -V DCL can be generated on ports IO3 and IO4. The switch signal provided to each switch controls whether the switch is turned on (closed) or off (open). DCL To obtain -V, switches S3 and S6 are turned on while S4 and S5 are turned off. DCL can be obtained by turning on switches S4 and S5 and turning off S3 and S6. The output voltage can be set to zero (including near zero) or a reference voltage by turning on S3 and S5 with S4 and S6 turned off, or by turning on S4 and S6 with S3 and S5 turned off. These voltages can be output from the module 108 via the power connection 110. Ports IO3 and IO4 of the converter 202 can be connected to (or from) module IO ports 1 and 2 of the power connection 110 to generate output voltages for use with output voltages from other modules 108.

[0090] The control or switch signals for the embodiments of converter 202 described herein can be generated in different ways depending on the control technique utilized by system 100 to generate the output voltage of converter 202. In some embodiments, the control technique is a PWM technique, such as Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) or Sine Wave Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) or variations thereof. FIG. 8A is a voltage versus time graph depicting an example of an output voltage waveform 802 of converter 202. For ease of explanation, the embodiments herein will be described in the context of a PWM control technique, although the embodiments are not limited thereto. Other classes of techniques can be used. One alternative class is based on hysteresis, examples of which are described in International Publication Nos. WO2018 / 231810A1, WO2018 / 232403A1, and WO2019 / 183553A1 (incorporated herein by reference for all purposes).

[0091] Each module 108 can be configured with multiple energy sources 206 (e.g., two, three, four, or more). Each energy source 206 of a module 108 can be controllable (switchable) to supply power to the connection 110 (or receive power from a charging source) independently of the other sources 206 of the module. For example, all sources 206 can output power to the connection 110 (or be charged) at the same time, or only one (or a portion) of the sources 206 can supply power (or be charged) at any one time. In some embodiments, the sources 206 of a module can exchange energy between themselves, e.g., one source 206 can charge another source 206. Each of the sources 206 can be configured as any energy source described herein (e.g., a battery, a HED capacitor, a fuel cell). Each of the sources 206 can be of the same class (e.g., each can be a battery, each can be a HED capacitor, or each can be a fuel cell) or of different classes (e.g., the first source can be a battery and the second source can be a HED capacitor or a fuel cell, or the first source can be a HED capacitor and the second source can be a fuel cell).

[0092] 3B is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module 108B in a dual energy source configuration with a primary energy source 206A and a secondary energy source 206B. Ports IO1 and IO2 of the primary source 202A can be connected to ports IO1 and IO2 of the energy buffer 204. Module 108B includes a converter 202B with an additional IO port. Ports IO3 and IO4 of the buffer 204 can be connected to ports IO1 and IO2 of the converter 202B, respectively. Ports IO1 and IO2 of the secondary source 206B can be connected to ports IO5 and IO2 of the converter 202B, respectively (and also connected to port IO4 of the buffer 204).

[0093] In this exemplary embodiment of module 108B, the primary energy source 202A, along with the other modules 108 of the system 100, supplies the average power required by the load. The secondary source 202B can function to supplement the energy source 202 by providing additional power at load power peaks, absorbing excess power, or otherwise.

[0094] As mentioned, both the primary source 206A and the secondary source 206B can be utilized simultaneously or at separate times depending on the switch state of the converter 202B. If simultaneously, the electrolytic and / or film capacitors (C ES ) can be placed in parallel with source 206B and act as an energy buffer for source 206B, as depicted in FIG. 4E, or energy source 206B can be configured to utilize a HED capacitor in parallel with another energy source (e.g., a battery or fuel cell), as depicted in FIG. 4F.

[0095] 6B and 6C are schematic diagrams depicting exemplary embodiments of converters 202B and 202C, respectively. Converter 202B includes switch network portions 601 and 602A. Portion 601 is configured as a full bridge in a similar manner to converter 202A and includes switches S3-S6 configured to selectively couple IO1 and IO2 to either IO3 and IO4, thereby varying the output voltage of module 108B. Portion 602A is configured as a half bridge and includes switches S1 and S2 coupled between ports IO1 and IO2. A coupled inductor L CHowever, the switch portion 602A is connected between the port IO5 and a node 1 that exists between the switches S1 and S2 such that the switch portion 602A is a bidirectional converter that can regulate (boost or buck) voltage (or conversely, current). The switch portion 602A can generate two different voltages at the node 1, +VDCL2 and 0, referenced to the port IO2, which can be effectively a zero potential. The current drawn from or input to the energy source 202B is regulated by the coupled inductor L, for example, using a pulse width modulation technique or a hysteretic control method to commutate the switches S1 and S2. C The voltage at the output of the power supply can be controlled by adjusting the voltage on the power supply. Other techniques can also be used.

[0096] Converter 202C differs from that of 202B in that switch portion 602B includes switches S1 and S2 configured as a half bridge and coupled between ports IO5 and IO2. C However, switch portion 602B is connected between port IO1 and a node 1 that exists between switches S1 and S2 such that the switch portion 602B is configured to regulate the voltage.

[0097] The control system 102 or the LCD 114 can independently control each switch of the converters 202B and 202C via the control input lines 118-3 to each gate. In these embodiments and that of FIG. 6A, the LCD 114 (rather than the MCD 112) generates the switching signals for the converter switches. Alternatively, the MCD 112 can also generate the switching signals, which can be communicated directly to the switches or relayed by the LCD 114. In some embodiments, the driver circuitry for generating the switching signals can be present in or associated with the MCD 112 and / or the LCD 114.

[0098] The aforementioned zero voltage configuration for converter 202 (S3 and S5 on with S4 and S6 off, or S4 and S6 on with S3 and S5 off) may also be referred to as a bypass state for a given module. This bypass state may occur if a fault is detected within a given module, or if a system fault is detected that warrants shutting off two or more (or all) modules in an array or system. A fault in a module may be detected by LCD 114, and the control switching signal for converter 202 may be set to go into the bypass state without intervention by MCD 112. Alternatively, fault information regarding a given module may be communicated by LCD 114 to MCD 112, which may then make a decision as to whether to go into the bypass state and, if applicable, may communicate a command to go into the bypass state to LCD 114 associated with the faulty module, at which point LCD 114 may output a switching signal to go into the bypass state.

[0099] In embodiments in which the module 108 includes more than two energy sources 206, the converters 202B and 202C can be scaled accordingly such that each additional energy source 206B is coupled to an additional IO port that leads to an additional switch network portion 602A or 602B, depending on the needs of the particular source. For example, the dual source converter 202 can include both switch portions 202A and 202B.

[0100] A module 108 with multiple energy sources 206 can perform additional functions such as energy sharing between sources 206, energy capture from within the application (e.g., regenerative braking), charging a primary source with a secondary source even while the overall system is in a discharge state, and active filtering of the module output. Active filtering functions can also be performed by a module with a typical electrolytic capacitor instead of a secondary energy source. Examples of these functions are described in more detail in International Application No. PCT / US20 / 25366, filed March 27, 2020, entitled "Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto," and International Publication No. WO2019 / 183553, filed March 22, 2019, entitled "Systems and Methods for Power Management and Control," both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

[0101] Each module 108 can be configured to supply one or more auxiliary loads with its one or more energy sources 206. An auxiliary load is a load that requires a lower voltage than the primary load 101. An example of an auxiliary load can be, for example, an on-board electrical network of an electric vehicle, or an HVAC system of an electric vehicle. A load of the system 100 can be, for example, an electric vehicle motor or one of the phases of an electric power grid. This embodiment can allow for a complete decoupling between the electrical characteristics of the energy source (terminal voltage and current) and the electrical characteristics of the load.

[0102] FIG. 3C is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a module 108C configured to supply power to a first auxiliary load 301 and a second auxiliary load 302, the module 108C including an energy source 206, an energy buffer 204, and a converter 202B coupled together in a manner similar to that of FIG. 3B. The first auxiliary load 301 requires a voltage equal to that provided by the source 206. The load 301 is coupled to IO ports 3 and 4 of the module 108C, which are in turn coupled to ports IO1 and IO2 of the source 206. The source 206 can output power to both the power connection 110 and the load 301. The second auxiliary load 302 requires a constant voltage lower than that of the source 206. The load 302 is coupled to IO ports 5 and 6 of the module 108C, which are coupled to ports IO5 and IO2 of the converter 202B, respectively. Converter 202B includes a coupled inductor L coupled to port IO5 (FIG. 6B). C The energy provided by the source 206 can be delivered to the load 302 through the switch portion 602 of the converter 202B. The load 302 is assumed to have an input capacitor (if not, a capacitor can be added to the module 108C), and therefore the switches S1 and S2 are connected to the coupled inductor L C The voltage at and current through it may be rectified to regulate the voltage above and the current through it, thus producing a stable constant voltage for the load 302. This regulation may reduce the voltage of the source 206 to a lower magnitude voltage than required by the load 302.

[0103] Module 108C can thus be configured to supply one or more first auxiliary loads in the manner described for load 301, with one or more first loads coupled to IO ports 3 and 4. Module 108C can also be configured to supply one or more second auxiliary loads in the manner described for load 302. If there are multiple second auxiliary loads 302, then for each additional load 302, module 108C can be scaled with additional dedicated module output ports (such as 5 and 6), additional dedicated switch portions 602, and additional converter IO ports coupled to the additional portions 602.

[0104] Energy source 206 can thus supply power for any number of auxiliary loads (e.g., 301 and 302) and a corresponding portion of the system output power required by primary load 101. Power flow from source 206 to the various loads can be adjusted as desired.

[0105] The module 108 can be configured to supply the first and / or second auxiliary loads (FIG. 3C) with two or more energy sources 206 (FIG. 3B) as needed, through the addition of a switch portion 602 and converter port IO5 for each additional source 206B or second auxiliary load 302. Additional module IO ports (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6) can be added as needed. The module 108 can also be configured as an interconnect module to exchange energy between two or more arrays, two or more packs, or two or more systems 100 as further described herein (e.g., for balancing). This interconnect functionality can be combined with multiple source and / or multiple auxiliary load supply capabilities as well.

[0106] The control system 102 may perform various functions for the components of the modules 108A, 108B, and 108C. These functions may include managing the utilization (amount of usage) of each energy source 206, protecting the energy buffer 204 from overcurrent, overvoltage, and high temperature conditions, and controlling and protecting the converter 202.

[0107] For example, the LCD 114 may receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from each energy source 206 (or monitor circuitry) to manage (e.g., regulate by increasing, decreasing, or maintaining) utilization of each energy source 206. The monitored voltages may be at least one, and preferably all, of the voltages of each basic component independent of the other components of the source 206 (e.g., each individual battery cell, HED capacitor, and / or fuel cell), or the voltages of the group of basic components as a whole (e.g., the voltages of the battery array, HED capacitor array, and / or fuel cell array). Similarly, the monitored temperatures and currents may be at least one, and preferably all, of the temperatures and currents of each basic component independent of the other components of the source 206, or the temperatures and currents of the group of basic components as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signal may be status information, and the LCD 114 may use the status information to perform one or more of the following: calculate or determine the actual capacity, actual state of charge (SOC), and / or state of health (SOH) of a basic component or group of basic components, set or output a warning or alarm indication based on the monitored and / or calculated status information, and / or transmit the status information to the MCD 112. The LCD 114 may receive control information (e.g., modulation index, synchronization signal) from the MCD 112 and use this control information to generate switch signals for the converter 202 that manage utilization of the source 206.

[0108] To protect the energy buffer 204, the LCD 114 can receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from the energy buffer 204 (or monitor circuitry). The monitored voltages are independent of each basic component (e.g., C EB , C EB1 , C EB2 , L EB1 , L EB2 , D EB ) or the voltage of a group of basic components of buffer 204 as a whole (e.g., between IO1 and IO2 or between IO3 and IO4). Similarly, the monitored temperatures and currents can be at least one, preferably all, of the temperature and current of each basic component of buffer 204 independent of other components, or the temperature and current of a group of basic components or buffer 204 as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signals can be status information, and LCD 114 can use the status information to perform one or more of the following: set or output a warning or alarm indication, communicate the status information to MCD 112, or control converter 202 to adjust (increase or decrease) utilization of source 206 and module 108 as a whole for buffer protection.

[0109] To control and protect the converter 202, the LCD 114 can receive control information (e.g., a modulated reference signal, or a reference signal and a modulation index) from the MCD 112, which can be used in conjunction with PWM techniques in the LCD 114 to generate control signals for each switch (e.g., S1-S6). The LCD 114 can receive a current feedback signal from a current sensor in the converter 202, which can be used for overcurrent protection along with one or more fault status signals from a driver circuit (not shown) of the converter switches that can carry information about the fault status (e.g., short circuit or open circuit failure mode) of all the switches of the converter 202. Based on this data, the LCD 114 can manage the utilization of the module 108 and potentially make decisions regarding the combination of switching signals to be applied to bypass the converter 202 (and the entire module 108) or to disconnect it from the system 100.

[0110] When controlling module 108C supplying a second auxiliary load 302, LCD 114 displays one or more monitored voltages (e.g., the voltage between IO ports 5 and 6) and one or more monitored currents (e.g., the current of the load 302, the coupled inductor L C Based on these signals, the LCD 114 can adjust the switching cycles of S1 and S2 to control (and stabilize) the voltage to the load 302 (e.g., by adjusting the modulation index or the reference waveform). (Example of cascaded energy system topology)

[0111] Two or more modules 108 can be coupled together in a cascaded array that outputs a voltage signal formed by the superposition of separate voltages generated by each module 108 in the array. FIG. 7A is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a topology for the system 100, where N modules 108-1, 108-2, . . . 108-N are coupled together in series to form a series array 700. In this embodiment and all embodiments described herein, N can be any integer greater than or equal to 2. The array 700 includes a first system IO port SIO1 and a second system IO port SIO2 across which an array output voltage is generated. The array 700 can be used as a DC or single-phase AC energy source for DC or AC single-phase loads that may be connected to SIO1 and SIO2 of the array 700. FIG. 8A is a voltage versus time plot depicting an exemplary output signal produced by a single module 108 with a 48 volt energy source. FIG. 8B is a voltage versus time plot depicting an exemplary single-phase AC output signal generated by an array 700 having six 48V modules 108 coupled in series.

[0112] System 100 can be arranged in a wide variety of different topologies to meet the changing needs of an application. System 100 can provide multi-phase power (e.g., 2-phase, 3-phase, 4-phase, 5-phase, 6-phase, etc.) to a load through the use of multiple arrays 700, with each array capable of generating an AC output signal having a different phase angle.

[0113] FIG. 7B is a block diagram depicting a system 100 with two arrays 700-PA and 700-PB coupled together. Each array 700 is one-dimensional and formed by a series connection of N modules 108. Each of the two arrays 700-PA and 700-PB can generate a single-phase AC signal, with the two AC signals having different phase angles PA and PB (e.g., 180 degrees apart). The IO port 1 of the module 108-1 of each array 700-PA and 700-PB can form or be connected to system IO ports SIO1 and SIO2, respectively, which can then serve as the first output of each array that can provide two-phase power to a load (not shown). Or alternatively, the ports SIO1 and SIO2 can be connected to provide single-phase power from the two parallel arrays. IO port 2 of module 108-N of each array 700-PA and 700-PB, at the opposite end of the array to system IO ports SIO1 and SIO2, can serve as a second output for each array 700-PA and 700-PB, and can be tied together at a common node, which can be used, optionally, as desired, for an additional system IO port SIO3, which can serve as neutral. This common node can be referred to as a rail, and IO port 2 of module 108-N of each array 700 can be referred to as being on the rail side of the array.

[0114] 7C is a block diagram depicting a system 100 with three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC coupled together. Each array 700 is one-dimensional and formed by a series connection of N modules 108. Each of the three arrays 700-1 and 700-2 can generate a single-phase AC signal, with the three AC signals having different phase angles PA, PB, PC (e.g., 120 degrees apart). IO port 1 of module 108-1 of each array 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC can form or be connected to system IO ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, respectively, which can then provide three-phase power to a load (not shown). The IO ports 2 of modules 108-N of each array 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC can be coupled together at a common node, which can optionally be used, as desired, for an additional system IO port SIO4, which can act as neutral.

