Ion source and neutron generation device

Abstract

To provide an ion source and an accelerator, as well as a method for generating ions and accelerating those ions in the ion source.SOLUTION: A nuclear reaction generation device includes a chamber configured to contain gas and include a target. The nuclear reaction generation device also includes a filament provided within the chamber and a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber. The first positive voltage is configured to heat the filament to a temperature that causes thermionic emission and generates multiple thermions. The multiple thermions are configured to ionize the gas and generate positive ions in the chamber. The target is configured such that nuclear reactions occur when the positive ions interact with the target.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 836,481, filed April 19, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

[0002] Field The present technology generally relates to an ion source and an accelerator sharing the same physical space, and a method for generating ions and accelerating the ions in the ion source. In some embodiments, the ions from the ion source can be accelerated toward a target and undergo a nuclear reaction to generate neutrons. Therefore, the present technology can also relate to a system and method for generating a nuclear reaction in an ion source. [Background technology]

[0003] background This section is intended to provide a background or context for the claimed invention. The description herein may include concepts that may be pursued, but not necessarily have been previously conceived or pursued. Thus, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims of this application, and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

[0004] An ion source generally includes a chamber in which ionization occurs, a gas provided within the chamber, and an ionization energy source. Conventional approaches to high current ion generation are generally limited to plasma generation through the use of RF excitation, arc discharge, or filament-assisted discharge, which require complex electronic, magnetic, and high vacuum arrangements that are difficult to operate and maintain. These approaches to plasma generation generally require relatively high gas pressures within the chamber, which can be problematic when the ions generated by the source need to be accelerated within the same spatial volume in which they were generated.

[0005] Ions generated by ion sources can be used in a variety of applications, including, but not limited to, mass spectrometry, medical instruments and diagnostics, and particle accelerators used in semiconductor manufacturing. Ions generated by ion sources can be accelerated towards a target and used to initiate nuclear reactions, including neutron generation. Traditional neutron sources employ separate devices for ionization, acceleration, and targeted fusion of ionized species. These neutron sources can include the application of various ion generation approaches, as well as features unique to particle accelerators, such as ion extraction, ion acceleration, beam focusing, beam steering, and beam stopping. Neutron sources have been developed for a variety of applications, including neutron radiography, materials science, condensed matter physics, and nondestructive testing and evaluation of materials. These devices have many drawbacks, either limiting available ion currents resulting in insufficient neutron yields for many applications, or being highly complex, making them difficult and expensive to build, maintain, and operate.

[0006] In one example, neutrons can be produced by generating ions of deuterium, tritium, or a combination thereof, and accelerating these ions into a hydride target that has been doped with deuterium and / or tritium via one of the following reactions: D+T→n+ 4 He E n =14.1 MeV(1) D+D→n+ 3 He E n =2.5MeV(2) Neutron sources based on reactions (1) and (2) are traditionally single-beam linear electrostatic devices that suffer from significant ion losses during transport, resulting in excessive heating and reduced neutron yield.

[0007] What is needed are improvements in ion source technology that will allow increased ion yields and long periods of continuous operation without significant maintenance or support equipment, as well as methods for producing high rates of ions at low background pressures. Summary of the Invention

[0008] overview In one aspect, the ion source includes a chamber containing a gas, a filament disposed near the center of the chamber, an accelerating grid surrounded by the filament, and a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament and a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid. The first positive voltage applied to the filament is configured to heat the filament to a temperature that causes thermionic emission and generates a plurality of thermal electrons. The second positive voltage is higher (more positive) than the first positive voltage. The plurality of thermal electrons is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions anywhere in the chamber, including in an ionization region, e.g., a region between the filament and the accelerating grid. The first and second positive voltages are held substantially above the voltage of the walls of the chamber, which may be held at ground potential. This creates a recirculating electron trap in the center of the device where electrons oscillate back and forth, causing ionization of the low pressure background gas. The ions generated in this region accelerate outward toward the walls of the structure due to the electric field configuration. In some embodiments, the pressure in the chamber may be less than 1 milliTorr. In other embodiments, the pressure in the chamber may be less than 0.1 milliTorr.

