Control scheme for thermal management of power generation system and power generation method

Abstract

To provide a system and method for controlling a power generation plant and optionally providing one or more product streams for an end use thereof.SOLUTION: Control of a power generation plant specifically may include executing one or more functions effective for adjusting a heat profile of a heat exchange unit (HEU) that operates with a plurality of streams passing therethrough. This may include implementing a control function that alters one or more of the plurality of streams by adding a flow thereto or withdrawing a flow therefrom in an intermediate temperature range within the HEU at a point that is positioned between a first end and a second end of the HEU.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to control systems and methods, and more particularly to control systems and methods that can be incorporated into power generation systems and methods. The control systems and methods can be implemented, inter alia, for managing heat flow into and out of the power generation system. [Background technology]

[0002] Many systems and methods are known for burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. Although alternative means of generating electricity are constantly being pursued, the cost factors and availability of fossil fuels, particularly coal and natural gas (including waste hydrocarbons such as residual oil products), continue to require systems configured to burn such fuels. Thus, there is an increasing demand for systems and methods that allow for highly efficient power generation with complete carbon capture.

[0003] The ability to provide power generation from the combustion of fossil fuels, with complete carbon capture, offers the possibility of mass production of carbon dioxide as a valuable commodity. The compound is used, for example, in the metal industry (e.g., to improve the hardness of casting molds), manufacturing and construction (e.g., as a shielding gas in MIG / MAG welding), chemical manufacturing (e.g., as a feedstock for the production of methanol and urea), oil field management (e.g., for improving oil production techniques), and the food and beverage industry (e.g., for carbonation, use as a refrigerant, decaffeination of coffee, separation and purification of volatile flavors and fragrance concentrates, and low-temperature sterilization in mixtures with ethylene oxide), to name a few. Depending on the actual application, carbon dioxide input to industrial applications must often be pressurized and / or heated above ambient conditions.

[0004] The provision of clean CO2 for such applications (and others) typically involves separation of CO2 from industrial gas mixtures, which often contain additional compounds such as CO, H2, sulfur, etc. This, of course, requires a series of purification processes. The purification requirements, as well as the need to provide CO2 at the desired pressure and / or temperature, may necessitate the procurement of dedicated compression, purification, and heating equipment resulting in high capital costs as well as large amounts of energy consumption.

[0005] In addition to the above, power generation processes are typically configured for the utilization and production of large amounts of thermal energy. This thermal energy may be utilized directly for power generation or may be available for further use. Thus, there is a need for a means to control the power generation process such that various product flows and modes of heat transfer, such as carbon dioxide, can be efficiently obtained and / or transported for further use. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure may provide systems and methods useful for controlling one or more aspects of a power generation system. The control system may specifically provide control of one or more of pressure, temperature, flow rate, and stream composition of one or more flow streams in the power generation system. The control system may provide optimal efficiency of the power generation system. The control system may further provide control of aspects of the power generation system, such as start-up of the system, shut-down of the system, changing input stream(s) in the system, changing output stream(s) in the system, emergency operational response for the system, and the like for the operation of the power generation system. In some embodiments, the control system may be specifically adapted and configured to provide management of heat flow into and out of the power generation system and method. For example, the heat flow may be embodied by passage of a dedicated stream in the power generation system through a heat transfer fluid and / or a heat exchanger to a dedicated stream in a different system.

[0007] The present disclosure may more specifically relate to the transport of CO2 from a power generation cycle such that the CO2 can be utilized for a variety of beneficial end uses without the need for compression and / or heating of the CO2 during actual use. U.S. Patent No. 8,596,075 to Allam et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a highly efficient power generation cycle in which oxy-fuel combustion is performed utilizing a recycled CO2 stream and at least a portion of the CO2 can be recovered as a relatively pure stream. Due to the nature of the cycle, which can provide combustion gases and recycled CO2 at various pressures and temperatures, such systems and methods can be configured in accordance with the present disclosure to extract substantially pure CO2 over a wide pressure and / or temperature range that is useful for transportation.

[0008] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure thus provides systems and methods whereby CO2 resulting from a power generation cycle utilizing CO2 as a working fluid can be obtained as an end product and directly fed into further downstream use of materials. For example, the systems and methods of the present disclosure may enable the transport of CO2 as a chemical feedstock and / or heat transfer fluid at various temperatures and pressures for use in downstream endothermic industrial processes.

[0009] In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods are beneficial in that they can provide low-grade heat to external processes. This can be accomplished in an exemplary embodiment by effectively using the combustion-derived CO2 as a heat carrier. Additionally, the disclosure provides for management of plant turndown (i.e., turbine stability and operability) by transporting said low-grade heat along with varying flow rates through the hot gas compressor ("HGC") of the power generation system from which the CO2 originates. Thus, by relying on a power generation cycle that utilizes a CO2 working fluid, it is possible to partially or completely eliminate the need for combustion separate from the power generation cycle itself. Thus, the maximum temperature can be limited by the quality and quantity of total heat that can be obtained from the recuperative heat exchanger train utilized in the power generation cycle before the hot gas compressor can no longer make up for losses (i.e., maintain the heat exchanger profile). In this manner, the disclosed systems and methods can provide distinct advantages over other possible industrial CO2 sources, such as systems in which the heat of CO2 compression is recovered to help generate the steam used to strip the CO2 from the capture column. In such less desirable alternatives, the heat recovery process is separate and additive from the direct power generation activity and therefore fails to provide many of the advantages of the disclosed systems and methods. Thus, known systems and methods do not include the use of combustion-derived CO2 derived from a supercritical CO2 power cycle, nor do they contemplate the supply of external thermal energy to chemical processes by using CO2 as a portable heat sink.