[0115] 7B and 7C can be extended to systems 100 that generate power in even more phases. For example, a non-exhaustive list of additional examples includes a system 100 with four arrays 700, each configured to generate a single-phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 90 degrees apart), a system 100 with five arrays 700, each configured to generate a single-phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 72 degrees apart), and a system 100 with six arrays 700, each configured to generate a single-phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 60 degrees apart).

[0116] The system 100 can be configured such that the arrays 700 are interconnected at electrical nodes between the modules 108 in each array. Figure 7D is a block diagram depicting the system 100 with three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. Each array 700 includes a first series connection of M (M is 2 or more) modules 108 coupled with a second series connection of N (N is 2 or more) modules 108. The delta configuration is formed by the interconnections between the arrays, which can be placed in any desired location. In this embodiment, IO port 2 of module 108-(M+N) of array 700-PC is coupled to IO port 2 of module 108-M and IO port 1 of module 108-(M+1) of array 700-PA, IO port 2 of module 108-(M+N) of array 700-PB is coupled to IO port 2 of module 108-M and IO port 1 of module 108-(M+1) of array 700-PC, and IO port 2 of module 108-(M+N) of array 700-PA is coupled to IO port 2 of module 108-M and IO port 1 of module 108-(M+1) of array 700-PB.

[0117] FIG. 7E is a block diagram depicting system 100 with three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. This embodiment is similar to that of FIG. 7D, but with a different cross-connection. In this embodiment, IO port 2 of module 108-M of array 700-PC is coupled to IO port 1 of module 108-1 of array 700-PA, IO port 2 of module 108-M of array 700-PB is coupled to IO port 1 of module 108-1 of array 700-PC, and IO port 2 of module 108-M of array 700-PA is coupled to IO port 1 of module 108-1 of array 700-PB. The arrangements of FIGS. 7D and 7E can be implemented with as few as two modules in each array 700. The combined delta and series configuration allows for an effective exchange of energy between all modules 108 of the system and the phases of the power grid or load (phase-to-phase balance), reducing the total number of modules 108 in the array 700 and also allowing for obtaining the desired output voltage.

[0118] In the embodiments described herein, it is advantageous for the number of modules 108 to be the same for each array 700 in the system 100, although that is not required and different arrays 700 can have different numbers of modules 108. Furthermore, each array 700 can have modules 108 that are all of the same configuration (e.g., all modules are 108A, all modules are 108B, all modules are 108C, etc.) or different configurations (e.g., one or more modules are 108A, one or more modules are 108B, one or more modules are 108C, etc.). Thus, the range of topologies of the system 100 encompassed herein is broad. (Control methodology example)

[0119] As mentioned, the control of the system 100 can be implemented according to various methodologies, such as hysteresis or PWM. Some examples of PWM include space vector modulation and sinusoidal pulse width modulation, where the switching signals for the converters 202 are generated using a phase shifted carrier technique that simultaneously rotates the utilization of each module 108 and distributes the power equally between them.

[0120] 8C-8F are plots depicting an exemplary embodiment of a phase-shifted PWM control methodology that can generate multi-level output PWM waveforms using gradually shifted two-level waveforms. An X-level PWM waveform can be generated by the sum of (X-1) / 2 two-level PWM waveforms. These two-level waveforms can be generated by comparing a reference waveform Vref to a carrier wave that is gradually shifted by 360° / (X-1). The carrier wave is triangular, but the embodiment is not limited thereto. A nine-level example is shown in FIG. 8C (using four modules 108). The carrier wave is gradually shifted by 360° / (9-1)=45° and compared to Vref. The resulting two-level PWM waveform is shown in FIG. 8E. These two-level waveforms can be used as switching signals for the semiconductor switches (e.g., S1-S6) of the converter 202. 8E, for a one-dimensional array 700 including four modules 108 each with a converter 202, the 0° signal is for the control of S3 of the first module 108-1, the 180° signal is for the control of S6 of it, the 45° signal is for the control of S3 of the second module 108-2, the 225° signal is for the control of S6 of it, the 90° signal is for the control of S3 of the third module 108-3, the 270° signal is for the control of S6 of it, the 135° signal is for the control of S3 of the fourth module 108-4, and the 315° signal is for the control of S6 of it. The signal for S3 is complementary to S4 and the signal for S5 is complementary to S6, with sufficient dead time to avoid shoot-through of each half-bridge. FIG. 8F depicts an exemplary single-phase AC waveform produced by the superposition (sum) of the output voltages from four modules 108.

[0121] An alternative is to utilize both positive and negative reference signals along with the first (N-1) / 2 carriers. A nine-level example is shown in FIG. 8D. In this example, a 0°-135° switching signal (FIG. 8E) is generated by comparing +Vref with the 0°-135° carrier of FIG. 8D, and a 180°-315° switching signal is generated by comparing -Vref with the 0°-135° carrier of FIG. 8D. However, the logic of the comparison in the latter case is reversed. Other techniques, such as state machine decoders, may also be used to generate the gate signals for the switches of the converter 202.

[0122] In a multi-phase system embodiment, the same carrier can be used for each phase, or the set of carriers can be shifted as a whole for each phase. For example, in a three-phase system with a single reference voltage (Vref), each array 700 can use the same number of carriers with the same relative offsets as shown in Figures 8C and 8D, but the carrier of the second phase is shifted 120 degrees compared to the carrier of the first phase, and the carrier of the third phase is shifted 240 degrees compared to the carrier of the first phase. If different reference voltages are available for each phase, the phase information can be carried within the reference voltage and the same carrier can be used for each phase. In many cases, the carrier frequency will be fixed, but in some exemplary embodiments, the carrier frequency can be adjusted, which can help reduce losses in the EV motor under high current conditions.

[0123] An appropriate switching signal can be provided to each module by the control system 102. For example, the MCD 112 can provide Vref and an appropriate carrier signal to each LCD 114, depending on which module or modules 108 the LCD 114 controls, and the LCD 114 can then generate the switching signal. Or, all LCDs 114 in the array can provide all carrier signals, and the LCD can select the appropriate carrier signal.

[0124] The relative utilization of each module 108 can be adjusted based on the status information to perform one or more parameter balancing, as described herein. Parameter balancing can involve adjusting utilization to minimize parameter divergence over time, as compared to a system in which individual module utilization adjustments are not performed. Utilization can be the relative amount of time a module 108 is discharging when the system 100 is in a discharging state, or the relative amount of time a module 108 is charging when the system 100 is in a charging state.

[0125] As described herein, modules 108 can be balanced relative to other modules in an array 700, which may be referred to as intra-array or intra-phase balancing, and different arrays 700 can also be balanced relative to each other, which may be referred to as inter-array or inter-phase balancing. Arrays 700 of different subsystems can also be balanced relative to each other. The control system 102 can simultaneously perform any combination of intra-phase balancing, inter-phase balancing, utilization of multiple energy sources within a module, active filtering, and auxiliary load supply.

[0126] FIG. 9A is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of an array controller 900 of a control system 102 for a single-phase AC or DC array. The array controller 900 can include a peak detector 902, a divider 904, and an intra-phase (or intra-array) balance controller 906. The array controller 900 can receive as inputs a reference voltage waveform (Vr) and status information (e.g., state of charge (SOCi), temperature (Ti), capacity (Qi), and voltage (Vi)) for each of the N modules 108 in the array and generate as outputs a normalized reference voltage waveform (Vrn) and a modulation index (Mi). The peak detector 902 detects the peak (Vpk) of Vr, where Vpk can be specific to the phase in which the controller 900 is operating and / or balancing. The divider 904 generates Vrn by dividing Vr by the detected Vpk. The intra-phase balance controller 906 uses Vpk along with status information (eg, SOCi, Ti, Qi, Vi, etc.) to generate a modulation index Mi for each module 108 in the array 700 being controlled.

[0127] The modulation index and Vrn can be used to generate a switching signal for each converter 202. The modulation index can be a number between zero and one (including zero and one). For a particular module 108, a normalized reference Vrn can be modulated or scaled by Mi, and this modulated reference signal (Vrnm) can be used as Vref (or -Vref) according to the PWM technique described with respect to Figures 8C-8F, or according to other techniques. In this manner, the modulation index can be used to control the PWM switching signals provided to the converter switching circuitry (e.g., S3-S6 or S1-S6), and thus regulate the operation of each module 108. For example, a module 108 controlled to maintain normal or full operation may receive a Mi of one, while a module 108 controlled to operate less than normal or full may receive a Mi of less than one, and a module 108 controlled to cease power output may receive a Mi of zero. This operation can be performed in various ways by the control system 102, such as by the MCD 112 outputting Vrn and Mi to the appropriate LCD 114 for modulation and switch signal generation, by the MCD 112 performing the modulation and outputting the modulated Vrnm to the appropriate LCD 114 for switch signal generation, or by the MCD 112 performing the modulation and switch signal generation and outputting the switch signal directly to the LCD or converter 202 of each module 108. Vrn can be transmitted concurrently with Mi, which is transmitted at regular intervals, such as once per period of Vrn or once per minute.

[0128] The controller 906 can generate Mi for each module 108 using status information of any type or combination of types described herein (e.g., SOC, temperature (T), Q, SOH, voltage, current). For example, when using SOC and T, a module 108 can have a relatively high Mi if the SOC is relatively high and the temperature is relatively low compared to other modules 108 in the array 700. If either of the SOCs is relatively low or T is relatively high, that module 108 can have a relatively low Mi resulting in less utilization than other modules 108 in the array 700. The controller 906 can determine Mi such that the sum of the module voltages does not exceed Vpk. For example, Vpk is the sum of the products of the voltages of the sources 206 of each module and Mi for that module (e.g., Vpk=M1V1+M2V2+M3V3···+M N V N etc.) Different combinations of modulation indexes, and therefore respective voltage contributions by the modules, may be used, but the total generated voltage should remain the same.

[0129] The controller 900 can control the operation so that the SOC of the energy sources in each module 108 remains balanced or, if unbalanced, converges to a balanced condition, and / or the temperature of the energy sources or other components (e.g., energy buffers) in each module remains balanced or, if unbalanced, converges to a balanced condition, so long as it does not prevent the system from achieving its power output requirements at any time (e.g., during maximum acceleration of the EV, etc.). Power flows in and out of the modules can be adjusted so that capacitance differences between sources do not cause SOC deviations. SOC and temperature balancing can indirectly cause some balancing of SOH. Voltage and current can be balanced directly if desired, but in many embodiments the primary goal of the system is to balance SOC and temperature, and SOC balancing can lead to voltage and current balancing in a highly symmetrical system where modules are of similar capacity and impedance.

[0130] Since balancing all parameters may not be possible at the same time (e.g., balancing one parameter may further unbalance another), a combination of balancing any two or more parameters (SOC, T, Q, SOH, V, I) may be applied with priority given to one or the other depending on the requirements of the application. Priority in balancing may be given to SOC over the other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I), with exceptions being allowed if one of the other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I) reaches a critical unbalance condition outside the threshold.

[0131] Balancing between arrays 700 of different phases (or arrays of the same phase, e.g., if parallel arrays are used) can be performed simultaneously with intra-phase balancing. FIG. 9B depicts an exemplary embodiment of an Ω-phase (or Ω-array) controller 950 configured for operation in an Ω-phase system 100 having at least Ω arrays 700, where Ω is any integer equal to or greater than 1. The controller 950 can include one inter-phase (or inter-array) controller 910, and Ω intra-phase balance controllers 906-PA···906-PΩ for phases PA-PΩ, and peak detectors 902 and dividers 904 ( FIG. 9A ) for generating normalized references VrnPA-VrnPΩ from each phase-specific reference VrPA-VrPΩ. The intra-phase controller 906 can generate Mi for each module 108 of each array 700, as described with respect to FIG. 9A . The phase balance controller 910 is configured or programmed to balance the sides of the modules 108 across the entire multi-dimensional system, for example, between arrays of different phases. This may be accomplished through introducing a common mode into the phases (e.g., neutral point shifting), or through the use of interconnection modules (described herein), or both. Common mode introduction involves introducing phase and amplitude shifts into the reference signals VrPA-VrPΩ to generate normalized waveforms VrnPA-VrnPΩ to compensate for imbalances in one or more arrays, and is further described in International Application No. PCT / US20 / 25366, which is incorporated herein.

[0132] The controllers 900 and 950 (and balance controllers 906 and 910) can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof within the control system 102. The controllers 900 and 950 can be implemented within the MCD 112, distributed partially or completely among the LCD 114, or implemented as separate controllers independent of the MCD 112 and the LCD 114. (Interconnect (IC) module example)

[0133] A module 108 can be connected between modules of different arrays 700 to exchange energy between the arrays, to act as a source for auxiliary loads, or both. Such a module is referred to herein as an interconnect (IC) module 108IC. The IC module 108IC can be implemented in any of the module configurations already described (108A, 108B, 108C) and others to be described herein. The IC module 108IC can include any number of one or more energy sources, an optional energy buffer, switch circuitry for supplying energy to one or more arrays and / or power to one or more auxiliary loads, control circuitry (e.g., local control devices), and monitor circuitry for collecting status information about the IC module itself or its various loads (e.g., SOC of the energy source, temperature of the energy source or energy buffer, capacity of the energy source, SOH of the energy source, voltage and / or current measurements for the IC module, voltage and / or current measurements for the auxiliary loads, etc.).

[0134] 10A is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a system 100 capable of producing Ω-phase power using Ω arrays 700-PA through 700-PΩ, where Ω can be any integer equal to or greater than 1. In this and other embodiments, IC module 108IC can be positioned on the rail side of array 700 such that the array 700 to which module 108IC is connected (in this embodiment, arrays 700-PA through 700-PΩ) is electrically connected between module 108IC and the output to the load (e.g., SIO1 through SIOΩ). Here, module 108IC has Ω IO ports for connection to IO port 2 of each module 108-N of arrays 700-PA through 700-PΩ. In the configuration depicted here, module 108IC can perform phase balancing by selectively connecting one or more energy sources of module 108IC to one or more of arrays 700-PA through 700-PΩ (or to no outputs, or equally to all outputs, if phase balancing is not required). System 100 can be controlled by control system 102 (not shown, see FIG. 1A).

[0135] FIG. 10B is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the module 108IC. In this embodiment, the module 108IC includes an energy source 206 connected to an energy buffer 204, which in turn is connected to a switch network 603. The switch network 603 can include switch network units 604-PA to 604-PΩ to connect the energy source 206 to each of the arrays 700-PA to 700-PΩ, respectively and independently. Various switch configurations can be used for each unit 604, which in this embodiment are configured as half-bridges with two semiconductor switches S7 and S8. Each half-bridge is controlled by a control line 118-3 from the LCD 114. This configuration is similar to the module 108A described with respect to FIG. 3A. As described with respect to the converter 202, the switch network 603 can be configured with any switch type (e.g., MOSFET, IGBT, silicon, GaN, etc.) in any arrangement suitable for the requirements of the application.

[0136] The switch circuitry unit 604 is coupled between the positive and negative terminals of the energy source 206, and the switch circuitry unit 604 has an output connected to an IO port of the module 108 IC. The units 604-PA through 604-PΩ are coupled by the control system 102 to a voltage +V IC or -V ICto their respective module I / O ports 1-Ω. The control system 102 can control the switch circuitry 603 according to any desired control technique, including the PWM and hysteresis techniques described herein. Here, the control circuitry 102 is implemented as an LCD 114 and an MCD 112 (not shown). The LCD 114 can receive monitoring data or status information from the monitor circuitry of the module 108 IC. This monitoring data and / or other status information derived from this monitoring data can be output to the MCD 112 for use in system control as described herein. The LCD 114 can also receive timing information (not shown) for purposes of synchronization of the modules 108 of the system 100 and one or more carrier signals (not shown), such as sawtooth signals (FIGS. 8C-8D) used in PWM.