[0009] In a second aspect, a neutron generator includes a chamber containing a gas, a filament disposed near the center of the chamber, an acceleration grid surrounded by the filament, a suppression grid concentric with and surrounding the filament, a target, and a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament, a second positive voltage to the acceleration grid, and a third negative voltage to the suppression grid. Unless otherwise specified, voltages herein are applied / referred to / measured, etc., relative to the chamber, e.g., a voltage applied to the filament (or other structure) refers to a differential between the filament and the chamber. The first positive voltage applied to the filament is configured to heat the filament to a temperature that causes thermionic emission and generates a plurality of thermal electrons. The second positive voltage is greater than the first positive voltage. The plurality of thermal electrons is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region in the chamber, including a region between the filament and the acceleration grid. The first and second positive voltages are held substantially above the voltage of the walls of the chamber, which may be held at ground potential. This creates a recirculating electron trap in the center of the device where electrons oscillate back and forth, resulting in ionization of the low-pressure background gas. Ions generated in this region are accelerated outward toward the walls of the structure by the electric field configuration. The suppression grid prevents secondary electrons resulting from ion collisions with the chamber walls from accelerating toward the center of the device, an effect that consumes power and reduces efficiency.

[0010] In a third aspect, a method for generating ions includes providing a chamber containing a gas with a filament and an accelerating grid surrounded by the filament, applying a first positive voltage to the filament to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and generating a plurality of thermal electrons, applying a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid greater than the first positive voltage, and ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region in the chamber including a region between the filament and the accelerating grid. The thermal electrons may be confined to the ionization region.

[0011] In a fourth aspect, a method of generating neutrons includes providing a chamber containing a gas with a filament, an acceleration grid, a suppression grid, and a target; applying a first positive voltage to the filament to heat the filament to a temperature that causes thermionic emission and generates a plurality of thermal electrons; applying a second positive voltage to the acceleration grid that is greater than the first positive voltage; and ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region in the chamber, including a region between the filament and the acceleration grid. In the fourth aspect, the acceleration grid is concentric with and surrounded by the filament, the suppression grid is concentric with and surrounds the filament, and the target is concentric with and surrounds the suppression grid. The method may further include applying a negative voltage to the suppression grid. The method may further include causing the positive ions passing through the suppression grid to be incident on the target. The incident positive ions are injected into the target or collide with previously injected ions to generate fusion neutrons. Additionally, secondary electrons may be emitted from the target as a result of the incident ions colliding with previously injected ions. A potential difference between the filament and the accelerating grid can trap the thermal electrons therebetween, and a potential difference between the target and the suppression grid with a negative voltage applied can reflect secondary electrons from the suppression grid towards the target.