[0010] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure can provide a method for providing a CO2 stream to its end use. For example, such a method can include combusting a fuel to form a combustion stream including CO2, generating power, removing one or more contaminants from the combustion stream to provide a substantially pure CO2 stream, and transporting the substantially pure CO2 stream having one or both of a temperature and a pressure higher than ambient. Specifically, the transported CO2 can be at a pressure of about 2 bar or more, about 5 bar or more, about 10 bar or more, about 25 bar or more, about 50 bar or more, or about 100 bar or more (the aforementioned transport pressures have upper limits consistent with pressure limits inherent in the equipment required to compress the CO2 and the equipment used to transport the CO2). In some embodiments, the pressure can be from about 2 bar to about 500 bar, about 10 bar to about 490 bar, about 25 bar to about 480 bar, about 50 bar to about 475 bar, about 75 bar to about 450 bar, or about 100 bar to about 400 bar. The CO2 being transported may be at a temperature of about 35°C or higher, about 40°C or higher, about 50°C or higher, about 75°C or higher, or about 100°C or higher (the aforementioned transport temperatures having upper limits consistent with the inherent temperature limitations of the equipment required to handle the CO2). In some embodiments, the temperature may be from about 35°C to about 500°C, from about 40°C to about 450°C, from about 50°C to about 400°C, or from about 60°C to about 350°C.

[0011] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure may relate to a control system suitable for use in a power plant. For example, the power plant may be a plant that burns fuel with substantially pure oxygen in a combustor at a pressure of about 12 MPa or more, with the addition of a circulating CO2 stream, to produce a combined stream of combustion products and circulating CO2. In some embodiments, the power generation may further be characterized by one or more of the following points, which may be combined in any number or order:

[0012] The combined stream may be passed through a power generating turbine at a discharge pressure of at least 10 bar. The turbine exhaust may be cooled in an economizer heat exchanger to preheat a circulating CO2 stream. The turbine exhaust may be further cooled to near ambient temperature and condensate may be removed. The CO2 gas stream may be compressed to or near the turbine suction pressure using a gas compressor followed by a rich CO2 pump to form a circulating CO2 stream. Net CO2 produced in the combustor may be removed at a pressure between the turbine suction pressure and the turbine discharge pressure. Heat from an external source may be introduced to preheat a portion of the circulating CO2 stream to a temperature in the range of 200°C to 400°C to reduce the temperature difference between the turbine exhaust and the circulating CO2 stream exiting the economizer heat exchanger to about 50°C or less. The fuel flow rate may be controlled to provide the required power output from the turbine. The turbine discharge temperature may be controlled by the speed of the CO2 pump. The discharge pressure of the CO2 compressor can be controlled by recycling the compressed CO2 stream to the compressor suction. The flow rate of net CO2 produced from the fuel gas combustion and removed from the system can be used to control the suction pressure of the CO2 compressor. The difference between the temperature of the turbine exhaust entering the economizer heat exchanger and the temperature of the recycle CO2 stream leaving the economizer heat exchanger can be controlled to 50°C or less by controlling the flow rate of the portion of the recycle CO2 stream that is heated by an additional heat source. The flow rate of net liquid water and fuel-derived impurities removed from the system can be controlled at the liquid water separator level. The oxygen flow rate can be controlled to maintain a ratio of oxygen to fuel gas flow rate, thereby ensuring a predetermined amount of excess oxygen in the turbine suction stream to ensure complete combustion of the fuel gas and complete oxidation of the fuel gas components. The oxygen stream at the CO2 compressor suction pressure can be mixed with a quantity of CO2 from the CO2 compressor suction port to produce an oxidizer stream having an oxygen composition of about 15% to about 40% (molar concentration), which can reduce the adiabatic flame temperature in the combustor. The oxidizer flow required to provide the required oxygen to fuel gas ratio can be controlled by the speed of the oxidizer pump.The discharge pressure of the oxidant compressor may be controlled by recycling the compressed oxidant stream to the compressor inlet. The suction pressure of the oxidant compressor may be controlled by the flow rate of diluent CO2 mixed with oxygen to form the oxidant stream. The ratio of oxygen to CO2 in the oxidant stream may be controlled by the flow of oxygen. The oxygen may be delivered to the power generation system at a pressure at least as high as the turbine suction pressure, and an oxidant stream having an oxygen composition in the range of about 15% to about 40% (molar concentration) may be desired. The oxygen ratio to fuel gas may be controlled by the flow of oxygen. The oxygen ratio to CO2 in the oxidant stream may be controlled by the flow of diluent CO2 obtained from the discharge of the CO2 compressor.