[0137] Because of phase balance, proportionally more energy from source 206 can be delivered to any one or more of arrays 700-PA through 700-PΩ that are in a relatively low state of charge compared to the other arrays 700. This complementary delivery of energy to a particular array 700 allows the energy output of those cascaded modules 108-1 through 108-N within that array 700 to be reduced relative to the undelivered phase arrays.

[0138] For example, in some exemplary embodiments applying PWM, the LCD 114 can be configured to receive (from the MCD 112) a normalized voltage reference signal (Vrn) (e.g., VrnPA-VrnPΩ) for each of the one or more arrays 700 to which its module 108 IC is coupled. The LCD 114 can also receive modulation indices MiPA-MiPΩ for the switch units 604-PA-604-PΩ, respectively, from the MCD 112 for each array 700. The LCD 114 can modulate (e.g., multiply) each respective Vrn with a modulation index (e.g., VrnA is multiplied by MiA) for the switch sections directly coupled to its array, and then generate a control signal for each switch unit 604 utilizing a carrier signal. In other embodiments, the MCD 112 can perform the modulation and output a modulated voltage reference waveform for each unit 604 directly to the LCD 114 of the module 108 IC. In yet other embodiments, all processing and modulation may occur by a single control entity, which may output control signals directly to each unit 604 .

[0139] This switching can be modulated such that power from the energy source 206 is supplied at appropriate intervals and durations to the array 700. Such a methodology can be implemented in a variety of ways.

[0140] Based on collected status information about the system 100, such as the current capacity (Q) and SOC of each energy source in each array, the MCD 112 can determine a total charge for each array 700 (e.g., the total charge for an array can be determined as the sum of the capacity times the SOC for each module of that array). The MCD 112 can determine whether a balanced or unbalanced condition exists (e.g., through the use of relative difference thresholds and other metrics described herein) and generate modulation indices MiPA through MiPΩ for each switch unit 604-PA through 604-PΩ, as appropriate.

[0141] During balanced operation, Mi for each switch unit 604 can be set to a value that causes the same or similar amount of net energy to be provided by the energy source 206 and / or energy buffer 204 to each array 700 over time. For example, Mi for each switch unit 604 can be the same or similar and can be set to a level or value that causes the module 108IC to perform a net or time-averaged discharge of energy into one or more arrays 700-PA to 700-PΩ during balanced operation, such that the module 108IC drains at the same rate as other modules 108 in the system 100. In some embodiments, Mi for each unit 604 can be set to a level or value that causes no net or time-averaged discharge of energy (causing a net energy discharge of zero) during balanced operation. This can be useful if the module 108IC has a lower total charge than other modules in the system.

[0142] If an unbalanced condition occurs between arrays 700, the modulation index of the system 100 can be adjusted to induce convergence toward a balanced condition or to minimize further divergence. For example, the control system 102 can cause a module 108IC to discharge more into the array 700 with a lower charge than the others, and cause modules 108-1 to 108-N of that lower array 700 to discharge relatively less (e.g., on a time-averaged basis). The relative net energy contributed by the module 108IC compared to the modules 108-1 to 108-N of the supported array 700 increases, and also increases compared to the amount of net energy that the module 108IC contributes to other arrays. This can be accomplished by increasing Mi for the switch unit 604 feeding that low array 700, and by decreasing the modulation indexes of the modules 108-1 through 108-N of the low array 700 in a manner that maintains Vout for that low array at an appropriate or required level and keeps the modulation indexes for the other switch units 604 feeding other higher arrays relatively unchanged (or reduces them).

[0143] 10A-10B can be used alone to provide interphase or interarray balancing for a single system, or can be used in combination with one or more other modules 108IC, each having an energy source and one or more switch sections 604 coupled to one or more arrays. For example, a module 108IC with Ω switch sections 604 coupled to Ω different arrays 700 can be combined with a second module 108IC having one switch section 604 coupled to one array 700, such that the two modules are combined to power a system 100 having Ω+1 arrays 700. Any number of modules 108IC can be combined in this manner, each coupled to one or more arrays 700 of the system 100.

[0144] Furthermore, the IC module can be configured to exchange energy between two or more subsystems of the system 100. FIG. 10C is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of the system 100 with a first subsystem 1000-1 and a second subsystem 1000-2 interconnected by an IC module. Specifically, the subsystem 1000-1 is configured to supply three-phase power PA, PB, and PC to a first load (not shown) using system I / O ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, while the subsystem 1000-2 is configured to supply three-phase power PD, PE, and PF to a second load (not shown) using system I / O ports SIO4, SIO5, and SIO06. For example, the subsystems 1000-1 and 1000-2 can be configured as different packs supplying power for different motors of an EV, or as different racks supplying power for different micro-grids.

[0145] In this embodiment, each module 108IC is coupled to the first array of the subsystem 1000-1 (via IO port 1) and the first array of the subsystem 1000-2 (via IO port 2), and each module 108IC can be electrically connected to the other modules 108IC using I / O ports 3 and 4 coupled to the energy source 206 of each module 108IC as described with respect to the module 108C in FIG. 3C. This connection places the sources 206 of the modules 108IC-1, 108IC-2, and 108IC-3 in parallel, and thus the energy stored and supplied by the modules 108IC is pooled together by this parallel arrangement. Other arrangements, such as a serial connection, can also be used. The modules 108IC are housed in a common enclosure of the subsystem 1000-1, however, the interconnection module is external to the common enclosure and can be physically placed as an independent entity between the common enclosures of both subsystems 1000.

[0146] Each module 108IC has a switch unit 604-1 coupled to IO port 1 and a switch unit 604-2 coupled to I / O port 2, as described with respect to FIG. 10B. Thus, for balancing between subsystems 1000 (e.g., pack-to-pack or rack-to-rack balancing), a particular module 108IC can supply relatively more energy to one or both of the two arrays to which it is connected (e.g., module 108IC-1 can supply array 700-PA and / or array 700-PD). The control circuitry can monitor the relative parameters (e.g., SOC and temperature) of the arrays of the different subsystems and adjust the energy output of the IC modules to compensate for imbalances between arrays or phases of the different subsystems in the same manner as the compensation for imbalances between two arrays of the same rack or pack described herein. Because all three modules 108IC are in parallel, energy can be efficiently exchanged between any array of the system 100. In this embodiment, each module 108 IC supplies two arrays 700, although other configurations can be used, including a single IC module for all arrays in the system 100 and a configuration with one dedicated IC module per array 700 (e.g., six IC modules for six arrays, each IC module having one switch unit 604). In any case, with multiple IC modules, energy sources can be coupled together in parallel to share energy as described herein.

[0147] In systems with IC modules between the phases, phase-to-phase balancing can also be performed by neutral point shifting (or common mode injection), as described above. Such a combination allows for more robust and flexible balancing under a wider range of operating conditions. The system 100 can determine the appropriate circumstances under which to perform phase-to-phase balancing using only neutral point shifting, only phase-to-phase energy injection, or a combination of both simultaneously.

[0148] The IC modules can be configured to supply power to one or more auxiliary loads 301 (at the same voltage as source 206) and / or one or more auxiliary loads 302 (at a stepped-down voltage from source 302). FIG. 10D is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a three-phase system 100A with two modules 108IC connected to perform phase-to-phase balancing and supply auxiliary loads 301 and 302. FIG. 10E is a schematic depicting this example embodiment of system 100 with emphasis on modules 108IC-1 and 108IC-2. Here, control circuitry 102 is again implemented as an LCD 114 and MCD 112 (not shown). LCD 114 can receive monitoring data (e.g., SOC of ES1, temperature of ES1, Q of ES1, voltages of auxiliary loads 301 and 302, etc.) from modules 108IC and output this and / or other monitoring data to MCD 112 for use in system control as described herein. Each module 108IC can include a switch portion 602A (or 602B, as described with respect to FIG. 6C) for each load 302 being supplied by that module, and each switch portion 602 can be controlled by the LCD 114, either independently or based on a control input from the MCD 112, to maintain the required voltage level for the load 302. In this embodiment, each module 108IC includes switch portions 602A connected together and supplying one load 302, although that is not required.

[0149] FIG. 10F is a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a three-phase system configured to supply power to one or more auxiliary loads 301 and 302 using modules 108IC-1, 108IC-2, and 108IC-3. In this embodiment, modules 108IC-1 and 108IC-2 are configured in the same manner as described with respect to FIGS. 10D-10E. Module 108IC-3 is configured solely in an auxiliary role and does not actively introduce voltage or current into any array 700 of system 100. In this embodiment, module 108IC-3 can have converters 202B, C (FIGS. 6B-6C) configured like module 108C of FIG. 3B with one or more auxiliary switch portions 602A, but omitting switch portion 601. Accordingly, one or more energy sources 206 of module 108IC-3 are interconnected in parallel with those of modules 108IC-1 and 108IC-2, and thus this embodiment of system 100 is configured with additional energy to supply auxiliary loads 301 and 302 and to maintain charge to source 206A of modules 108IC-1 and 108IC-2 through the parallel connection with source 206 of module 108IC-3.

[0150] The energy source 206 of each IC module can be at the same voltage and capacity as the sources 206 of the other modules 108-1 through 108-N in the system, but that is not required. For example, a relatively high capacity may be desirable in an embodiment in which one module 108 IC applies energy to multiple arrays 700 (FIG. 10A), allowing the IC module to discharge at the same rate as the modules in the phased array itself. If the module 108 IC also supplies an auxiliary load, even more capacity may be desired to allow the IC module to both supply and discharge the auxiliary load at relatively the same rate as the other modules. (Interfacing with renewable energy sources)

[0151] The system 100 can be configured to interface with renewable energy sources, including, but not limited to, photovoltaic (PV) cells and energy harvesting devices such as wind turbines. PV cells convert solar thermal energy into electrical energy and output the electrical energy as a voltage or current that can be used to supply a load or a power grid, or can be stored for later use. PV cells can be arranged and grouped together in many different configurations, such as rigid or flexible panels or modules. Multiple panels or modules can be grouped together into a larger PV array. The PV cells within each panel or module are electrically connected to produce an optimal voltage or current, and the panels or modules can be electrically connected as an array to produce an optimal voltage or current. An arrangement of one or more PV cells, whether as a panel, module, array, or otherwise, will be referred to herein as a PV source 1101. PV sources can be used in a wide variety of applications, primarily as solar arrays located in residential, commercial, industrial, municipal, and dedicated energy collection sites for renewable energy recovery, which can be buffered in stationary energy storage systems and / or fed directly to loads or the grid. PV sources can be installed directly on electric vehicles for storage within the vehicle and / or direct use by the EV motor. Thus, the PV-interface embodiments described herein are applicable in both mobile and stationary applications.

[0152] A wind turbine converts wind energy into electrical energy and outputs the electrical energy as a voltage or current that can be used to supply a load or a power grid, or that can be stored for later use. Wind turbines can also be arranged and grouped together in different configurations. For example, a wind farm can include a group of wind turbines at the same location. The wind turbines within a wind farm can be connected together to produce an optimal voltage or current. An arrangement of one or more wind turbines will be referred to herein as a wind source 1112.

[0153] An exemplary embodiment of a module configuration with an additional DC interface for receiving energy from a PV source 1101 is described. FIG. 11A is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a module 108D configured for use with one or more PV sources 1101. The module 108D can include any number of one or more energy sources 206, such as one or more batteries, one or more high energy density (HED) capacitors, and / or one or more fuel cells 1111. When multiple batteries are included, the batteries can have the same or different electrochemical properties as described herein. Similarly, different types of HED capacitors and fuel cells 1111 can also be used. Each battery can be a single cell or multiple cells connected in series, parallel, or a combination thereof to achieve the desired voltage and current characteristics. As shown in Figure 11A, the module 108D includes a first source 206A and a second source 206B, where the sources can be different types of batteries (e.g., an LTO battery and an LFP battery, etc.), or one can be a battery and the other a HED capacitor, or any other combination as described herein. Alternatively, the module 108D can be composed of only the source 206A in combination with the converter 202A, as described with respect to Figure 3A. Additional energy sources 206 can be added to such a configuration by placing them in parallel or series with the sources 206A and 206B.

[0154] Module 108D includes converter 202B or 202C coupled to energy sources 206A and 206B in a manner similar to that described with respect to module 108B of FIG. 3B. Energy source 206A is coupled to energy buffer 204, which is in turn coupled to isolated DC-DC converter 1100. Module 108D includes I / O ports 7 and 8, which connect to PV source 1101 and receive signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV-, respectively, via line 1102. These signals carry the voltage and current generated by PV source 1101. These signals are input to DC-AC converter 1104 of converter 1100, where they are converted to high frequency AC form and then input to transformer and rectifier section 1106. I / O ports 7 and 8 provide a DC interface for receiving energy from the PV source 1101 .

[0155] The transformer and rectifier section 1106 may include a high frequency transformer and a single phase diode rectifier. The DC voltage on ports 7 and 8 may be lower than the total voltage provided by the PV source 1101 since many such modules 108 may simultaneously receive charge from the PV source 1101. The transformer and rectifier section 1106 may modify the voltage of the AC signal from the converter 1104 and convert the AC signal back to DC form to charge the sources 206A and 206B, if necessary. Section 1106 also provides high voltage isolation to the other components 202, 204, 206 and 114 of the module 108D.

[0156] Unidirectionality can be provided by a diode rectifier, which allows current to be received from the charging source 150 and passed through the buffer 204, but does not allow current to be output the other way. For example, charge can be transferred back to each module 108 (e.g., from the charging source 150) through the power connection 110 and routed to either of the sources 206A and 206B using the converters 202B, C. The presence of the unidirectional DC-DC isolated converter 1200 (diode rectifier) ​​would prevent the recovered energy from passing back through the module 108D, via the line 1102, to the PV source 1101. Ports 1 and 2 and the power connection 110 provide an AC interface to the AC bus that is connected to the load or bus.

[0157] The LCD 114 can monitor the status of the converter 1100, and in particular the converter 1104 and the section 1106, via data connections 118-5 and 118-6, respectively. As with other components of the module 108D, monitor circuitry for the converter 1104 and the section 1106 can be included to measure current, voltage, temperature, faults, etc. These connections 118-5 and 118-6 provide control signals to control the switching of the converter 1104, and can also control any active elements in the section 1106. Isolation of the LCD 114 can be maintained by isolation circuitry (e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors) present on the lines 118-5 and 118-6.

[0158] The LCD 114 can also monitor the status of source 206A, buffer 204, converters 202B, C, and source 206B via data connections 118-1, 118-2, 118-3, and 118-4, respectively. These connections 118-1, 118-2, 118-3, and 118-4 can also provide signals, e.g., control signals, from the LCD 114 to source 206A, buffer 204, converters 202B, C, and source 206B, respectively.

[0159] 11B is a block diagram depicting another exemplary embodiment of module 108D. In this embodiment, module 108D has a DC-DC isolated converter 1110 instead of converter 1100 and also has only one source 206 (although additional sources 206 can be included). Converter 1110 can route current from ports 7 and 8 to energy source 206. Converter 1110 is connected between I / O ports 7 and 8 and buffer 204 and includes a DC-AC converter 1104 connected to a transformer 1114, which is in turn connected to an AC-DC converter 1116. Converter 1104 can convert the DC voltage at ports 7 and 8 to a high frequency AC voltage, which transformer 1114 can modify to a lower voltage if necessary and output the modified AC voltage to AC-DC converter 1116, which can convert the AC signal back to DC form for delivery to source 206A or module ports 1 and 2. Transformer 1114 can also isolate module components 202, 204, 206, 208, and 114 from the high voltage at ports 7 and 8. As with the other components of module 108D, monitor circuitry for converter 1104, transformer 1114, and converter 1116 can be included to measure current, voltage, temperature, faults, etc. The LCD 114 can monitor the status of the converter 1110, and in particular the converter 1104, the transformer 1114 (e.g., monitor circuitry or active components associated therewith), and the converter 1116, via data connections 118-5, 118-7, and 118-8, respectively. These connections 118-5, 118-7, and 118-8 can provide control signals to control the switching of the converter 1104 and / or the converter 1116, and can also control any controllable elements associated with the transformer 1114. Isolation of the LCD 114 can be maintained by isolation circuitry (e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors) present on lines 118-5, 118-7, and 118-8.