[0012] [The present invention 1001] a chamber configured to contain a gas; a filament disposed within the chamber; a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber; 1. An ion source comprising: the first positive voltage is configured to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and generating a plurality of thermoelectrons; The plurality of thermoelectrons are configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions. The ion source. [The present invention 1002] the ion source includes an accelerating grid surrounded by the filament; the voltage source is configured to apply a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid relative to the chamber, the second positive voltage being greater than the first positive voltage; The ion source of the present invention 1001. [The present invention 1003] The ion source of the present invention 1001 further comprising a filament guide, the filament being configured to be threaded through or wound around the filament guide to maintain filament spacing. [The present invention 1004] The ion source of the present invention 1002, wherein at least one of the filament or the accelerating grid comprises tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the filament guide comprises a non-conductive refractory material. [The present invention 1005] The ion source of the present invention 1004, wherein the non-conductive refractory material comprises a ceramic. [The present invention 1006] The ion source of any one of claims 1002 to 1005, further comprising a suppression grid surrounding said filament and said acceleration grid, said voltage source being configured to apply a third negative voltage to said suppression grid. [The present invention 1007] the acceleration grid and the retardation grid each include a plurality of openings configured to allow positive ions to pass therethrough; The ion source of the present invention 1006 is configured such that the positive ions passing through the accelerating grid are accelerated towards the suppression grid due to a potential difference between the accelerating grid and the suppression grid. [The present invention 1008] Any of the ion sources of the present invention 1001-1007, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 1 mTorr. [The present invention 1009] Any of the ion sources of the present invention 1001 to 1007, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 0.1 mTorr. [The present invention 1010] a chamber configured to contain a gas and including a target; a filament disposed within the chamber; a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber; A nuclear reaction generating device comprising: the first positive voltage is configured to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and generating a plurality of thermoelectrons; the plurality of thermoelectrons are configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions within the chamber. The nuclear reaction generating device. [The present invention 1011] The nuclear reaction generating apparatus of the present invention 1010, wherein the target is configured such that a nuclear reaction occurs when the positive ions interact with the target. [The present invention 1012] The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention 1010 or 1011, wherein the target is at least one of disposed on an inner surface of a wall of the chamber, disposed on an outer surface of a wall of the chamber, or integrated into the wall of the chamber. [The present invention 1013] an acceleration grid surrounding the filament; the voltage source is configured to apply a second positive voltage relative to the chamber to an accelerating grid; the second positive voltage is greater than the first positive voltage; A nuclear reaction generating device according to any one of the present inventions 1010 to 1013. [The present invention 1014] a containment grid concentric with and surrounding said filament and acceleration grid; the voltage source is configured to apply a third negative voltage relative to the chamber to the containment grid. The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention 1013. [The present invention 1015] the acceleration grid and the retardation grid each include a plurality of openings configured to allow positive ions to pass therethrough; the positive ions passing from the ionization region through the accelerating grid are accelerated toward the suppression grid due to a potential difference between the accelerating grid and the suppression grid. The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention 1014. [The present invention 1016] A nuclear reaction generation device according to any one of claims 1010 to 1015, wherein the target is composed of a solid metal hydride forming material. [The present invention 1017] The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention, wherein the solid metal hydride forming material is titanium or a titanium alloy. [The present invention 1018] The nuclear reaction generating device of any one of claims 1010 to 1017, wherein the target comprises titanium or a titanium alloy. [The present invention 1019] A nuclear reaction generating device according to any one of claims 1010 to 1018, wherein the target comprises a layer provided on the inner surface of the chamber or on a low hydrogen solubility metal provided on the inner surface of the chamber. [The present invention 1020] The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention, wherein the target comprises titanium or an alloy of titanium, and at least one of the interior surface of the chamber or the low hydrogen solubility metal comprises stainless steel. [The present invention 1021] Any of the nuclear reaction generating devices of the present inventions 1010 to 1020, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 1 mTorr. [The present invention 1022] Any of the nuclear reaction generating devices of the present inventions 1010 to 1021, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 0.1 mTorr. [The present invention 1023] A nuclear reaction generating device according to any one of claims 1010 to 1022, wherein at least one of the filament or the acceleration grid comprises tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the filament guide comprises a non-conductive refractory material. [The present invention 1024] The nuclear reaction generating device of the present invention, wherein the non-conductive refractory material comprises a ceramic. [The present invention 1025] 1. A method for generating ions, comprising: Providing a filament within a chamber containing a gas; applying a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and generating a plurality of thermoelectrons; ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region of the chamber; The method comprising: [The present invention 1026] providing an acceleration grid within the chamber, the grid surrounded by the filament; applying a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid relative to the chamber, the second positive voltage being greater than the first positive voltage; The method of the present invention 1025, comprising: [The present invention 1027] The method of claim 1026, wherein the steps of applying the first positive voltage and applying the second positive voltage are simultaneous. [The present invention 1028] Any of the methods of claims 1025-1027, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber at less than 1 mTorr. [The present invention 1029] The method of any one of claims 1025 to 1028, further comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 0.1 millitorr. [The present invention 1030] 1. A method for generating a nuclear reaction, comprising: providing a filament in a chamber containing a gas and providing a target in the chamber surrounding the filament; applying a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and generating a plurality of thermoelectrons; ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region of the chamber; The method comprising: [The present invention 1031] providing an acceleration grid within the chamber, the grid surrounded by the filament; applying a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid relative to the chamber, the second positive voltage being greater than the first positive voltage; The method of the present invention 1030, comprising: [The present invention 1032] The method of claim 1031, wherein the steps of applying the first positive voltage and applying the second positive voltage are simultaneous. [The present invention 1033] The method of any one of claims 1031 and 1032, further comprising applying a negative voltage relative to the chamber to the inhibition grid disposed between the acceleration grid and the target. [The present invention 1034] The method of claim 1033, wherein the steps of applying a first positive voltage, applying a second positive voltage, and applying a negative voltage are simultaneous. [The present invention 1035] the acceleration grid and the retardation grid each include a plurality of openings configured to allow positive ions to pass therethrough; The method further comprising: Accelerating positive ions through the accelerating grid toward the retarding grid using a potential difference between the accelerating grid and the retarding grid. Further comprising: The method of the present invention 1033 or 1034. [The present invention 1036] further comprising directing positive ions at the target; the incoming positive ions are implanted in the target or collide with previously implanted ions to generate fusion neutrons; Any of the methods of 1028 to 1033 of the present invention. [The present invention 1037] The method of claim 1034 further comprising emitting secondary electrons from said target as a result of impingement of incident ions on previously implanted ions. [The present invention 1038] The method of any one of claims 1034 to 1035, comprising reflecting the secondary electrons from the suppression grid towards the target as a result of the negative voltage applied to the suppression grid. [The present invention 1039] The method of any of claims 1030-1038, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 1 mTorr. [The present invention 1040] Any of the methods of claims 1030-1039, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber at less than 0.1 mTorr. Further features, advantages, and embodiments of the present disclosure can be set forth from a consideration of the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Moreover, it should be understood that both the foregoing summary of the disclosure and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without further limiting the scope of the present disclosure as claimed. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] The present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [Figure 1] 1 shows a schematic diagram of an ion source and a neutron generator. [Figure 2A] 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the ion source and neutron generator of FIG. 1 including a filament guide. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2 shows a trimer cross-sectional view of the ion source and neutron generator of FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] 2 shows an exploded cross-sectional view of the ion source of FIG. 1; [Figure 4] 2 shows a control system for the ion source of FIG. 1, the control system including a controller and a voltage source. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Detailed Description Before turning to the figures showing specifically exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the application is not limited to the details or methodology set forth in the specification or figures, and that the terminology is for the purpose of description only and should not be regarded as limiting.