[0013] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure may provide a power generation system including an embedded control system that may be configured for automatic control of at least one component of the power generation system. In particular, the control system may include at least one controller unit configured to receive inputs related to measured parameters of the power generation system and configured to provide outputs to the at least one component of the power generation system that is subject to automatic control.

[0014] The power generation system and the embedded control system may further be defined with respect to one or more of the following statements, which may be combined in any number and order: The embedded control system may include a power control configured to receive input related to power produced by one or more power generation components of the power generation system. The power control may be configured to provide an output to a heater component that increases or decreases heat production by the heater component of the power generation system, or to provide an output to a fuel valve that allows more or less fuel to be admitted to the power generation system. The embedded control system may include a fuel / oxidizer ratio control configured to receive input related to a fuel flow rate and an input related to an oxidizer flow rate. The fuel / oxidizer ratio control may be configured to provide an output to a fuel valve that allows more or less fuel to be admitted to the power generation system, or to provide an output to an oxidizer valve that allows more or less oxidizer to be admitted to the power generation system. The embedded control system may include a pump control configured to receive input related to a temperature of an exhaust stream of a turbine in the power generation system and to provide an output to a pump that increases or decreases the flow rate of the stream exiting the pump upstream of the turbine. The embedded control system may include a pump suction pressure control configured to receive an input related to a suction pressure in a fluid upstream of a pump in the power generation system and provide an output to a spillback valve located upstream of the pump. The pump suction pressure control is configured to satisfy one or both of a requirement to moderate fluid spilling back to a point further upstream from the spillback valve and a requirement to moderate fluid removed from the power generation system upstream of the pump. The embedded control system may include a pressure regulation control configured to receive an input related to a pressure in an exhaust stream of a turbine in the power generation system and provide an output to a fluid outlet valve to allow fluid to leave the exhaust stream and, in some cases, provide an output to a fluid inlet valve to allow fluid to enter the exhaust stream. The embedded control system may include a water separator control configured to receive an input related to an amount of water in a separator of the power generation system and provide an output to a water removal valve to enable or disable removal of water from the separator and maintain the amount of water in the separator within a predetermined value.The embedded control system may include an oxidant pump controller configured to receive inputs related to one or both of a fuel mass flow rate and an oxidant mass flow rate in the power generation system and calculate a fuel to oxidant mass flow ratio. The oxidant pump controller may be configured to provide an output to an oxidant pump that varies the power of the pump to affect the fuel to oxidant mass flow ratio in the power generation system. The embedded control system may include an oxidant pressure controller configured to receive inputs related to a pressure of the oxidant stream downstream from the oxidant compressor and provide an output to an oxidant bypass valve that increases or decreases the oxidant bypassing the compressor. The embedded control system may include an oxidant pressure controller configured to receive inputs related to a pressure of the oxidant stream upstream from the oxidant compressor and provide an output to a recycle fluid valve that increases or decreases a recycle fluid from the power generation system that is added to the oxidant stream upstream from the oxidant compressor. In particular, the recycle fluid may be a substantially pure CO2 stream. The embedded control system may include a dilution control configured to receive inputs related to one or both of the mass flow rate of the oxidant and the mass flow rate of the oxidant diluent stream and to calculate a mass flow ratio of the oxidant to the oxidant diluent. The dilution control may be configured to provide an output to an oxidant entry valve that allows for more or less oxidant entering the power generation system to provide a mass flow ratio of the oxidant to the oxidant diluent within a predetermined range. The embedded control system may include a compressor suction pressure control configured to receive inputs related to a suction pressure of a fluid upstream of a compressor in the power generation system and to provide an output to a spillback valve located downstream of the compressor that allows for more or less fluid to spill back to a point upstream of the compressor. The embedded control system may include a pump speed control configured to receive inputs related to a suction pressure upstream of the pump and to provide an output to a pump that increases or decreases the pump speed. The embedded control system can include a side stream heating control configured to receive an input related to a calculated mass flow requirement for a side stream of the high pressure recycle stream in the power generation system and provide an output to a side stream valve to increase or decrease the amount of the high pressure recycle stream in the side stream.

[0015] The power generation system may include a turbine, a compressor downstream from and in fluid communication with the turbine, a pump downstream from and in fluid communication with the compressor, and a heater disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the pump and disposed upstream from and in fluid communication with the turbine. In some cases, the power generation system may include a recuperative heat exchanger.

[0016] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure may provide a method for automated control of a power generation system. Specifically, the method may include operating a power generation system including a plurality of components including a turbine, a compressor downstream from the turbine and in fluid communication with the turbine, a pump downstream from the compressor and in fluid communication with the compressor, and a heater disposed downstream from the pump and in fluid communication with the pump and disposed upstream from the turbine and in fluid communication with the turbine. Additionally, operating the power generation system may include receiving inputs related to measured parameters of the power generation system and providing outputs for automatically controlling at least one of the plurality of components of the power generation system using one or more controllers associated with the power generation system.