[0160] The LCD 114 can also monitor the status of the buffer 204, the source 206, and the converter 202 via data connections 118-1, 118-2, and 118-3, respectively. These connections 118-1, 118-2, and 118-3 can also provide signals, e.g., control signals, from the LCD 114 to the buffer 204, the source 206, and the converter 202, respectively.

[0161] Additionally, for electrochemical battery sources 206, the length of the charging pulses applied to the source 206 by the AC-DC converter 1116 can be maintained to have a certain length, e.g., less than 5 milliseconds, to facilitate the occurrence of electrochemical storage reactions within the battery without the occurrence of significant side reactions that can lead to degradation. The charging methodology can incorporate active feedback from each energy source to ensure that battery degradation, if detected, is mitigated by dropping the voltage or suspending the charging routine for that module, or otherwise. Such pulses can be applied at high C rates (e.g., 5C to 15C or higher) to enable fast charging of the source 206. The duration and frequency of the charging pulses can be controlled by the control system 102. Examples of such techniques that can be used with any of the embodiments described herein are described in International Application No. PCT / US20 / 35437, entitled "Advanced Battery Charging on Modular Levels of Energy Storage Systems," which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0162] FIG. 11C is a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of the module 108D of FIG. 11A. Converter 202B is coupled to secondary source 206B and can be configured like converter 202C (FIG. 6C) in other embodiments. Buffer 204 is here configured as a capacitor. I / O ports 7 and 8 are coupled to LC circuit 1118, which is in turn coupled to converter 1100, specifically DC-AC converter 1104, which is configured as a full-bridge converter with switches S10, S11, S12, and S13. In the embodiments described herein, LC circuit 1118 can be a distributed DC filter that can filter harmonics from DC line 1102, provide a current slowing function, and / or perform other functions as desired. The voltage across the LC circuit 1118 can be controlled for purposes of matching the voltage with the PV source 1101 (e.g., power point tracking control) and / or for balance by adjusting the relative amount of energy received by each module 108D. The full bridge output from nodes N1 and N2 is connected to a primary winding of a transformer 1105 in section 1106. A secondary winding of the transformer 1105 is coupled to nodes N3 and N4 of a diode rectifier in section 1204 having diodes D1-D4. The switches of the converter 1104 can be semiconductor switches configured as MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN devices, or others as described herein. The LCD 114 or another element of the control system 102 can provide switching signals for control of the switches S1-S6 and S10-S13. Along with other functions described herein, converter 202B can be controlled to independently route current from ports 7 and 8 to source 206B for charging, and to I / O ports 1 and 2 for powering a load or the power grid.

[0163] FIG. 11D is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of the module 108D of FIG. 11B. The converter 202B is coupled to a secondary source 206B and, in other embodiments, can be configured like the converter 202C (FIG. 6C). The buffer 204 is configured as a capacitor. The I / O ports 7 and 8 are coupled to an LC circuit 1118, which is in turn coupled to a converter 1110, specifically a DC-AC converter 1104, which is configured as a full-bridge converter with switches S10, S11, S12, and S13. The full-bridge output from nodes N1 and N2 is connected to a primary winding of a transformer 1114. The secondary winding of the transformer 1114 is coupled to nodes N3 and N4 of a second full-bridge circuit configured as an AC-DC converter 1116 with switches S14, S15, S16, and S17. The switches of converter 1110 can be semiconductor switches configured as MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN devices, or others as described herein. The LCD 114 or another element of the control system 102 can provide switching signals for control of switches S3-S6 and S10-S17. Along with other functions described herein, converter 202B can be controlled to independently route current from ports 7 and 8 to source 206 for charging, and to I / O ports 1 and 2 for powering a load or the power grid.

[0164] 11E is a schematic diagram depicting another exemplary embodiment of the module 108D of FIG. 11B, in which the AC-DC converter 1116 is configured as a push-pull converter with a first terminal of a source 206 connected to one side of a dual secondary winding of a transformer 1114 through an inductor L2 and switches S18 and S19 connected between the other side of the dual secondary winding and a common node (e.g., node 4) coupled to the opposite terminal of the source 206. The push-pull configuration requires only two switches and is therefore more cost effective than a full-bridge converter, but the switches have a larger voltage applied across them.

[0165] 11F is a block diagram depicting another exemplary embodiment of module 108D. In this embodiment, module 108D can have one or more transformers disposed between the connection to PV source 1101, power connection 110, and one or more energy sources 206. Here, transformer 1130 can be used to transfer energy from PV source 1101 to one or both of power connection 110 and energy source 206, and can also be used to transfer energy back and forth between power connection 110 and energy source 206. DC-AC converter 1104 is connected between ports 7 and 8 and transformer 1130. First AC-DC converter 1116-1 is connected between transformer 1130 and converter 202A. The AC-DC converter 1116-1 can convert the AC signal from the transformer 1130 to a DC voltage that is provided to the converter 202A, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to the power connection 110 via ports 1 and 2. These elements can also work in reverse, taking an AC signal from the power connection 110 and converting it by the converter 202A to a DC voltage that is provided to the AC-DC converter 1116-1 for conversion to an AC signal that is applied to the transformer 1130. A second AC-DC converter 1116-2 is connected between the transformer 1130 and the energy buffer 204 and the energy source 206. The AC-DC converter 1116-2 can then convert the AC signal from the transformer 1130 to a DC voltage that is provided to the energy buffer 204 and the energy source 206 and charges the energy source 206. Conversely, the DC voltage provided by the energy source 206 and / or the energy buffer 204 can be applied to an AC-DC converter 1116-2, which then converts the DC voltage to an AC voltage that is applied to the transformer 1130.

[0166] Thus, in this and other embodiments described herein, energy provided by the various energy providers 1101, 110, and 206 can be transferred in the form of magnetic flux to the transformer 1130 and selectively removed from the transformer 1130 by the AC-DC converter 1116 for output from the power connection 110 or charging the source 206. Each of the converters 1104, 1116, and 202 can be locally controlled and monitored by the control system 102 (e.g., the LCD 114) as described elsewhere herein, and coordination of operations among the modules 108D can be achieved under a higher level of control of the control system 102 (e.g., the MCD 112 in communication with each LCD 114). The control system 102 can monitor and / or estimate the energy provided by elements or interfaces to the transformer 1130 and control the extraction of energy by elements or interfaces from the transformer 1130 so that they are equal. In addition to enabling energy exchange or transfer between various sources and sinks, the transformer 1130 also provides isolation and protection for the PV source 1101 , converters 1104 , 1116 , and 202A, buffer 204 , source 206 , and power connection 110 .

[0167] The LCD 114 can monitor the status of the converters 202A, 1104, 1116-1, and 1116-2 via data connections 118-3, 118-5, 118-9, and 118-10, respectively. These connections 118-3, 118-5, 118-9, and 118-10 can also provide control signals to control the switching of the converters 202A, 1104, 1116-1, and 1116-2. Isolation of the LCD 114 can be maintained by isolation circuitry (e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors) present on the lines 118-3, 118-5, 118-9, and 118-10.

[0168] The LCD 114 can also monitor the status of the source 206 and the buffer 204 via data connections 118-1 and 118-2, respectively. These connections 118-1 and 118-2 can also provide signals, e.g., control signals, from the LCD 114 to the source 206 and the buffer 204, respectively.

[0169] Each component 202A, 204, 205, 1104, and 1116 may include monitor circuitry 208 configured to monitor (e.g., collect, sense, measure, and / or determine) one or more aspects of the component, such as voltage, current, temperature, or other operating parameters that constitute status information (or may be used to determine the status information, e.g., by the LCD 114).

[0170] An additional energy source 206 can be applied to the module 108D of FIG. 1, if necessary. For example, the additional energy source 206 can be placed in parallel or series with that shown in FIG. 11F. Alternatively, or in addition, additional AC-DC converters 1116-2, buffers 204, and sources 206 can be connected to the transformer 1130. Multiple sets of these components can be connected to the transformer 1130.

[0171] FIG. 11G is a schematic diagram depicting an embodiment of module 108D of FIG. 11F. The operation of most of these components has already been described herein and will not be repeated. In this embodiment, the core of transformer 1130 includes connections to three separate windings, each of which is connected to one of converters 1104, 1116-1, and 1116-2. Transformer 1130 and converters 1104 and 1116 can alternatively be implemented as a push-pull converter or a combination of full-bridge and push-pull converters.

[0172] FIG 11H is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a converter module 108D. This embodiment is similar to the module 108D of FIG 11F, but includes multiple DC interfaces. The first DC interface includes ports 7 and 8 for connection to a DC bus. The second DC interface includes ports 9 and 10 for connection to a PV source 1101. The third DC interface includes ports 11 and 12, which are configured to connect to a fuel cell 1111.

[0173] Module 108D also includes a DC-AC converter 1104 connected to a DC bus and PV source 1101 and fuel cell 1111. Ports 7 and 8 can be coupled to a DC bus, e.g., a high voltage DC bus, which supplies DC power from ports 7 and 8 to one or more DC loads, e.g., EVs connected to an EV charging station. DC-AC converter 1104-1 can convert an AC signal from transformer 1130 to a DC voltage provided to the DC bus. DC-AC converter 1104-1 can also operate in reverse, converting a DC signal of the DC bus to an AC signal applied to transformer 1130, where DC power is received at ports 7 and 8 and transferred to one or more of power interface 110, energy source 206, and / or fuel cell 1111 (if configured as a rechargeable fuel cell).

[0174] The DC-AC converter 1104-2 is connected between the transformer 1130 and the PV source 1101 via ports 9 and 10. The DC-AC converter 1104-2 can convert a DC signal from the PV source 1101 to an AC signal that is applied to the transformer 1130.

[0175] The DC-AC converter 1104-3 is connected between the transformer 1130 and the fuel cell 1111 via ports 11 and 12. The DC-AC converter 1104-2 can convert a DC signal from the fuel cell 1111 to an AC signal that is applied to the transformer 1130.

[0176] The module 108D can include other DC sources (e.g., other PV sources, other fuel cell sources, battery sources, HED capacitor sources, etc.), such as one or more additional PV sources 1101 or fuel cells 1111, which are coupled to the transformer 1130 using DC-AC converters 104. In some embodiments, one or more of the DC-AC converters 1104 can be omitted. For example, an embodiment can include a DC-AC converter 1104-1 connected to the DC bus and a DC-AC converter 1104-2 connected to the PV source 1101, but without a DC-AC converter 1104-3 connected to the fuel cell 1111. Each DC-AC converter 1104 can be coupled to a separate winding of the transformer 1130. Additional windings can also be used to accommodate additional DC and / or AC interfaces.

[0177] The transformer 1130 can modify the AC voltage provided by the DC-AC converter 1104 to a lower or higher voltage and output the modified AC voltage to the AC-DC converter 1116. The AC-DC converters 1116-1 and 116-2 can operate as described herein, for example, with reference to FIG. 11H. Magnetic flux provided by the various energy sources 1101, 1111, 110, 206, and the DC bus can be transferred to the transformer 1130 and selectively removed from the transformer 1130 by the AC-DC converter 1116 for output from the power connection 110 or for charging the source 206.

[0178] This example embodiment allows a DC bus, PV source 1101, fuel cell 1111, or AC source connected to converter 202A to charge source 206. Source 206 can then be discharged and converted to an AC signal by AC-DC converter 1116-2 and applied to transformer 1130. Transformer 1130 can modify the AC voltage (to a higher or lower voltage) and DC-AC converter 1104-1 can convert the modified AC voltage to a DC signal for powering the loads on the DC bus.

[0179] The transformer 1130 can thus act as an energy hub, with each entity (e.g., the external DC bus, the PV source 1101, the fuel cell 1111, the interface 110, or the energy source 206) being able to independently receive energy from or provide energy to the hub according to the state of that entity and the system. For example, when the PV source 1101 is producing energy, that energy can be placed in the transformer 1130 in the form of magnetic flux, extracted by the converter 1116-2 and routed to the source 206 for storage, extracted by the converter 1116-1 and routed to the interface 110, and / or extracted by the converter 1104-1 and routed to the external DC bus, each of which can occur at separate times or simultaneously. The fuel cell 1111 can provide energy to a transformer 1130, such as the PV source 1101, which can then be extracted in the same manner, at different times or simultaneously, by other converters 1116 and / or 1104-1. Similarly, energy can be provided by an external DC bus at separate times or simultaneously and routed to the source 206 and / or the interface 110. Still further, energy can be provided by the interface 110 at separate times or simultaneously and routed to the source 206 and / or the external DC bus. The provision of energy to and removal of energy from the hub is managed by the control system 102, e.g., the MCD 112, by providing instructions to the LCD 114 of each particular module 102D, which then generates control signals for the power electronics (e.g., MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN devices) in each DC-AC converter 1104 and AC-DC converter 1116 of the module 102D. The control system 102 may monitor and / or estimate the energy inflow and outflow to the transformer 1130 to ensure that they are equal or substantially equal.

[0180] 11I is a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a converter module 108D. This embodiment is similar to module 108D of FIG. 11H, but includes multiple AC interfaces 110. A first AC interface includes ports 1 and 2 and a power connection 110-1. A second AC interface includes ports 13 and 14 and a power connection 1102.

[0181] The first AC-DC converter 1116-1 is connected between the transformer 1130 and the converter 202A. As described with reference to FIG. 11F, the AC-DC converter 1116-1 can convert the AC signal from the transformer 1130 to a DC voltage provided to the converter 202A-1, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to the power connection 110-1 via ports 1 and 2. The third AC-DC converter 1116-3 is connected between the transformer 1130 and the converter 202A-2. The AC-DC converter 1116-3 can convert the AC signal from the transformer 1130 to a DC voltage provided to the converter 202A-3, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to the power connection 110-3 via ports 1 and 2.

[0182] AC-DC converters 1116-1 and 1116-3 can also operate in reverse. AC-DC converter 1116-1 can convert the DC signal from converter 202A-1 to an AC signal that is applied to transformer 1130. Similarly, AC-DC converter 1116-3 can convert the DC signal from converter 202A-3 to an AC signal that is applied to transformer 1130.

[0183] This exemplary embodiment allows the module 108D to supply AC power to and / or receive AC power from two power connections 110. The module 108D can be connected to two AC buses. For example, the power connection 110-1 can be coupled to a first AC bus using ports 1 and 2, and the power connection 110-2 can be coupled to a second AC bus different from the first bus using ports 13 and 14. Each AC bus can be connected to a different AC source or AC load. For example, one AC bus can be connected to a power grid and the other AC bus can be connected to a different AC source, e.g., a wind source 1112 (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 12K). In another example, one AC bus can be connected to a power grid and the other AC bus can be connected to a load.

[0184] Although this example includes AC-DC converters 1116-1 and 1116-3 and converters 202A-1 and 202A-2 to supply AC power to and / or receive AC power from the two power connections 110, module 108D can include more than two power connections and corresponding AC-DC converters 1116-1 and 1116-3 to connect to more than two power connections 110. Other modules 108D described herein can also include two or more of the same or similar AC interfaces to connect to two or more power connections 110.

[0185] FIG. 11J is a block diagram depicting another exemplary embodiment of a converter module 108D. This embodiment is similar to the module 108D of FIG. 11H, except that the fuel cell 1111 is connected to the energy source 206 using a DC-DC converter 1108 that does not include a transformer, and the electrical path between the fuel cell 1111 and the source 206 does not traverse any transformer (e.g., 1130). Such a configuration can be used in cases where electrical isolation is not required between the fuel cell 1111 and the source 206. Energy can be provided by the fuel cell 1111 as desired based on the current operating conditions, flow into and charge the source 206, and / or energy can flow to the transformer 1130 to be directed to the module 108D or another element of the system. Such a transformerless connection can be used between other elements of the module 108D (e.g., two sources 206) in cases where isolation is not required as well.