[0015] In one aspect, the ion source includes a filament 2, an acceleration grid 3, and a chamber to which gas is supplied. In another aspect, the neutron generator includes a filament 2, an acceleration grid 3, a suppression grid 4, a target 5, and a chamber to which gas is supplied. That is, a target 5 (and, in some embodiments, a suppression grid 4) can be added to the ion source (i.e., the filament 2 and the acceleration grid 3) to form a neutron generator. Both ion sources and neutron generators are within the scope of this disclosure. All ion sources described herein can be used in the neutron generators described herein. The systems disclosed herein can also be described as ion sources and divergence accelerators, or as nuclear fusion reactors.

[0016] In one example of an ion source, the filament 2 is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the acceleration grid 3 is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy. In one example of a neutron source, the filament 2 is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, the acceleration grid 3 is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, the suppression grid 4 is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the target 5 is made of titanium or a titanium alloy (optionally lined with a metal with low hydrogen solubility such as stainless steel). Various other materials and preferred properties of materials are provided in detail below.

[0017] As shown in Figures 1 and 2A, the chamber of the ion source and / or neutron generator has a circular cross section (i.e., the chamber can be cylindrical or spherical). Figure 2B shows an oblique cross section of an ion source and / or neutron generator having a circular shape in an embodiment, i.e., in an embodiment, the filament 2, the acceleration grid 3, the suppression grid 4, and / or the target 5 are each formed cylindrically. However, the shape of the chamber is not so limited in other embodiments. In other examples (not shown), the chamber can have a shape of a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, a pyramid, a cone, etc. The shape of the chamber can be customized to fit the particular application in which the ion source is used. In some examples, the chamber can be symmetrical about its central axis. In other examples, the chamber may not be symmetrical about its central axis. The ion source 10 is easier to build and easier to replace than conventional ion sources.

[0018] filament The filament 2 is located near the center of the chamber of the ion source and / or neutron generator. The filament 2 is connected to a voltage source 20 configured to apply a positive predetermined voltage to the filament 2 (described in more detail below), thereby heating the filament 2. The filament 2 is a high current thermionic emitter in the embodiment shown. In some embodiments, field emission (e.g., uniform field emission) is used in addition to or instead of thermionic emission. In thermionic emission, the filament 2 is heated to provide the electrons with the minimum energy required to overcome the attractive forces holding them to the filament 2, resulting in the emission of electrons (thermal electrons) from the filament 2. The minimum energy (i.e., work function) is defined as the minimum thermodynamic work required to remove electrons from a solid surface (i.e., filament 2) to a point in the chamber just outside the filament 2. The work function depends on the material properties of the filament 2 and the contamination state of the surface of the filament 2. The filament 2 can be made of any material that can be heated to provide electrons with minimal energy without melting. Preferably, the filament 2 is made of a material with a low work function so that a large number of thermal electrons are emitted. For example, the filament 2 can be made of a metal (e.g., tungsten or a tungsten alloy). In various embodiments, the material of the filament 2 is characterized by high electron emissivity, low vapor pressure, high melting temperature, and resistance to ablation and sputtering. In various embodiments, the filament 2 can be composed of lanthanum hexaboride, cerium hexaboride, thoriated tungsten, barium aluminate, or a mixture of any two or more thereof.

[0019] As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, in some examples of ion sources and / or neutron generators, the filaments 2 are optionally provided in one or more filament guides 2a configured to maintain filament spacing and provide mechanical support to keep the filaments 2 stationary over the entire length of the device. In one example, the filament guides 2a may include a plurality of openings 2b (e.g., holes, slots, etc.) configured to receive a portion of the filament 2 therein (e.g., the filament 2 is threaded into and threaded out of the openings). In this example, the openings 2b may be uniformly or non-uniformly spaced along the filament guides 2a with openings, and the filaments 2 may be received in all or some of the openings 2b. The filament guides 2a with openings 2b are made of a non-conductive refractory material. In some embodiments, the non-conductive refractory material may be ceramic. Exemplary glasses include glass, clay, and metal oxides. As a specific example, the filaments 2 may be tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the filament guides may be made of ceramic.