[0017] In further embodiments, the method may include one or more of the following steps, which may be combined in any number and order: The output may be based on a preprogrammed, computerized control algorithm. The operating may include using a controller to receive an input related to power produced by the power generation system and direct one or both of providing an output to a heater that increases or decreases heat production by the heater and providing an output to a fuel valve of the power generation system that allows more or less fuel to be admitted to the power generation system. The operating may include using a controller to receive an input related to a fuel flow rate and an input related to an oxidizer flow rate and direct one or both of providing an output to a fuel valve of the power generation system that allows more or less fuel to be admitted to the power generation system and providing an output to an oxidizer valve of the power generation system that allows more or less oxidizer to be admitted to the power generation system. The operating method may include using a controller to receive an input related to a temperature of the turbine exhaust stream and providing an output to a pump upstream of the turbine that increases or decreases the flow rate of the stream exiting the pump. The operating may include using a controller to receive an input related to a suction pressure in the fluid upstream of the pump and providing an output to a spillback valve located upstream of the pump. Specifically, the controller may satisfy one or both of the requirements for the controller to modulate fluid spilling back to a point further upstream from the spillback valve and the controller may modulate fluid removed from the power generation system upstream from the pump. Operating may include using the controller to receive an input related to a pressure in the exhaust stream of the turbine and provide an output to a fluid outlet valve to allow fluid to leave the exhaust stream and possibly provide an output to a fluid inlet valve to allow fluid to enter the exhaust stream. Operating may include using the controller to receive an input related to an amount of water in a separator included in the power generation system and provide an output to a water removal valve that enables or disables removal of water from the separator and maintains the amount of water in the separator within a predetermined value.The operating may include using the controller to receive inputs related to one or both of a mass flow rate of fuel and a mass flow rate of oxidant introduced into the power generation system and to calculate a mass flow ratio of the fuel to the oxidant. Specifically, the controller may provide an output to an oxidant pump that varies the power of the pump to affect the mass flow ratio of the fuel to the oxidant in the power generation system. The operating may include using the controller to receive inputs related to a pressure of the oxidant stream downstream from the oxidant compressor and to provide an output to an oxidant bypass valve that increases or decreases the oxidant bypassing the compressor. The operating may include using the controller to receive inputs related to a pressure of the oxidant stream upstream from the oxidant compressor and to provide an output to a recycle fluid valve that increases or decreases the recycle fluid added to the oxidant stream upstream from the oxidant compressor. Specifically, the recycle fluid may be a substantially pure CO2 stream. The operating may include using the controller to receive inputs related to one or both of a mass flow rate of the oxidant and a mass flow rate of the oxidant diluent stream and to calculate a mass flow ratio of the oxidant to the oxidant diluent. In particular, the controller may be configured to provide an output to an oxidant entry valve that allows for more or less oxidant entering the power generation system to provide a mass flow ratio of oxidant to oxidant diluent within a predetermined range. Operating may include using the controller to receive an input related to a suction pressure of the fluid upstream of the compressor and provide an output to a spillback valve located downstream of the compressor that allows for more or less fluid spilling back to a point upstream of the compressor. Operating may include using the controller to receive an input related to a suction pressure upstream of a pump and provide an output to a pump that increases or decreases the pump speed. Operating may include using the controller to receive an input related to a calculated mass flow requirement for a side stream of the high pressure recycle stream and provide an output to a side stream valve that increases or decreases the amount of high pressure recycle stream in the side stream.

[0018] In some embodiments, a method for control of a power plant includes adjusting a thermal profile of a heat exchange unit (HEU) operating with a plurality of streams passing between a first HEU end having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end having a second, lower operating temperature, said adjusting including implementing a control function that changes a mass flow rate of one or more of the plurality of streams passing between the first HEU end and the second HEU end by adding or removing a mass flow rate to or from one or more of the plurality of streams at a point located between the first HEU end and the second HEU end at an intermediate temperature range within the HEU. Such a method may be further defined with respect to one or more of the following statements, which may be combined in any number and order:

[0019] The adjusting can include diverting a portion of the heating stream through the HEU from the portion of the HEU through a bypass line, such that said adjusting is effective to reduce the mass flow rate of the heating stream through the portion of the HEU that is diverted.

[0020] The heated stream passing through the HEU may be a heated turbine exhaust stream from the turbine, which is passed from a first HEU end to a second HEU end to provide a cooled turbine exhaust stream, which may be further processed through one or more of a separator, a compressor, and a pump.

[0021] The control function may include diverting a portion of the heating stream through the HEU through a bypass line in response to one or both of the following signals received by the controller: a signal indicating a change in power demand effective to cause an operational change in the turbine that alters power generation from the plant, and a signal indicating that the temperature within the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU.

[0022] The control function may include opening a valve disposed in the bypass line.

[0023] A portion of the heated stream through the bypass line may recombine with the cooled turbine exhaust stream downstream from the second HEU end and upstream from one or more of the separator, compressor, and pump.