[0186] Any and all of the configurations of the system 100 described herein can be configured to receive energy from one or more PV sources 1101 using modules with DC interfaces such as the embodiments of the modules 108D described above. The system 100 can be configured with a single array 700 or multiple arrays 700, each of which has any number of two or more modules 108D, and the one or more arrays 700 can be electrically connected to a load and / or a power grid. Each module 108D of a single array 700 can be integrated with and electrically connected to a different PV source 1101 and configured to receive energy from its dedicated PV source 1101. Alternatively or in addition, each module 108D of a single array 700 can be electrically connected to the same PV source 1101 and configured to receive energy via a common DC bus connected to that PV source 1101. In embodiments involving multiple arrays 700, all of the arrays 700 of the system 100 can be electrically connected to receive energy from the same single PV source 1101, or each array 700 of the system 100 can be electrically connected to receive energy from a different PV source 1101. Still further, the arrays 700 of the system 100 can be intermixed such that one or more arrays 700 are connected to a single PV source 1101 via a DC bus, while one or more other arrays 700 have modules 108D that are each independently connected to a dedicated PV source 1101.

[0187] FIG. 12A is a block diagram depicting an array 700 of modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. A single PV source 1101 is connected to all of the modules of the array 700 via a common DC bus 1102, such that the modules 108D-1 through 108D-N are in parallel on the DC side. The PV source 1101 can output its generated DC voltage signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV- to ports 7 and 8 of each module 108D, respectively, via the bus 1102. As used herein, the DC bus 1102 may refer to a common bus shared by some or all modules 108D (as shown here) or may refer to separate connections of ports 7 and 8 between modules 108D on the DC side (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 12I through 12N).

[0188] 12B is a block diagram depicting an array 700 of modules 108D-1-108D-N, where the AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 are connected in a cascade configuration. Each module 108D-1-108D-N is independently connected to its own dedicated PV source 1101-1-1101-N, respectively, via a dedicated DC bus 1103-1-1103-N. Each PV source 1101-1-1101-N can output its own independently generated DC voltage signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV- to ports 7 and 8 of each module 108D-1-108D-N via the dedicated bus 1103-1-1103-N.

[0189] 12C is a block diagram depicting an exemplary multi-phase embodiment of system 100, where three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC each include modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. Each of the arrays 700 is connected to the same PV source 1101 via a common DC bus 1102.

[0190] 12D is a block diagram depicting an example multi-phase embodiment of system 100, where three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC each include modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with the AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. Each of arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC is connected to a different PV source 1101-1 through 1101-3 via a different DC bus 1102-1 through 1102-3, respectively.

[0191] 12E is a block diagram depicting an exemplary multi-phase embodiment of system 100, where three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC each include modules 108D-1 through 108D-N with the AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. Each of modules 108D-1 through 108D-N is connected to its own dedicated PV source 1101-1 through 1101-N, respectively, such that every module 108D in system 100 is connected to a different PV source 1101.

[0192] FIG. 12F is a block diagram depicting an exemplary multi-phase embodiment of system 100, where three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC each include modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. This embodiment is connected as a mix of the configurations of FIGS. 12A and 12B. Here, module 108D of array 700-PA is connected to PV source 1101-A via DC bus 1102. Each of modules 108D-1 through 108D-N of arrays 700-PB and 700-PC is connected to a different PV source 1101-1 through 1101-N, respectively.

[0193] Each of the embodiments of Figures 12A-12F can be scaled with one or more energy sources 206 per module 108D, providing a highly flexible arrangement for interfacing with any number of different PV source configurations. In addition to scaling the number of sources 206 per module 108D, the arrays 700 can be connected together in parallel. Figures 12G and 12H are block diagrams depicting an exemplary embodiment in which multiple instances of the array 700 described with respect to Figures 12A and 12B, respectively, are connected in parallel. In Figure 12G, the respective DC ports of each module are connected to the appropriate DC bus line 1102 from the PV source 1101. On the AC side, to install multiple arrays 700 in parallel, each of the modules 108D-1 (port 1) is connected to a common node at SIO1, while each of the modules 108D-N (port 2) is connected to a common node at SIO2.

[0194] 12I is a block diagram depicting an exemplary multi-phase embodiment of system 100, in which three arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC each include modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with the AC interfaces at ports 1 and 2 connected in a cascade configuration. This embodiment is similar to the configuration of FIG. 12C, except that the DC interface connections at ports 7 and 8 between modules 108D of arrays 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC are connected in a single continuous daisy-chain arrangement rather than in parallel.

[0195] In this daisy-chain arrangement, the DC interfaces of the modules 108D of each array 700 are generally connected in series, such as by connecting port 8 of one module 108D to port 7 of another module 108D, across all modules except for the one at the series end (module 108D-1 of array 700-PA and module 108D-N of array 700-PC), which enables the modules 108D to receive energy from the PV source 1101 in a controllable manner.

[0196] In this embodiment, the DC interface of each module 108D is connected in series from one module to the next across the same level of each array 700 before moving to the next level; for example, module 108D-1 of array 700-PA is connected to module 108D-1 of array 700-PB, which is connected to module 108D-1 of array 700-PC, which is then connected to module 108D-2 of array 700-PC, which is then connected to module 108D-2 of array 700-PB, etc., until all modules 108D are all connected in a daisy chain. An alternative embodiment is depicted in FIG. 12J, in which each module 108D of a particular array 700 is daisy-chained before proceeding to the next array; for example, module 108D-1 of array 700-PA is connected to module 108D-2 of array 700-PA, the connection proceeding in series to module 108D-N of array 700-PA before proceeding directly to module 108D-1 of array 700-PB, etc., until all modules 108D are connected.

[0197] FIG. 12K is a block diagram depicting an example multi-phase embodiment of system 100 including multiple instances (e.g., groups) of array 700 and a renewable AC source, which in this embodiment is wind energy source 1112. Other AC sources can alternatively be used. A first instance 1210-1 includes three arrays 700-PA1, 700-PB1, and 700-PC1, each including modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with AC interfaces (ports 1 and 2) connected in a cascade configuration. A second instance 1210-2 includes three arrays 700-PA2, 700-PB2, and 700-PC2, each including modules 108D-1 through 108D-N, with AC interfaces (ports 1 and 2) connected in a cascade configuration.

[0198] The AC side of instance 1210-1 (e.g., the AC interface of each module) is coupled to the wind source 1112 via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1. Port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA1 is connected to port SIO1-1, port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB1 is connected to port SIO2-1, and port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC1 is connected to port SIO3-1. Each array 700-PA1, 700-PB1, and 700-PC1 is connected to a different phase of the wind source 1112.

[0199] The AC side of case 1210-2 is coupled to the AC bus via ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. Port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA2 is connected to port SIO1-2, port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB2 is connected to port SIO2-2, and port 1 of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC2 is connected to port SIO3-2. Each array 700-PA3, 700-PB3, and 700-PC3 is connected to a different phase of the AC bus.

[0200] The DC interfaces of the modules 108D of each case 1210-1 and 1210-2 are connected in a daisy-chain arrangement via the DC bus 1102, placing the DC interfaces of all the modules 108D of the case 1210-1 in series and placing the DC interfaces of all the modules 108D of the case 1210-2 in series. Each series chain of the two cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 is parallel on the DC side. For example, port 7 of the module 108D-1 of the array 700-PA1 is connected to port 7 of the module 108D-1 of the array 700-PA2, and port 8 of the module 108D-N of the array 700-PC1 is connected to port 8 of the module 108D-N of the array 700-PC2. This configuration allows all the modules 108D of both cases 1210 in the system 100 to exchange energy with every other module.

[0201] This embodiment allows for various charging configurations using two different AC sources, e.g., the wind source 1112 or the power grid connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. In one configuration, the module 108D in case 1210-1 can be charged by the wind source 1112 and the module 108D in case 1210-2 can be charged by the power grid. The modules 108D in both cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 can be charged by their respective AC sources at the same time.

[0202] In another configuration, the module 108D in both cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 can be charged by the wind source 1112. The module 108D in case 1210-2 can also be charged by the wind source 1112-2, using the DC bus 1102 to transfer energy from the module 108D in case 1210-1 to the module 108D in case 1210-2.

[0203] In another configuration, the module 108D in both cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 can be charged by the grid. The module 108D in case 1210-1 can also be charged by the grid, using the DC bus 1102 to transfer energy from the module 108D in case 1210-2 to the module 108D in case 1210-1.

[0204] Thus, this embodiment provides flexibility in charging modules 108D of multiple instances 1210. This configuration can be expanded to more than two instances and more than two AC sources. Daisy-chaining the DC interfaces of modules 108D of each instance 1210 allows each AC source to charge modules 108D of each instance 1210.

[0205] 12L is a block diagram depicting an example multi-phase embodiment of system 100 including array 700 and wind source 1112. Each array 700-PA, 700-PB, and 700-PC includes modules 108D-1 through 108D-N connected in a cascade configuration.

[0206] Here, each module 108D includes two AC interfaces: a first AC interface including ports 1 and 2, and a second interface including ports 13 and 14. For example, module 108D can be implemented using module 108D of FIG.

[0207] A first interface of module 108D-1 of arrays 700-PA1, 700-PB1, and 700-PC1 is coupled to a wind source 1112 via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1, respectively. A second interface of module 108D-1 is connected to an AC bus (e.g., connected to a power grid) via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1, respectively.

[0208] The DC interfaces of the modules 108D of each array 700 are connected in a daisy-chain arrangement via a DC bus 1102, placing the DC interfaces in series. This allows the modules 108D to exchange energy, as described with reference to FIG. 12I.

[0209] This embodiment allows modules 108D of arrays 700-PA1, 700-PB1, and 700-PC1 to be charged by a wind source 1112 and / or a power grid (or other AC source) connected to the AC bus. For example, control system 102 can use AC signals at ports 1 and 2 to operate converter 202A-1 of each module 108D to charge source 206 of that module 108D. Similarly, control system 102 can use AC signals at ports 13 and 14 to operate converter 202A-2 of each module 108D to charge source 206 of that module 108D.

[0210] In this embodiment, the DC bus 1102 is connected to an external DC bus via I / O ports SIO7 and SIO8. This external DC bus can be used to supply power to DC loads or to receive power from a DC energy provider such as a PV source 1101. For example, the external DC bus can include or be connected to a charging interface for charging an EV. Each of the embodiments described with respect to Figures 12I-12N can be configured with or without the interface of ports SIO7 and SIO8 for connection to an external DC bus, depending on the needs of the implementation.

[0211] 12M is a block diagram depicting an example multi-phase embodiment of system 100 including multiple instances 1210-1 and 1210-2 of array 700 and wind source 1112. Case 1210-1 includes arrays 700-PA1, 700-PB1, and 700-PC1, and case 1210-2 includes arrays 700-PA2, 700-PB2, and 700-PC2. Each case 1210-1 and 1210-2 can be that of or similar to the array 700 of FIG. 12I.

[0212] Each module 108D includes two AC interfaces, one connected to the wind source 1112 and one connected to an AC bus, e.g., a power grid. In this example, the AC sides of instances 1210-1 and 1210-2 are connected in parallel to the wind source 1112 and the AC bus.

[0213] In particular, a first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA1 and a first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA2 are coupled to the wind source 1112 via port SIO1-1. A second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB1 and a first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB2 are coupled to the wind source 1112 via port SIO2-1. A first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC1 and a first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC2 are coupled to the wind source 1112 via port SIO3-1.

[0214] Similarly, the second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA1 and the first AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PA2 are coupled to the AC bus via ports SIO1-2. The second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB1 and the second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PB2 are coupled to the AC bus via ports SIO2-2. The second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC1 and the second AC interface of module 108D-1 of array 700-PC2 are coupled to the AC bus via ports SIO3-2.

[0215] The DC interfaces (ports 7 and 8) of module 108D in case 1210-1 are connected in a series chain arrangement, as are the DC interfaces of module 108D in case 1210-2. The two series chains are in parallel, as in the embodiment of Figure 12K. This configuration allows modules 108D in both cases to exchange energy, as will be described with reference to Figure 12I.

[0216] 12K, this embodiment allows for various charging configurations using two different AC sources, e.g., wind source 1112 or the power grid, connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. In this example, each module 108D in each instance 1210 can be charged directly from either of the AC sources (e.g., without using the DC interface of module 108D).

[0217] In one configuration, the modules 108D in the case 1210-1 can be charged by the wind source 1112 using a first AC interface of each module 108D, and the modules 108D in the case 1210-2 can be charged by the power grid using a second AC interface of each module 108D. In another configuration, the modules 108D in the case 1210-1 can be charged by the power grid using a second AC interface of each module 108D, and the modules 108D in the case 1210-2 can be charged by the wind source 1112 using a first AC interface of each module 108D.

[0218] In another configuration, all modules 108D in both cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 can be charged simultaneously by the same AC source, e.g., wind source 1112 or the power grid. In another configuration, one or more modules 108D in case 1210-1 can be charged by the wind source 1112 while one or more other modules 108D in case 1210-1 can be charged by the power grid. Similarly, one or more modules 108D in case 1210-2 can be charged by the wind source 1112 while one or more other modules 108D in case 1210-2 can be charged by the power grid.

[0219] In this embodiment, the DC bus 1102 is connected to an external DC bus via IO ports SIO7 and SIO8. This external DC bus can be used to charge a load. For example, the external DC bus can include or be connected to a charging interface for charging an EV.

[0220] Figure 12N is a block diagram depicting an example multi-phase embodiment of system 100 including multiple instances 1210-1 and 1210-2 of array 700 and wind source 1112. On the DC side of module 108D, this embodiment is the same as system 100 of Figure 12M, with the same daisy chain arrangement. However, the configuration on the AC side is different.

[0221] Here, each of cases 1210-1 and 1210-2 is separately connected to the respective wind source 1112 and the AC bus. In particular, a first AC interface of module 108D-1 of each array 700 in case 1210-1 is connected to wind source 1112-1 via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1. A second AC interface of module 108D-1 of each array 700 in case 1210-1 is connected to the AC bus via ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2.

[0222] Similarly, the first AC interface of module 108D-1 of each array 700 in case 1210-2 is connected to wind source 1112-2 via ports SIO1-3, SIO2-3, and SIO3-3. The second AC interface of module 108D-1 of each array 700 in case 1210-2 is connected to the AC bus via ports SIO1-4, SIO2-4, and SIO3-4.

[0223] This embodiment allows the module 108D of each case 1210 to be charged by either its wind source 1112 or the power grid connected to its AC bus. The daisy chain of the DC side of the module 108D also allows the module 108D of each case 1210 to exchange energy. Thus, the module 108D of case 1210-1 can also be charged by the wind source 1112-2 or the AC bus connected to ports SIO1-4, SIO2-4, and SIO3-4. Similarly, the module 108D of case 1210-2 can also be charged by the wind source 1112-1 or the AC bus connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. This provides additional charging flexibility and backup charging capability in case of failure of any of the AC sources connected to the system 100.

[0224] In all of the above-mentioned embodiments having a module 108D with connections on the DC side via ports 7 and 8 (e.g., the embodiments described with respect to Figures 12A-12N), the voltage across the port 7 and port 8 interfaces of each module can be set and adjusted under the control of the control system 102. For example, the control system 102 can adjust the voltage across the LC circuit 1118 using a converter network (e.g., converter 1100 in Figure 11C, converter 1110 in Figures 11D and 11E, and converter 1104 in Figure 11G) connected to the LC circuit 1118. Control of this voltage across ports 7 and 8 can serve a variety of functions.

[0225] Setting or adjusting the voltage across ports 7 and 8 of module 108D can be used to match the voltage of the PV source 1101. The voltage produced by the PV source 1101 can be monitored in real time by the system 100, and the voltage of the module 108D can be simultaneously adjusted to an optimal level (e.g., maximum power point tracking control). For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 12A, each module 108D-1-108D-N can set its voltage across ports 7 and 8 to match the output voltage DC_PV of the single PV source 1101. In the embodiment of FIG. 12B, each module 108D-1-108D-N can set the voltage across ports 7 and 8 to match the voltage DC_PV generated by the PV source 1101-1-1101-N associated with that module. In the embodiment of FIG. 12I, all modules 108D are in series on the DC side, so that the voltage across ports 7 and 8 of each module 108D can be set so that the sum of all voltages of the modules 108D of all three arrays 700 is equal to the voltage generated by the PV source 1101.