[0020] In some examples, the ion source 10 includes only one filament 2. In other examples, the ion source 10 may include multiple filaments 2 supported at spaced intervals along a filament guide. In other embodiments, other approaches and / or structures for emitting electrons within the chamber may be used, and the systems and methods herein may be adapted accordingly.

[0021] Acceleration Grid An acceleration grid 3 at least partially surrounded by the filament 2. The filament 2 and the acceleration grid 3 may be concentric, but that is not required. In some examples, the acceleration grid 3 may be a solid material including a plurality of openings (i.e., holes, slots, etc.) provided at intervals along its length. In other examples, the acceleration grid 3 may be a framework or mesh including a first set of parallel strips or threads of material extending in a first direction (e.g., along the length of the chamber) and a second set of strips or threads of material intersecting and crossing the first set of parallel strips such that openings are provided between the first and second sets. The openings are configured to allow positive ions (e.g., hydrogen ions) generated in the ionization region (e.g., between the acceleration grid 3 and the filament 2) to pass through the acceleration grid 3 and be collected (ion source) or accelerated toward the suppression grid 4 and the target 5 (neutron generator).

[0022] In some examples, the acceleration grid 3 is made of the same material as the filament 2. In other examples, the acceleration grid 3 is made of a different material than the filament 2. The acceleration grid 3 is made of a conductive material and may be resistant to ion damage. The acceleration grid 3 may be made of a refractory metal that is resistant to ablation and sputtering, such as niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, or a mixture or alloy of any two or more thereof.

[0023] The accelerating grid 3 is connected to a voltage source 20 configured to apply a positive predetermined voltage to the accelerating grid 3. The potential of the accelerating grid 3 is higher (more positive) than the potential of the filament 2. For example, the predetermined voltage applied to the accelerating grid can be +100100V, while the predetermined voltage applied to the filament 2 can be +100000V. Due to the potential difference (voltage bias), the thermal electrons emitted by the filament 2 accelerate outward towards the accelerating grid 3. The arrangement of the filament 2 and the accelerating grid 3 and the voltage bias create a low potential region that traps the energetic thermal electrons (electrons) generated by the thermionic emission of the filament 2. The thermal electrons can be reabsorbed by the filament 2, but those with sufficient energy are captured (trapped between the filament 2 and the accelerating grid 3). The trapped energetic thermal electrons circulate through the ionization region for a sufficient time to collide with low density neutral gas molecules according to the following reaction: M+e - →M +· +2e - (3) where M is a gas molecule and e - are electrons (thermal electrons) that interact with a gas molecule and transfer energy greater than the ionization energy of the molecule such that the electron is expelled from the gas molecule (electron ionization).

[0024] Stated differently, as described above, the voltage source can be configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament and a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid. The first positive voltage applied to the filament is configured to heat it to a temperature where thermionic emission occurs from the filament, generating a plurality of thermal electrons. The second positive voltage is greater (more positive) than the first positive voltage. The plurality of thermal electrons is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region within the chamber, including the region between the filament and the accelerating grid. The first and second positive voltages are held substantially higher than the voltage of the walls of the chamber, which may be held at ground potential. This creates a recirculating electron trap in which electrons oscillate back and forth in the center of the device, causing ionization of the low pressure background gas. The ions generated in this region accelerate outward toward the walls of the structure due to the electric field configuration.

[0025] Gaseous molecules (e.g., hydrogen) that are ionized by collisions with high-energy thermal electrons in the ionization region impart a positive charge to the ionization region, thereby reducing the negative charge of the accumulated electronic space charge generated by the thermal electron current. The vacuum level in the acceleration region 3 is generated by an external vacuum source and is maintained at a level that reduces the likelihood of collisions with neutral particles in the ionization region. For example, the gas pressure in the ionization region can be 10 mTorr or less, e.g., 5 mTorr or less, or 1 mTorr or less. A lower gas pressure in the ionization region increases the ion or neutron yield because ions are less likely to collide with gas molecules before being collected or before entering the target 5 to generate neutrons.