[0024] The method may further include processing a portion of the heated stream passing through the bypass line through a bypass heat exchanger effective to transfer heat from the portion of the heated stream in the bypass line to one or more additional streams.

[0025] The adjusting may include one or both of the following: passing a portion of the recycle stream that is HEU heated through the exhaust stream that is HEU cooled, such that said adjusting is effective to increase the mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through the portion of the HEU, and passing a portion of the oxidant stream that is HEU heated through the exhaust stream that is HEU cooled, such that said adjusting is effective to increase the mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through the portion of the HEU.

[0026] The control function may include passing a portion of each of the recycle stream and the oxidant stream to the exhaust stream in response to one or both of the following: a signal indicative of a change in power demand effective to cause an operational change in the turbine that alters power generation from the plant, a signal indicative of a temperature within the HEU being within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU.

[0027] The power plant may include a recycle compressor configured to remove a portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream that has passed through the HEU, compress the removed portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream, and recombine the compressed portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream with a downstream portion of the HEU.

[0028] The control function may include closing inlet guide vanes (IGVs) of the recycle compressor in response to a signal indicating that the temperature in the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU.

[0029] The method may further include adding heat to one or more of the multiple streams passing between the first HEU end and the second HEU end, the heat being added at an intermediate temperature range within the HEU at a point located between the first HEU end and the second HEU end, the heat being added using a heater operating independently from the HEU.

[0030] The heater may be a combustion heater.

[0031] Heat can be added to the turbine exhaust stream through HEU, or the exhaust stream from a fired heater can be added directly to the turbine exhaust stream.

[0032] In further embodiments, the disclosure may specifically relate to a power plant. For example, the power plant may include a turbine, a generator, a heat exchange unit (HEU), one or more compressors or pumps, and a control unit, the HEU configured for heat exchange between a plurality of streams passing between a first HEU end having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end having a second lower operating temperature, the HEU including one or more components configured to add or remove a mass flow rate to or from one or more of the plurality of streams at a point disposed between the first HEU end and the second HEU end such that a portion of the fluid passing through one or more of the plurality of streams is diverted from a path through a remainder of the HEU, and the control unit configured to receive a signal defining an operating condition of the power plant and, based thereon, output a signal effective to control one or more components configured to add or remove a mass flow rate to or from one or more of the plurality of streams. Such a power plant may further be defined with respect to one or more of the following statements, which may be combined in any number and order:

[0033] The HEU may be configured for heat exchange between at least one turbine exhaust stream exiting the turbine and one or both of the recycle stream and the oxidant stream.

[0034] The one or more components configured to add or remove mass flow to one or more of the multiple streams may include a bypass line and a bypass valve configured to divert a portion of the turbine exhaust stream around a portion of the HEU.

[0035] The power plant may further include a bypass heat exchanger operative with the bypass line and configured to transfer heat from a portion of the turbine exhaust stream diverted therethrough to one or more additional streams.

[0036] The one or more components configured to add or remove mass flow to one or more of the multiple streams may include a recirculation line and a recirculation valve interposed between the turbine exhaust stream and the recycle stream.

[0037] The one or more components configured to add or remove mass flow to one or more of the multiple streams may include a recirculation line and a recirculation valve interposed between the turbine exhaust stream and the oxidant stream.

[0038] The power plant may further include a heater configured for operation independent of the HEU, the heater configured for the addition of heat to the turbine exhaust stream at a point disposed between the first HEU end and the second HEU end.

[0039] The heater may be a combustion heater.

[0040] In further embodiments, the present disclosure may provide a system for cogeneration of electrical power and one or more end products. Such a system may include a power generation unit including at least a combustor, a turbine, a heat exchanger, and a separation unit configured to receive a fuel stream and an oxidant and output electrical power and substantially pure carbon dioxide; a synthesis gas generation unit configured to receive a feedstock and provide a synthesis gas product, at least a portion of which is available for use as at least a portion of the fuel stream in the power generation unit; an air separation unit configured to provide oxygen for use as an oxidant in the power generation unit and configured to provide nitrogen; and one or both of an ammonia synthesis unit and a urea synthesis unit. In further embodiments, such a system may be defined in terms of one or more of the following statements, which may be combined in any number and order:

[0041] There can be an ammonia synthesis unit, configured to receive nitrogen from the air separation unit, configured to receive hydrogen from the hydrogen source, and configured to output ammonia.

[0042] The hydrogen source may be a hydrogen separation unit configured to receive at least a portion of the syngas product from the syngas production unit and provide a hydrogen stream and a hydrogen-depleted syngas stream that is effective for use as at least a portion of the fuel stream in the power generation unit.

[0043] There can be a urea synthesis unit, configured to receive nitrogen from the nitrogen source, configured to receive carbon dioxide from the power generation cycle, and configured to output a urea stream.