[0226] These voltage settings can also be used to compensate for modules having sources 206 with relatively lower SOC levels. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 12I, a first module 108D having a relatively lower SOC than the other modules can be set such that the voltage across ports 7 and 8 is higher than that of the other modules such that that particular first module receives more power from the PV source 1101 than the others (assuming all modules experience the same input current on the DC side), thus raising its SOC level relative to the others. Thus, the system 100 can perform balancing on the DC side and even compensate for SOC or temperature imbalances. Such balancing can also be performed without the presence of the PV source 1101, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 12K-12N. For example, as described with respect to FIG. 12K, energy input from wind source 1112 to module 108D in case 1210-1 can be transferred using these DC interfaces and bus 1102 to one or more modules 108D in case 1210-2 to balance the SOC levels of sources 206 of modules 108D in both cases 1210-1 and 1210-2, and vice versa.

[0227] Energy does not have to be passed only between sources 206; energy can be passed from any element or interface of any module 108D that receives or generates energy (e.g., AC interface at ports 1 and 2, PV source 1101, fuel cell 1111, source 206) to any element or connection of another module 108D that outputs or stores energy across the DC interface at ports 7 and 8 (e.g., AC interface at ports 1 and 2, source 206).

[0228] To implement such energy exchange, the control system 102 can monitor the SOC level of each source 206 in the system 100 and adjust the transfer of relatively more energy to those sources 206 that require greater compensation. Based on the information collected by the LCD 114 and reported to the MCD 112, the MCD 112 can then instruct each LCD 114 to control the converter circuitry of the associated module 108D (or modules 108D) in a manner that will transfer energy to those modules 108D that need it. This can be implemented using pulse width modulation techniques that utilize a reference signal, a carrier signal, and a modulation index as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8A-9B.

[0229] Although the above describes the control system 102 setting the voltage across the DC interface of ports 7 and 8 for any module 108D having two or more DC interfaces (e.g., one across ports 7 and 8, another across ports 9 and 10, etc.), the description of setting the DC interface voltage applies to all of the two or more DC interfaces present on the module 108D as well. Each DC interface may have a separate LC circuit 1118. Thus, the control system 102 may set the DC interface voltage across ports 7 and 8 to one value and the DC interface voltage across ports 9 and 10 to a second value. As an example, it may be used in cases where the energy exchange between modules 108D is performed through one of the two DC interfaces and the power point tracking control for the PV source 1101 is performed through the other of the two DC interfaces.

[0230] In general, the module 108D of the system 100 depicted in Figures 12A-12N can be implemented using any of the modules 108D depicted in Figures 11A-11J. However, a system 100 using a module 108D with two AC interfaces, for example, the module 108D of the system 100 of Figures 12L-12N, can be implemented using the module 108D of Figure 11I.

[0231] The various configurations of the system 100 depicted in FIGS. 12A-12N can be used for many different applications. In one example, the system 100 can be used for an EV charging station. In this example, the PV array can be installed in the EV charging station, and the other components of the system 100 (e.g., source 206, converter 202, 1104, 1116, buffer 204, fuel cell 1111, transformer 1130) can be connected on other suitable housing containers. One or more wind sources 1112 can also be connected to or near the EV charging station, or an AC bus connected to each wind source 1112 can be routed to the EV charging station. Similarly, an AC bus connected to the grid can be routed to the EV charging station. These configurations provide substantial flexibility in using renewable energy sources and / or the grid to buffer energy and charge EVs.

[0232] In all PV embodiments described herein, the voltage and / or current produced by the PV source 1101 can be monitored by monitoring the circuitry and those values ​​can be output to the control system 102 (e.g., to the LCD 114 or to the MCD 112 with the LCD 114). Based on that information, the control system 102 can then control the converter circuitry of the module 108D to route the produced PV energy to the appropriate place, such as for storage and energy source 206, or for output to the power connection 110 and use in supplying the grid or loads connected to the system I / O ports (e.g., SIO1, SIO2, SIO3, SIO4). (Example embodiment of framework structure)

[0233] The present subject matter relates to an enclosure framework (e.g., a matching sized cabinet or rack) that allows for easy customization to add to or subtract from the number of modules 108 present in a converter system 100. Exemplary embodiments of the framework are described with reference to Figures 13A-14C. These embodiments can be implemented with any aspect of the system 100 described herein, unless otherwise stated or logically implausible. Thus, many of the variations already described will not be repeated with respect to the following embodiments.

[0234] FIG. 13A is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of an enclosure framework structure 1300 for housing the multi-phase system 100. FIGs. 13B and 13C show front and perspective views, respectively, of an exemplary electronics cabinet 1301, sometimes also referred to as a "rack," suitable for use in the framework structure. Other designs for cabinets or racks having the property of arranging electronic components in a straight line, e.g., a vertical line, may also be suitable. FIG. 13D depicts an exemplary implementation of multiple cabinets 1301 arranged within the framework structure 1300.

[0235] As can be seen from FIG. 13A , for each array 700, modules 108-1 to 108-N (e.g., modules 108-1 to 108-N for array 700-PA, modules 108-1 to 108-N for array 700-PB, and modules 108-1 to 108-N for array 700-PC) are aligned in separate racks along a first straight line 1302 to facilitate direct connections between modules in each array 700. For example, the modules 108 may be aligned in separate rows parallel to the horizontal line 1302. The connections between the modules 108 may be serial or parallel. In the illustrated example, the modules 108-1 to 108-N of array 700-PA are in the upper row, the modules 108-1 to 108-N of array 700-PB are in the middle row, and the modules 108-1 to 108-N of array 700-PC are in the lower row.

[0236] The modules 108 for each level of the converter system 100 are aligned in separate racks along a second straight line 1304 that is perpendicular to the first straight line 1302. For example, the modules 108 may be aligned in separate rows parallel to the vertical line 1304. The lines 1302, 1304 may be imaginary lines. The alignment of the modules 108 with the lines need not be geometrically perfect, but should be close enough to facilitate efficient electrical connections between the modules 108. Advantageously, the modules 108 for each level may be located in a common cabinet or rack section 1301. For example, in the illustrated example, the first cabinet 1301-1 houses the first level of modules 108-1, the second cabinet 1301-2 houses the second level of modules 108-2, the third cabinet 1301-3 houses the third level of modules 108-3, and the Nth cabinet 1301-N houses the Nth level of modules 108-N. If additional module levels need to be added to provide more power or redundancy (or alternatively, if a level of modules needs to be removed), this skeleton structure 1300 can be easily added to (and then reduced from) to meet those needs by adding or removing cabinets 1301. The maximum number of cabinets 1301 is limited only by the practical limitations of space for the skeleton structure 1300 and the operating parameters of the particular application.

[0237] An exemplary embodiment of a single cabinet or rack section 1301 is shown in Figures 13B and 13C. Figure 13D shows a framework 1300 of thirteen cabinets or rack sections to the right, the first three of which are shown with the front panel in place and the rest without the front panel. Each cabinet or rack section 1301 can have an enclosure with panels on any number of the sides, top, and / or bottom. In this embodiment, an enclosure is present on all sides, top, and bottom (not shown). Preferably, a panel, cover, or other insulating body is present over the high voltage conductors for safety.

[0238] 14A-14C are block diagrams depicting an example embodiment of a phase and module-based arrangement of modules and connections within a multi-phase module-based energy system framework structure 1300. FIG. 14A depicts a front view of a module 108 disposed within a cabinet, and FIGs. 14B and 14C depict example rear views of a module 108 disposed within a cabinet. However, the front and rear views can be reversed such that FIG. 14A depicts a rear view and FIGs. 14B and 14C depict a front view, or FIG. 14A may depict one side while each of FIGs. 14B and 14C depict an opposite, orthogonal, side, or otherwise different side than the side depicted in FIG. 14A.

[0239] As shown in FIGS. 11A-12M, the module 108D can have one or more DC interfaces and one or more AC interfaces. In many examples, the DC interfaces are on one side of the module 108D and the AC interfaces are on a different side, e.g., the opposite side, of the module 108D. Many of these interfaces are used to electrically couple the modules 108 of the array 700 or multiple arrays 700 together. The ports of each module 108 can be connected such that the ports of the DC interfaces (e.g., ports 7 and 8) are on one side of the module 108 and the ports of the AC interfaces (e.g., ports 1, 2, 13, 14) are on different sides of the module 108. Thus, the AC interfaces can be accessed from one side of the cabinet 1301 and the DC interfaces can be accessed from different sides of the cabinet 1301. This allows for a simpler and more compact arrangement of bus bars (or other suitable connectors) that connect the modules 108 along their ports in the cabinet 1301. Reducing or minimizing the connection lengths can reduce losses and costs.

[0240] 14A-14C, the connection between the AC interfaces is at or across the front side of the cabinet 1301, and the connection between the DC interfaces is at or across the back side of the cabinet 1301. In this example, each module 108 includes multiple energy sources 206-1 and 206-2 and a converter housing 222. The converter housing 222 can hold multiple electronic devices including at least one converter 202 (e.g., converter 202A of FIG. 6A or converter 202B of FIG. 6B) and an LCD 114. The converter housing 222 can also hold at least one converter 1104 and, optionally, at least one converter 1116.

[0241] The converter housing 222 may include various I / O ports for electrically coupling components within the housing 222 to other components. The converter housing 222 may include two pairs of ports IO1 and IO2 for electrically coupling the energy sources 206-1 and 206-2 to one or more components within the housing 222. For example, the ports IO1-1 and IO2-1 are electrically coupled to the ports IO1 and IO2 of the energy source 206-1, and the ports IO1-2 and IO2-2 are electrically coupled to the ports IO1 and IO2 of the energy source 206-1. Within the housing 222, each pair of ports IO1 and IO2 of the housing 222 is electrically coupled to one or more components, such as the converter 202 and / or the buffer 204 (e.g., FIGS. 11A-11B, 11F, 11H, 11I, 11J).

[0242] Converter housing 222 also includes ports IO3, IO4, and IO7, IO8 for coupling to the AC interface and the DC interface, respectively. Ports IO3 and IO4 of housing 222 can be electrically coupled to ports 1 and 2 of module 108D, which are electrically coupled to ports IO3 and IO4 of converter 202 in housing 222 (e.g., FIGS. 11A-11B, 11F, 11H-11J). Ports IO7 and IO8 of housing 222 can be electrically coupled to ports 7 and 8 of module 108D, which are electrically coupled to ports IO1 and IO2 of converter 1104 in housing 222 (e.g., FIGS. 11A-11B, 11F, 11H-11J). Although not shown, the housing 222 may include additional ports for electrically coupling additional DC interfaces and / or additional AC interfaces of any additional converters 202, 1104, 1116 within the housing 222 to external components and accommodating any of the modules 108D of Figures 11H-11J.

[0243] In some embodiments, ports of various components within housing 222 can pass through housing 222 and be exposed to the exterior of housing 222, e.g., without housing 222 including intermediate ports. In such embodiments, the ports shown within housing 222 in FIGS. 14A-14C may correspond to ports of components within housing 222. For example, ports IO1 and IO2 shown within housing 222 may correspond to ports IO1 and IO2, respectively, of converter 202, ports IO3 and IO4 shown within housing 222 may correspond to ports IO3 and IO4, respectively, of converter 202, and ports IO7 and IO8 shown within housing 222 may correspond to ports 7 and 8, respectively, of module 108D (e.g., ports IO1 and IO2 of converter 1104).

[0244] Each cabinet 1301 may be configured with existing receptacles (e.g., shelves, slots, or recesses) for receiving each module 108. Alternatively, the cabinet 1301 may include receptacles for independently receiving each component of the module 108 (e.g., converter 202, 1104, 1116, LCD 114, etc., source 206, and / or buffer 204) (e.g., a receptacle for the energy source 206 of the first module, a receptacle for the converter 202 of the first module, a receptacle for each energy source 206 of the first module, etc.). In these embodiments, the term "module" encompasses multiple separate components that perform the functions of one module but are electrically connected together without a single housing dedicated to that module.

[0245] Each energy source 206 may be configured as multiple types and configurations as described herein with respect to, for example, Figures 4A-4F. Within each module 108, the LCD 114 is in communication with converter 202A circuitry, energy buffer 204 (not shown), and monitor circuitry 208 (not shown) associated with the various components.

[0246] Power connections within or between cabinets 1301 (e.g., between each energy source 206 and its converter 202, 1116 or between converters 202, 1104, 1116) are preferably implemented using robust connectors that minimize self-inductance, such as insulated bus bars (e.g., laminated rigid bars with rectangular or other non-circular cross-sections). These bars can be fastened in place.

[0247] The data connection (e.g., between the MCD 112 and the LCD 114 or between the LCDs 114) is preferably a high-speed bidirectional connection such as optical fiber, although other wired or wireless connections are possible. In the example of FIG. 14A, each LCD 114 in the phase or array is daisy-chained (as illustrated in FIG. 1A) using a wired connection shown at the communication (com) port. In an embodiment where the LCDs 114 are daisy-chained, the master control signals can be fed first to any module 108 in the array 700, which are then fed to each module in the array 700. In one exemplary implementation, the signal from the MCD 112 is input to the LCD 114 of module 108-1 and then propagated to the remaining modules (2-N) in that array 200. All signals (sensor information, M, Vref, etc.) can be exchanged via one port and bus, or multiple ports and buses can be used.

[0248] The sides of each cabinet 1301 may have ports, openings, or other passageways or connections to allow easy interconnection between the cabinets. Alternatively, all or part of the side walls between adjacent or adjacent cabinets 1201 may be omitted to facilitate connection between the cabinets. As used herein, "adjacent" means "side by side or nearly side by side, without an intervening barrier."

[0249] In an alternative embodiment, the skeleton structure may include a backplane for carrying communication signals between the LCDs 114 of each array 700, and between the MCD 112 and each LCD 114 of all arrays 700. For example, each converter 202 (or LCD 114) may be configured to plug into or otherwise mate with a connector on the backside of its cabinet receptacle, which connector may be configured to couple with one or more buses of the backplane to carry signals through the skeleton structure.

[0250] FIG. 14A depicts an example of a connection between the AC interfaces of modules 108. The connection can be arranged in the cabinet 1301 for any system 100 described herein. Referring to FIG. 14A in each phase, the converter 202, 1104, 1116 of one module 108 in the first cabinet 1301 is connected to at least one other horizontally aligned converter 202 in an adjacent cabinet 1301. For example, port IO4 of converter 202 of module 1 of phase A in cabinet 1301-2 is connected to port IO3 of converter 202 of module 2 of array A in cabinet 1301-2 using an electrical connection between the ports of the converter's respective housings 222. This is an example of an electrical connection between the AC interfaces of two modules 202. The horizontally aligned arrangement between the coupled components allows for a short and direct connection for the bars, which further minimizes inductance, noise, and losses.

[0251] Bus bars connecting ports in the housing 222 for the AC interfaces of modules 202 in one cabinet 1301 with ports in the housing 222 for the AC interfaces of modules 202 in another cabinet 1301 can be routed along the front of the cabinets 1301. These bus bars can be routed through ports, openings, or other passages between the cabinets 1301.

[0252] For example, as described herein with reference to Figures 11I and 12L-12N, a module 108D can have multiple AC interfaces. The cabinet 1301 can include a bus bar (or other connector) for each AC interface of each module 108D.

[0253] The power connections between each converter 202 and its energy source 206 can be located on both sides of the cabinet 1301. There are two connections, e.g., a positive and a negative DC connection, between each energy source 206 and the converter 202. One connection between the energy source 206-1 and the converter 202 (e.g., between port IO1 of the energy source 206-1 and port IO1-1 of the housing 222 containing the converter 202) can be located along the front side of the cabinet 1301, and the other connection between the energy source 206-1 and the converter 202 (e.g., between port IO2 of the energy source 206-1 and port IO2-1 of the housing 222 containing the converter 202) can be located along the back side of the cabinet 1301 (FIGS. 14B-14C).