[0026] Suppression Grid In a neutron generator, the suppression grid 4 at least partially surrounds the filament 2. The suppression grid 4, the filament 2, and the acceleration grid 3 are concentric. The suppression grid 4 is made of the same material as the acceleration grid 3. Like the acceleration grid 3, in some examples, the suppression grid 4 can be a solid material including a plurality of openings (i.e., holes, slots, etc.) provided at intervals along its length. In other examples, the suppression grid 4 can be a framework or mesh including a first set of parallel strips or threads of material extending in a first direction (e.g., along the length of the chamber) and a second set of strips or threads of material intersecting and crossing the first set of parallel strips such that openings are provided between the first and second sets. The locations of the openings in the suppression grid 4 correspond to the locations of the openings in the acceleration grid 3. The openings in the suppression grid 4 are configured to allow positive ions passing through the acceleration grid 3 from the ionization region to pass through the suppression grid 4 and accelerate towards the target 5.

[0027] The suppression grid 4 is connected to a voltage source 20, which is configured to apply a negative predetermined voltage to the suppression grid 4 (described in more detail below). As positive ions in the region between the acceleration grid 3 and the filament 2 drift near the acceleration grid 3, they are accelerated out of the ionization region by the potential difference between the acceleration grid 3 and the suppression grid 4. In other embodiments, a magnetic field can be used to achieve a similar effect to that provided by the suppression grid 4.

[0028] The containment grid 4 is made of a conductive material that may be resistant to ion damage, such as a high mass metal. The containment grid 4 may also be made of a refractory metal that is resistant to ablation and sputtering, such as niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, or a mixture or alloy of any two or more thereof.

[0029] target In a neutron generator, the target 5 at least partially surrounds the suppression grid 4 (e.g., the target 5 may not surround the area above and / or below the suppression grid 4). The target 5, the suppression grid 4, and the acceleration grid 3 are concentric. The target 5 may be made of a solid metal hydride-forming material. The material of the target 5 may be selected such that, when fully loaded, there is a 1:1 to 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen provided to the target 5 and the material from which the target 5 is made. The material of the target 5 may be a conductive metal or metalloid with an affinity for absorbing hydrogen, preferably a low-mass material with a very small nuclear interaction cross section. For example, the target 5 may be made of carbon, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, yttrium, scandium, erbium, or a mixture or alloy of any two or more thereof.

[0030] In some examples, the target 5 is (or is integrated into) the wall of the chamber itself. In other examples, the target 5 is a layer provided on the interior surface of the chamber or on the exterior surface of the chamber. In examples in which the target 5 is a layer, the target 5 may optionally be lined with a low hydrogen solubility metal, or the low hydrogen solubility metal may form the wall of the chamber itself. The low hydrogen solubility metal may be stainless steel.

[0031] The target 5 is not connected to the voltage source 20 and is held at ground potential (substantially 0V). After moving outward through the openings in the acceleration grid 3 and the suppression grid 4, the positive ions enter the region between the suppression grid 4 and the target 5. In this region, the positive ions stop accelerating and move ballistically to impinge on the target 5. The incident ions are either injected into the target 5 or collide with previously injected ions to generate fusion neutrons. In the example of a neutron generator where the positive ions generated with ionizing energy are hydrogen isotopes, a hydrogen concentration builds up on the target 5 such that the hydrogen isotopes from reactions (1) and (2) above can collide with another hydrogen isotope on the target 5 to generate neutrons.

[0032] When energetic ions strike the target 5, approximately 2-3 secondary electrons may be emitted from the surface of the target 5, which is held at a potential slightly higher than that of the suppression grid 4. Due to the potential difference between the target 5 and the suppression grid 4, the secondary electrons are reflected back to the target 5, reducing electron heating of the acceleration grid 3 and preventing unwanted electron currents in the ionization region provided between the acceleration grid 3 and the filament 2. In other embodiments, a magnetic field may be used to achieve a similar effect to that provided by the suppression grid 4.

[0033] Voltage Sources and Controllers A voltage source 20 is provided external to the chamber. The voltage source 20 may be any known voltage source. A controller 30 is provided and may be programmed to independently control the voltages supplied to each of the filament 2, accelerating grid 3, and suppression grid 4. The controller 30 may vary the voltages supplied to each of the filament 2, accelerating grid 3, and suppression grid 4 to tune the system or vary the yield of ions or neutrons. A control panel or display may be provided to allow a user to select the different individual voltages supplied to each of the filament 2, accelerating grid 3, and suppression grid 4.

[0034] As described above, the target 5 is held at ground potential and the suppression grid 4 is held at a slight negative voltage relative to ground potential. The acceleration grid 3 is held at a high positive voltage relative to ground potential and the filament 2 is held at a slight positive voltage relative to the voltage of the acceleration grid 3. This electronic arrangement reduces the possibility of unwanted electrical arcing and protects the filament 2 from damage due to arcing or high energy electron currents.