[0044] The nitrogen source may be an ammonia synthesis unit. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0045] [Figure 1]1 is a diagram of a power generation system and method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; [Diagram 2] 1 is a diagram of a power generation system and method according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Diagram 3] 1 is a diagram of a power generation system and method according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; [Figure 4] 1 is a diagram of a power generation system and method according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; [Diagram 5] 1 is a diagram of a power generation system and method according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] 1 is a flowchart illustrating a process by which electrical power can be produced in association with forming one or more products suitable for transportation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0046] Various aspects of the present disclosure will now be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, implementations of the present disclosure are shown. Indeed, various implementations of the present disclosure may be expressed in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the implementations set forth herein, but rather, these exemplary implementations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the present disclosure provides systems and methods for control of power generation. The control systems and methods may be utilized for a wide variety of power generation systems. For example, the control systems and methods may be utilized for power generation systems and methods utilizing a turbine for expansion of a pressurized fluid, specifically, the turbine discharge temperature is held substantially constant or within a narrow, predetermined temperature range (e.g., ±20°C, ±15°C, ±10°C, or ±5°C). In some embodiments, the systems and methods may be defined in that the mechanism for controlling the turbine suction pressure may be substantially decoupled from the turbine itself. In exemplary embodiments, this may be in the form of a compressor or pump downstream of a main pressurizer that may or may not be shaft-connected to the turbine. In other exemplary embodiments, the turbine may be connected to a generator, and a single, independently driven pressurizing device may operate with the working fluid. In such embodiments, the control point between the compressor and the pump may be substantially eliminated as described herein.

[0048] Examples of power generation systems and methods that can implement a control system as described herein are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,068,743 to Palmer et al., U.S. Patent No. 9,062,608 to Allam et al., U.S. Patent No. 8,986,002 to Palmer et al., U.S. Patent No. 8,959,887 to Allam et al., U.S. Patent No. 8,869,889 to Palmer et al., U.S. Patent No. 8,776,532 to Allam et al., and U.S. Patent No. 8,596,075 to Allam et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. As a non-limiting example, a power generation system in which a control system as described herein may be utilized may be configured to combust a fuel with O2 in the presence of a CO2 circulating fluid in a combustor, preferably CO2 is introduced at a pressure of at least about 12 MPa and a temperature of at least about 400°C to provide a combustion product stream containing CO2, preferably the combustion product stream is at a temperature of at least about 800°C. Such a power generation system may further feature one or more of the following, which may be combined in any number and / or order: The combustion product stream may be expanded across a turbine at a discharge pressure of about 1 MPa or greater to generate power and provide a turbine discharge stream comprising CO2; The turbine discharge stream may be passed through a heat exchanger unit to provide a cooled discharge stream; The cooling turbine discharge stream may be treated to remove one or more secondary components other than CO to provide a refined discharge stream; The refinery discharge stream may be compressed to provide a supercritical CO2 circulating fluid stream; The supercritical CO circulating fluid stream is cooled to produce a dense CO circulating fluid (preferably having a density of at least about 200 kg / m 3 wherein The dense CO2 circulating fluid may be pumped to a pressure suitable for input to the combustor; The pressurized CO2 circulating fluid may be heated using heat recovered from the turbine discharge stream by passing through a heat exchanger unit; All or a portion of the pressurized CO circulating fluid may be further heated with heat not derived from the turbine discharge stream (preferably the further heating is provided one or more of before, during, or after passage through a heat exchanger); and / or The heated pressurized CO2 circulating fluid may be recycled to the combustor (preferably, the temperature of the heated pressurized CO2 circulating fluid entering the combustor is up to about 50° C. lower than the temperature of the turbine discharge stream).

[0049] The control system of the present disclosure may be particularly useful with respect to power generation methods such as those exemplified above due to the need to provide precise control of multiple parameters for multiple streams, such as parameters that require precise control to provide desired performance and safety. For example, in one or more embodiments, the control system may be useful with respect to any one or more of the functions described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the control system and method as described herein may specifically include any one or more elements and / or features as described in U.S. Patent No. 10,103,737 to Fetvedt et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the systems and methods of the present disclosure may relate to thermal profile adjustments associated with systems such as those shown in FIGS. 1-5. Such systems may generally include at least one control unit 100 configured to receive one or more control inputs 101 and operatively send signals to the control unit 100 to perform one or more control functions implemented via one or more control outputs 102. The control inputs 101 may relate to measurable characteristics such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, power output, etc., and the systems described herein may include one or more sensors or other measurement components configured to provide a desired output. The control outputs 102 may be operative to cause a change in the operation of the system, such as opening or closing one or more valves, changing the compression pressure or pump speed to modify the flow rate of one or more streams, or changing similar operating variables. To this end, useful control systems may be adapted or configured to control the power output and / or turbine exhaust temperature in various power cycle configurations. Maintaining a substantially constant turbine exhaust temperature in the heat exchanger 50 may reduce, but not completely eliminate, the stresses associated with thermal cycling. The present disclosure may therefore provide additional control features that address such shortcomings. For example, as the power demand at the turbine 10 decreases, a corresponding decrease in output pressure and mass flow rate may occur at the pump 20. This may result in a change in the thermal profile of the heat exchangers.