[0254] Similarly, one connection between the energy source 206-2 and the converter 202 (e.g., between port IO2 of the energy source 206-2 and port IO2-2 of the housing 222 containing the converter 202) can be located along the front side of the cabinet 1301, and the other connection between the energy source 206-2 and the converter 202 (e.g., between port IO1 of the energy source 206-2 and port IO1-2 of the housing 222 containing the converter 202) can be located along the back or rear side of the cabinet 1301 (FIGS. 14B-14C). Such separation can enable the use of minimum length connections, reducing losses and costs.

[0255] 14B depicts an example of a connection between DC interfaces of modules 108. In this example, the DC interfaces of modules 108 within a cabinet 1301 (e.g., within a level of a multilevel converter system) are electrically coupled. For example, port IO8 of converter 1104 of phase A module 108 in each cabinet 1301 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase B module 108 in that cabinet 1301. Similarly, port IO8 of converter 1104 of phase B module 108 in each cabinet 1301 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase C module 108 in that cabinet 1301.

[0256] In addition, port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase A module 108 in each cabinet 1301 and port IO8 of converter 1104 of phase C module 108 in each cabinet 1301 are connected, for example, to separate DC buses or in parallel to the same DC bus. In this example, port IO7 of phase A module 108 is connected to DC+ and port IO8 of phase C module 108 is connected to DC-. Electrical connections between ports IO7 and IO8 of housing 222 corresponding to these ports of module 1104 can be made using bus bars routed along the back surface of cabinet 1301 or other suitable connectors. Although connections to the DC bus are shown at the top and bottom of cabinet 1301, the conductors of the DC bus can enter cabinet 1301 through passages at the top, bottom, or both sides of cabinet 1301.

[0257] FIG 14C illustrates another example of connections between DC interfaces of modules 108. This example illustrates a daisy chain connection between DC interfaces similar to those of, for example, FIG 12I. In this example, port IO8 of converter 1104 of phase A module of each cabinet 1301 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase B module 108 of that cabinet 1301. Similarly, port IO8 of converter 1104 of phase B module 108 of each cabinet 1301 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase C module 108 of that cabinet 1301.

[0258] Port IO8 of converter 1104 of the phase C module of cabinet 1301-1 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of the phase C module of cabinet 1301-2. Port IO7 of converter 1104 of phase A module 108 of cabinet 1301-2 is electrically coupled to port IO7 of converter 1104 of the phase A module of the next cabinet (e.g., cabinet 1301-N). Bus bars making these inter-cabinet connections can be routed along the back side of cabinet 1301. These bus bars can be routed through ports, openings, or other passages between cabinets 1301.

[0259] Additionally, port IO7 of converter 1104 of module 1 of phase A and port IO8 of converter 1104 of module N of phase C in cabinet 1301-1 are connected to the DC bus. In this example, port IO7 of phase A module 108 is connected to DC+ and port IO8 of phase C module 108 is connected to DC-. These connections are shown on the top and bottom of cabinet 1301, however, the DC bus conductors could enter cabinet 1301 through passages in the top, bottom, or both sides of cabinet 1301.

[0260] 14B and 14C show two example arrangements of connections between DC interfaces of modules 108. The connections can be arranged within the cabinet 1301 for any of the systems 100 described herein. For example, as described herein with reference to FIGS. 11H-11J, module 108D can have multiple DC interfaces. The cabinet 1301 can include a bus bar (or other connector) for each DC interface of each module 108D. (Examples of second life energy sources)

[0261] The embodiments of modules 108 described herein improve the life of sources 206, for example, by keeping the sources 206 at preferred (or optimal) temperature and charge / discharge conditions. The structure and / or topology of modules 108 also enable second life applications of modules 108 and / or their sources 206 without major modifications to the modules 108, and also enable accurate measurement and evaluation of the remaining life of sources 206 at end of life.

[0262] The first life of a source 206 is the original application in which the source 206 is used. For example, a first-life application is the first implementation of the source 206 used by the first customer of the source 206 after their original manufacture (not refurbishment). A user of the source 206 in their first life would typically have received the source 206 from a manufacturer, distributor, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Batteries 206 used in first-life applications would typically have the same electrochemistry (e.g., the same variant of lithium-ion electrochemistry (e.g., LFP, NMC), the same nominal voltage, and have minimal (e.g., 5% or less) capacity variation across a pack or system. The use of an energy storage system with a battery 206 in their first-life application would result in the battery 206 having a longer life in its first-life application, and upon removal from its first-life application, the battery 206 would be similar in terms of capacity degradation than a battery from a first-life application that does not use an energy storage system.

[0263] As used herein, a "second-life" application refers to any application or implementation (e.g., a secondary implementation, a tertiary implementation, a quaternary implementation, etc.) of a source 206 after its first-life application. A second-life energy source refers to any energy source (e.g., a battery or HED capacitor) that is implemented in the second-life application of that source.

[0264] An example of a first-life application for the battery 206 is in an energy storage system for an EV. Then, at the end of its life (e.g., after 100,000 miles of driving or after a threshold amount of degradation of the batteries in the battery pack), the battery 206 can be removed from the battery pack, optionally refurbished and tested, and then implemented in a second-life application, where it may be used, for example, in a stationary energy storage system (e.g., residential, commercial, or industrial energy buffer, EV charging station energy buffer, renewable source (e.g., wind, solar, hydroelectric), energy buffer, etc.) or another mobile energy storage system (e.g., a battery pack for an electric vehicle, bus, train, or truck). Similarly, the first-life application can initially be a stationary application, and the second-life application can be a stationary or mobile application.

[0265] 15A depicts an energy storage system 100 having multiple modules 108 electrically connected together in a cascaded manner to provide energy for or receive energy from a load or grid. As described herein, the modules 108 can be electrically connected in various configurations, such as in one or more arrays 700. The energy source 206 of the energy storage system 100 may be referred to as a first-life energy source because the energy storage system 100 is an original application and the source 206 is used in its original application.

[0266] System 100 can be configured to provide power to one or more motors, such as one or more motors of an EV. For example, system 100 can be configured for an EV having one, two, three, four, or more motors.

[0267] After the modules 108 are used in their initial application, the modules 108 and / or the source 206 of the modules 108 can be used in a second life application, as shown in FIG 15B. When used in a second life application, the source 206 may be referred to as a second life energy source 206. Second life applications may include stationary energy storage system 100 (e.g., residential, commercial, or industrial energy buffers, EV charging station energy buffers, renewable sources, energy buffers, etc.).

[0268] Module 108 and / or source 206 of module 108 may be tested and / or repaired prior to being used in a second-life application. In some cases, module 108 may be reconfigured for use in a second-life application, for example, by being installed in a different enclosure and installed to fit within a rack in the second-life application.

[0269] For second-life applications, sources 206 can be selected and / or utilized by system 100 to minimize (or at least reduce) any differences in initial capacity and nominal voltage. For example, sources 206 having a capacity difference of 5% or more can be included in system 100 and operated to provide energy for a load. In another example, an operator or an automated system can select sources 206 having different capacities within a threshold amount for the system, for example, to reduce the initial capacity difference between the sources of the system 206. If a module 108 is compatible with both first-life and second-life applications (e.g., with or without reconfiguration), the module 108 can be selected for second-life applications based on the capacity difference of the sources 206 of the module 108.

[0270] The system 100 can individually regulate the utilization of each source 206, such that the sources 206 in the system 100 or a pack of the system 100 are relatively balanced in terms of SOC or total charge (SOC x capacity) when the pack or system 100 is discharged, even though the sources 206 in the system 100 may have widely varying capacities. Similarly, the system 100 can maintain balance when the pack or system 100 is charged. The sources 206 can vary not only in terms of capacity, but also in terms of nominal voltage, power rating, electrochemical type (e.g., a combination of LFP and NMC batteries), etc. Thus, the system 100 can be used such that all the modules 206 in the system 100 or each pack of the system 100 are second-life energy sources having various combinations of different characteristics (or a combination of first-life and second-life energy sources is used).

[0271] In one example, the system 100 can include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) that has an energy capacity variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0272] In another example, the system 100 can include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) having an energy capacity / mass density variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0273] In another example, the system 100 may include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) that has a peak power / mass density variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0274] In another example, the system 100 may include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) having a nominal voltage variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0275] In another example, the system 100 may include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) having an operating voltage range variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0276] In another example, the system 100 can include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) that has a maximum specified current rise time variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0277] In another example, the system 100 may include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally one or more first-life energy sources 206) having a specified peak current variation of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0278] In another example, the system 100 may include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) having a variety of electrochemical types (e.g., non-lithium ion batteries or lithium ion batteries with different lithium ion batteries (e.g., NMC, LFP, LTO, or any combination of other lithium ion battery types)).

[0279] The system 100 can include a second-life energy source 206 (and optionally, one or more first-life energy sources 206) having any combination of the characteristics provided in the preceding examples.

[0280] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of a method 1600 for providing energy to a load from an energy storage system having a second-life energy source.

[0281] In step 1610, a second-life energy source 206 is selected for the selected utilization application. The second-life energy source 206 can be selected for inclusion in the energy storage system 100 for the second-life application. The second-life energy source 206 can be selected from a set of energy sources 206 that have been retired from their respective first-life applications based, for example, on deterioration in their characteristics. The set of energy sources 206 can be comprised of a number of different first-life applications and / or a number of different types of first-life applications (e.g., some stationary and some mobile).

[0282] An operator or an automated system may select second-life energy sources 206 for a second-life application based on characteristics of the energy sources 206 in the set of energy sources 206. The characteristics may include, for example, the energy capacity of each energy source 206, the energy capacity / mass density of each energy source 206, the peak power / mass density of each energy source 206, the nominal voltage of each energy source 206, the operating voltage range of each energy source 206, the maximum specified current rise time of each energy source 206, the specified peak current of each energy source 206, and / or other suitable characteristics of each energy source 206.

[0283] For example, the system can test each energy source 206 and determine the characteristics of each energy source 206. The system can then select a defined number of energy sources 206 for the second-life application based, for example, on a required number of energy sources 206 for the energy storage system 100 for the second-life application. The system can select the energy sources 206 for the second application such that variation in the characteristics of the selected energy sources is minimized.

[0284] In step 1620, the energy storage system 100 is created for a second life application. The system 100 can be created by installing a selected energy source 206 into a module 108 for the system 100. When used in a second life application, the selected energy source 206 can be referred to as a second life energy source 206. In some implementations, the energy source 206 can be refurbished prior to installation. Multiple modules 108 can then be electrically connected together in a cascaded manner to provide energy for or receive energy from a load or grid of the second life application.

[0285] In step 1630, energy is provided from the system 100 to a load in a second-life application. As described herein, the control system 102 can operate the switches of the converter 202 to provide an appropriate amount of energy to the load. In addition, the control system 102 can balance the characteristics of the second-life energy source 206 of the system 100 using balancing techniques described herein. For example, the control system 102 can balance the SOC as the source 206 is charged and / or discharged using balancing techniques described. Such balancing techniques can account for variations in the initial characteristics (e.g., initial capacity) of the source 206 of the system 100.

[0286] Various aspects of the present subject matter are described below in review of and / or as a complement to the previously described embodiments, with emphasis now on the interrelationships and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, emphasis is placed on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with every other feature, unless expressly stated or taught otherwise.

[0287] The term "module," as used herein, refers to one of two or more devices or subsystems within a larger system. A module can be configured to cooperate with other modules of similar size, function, and physical arrangement (e.g., location of electrical terminals, connectors, etc.). Modules with the same function and energy source can be configured (e.g., size and physical arrangement) consistent with all other modules in the same system (e.g., rack or pack), while modules with different functions or energy sources can vary in size and physical arrangement. Each module can be physically removable and replaceable with other modules in the system (e.g., like wheels on a car or blades in an information technology (IT) blade server), but that is not required. For example, a system can be packaged in a common housing that does not allow for removal and replacement of any one module without disassembly of the system as a whole. However, any embodiment herein can be configured such that each module is removable and replaceable with other modules in a convenient manner without disassembly of the system, etc.

[0288] The term "master control device" is used broadly herein and does not require the implementation of any particular protocol, such as a master and slave relationship with any other device, such as a local control device.

[0289] The term "output" is used broadly herein and does not exclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an output and an input. Similarly, the term "input" is used broadly herein and does not exclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an input and an output.

[0290] The terms "terminal" and "port" are used broadly herein and may be either unidirectional or bidirectional, may be input or output, and do not require a particular physical or mechanical structure such as a female or male configuration.

[0291] The term "nominal voltage" is a commonly used standard of measurement to describe battery cells and is provided by the manufacturer (e.g., by marking on the cell or in a data sheet). Nominal voltage often refers to the average voltage that the battery cells output when charged, and can be used to describe the voltage of entities that incorporate battery cells, such as the subject battery modules and subsystems and systems.

[0292] The term "C-rate" is a commonly used metric to describe the discharge current divided by the theoretical draw current that would cause a battery to deliver its nominal rated capacity within one hour.

[0293] Various aspects of the present subject matter are described below in review of the previously described embodiments and / or as a complement thereto, with emphasis now being placed on the interrelationships and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, emphasis is placed on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with every other feature, unless expressly stated otherwise or logically impractical.

[0294] In many embodiments, the energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules is configured to electrically couple to a photovoltaic (PV) source and includes a DC-DC converter configured to convert a first DC voltage from the PV source to a second DC voltage, an energy buffer electrically coupled to the DC-DC converter, an energy source electrically coupled to the DC-DC converter and the DC-AC converter, a power connection configured to output the AC module voltage of the module, a DC-AC converter configured to convert an input DC voltage to the AC module voltage, and a local control device configured to route energy from the PV source to the energy source and / or the power connection by controlling the DC-DC converter and the DC-AC converter.

[0295] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a first DC-AC converter electrically connected to a transformer and a diode rectifier electrically coupled to the transformer.

[0296] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a first DC-AC converter electrically connected to the transformer and a first AC-DC converter electrically coupled to the transformer.

[0297] In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source via a common DC bus.

[0298] In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0299] In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system can include a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The second array can be configured to output a second AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules.

[0300] In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system can include a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. The system can include a third array including a third plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The third array is configured to output a third AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the third plurality of converter modules.

[0301] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules is coupled to the same PV source.

[0302] In some embodiments, the PV source of each converter module in the first plurality of converter modules is a first PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a third PV source, where the first PV source, the second PV source, and the third PV source are different PV sources.

[0303] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0304] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0305] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules in each array are connected in a daisy chain arrangement.

[0306] In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of the array. The system may include a second instance of the array. The second instance of the array includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules.

[0307] In some embodiments, a power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source.

[0308] In some embodiments, a power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus.

[0309] In some embodiments, the AC bus is electrically coupled to an electrical grid.

[0310] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters.

[0311] In some embodiments, the DC-AC converter of each converter module is a first DC-AC converter, the power connection of each converter module is a first converter module, and each converter module includes a second DC-AC converter and a second power connection.

[0312] In some embodiments, a first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) first plurality of converter modules, (ii) second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source, and a second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) first plurality of converter modules, (ii) second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus.

[0313] In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of the array. The system includes a second instance of the array. The second instance of the array includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules.

[0314] In some embodiments, a first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source, and a second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus.

[0315] In some embodiments, the wind source is a first wind source. The AC bus is a first AC bus. A first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second wind source. A second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second AC bus.

[0316] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters.

[0317] In some embodiments, the system includes a master control device communicatively coupled to the local control devices of the converter modules.

[0318] In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules includes a transformer, a power connection configured to output an AC module voltage, a first DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple to a photovoltaic (PV) source and the transformer, the first DC-AC converter configured to convert a first DC voltage from the PV source to a first AC voltage for application to the transformer, a first AC-DC converter electrically coupled to the transformer and configured to convert a second AC voltage from the transformer to a second DC voltage for application to the second DC-AC converter, and the first AC-DC converter and the power connection. a second DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple to the transformer and configured to convert the second DC voltage to an AC module voltage, an energy buffer, an energy source, a second AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple to the transformer and convert a third AC voltage from the transformer to a third DC voltage for application to the energy buffer and the energy source, and a local control device configured to route energy from the PV source to the energy source and / or power connection by controlling the first and second DC-AC converters and the first and second AC-DC converters.