[0035] In the example of a neutron generator where the chamber is cylindrical, a cylindrical neutron generator of a given length (determined by the particular application) is axially aligned and configured to generate a uniform, isotropic neutron flux. The cylindrical arrangement of components allows the neutron generator to generate high ion current densities without space charge limitations.

[0036] The configuration of the ion source and / or neutron generator as shown in the various exemplary embodiments is merely exemplary. While only a few embodiments are described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of various elements, parameter values, mounting arrangements, material use, colors, orientation, image processing and segmentation algorithms, etc.) without substantially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter described herein. Some elements shown as integrally formed may be composed of multiple parts or elements, the location of elements may be reversed or changed, and the nature or number of discrete elements or locations may be modified or changed. The order or sequence of any process, logic algorithm, or method steps may be modified or reordered according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangements of the preferred and other exemplary implementations without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

[0037] As used herein, the terms "approximately," "about," "substantially," and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning consistent with common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. Those of ordinary skill in the art who consider this disclosure will understand that these terms are intended to enable the description of certain features described and claimed without limiting the scope of those features to the precise numerical ranges provided. These terms should therefore be interpreted to indicate that insubstantial or insignificant modifications or variations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

[0038] As used herein, the terms "coupled" and "connected" mean the joining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining can be static (e.g., permanent) or movable (e.g., removable or releasable). Such joining can be achieved by the two members, or the two members and any additional intermediate members, being unitary with one another, or by the two members, or the two members and any additional intermediate members, being adhered to one another.

[0039] References herein to the location of elements (e.g., "top," "bottom," "above," "below," etc.) are merely used to describe the orientation of the various elements in the figures. It should be noted that the orientation of the various elements may differ according to other exemplary embodiments, and such variations are intended to be included in the present disclosure.

[0040] With respect to the use of virtually any plural and / or singular terminology herein, those of skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as appropriate to the context and / or application. For clarity, the various singular / plural permutations may be expressly indicated.

[0041] Embodiments of the subject matter and operations (e.g., voltage control) described herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or computer software embodied on tangible media, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents, or one or more combinations thereof. Embodiments of the subject matter described herein can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on one or more computer storage media for execution by or to control the operation of a data processing device. Alternatively, or in addition, the program instructions can be encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiver device for execution by a data processing device. A computer storage medium can be, or can be included in, a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or one or more combinations thereof. Additionally, while a computer storage medium is not a propagating signal, a computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium may also be or be contained in one or more separate components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices). Thus, the computer storage medium may be tangible and non-transitory.

[0042] The operations described herein may be implemented to be performed by a data processing device or circuitry for processing data stored in one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.

Claims

1. a chamber configured to contain a gas; a filament disposed within the chamber; an acceleration grid surrounded by the filament and surrounding an open central region of the chamber, the acceleration grid including a plurality of openings spaced about the open central region of the chamber; a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage relative to the chamber to the filament and a second positive voltage relative to the chamber to the accelerating grid; 1. An ion source comprising: the first positive voltage is configured to heat the filament to a temperature that causes thermionic emission and causes a plurality of thermoelectrons to be emitted from the filament; The plurality of thermoelectrons are configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions; the plurality of openings permitting the positive ions to pass through the accelerating grid and the open central region of the chamber; a filament guide is provided within the chamber, the filament guide including a plurality of openings, the filament being threaded through the plurality of openings in the filament guide such that filament spacing is maintained by the filament guide; The ion source.

2. the second positive voltage is greater than the first positive voltage; 2. The ion source of claim 1, wherein the second positive voltage of the accelerating grid relative to the chamber and the first positive voltage of the filament relative to the chamber are configured to form a recirculating electron trap in which electrons oscillate back and forth in the open central region of the chamber, the recirculating electron trap causing ionization of the gas in the open central region.

3. 3. The ion source of claim 1, wherein at least one of the filament or the accelerating grid comprises tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the filament guide comprises a non-conductive refractory material.

4. The ion source of claim 3 , wherein the non-conductive refractory material comprises a ceramic.

5. The ion source of any one of claims 1 to 4, including a suppression grid surrounding the filament and the accelerating grid, the voltage source being configured to apply a third negative voltage to the suppression grid.

6. the containment grid includes a plurality of containment grid openings configured to allow positive ions to pass therethrough; The ion source of claim 5 , configured to accelerate the positive ions passing through the accelerating grid towards the suppression grid due to a potential difference between the accelerating grid and the suppression grid.