[0051] In an exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure can provide one or more control functions effective to maintain system efficiency regardless of fluctuating power demand in the system, and alternatively or additionally prevent the temperature in one or more portions of the heat exchange unit from exceeding a predetermined threshold temperature (which may be related to a maximum operating temperature). For example, a main recuperative heat exchanger designed and optimized for conditions compatible with full power output at the turbine may become increasingly redundant as power demand decreases. This is because the heat exchanger surface area will be specified for relatively large mass flow rates in the turbine exhaust and high pressure working fluid (such as supercritical carbon dioxide) recycle streams. This may also be true for the oxidant stream. A reduction in pressure on the high pressure working fluid recycle side may also result in a lower specific heat of the recycle fluid (and the oxidant stream, if included). These changes may cumulatively manifest as an increase in the average heat exchanger temperature. To at least partially address such concerns, in some embodiments, the heat exchanger 50 may be configured as multiple heat exchangers in series, and the interface temperature between the units may increase as the power demand at the turbine decreases. Such temperature swings can create thermal stresses, but more importantly, can also result in failure modes.

[0052] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to construct the heat exchanger 50 to be as cost-efficient as possible. Such an approach may result in the use of different materials throughout the temperature range of the heat exchanger 50. While all materials are preferably rated for the maximum discharge pressure of the pump 20 at full turbine power output (minimal loss for best performance), it may be necessary to design materials to different temperatures as a means to facilitate the lowest cost solution (cheapest materials and lowest cumulative mass). It may therefore be preferable for the plant controls to include one or more functions effective to affect the intermediate temperature of the heat exchanger 50 to account for possible changes in heat exchanger average temperature and prevent design limit excursions. This may be achieved in various ways as discussed herein. More specifically, the control functions may be effective to prevent one or more portions of the heat exchange unit (HEU) from exceeding a maximum operating temperature. Thus, one or more controls may be implemented to output a signal indicating that the temperature in the HEU (or one or more specific portions of the HEU) is within a predetermined threshold of the maximum operating temperature. Such a threshold may be, for example, 20%, 10%, or 5% lower than the maximum operating temperature as defined by the manufacturer. Specifically, the threshold for outputting a high temperature signal may be within 20%-1%, 15%-1%, 10%-1%, 20%-2%, 15%-2%, 15%-5%, 10%-2%, or 10%-5% of the maximum operating temperature.

[0053] Accordingly, the present disclosure may relate to a method for control of a power plant. Specifically, FIGS. 1-5 depict schematic flow diagrams of a power plant according to various embodiments, and the method may be implemented to incorporate any combination of elements and / or functions described in connection with and / or illustrated in the foregoing figures. In some embodiments, the control method may include adjusting a thermal profile of a heat exchange unit (HEU) 50 operating with multiple streams passing between a first HEU end 50′ having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end 50″ having a second, lower operating temperature. More specifically, the adjusting step may include implementing a control function to change the mass or volumetric flow rate of one or more of the multiple streams passing between the first HEU end 50′ and the second HEU end 50″ by adding fluid (e.g., mass or volumetric flow rate) to or removing fluid (e.g., mass or volumetric flow rate) from one or more of the multiple streams. This addition or removal of fluid to one or more streams may occur at an intermediate temperature range within the HEU. This means that the addition or removal may occur at a point located specifically between the first HEU end 50' and the second HEU end 50''. In other words, it may occur upstream from the second HEU end and downstream from the first HEU end. This may be, for example, approximately the midpoint of the HEU 50, or a point that is within 5-45%, 10-40%, or 20-35% of the distance from the first HEU end, or a point that is within 5-45%, 10-40%, or 20-35% of the distance from the first HEU end. Thus, the addition or removal of fluid may occur at a portion of the HEU closer to the first end (i.e., the "hot" end), or a portion of the HEU closer to the second end (i.e., the "cold" end). Either of these points may be referred to herein as the "middle" location of the HEU. In some embodiments, the HEU may be a single self-contained unit. In other embodiments, the HEU may be a combination of multiple HEU portions in fluid communication. Thus, an intermediate location of HEU can be a location between two separate HEU moieties.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, one or more turbine exhaust bypass lines may be utilized for protection of the heat exchanger 50. Generally, in FIG. 1, fuel passes through line 13 from a fuel source 12, is compressed in a fuel compressor 14 as needed, and is combusted in a combustor 15. An oxidant passes through line 22 from an oxidant source 25, which may be, for example, an air separation unit, an oxygen membrane, or other oxidant source. The oxidant may be passed directly to the combustor 15, but as shown, the oxidant may be mixed with recycled CO2 in a mixer / union 27 before being compressed in a pump 40 and passed through a heat exchanger 50 in line 29 to the combustor 15. In the combustor, the fuel is combusted with the oxidant in the presence of recycled CO2 to form an exhaust stream in line 16, which is then expanded in the turbine 10 to generate power (e.g., electricity) in a generator 17. The turbine exhaust then exits the turbine 10 in line 18.