[0319] In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source via a DC bus.

[0320] In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0321] In some embodiments, the system includes a third DC-AC converter electrically coupled to the transformer and configured to convert a fourth DC voltage from the fuel cell to a fourth AC voltage for application to the transformer.

[0322] In some embodiments, the system includes a fourth DC-AC converter electrically coupled to the transformer and configured to convert a fifth AC voltage from the transformer to a fifth DC voltage for application to the DC bus.

[0323] In some embodiments, the system includes a third AC-DC converter electrically coupled to the transformer and configured to convert a sixth AC voltage from the transformer to a sixth DC voltage for a fifth DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple to the third AC-DC converter and the second power connection and configured to convert the sixth DC voltage to a seventh AC voltage.

[0324] In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system includes a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules.

[0325] In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system includes a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. The system includes a third array including a third plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The third array is configured to output a third AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the third plurality of converter modules.

[0326] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules is coupled to the same PV source.

[0327] In some embodiments, the PV source of each converter module in the first plurality of converter modules is a first PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a third PV source, where the first PV source, the second PV source, and the third PV source are different PV sources.

[0328] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0329] In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source.

[0330] In some embodiments, each converter module includes a fourth AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple to the DC bus and the transformer, the fourth AC-DC converter configured to convert an eighth AC voltage from the transformer to a seventh DC voltage for the DC bus.

[0331] In some embodiments, the fourth AC-DC converter of the converter modules of each array is connected in a daisy chain arrangement.

[0332] In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of the array. The system may include a second instance of the array. The second instance of the array includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules.

[0333] In some embodiments, a power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source.

[0334] In some embodiments, a power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus.

[0335] In some embodiments, the AC bus is electrically coupled to an electrical grid.

[0336] In some embodiments, each converter module includes a fourth AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with the DC bus and the transformer. The fourth AC-DC converter is configured to convert an eighth AC voltage from the transformer to a seventh DC voltage for the DC bus. The fourth AC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy-chain arrangement. The fourth AC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy-chain arrangement. The first daisy-chain arrangement of the fourth AC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy-chain arrangement of the fourth AC-DC converters.

[0337] In some embodiments, the power connection of each converter module is the first power connection. The system includes a third AC-DC converter electrically coupled to the transformer and configured to convert a sixth AC voltage from the transformer to a sixth DC voltage for a fifth DC-AC converter. The fifth DC-AC converter is configured to electrically couple to the third AC-DC converter and the second power connection and configured to convert the sixth DC voltage to a seventh AC voltage.

[0338] In some embodiments, a first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) first plurality of converter modules, (ii) second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source, and a second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) first plurality of converter modules, (ii) second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus.

[0339] In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of the array. The system may include a second instance of the array. The second instance of the array includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of the array includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in a cascaded manner. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules.

[0340] In some embodiments, a first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source, and a second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus.

[0341] In some embodiments, the wind source is a first wind source. The AC bus is a first AC bus. A first power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second wind source. A second power connection of a first converter module of each of the (i) fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second AC bus.

[0342] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters.

[0343] In some embodiments, the system includes a master control device communicatively coupled to the local control devices of the converter modules.

[0344] In many embodiments, a framework for a multi-phase energy system includes a plurality of modules arranged in a plurality of cabinets. Each module includes a DC interface and an AC interface. Each module includes an energy source configured to output a DC voltage (DC), a converter coupled to the energy source, and a local control device configured to control the converter to output a module voltage selected from the group consisting of +DC, zero volts, and -DC from the AC interface. The plurality of modules are connected as a plurality of arrays such that each array is configured to output an AC signal having a different phase angle. The modules in each array are connected as a level of the array such that the AC signal output by that array is a superposition of module voltages from each module of that array. Each cabinet holds modules belonging to at least one same level of different arrays arranged along an axis perpendicular to the reference plane such that modules of at least one same level are aligned along the axis. For at least two adjacent levels of the array, the modules are arranged in an array order such that modules of the same array are aligned parallel to the reference plane at the same common distance from the reference plane. The DC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other module via a first connector routed along a first side of the plurality of cabinets, and the AC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the AC interface of at least one other module via a second connector routed along a second side of the plurality of cabinets.

[0345] In some embodiments, the first side is opposite the second side.

[0346] In some embodiments, the first side is orthogonal to the second side.

[0347] In some embodiments, the energy source of each module is a first energy source and each module includes a second energy source.

[0348] In some embodiments, the first energy source is electrically coupled to the module via the third connector and the fourth connector, and the second energy source is electrically connected to the module via the fifth and sixth connectors.

[0349] In some embodiments, the third connector is routed along a first side of the cabinet and the fourth connector is routed along a second side of the cabinet.

[0350] In some embodiments, the sixth connector is routed within the cabinet along a first side of the cabinet, and the seventh connector is routed within the cabinet along a second side of the cabinet.

[0351] In some embodiments, the energy source includes a battery module, a high energy density (HED) capacitor, or a fuel cell.

[0352] In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) source.

[0353] In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to the DC bus.

[0354] In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a fuel cell.

[0355] In some embodiments, the AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to a wind source.

[0356] In some embodiments, the AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to the AC bus.

[0357] In some embodiments, each module includes multiple AC interfaces.

[0358] In some embodiments, each module includes multiple DC interfaces.

[0359] In some embodiments, the DC interfaces of the modules are connected in a daisy chain arrangement.

[0360] In many embodiments, the energy storage system includes multiple modules electrically connected together in a cascaded manner to provide energy for or receive energy from a load or grid. Each module has an energy source and a switch network for selectively connecting the energy source to other modules in the system. The energy source of at least one of the modules is a second-life energy source.

[0361] In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are second-life energy sources.

[0362] In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are either first-life energy sources or second-life energy sources.

[0363] In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are batteries.

[0364] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in energy content by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0365] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in energy content / mass density by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0366] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in peak power / mass density by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0367] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in nominal voltage by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0368] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in operating voltage range by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0369] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in maximum specified current rise time by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0370] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in specified peak current by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and / or 20-30%.

[0371] In some embodiments, the energy source varies in electrochemical type.

[0372] In some embodiments, the energy storage system is a stationary energy storage system and the energy source is a post-mobile energy source.

[0373] In some embodiments, the energy storage system is a mobile energy storage system.

[0374] In many embodiments, the energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules includes an AC interface and a DC interface. The AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in a cascaded manner to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages output from the AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. The DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules. The DC interface of at least one of the plurality of converter modules is coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) source or a fuel cell.

[0375] In some embodiments, each of the multiple converter modules includes an energy source, an energy buffer, a DC-DC converter electrically positioned between the DC interface and the energy source, and a DC-AC converter electrically positioned between the energy source and the AC interface.

[0376] In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a transformer.

[0377] In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control a switch network of each of the plurality of converter modules to set a DC interface voltage across a DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules.

[0378] In some embodiments, each of the multiple converter modules includes an LC circuit coupled across a DC interface.

[0379] In some embodiments, the control system is configured to monitor a state of charge of the energy source of each of the plurality of converter modules, and to control the switch network and set the DC interface voltages of the plurality of converter modules such that the energy source of at least one of the plurality of converter modules receives more power from the PV source or the fuel cell than another energy source of at least one of the plurality of converter modules.

[0380] In some embodiments, the control system is configured to balance the state of charge of the energy sources of the multiple converter modules by regulating the power distributed through the DC interfaces of the multiple converter modules.

[0381] In many embodiments, the energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules includes an AC interface, a first DC interface, and a second DC interface. The AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in a cascaded manner to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages output from the AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. The first DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the other DC interface of at least one of the plurality of converter modules. The second DC interface of at least one of the plurality of converter modules is coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) source or a fuel cell.

[0382] In some embodiments, each of the multiple converter modules includes an energy source, an energy buffer, a transformer, a first converter electrically positioned between the first DC interface and the transformer, a second converter electrically positioned between the second DC interface and the transformer, a third converter electrically positioned between the energy source and the transformer, and a fourth converter electrically positioned between the AC interface and the transformer.

[0383] In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control the first, second, third, and fourth converters of each of the plurality of converter modules.

[0384] In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control a switch network of each of the plurality of converter modules to set a first DC interface voltage across a first DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules and to set a second DC interface voltage across a second DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules.

[0385] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a first LC circuit coupled across a first DC interface and a second LC circuit coupled across a second DC interface.

[0386] In some embodiments, the control system is configured to balance the state of charge of the energy sources of the multiple converter modules by adjusting the power distributed through the first DC interfaces of the multiple converter modules.

[0387] In many embodiments, the energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules includes an energy source, a first AC interface, and a second AC interface. The first AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in a cascaded manner to form an array. The array is configured to output a first AC signal to the power grid, the first AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages output from the first AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. The second AC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled in a cascaded manner and configured to receive a second AC signal.

[0388] In some embodiments, the multiple converter modules are configured to receive a second AC signal from a renewable energy source.

[0389] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a transformer electrically positioned between the first AC interface and the second AC interface.

[0390] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a DC interface, the DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules being electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules.

[0391] In some embodiments, the multiple converter modules are configured to transfer energy between them via a DC interface.

[0392] In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to coordinate energy transfer between the multiple converter modules via the DC interface.

[0393] In some embodiments, the DC interface is a first DC interface and each of the plurality of converter modules comprises a second DC interface coupled to a photovoltaic power source or energy source.

[0394] The processing circuitry can include one or more processors, microprocessors, controllers, and / or microcontrollers, each of which may be separate or standalone chips or distributed among several different chips (and portions thereof). Any type of processing circuitry can be implemented, such as, but not limited to, personal computing architectures (e.g., as used in desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, etc.), programmable gate array architectures, dedicated architectures, custom architectures, and others. The processing circuitry can include digital signal processors, which can be implemented in hardware and / or software. The processing circuitry can execute software instructions stored on memory, which cause the processing circuitry to perform a number of different actions and control other components.

[0395] The processing circuitry may also implement other software and / or hardware routines, for example, the processing circuitry may interface with a communications network and perform analog to digital conversion, encoding and decoding, other digital signal processing, multimedia functions, conversion of data to a suitable form (e.g., in-phase and quadrature) for presentation to the communications network, and / or cause the communications network to transmit data (either wired or wirelessly).

[0396] Any communication signals described herein may be communicated wirelessly unless noted or logically impractical. Communication circuitry may be included for wireless communication. The communication circuitry may be implemented as one or more chips and / or components (e.g., transmitters, receivers, transceivers, and / or other communication circuitry) that implement wireless communication over the link under an appropriate protocol (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication (NFC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), proprietary protocols, and others). One or more other antennas may be included with the communication circuitry as necessary to operate with various protocols and circuits. In some embodiments, the communication circuitry may share an antenna for transmission over the link. The RF communication circuitry may include a transmitter and a receiver (e.g., integrated as a transceiver) and associated encoder logic.

[0397] The processing circuitry may also be adapted to execute an operating system and any software applications and to perform other functions thereof not related to the processing of transmitted and received communications.

[0398] Computer program instructions for performing operations according to the described subject matter may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including computer and programming languages. A non-exhaustive list of examples includes Hardware Description Language (HDL), SystemC, C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Matlab®, Simulink, SystemVerilog, SystemVHDL, Handel-C, Python, Java®, Java® Script, Ruby, HTML, Smalltalk, Transact-SQL, XML, PHP, Golang (Go), the "R" language, and Swift, to name a few.

[0399] The memory, storage, and / or computer-readable medium may be shared by one or more of the various functional units present, or distributed among two or more of them (e.g., as separate memories present in different chips). A memory may also reside in its own separate chip.

[0400] To the extent that the embodiments disclosed herein include or operate in conjunction with a memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium, the memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium is non-transitory. Thus, to the extent that the memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium is encompassed by one or more claims, the memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium is non-transitory. The terms "non-transitory" and "tangible" as used herein are intended to describe memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium that exclude propagating electromagnetic signals, but are not intended to limit the type of memory, storage, and / or computer readable medium in terms of persistence of storage or otherwise. For example, "non-transitory" and / or "tangible" memory, storage, and / or computer readable media encompasses volatile and non-volatile media, such as random access media (e.g., RAM, SRAM, DRAM, FRAM, etc.), read-only media (e.g., ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash, etc.), and combinations thereof (e.g., hybrid RAM and ROM, NVRAM, etc.) and variations thereof.

[0401] It should be noted that all features, elements, components, functions, and steps described with respect to any embodiment provided herein are intended to be freely combinable and substitutable with those from any other embodiment. If a feature, element, component, function, or step is described with respect to only one embodiment, it should be understood that the feature, element, component, function, or step can be used with all other embodiments described herein unless expressly stated otherwise. This paragraph therefore serves as a preamble and descriptive aid for the introduction of claims that combine features, elements, components, functions, and steps from different embodiments or substitute features, elements, components, functions, and steps from one embodiment for another, whenever the following description does not expressly state that such combinations or substitutions are possible in a particular case. It is expressly acknowledged that an explicit enumeration of all possible combinations and substitutions would be overly burdensome, especially given that the permissibility of any such combinations and substitutions would be readily recognized by those skilled in the art.

[0402] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0403] The embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific examples of which are shown in the drawings and described in detail herein. However, it is to be understood that these embodiments are not limited to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, these embodiments are intended to encompass all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit of the disclosure. Furthermore, any feature, function, step, or element of the embodiments may be recited in or added to the claims, as well as negative limitations that define the scope of the claimed invention by features, functions, steps, or elements not within their scope.

Claims

1. A framework structure for a polyphase energy system, the framework structure comprising: a plurality of modules arranged in a plurality of cabinets, each module comprising a DC interface and an AC interface, each module comprising an energy source configured to output a DC voltage (DC), a converter coupled to the energy source, and a local control device configured to output a module voltage selected from the group consisting of +DC, zero volts, and -DC from the AC interface by controlling the converter; the plurality of modules are connected as a plurality of arrays such that each array is configured to output an AC signal having a different phase angle, and the modules within each array are connected at the level of that array such that the AC signal output by that array is a superposition of the module voltages from each module of that array; each cabinet holds the modules belonging to at least one same level of different arrays arranged along an axis orthogonal to a reference plane, whereby the modules of the at least one same level are aligned along the axis; for at least two adjacent levels of the arrays, the modules are arranged in an array order such that the modules of the same array are aligned parallel to the reference plane at the same common distance from the reference plane; the DC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other module via a first connector routed along a first side of the plurality of cabinets; the AC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the AC interface of at least one other module via a second connector routed along a second side of the plurality of cabinets. Framework structure.

2. The framework structure according to claim 1, wherein the first side is opposite to the second side.

3. The framework structure according to claim 1, wherein the first side is orthogonal to the second side.

4. The framework structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the energy source of each module is a first energy source and each module comprises a second energy source.

5. The first energy source is electrically coupled to the module via a third connector and a fourth connector, and the second energy source is electrically connected to the module via a fifth and a sixth connector. The framework structure according to claim 4.

6. The third connector is routed along the first side of the cabinet, and the fourth connector is routed along the second side of the cabinet. The framework structure according to claim 5.

7. The sixth connector is routed within the cabinet along the first side of the cabinet, and a seventh connector is routed within the cabinet along the second side of the cabinet. The framework structure according to claim 6.

8. The energy source includes a battery module, a high energy density (HED) capacitor, or a fuel cell. The framework structure according to claim 1.

9. The DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) source. The framework structure according to claim 1.

10. The DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a DC bus. The framework structure according to claim 1.

11. The DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a fuel cell. The framework structure according to claim 1.

12. The AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to a wind power source. The framework structure according to claim 1.

13. The AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to an AC bus. The framework structure according to claim 1.

14. Each module includes a plurality of AC interfaces. The framework structure according to claim 1.

15. Each module includes a plurality of DC interfaces, and optionally, the DC interfaces of the module are connected in a daisy chain arrangement. The framework structure according to claim 1.

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