7. The ion source of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 1 milliTorr.

8. The ion source of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 0.1 millitorr.

9. A nuclear reaction generating device comprising the ion source according to any one of claims 1 to 8, the chamber contains a target; the target is configured such that a nuclear reaction occurs when the positive ions interact with the target; The nuclear reaction generating device.

10. 10. The nuclear reaction generating apparatus of claim 9, wherein the target is at least one of: located on an inner surface of a wall of the chamber, located on an outer surface of a wall of the chamber, or integral with a wall of the chamber.

11. A nuclear reaction generating device according to any one of claims 9 to 10, wherein the target is made of a solid metal hydride forming material.

12. 12. The nuclear reaction generating device of claim 11, wherein the solid metal hydride forming material is titanium or a titanium alloy.

13. A nuclear reaction generating device according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the target comprises titanium or an alloy of titanium.

14. A nuclear reaction generating apparatus according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the target comprises a layer provided on an inner surface of the chamber or on a low hydrogen solubility metal provided on the inner surface of the chamber.

15. 15. The nuclear reaction generating apparatus of claim 14, wherein the target comprises titanium or an alloy of titanium and at least one of the interior surface of the chamber or the low hydrogen solubility metal comprises stainless steel.

16. 1. A method for generating ions, comprising: Providing a filament within a chamber containing a gas; providing an acceleration grid within the chamber surrounded by the filaments and surrounding an open central region of the chamber, the acceleration grid including a plurality of openings spaced apart about the open central region of the chamber; applying a first positive voltage relative to the chamber to the filament to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and whereby a plurality of thermoelectrons are emitted from the filament; applying a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid relative to the chamber; ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region of the chamber; Including, the plurality of openings permitting the positive ions to pass through the accelerating grid and the open central region of the chamber; a filament guide is provided within the chamber, the filament guide including a plurality of openings, the filament being threaded through the plurality of openings in the filament guide such that the filament guide maintains a filament spacing of the filament within the chamber; The method.

17. the second positive voltage is greater than the first positive voltage; 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second positive voltage of the accelerating grid relative to the chamber and the first positive voltage of the filament relative to the chamber are configured to form a recirculating electron trap in which electrons oscillate back and forth in the open central region of the chamber, the recirculating electron trap causing ionization of the gas within the open central region of the chamber.

18. 18. The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the steps of applying the first positive voltage and applying the second positive voltage are simultaneous.

19. The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 1 milliTorr.

20. The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 0.1 millitorr.

21. 1. A method for generating neutrons, comprising: providing a filament in a chamber containing a gas and providing a target in the chamber surrounding the filament; applying a first positive voltage relative to the chamber to the filament to heat the filament to a temperature causing thermionic emission and whereby a plurality of thermoelectrons are emitted from the filament; ionizing the gas to generate positive ions in an ionization region of the chamber; Including, a filament guide is provided within the chamber, the filament guide includes a plurality of openings, and the filament is passed through the plurality of openings of the filament guide such that a filament spacing of the filament within the chamber is maintained by the filament guide; moreover, providing an acceleration grid within the chamber surrounded by the filaments and surrounding an open central region of the chamber, the acceleration grid including a plurality of openings spaced apart about the open central region of the chamber; applying a second positive voltage to the accelerating grid relative to the chamber, the second positive voltage being greater than the first positive voltage; applying a negative voltage relative to the chamber to a suppression grid disposed between the acceleration grid and the target; further comprising directing positive ions at the target; the incoming positive ions are implanted in the target or collide with previously implanted ions to generate fusion neutrons; the plurality of openings permitting the positive ions to pass through the accelerating grid and the open central region of the chamber. The method.

22. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the steps of applying the first positive voltage and applying the second positive voltage are simultaneous.

23. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the steps of applying a first positive voltage, applying a second positive voltage, and applying a negative voltage are simultaneous.

24. the containment grid includes a plurality of containment grid openings configured to allow positive ions to pass therethrough; The method further comprising: Accelerating positive ions through the accelerating grid toward the retarding grid using a potential difference between the accelerating grid and the retarding grid. Further comprising:

24. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 23.

25. The method of any one of claims 21 to 24, further comprising emitting secondary electrons from the target as a result of impinging incident ions on previously implanted ions.

26. 26. The method of claim 25, comprising reflecting the secondary electrons from the suppression grid towards the target as a result of the negative voltage applied to the suppression grid.

27. The method of any one of claims 21 to 26, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 1 milliTorr.

28. The method of any one of claims 21 to 27, comprising maintaining a pressure in the chamber below 0.1 millitorr.

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