[0055] To achieve the bypass as previously described, the turbine exhaust stream in line 18 passes through heat exchanger 50, and a portion of the turbine exhaust stream exits heat exchanger 50 at an intermediate temperature in line 1. As shown in FIG. 1, heat exchanger 50 is shown as two separate heat exchanger sections 50a and 50b, but the dashed lines indicate that the separate heat exchanger sections may be connected as a single HEU operating with multiple sections (e.g., two or more, three or more, or even more) at different conditions. Valve 5 may be opened as needed by the controller to allow a portion of the turbine exhaust stream flow to exit the HEU and later rejoin the main turbine exhaust stream at a point upstream of heat exchanger 70, and / or upstream of separator 35, and / or upstream of compressor 30, and / or upstream of pump 20. Thus, the thermal profile of the HEU may be effectively adjusted by diverting a portion of the turbine exhaust stream (i.e., the heated stream) from the portion of the HEU through a bypass line. Removing a portion of the turbine exhaust gas from line 18 at the midpoint of heat exchanger 50 has the net effect of reducing the total heat energy transferred below the temperature at the heat exchanger obtaining the turbine exhaust stream in line 1. This results in a reduction in the average temperature in the remainder of the heat exchanger (e.g., heat available in heat exchange section 50b) at the expense of an increased load on heat exchanger 70.

[0056] If desired, the heat in the turbine exhaust stream removed through bypass line 1 may also be used to heat fluids other than the recycled CO2 provided through line 39 to heat exchanger 50 and the oxidant provided through line 29. To this end, bypass heat exchanger 60 can use the bypass stream of line 1 as a heat source to provide thermal energy to any process external to the illustrated power cycle. It should be noted that bypass heat exchanger 60 may simply be a dedicated portion of heat exchanger network 50 (e.g., bypass heat exchanger 60 may be integral with heat exchanger 50 and operative such that only the line 1 stream passes therethrough for removal of heat).

[0057] The control function implemented in this manner may thus, in response to one or more signals received by the control unit 100, divert a portion of the heating stream through the HEU from the portion of the HEU through the bypass line 1. For example, the input signal received by the control unit 100 may be a signal indicating that the temperature in the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of the maximum operating temperature of the HEU. For example, the temperature output 101 may be generated from one or more temperature sensors at one or more checkpoints in the HEU. The temperature checkpoints in the heat exchanger 50 may be configured to provide feedback to the control unit operating valve 5. Thus, the control unit 100 may output a signal 102a to the valve 4 or further parts of the power plant to allow more or less fluid through the bypass line 1 as appropriate for the given conditions. When the intermediate temperature in the heat exchanger 50 approaches a maximum design limit, the control unit providing control of the valve 5 will signal the valve 5 to open. This will encourage the flow of the stream in line 1 through the bypass heat exchanger 60 and then to the heat exchanger 70. If the operating conditions (e.g., power demand) are such that the intermediate temperature in the heat exchanger 50 is below the design limit, the valve 5 may remain closed (or may be closed if already open) to force flow through the remainder of the heat exchanger 50 (e.g., heat exchange portion 50b). This has the benefit of improving the heat recovery of the power cycle. Any number of bypasses may be incorporated in parallel with the heat exchanger 50 as a means of providing more limited temperature control in various parts of the exchanger train. The controls for the valve 5 and / or any other temperature control valves may actually operate in such a way that the power cycle operates sub-optimally, whereby heat recovery within the power cycle is minimized. This scenario may occur if the use of carbon-free thermal energy is more used in the heat exchanger 60 than in the generation of electricity in the turbine 10.

[0058] In a further embodiment, control of bypass line 1 may be accomplished based on power output from turbine 10 and generator 17. For example, a signal 101b indicative of a change in power demand effective to cause an operational change in turbine 10 that alters power generation from the power plant generator 17 may be received by controller 100. In response, controller 100 may provide an output 102b that increases or decreases the flow of fluid through line 1.

[0059] The power generation cycle may otherwise be continuous in that the turbine exhaust in line 18 may be combined with a bypass stream in line 1, such as at mixer / union 21, before passing in line 19 to heat exchanger 70 where the exhaust stream is cooled to near ambient temperature. The exhaust stream then passes through 34 into separator 35, which provides a substantially pure CO2 stream in line 36. The CO2 stream is then compressed in compressor 30, cooled in heat exchanger 80 as needed, and then pumped to a desired pressure range by pump 20 and recycled back to combustor 15 through line 39. If desired, a portion of the CO2 stream in line 39 may be branched off to line 38 and passed to mixer / union 27 for mixing with an oxidant, as mentioned above. Similarly, a portion of the CO2 in line 39 may be separated and passed through line 37 for transportation or other end use, such as EOR. Water from separator 35 may exit the system through drain line 33.

[0060] Further means of heat exchanger temperature control may also incorporate one or more control functions in addition to the bypass scheme described above. Figure 2 thus illustrates a further exemplary embodiment, in which the elements already described in relation to Figure 1 remain substantially unchanged. In Figure 2, the power generation system may be configured to provide for recirculation of at least a portion of one or both of the flows from pump 20 and pump 40 through heat exchanger 50. For example, valve 6 may be utilized for recirculation of at least a portion of the recycled CO2 stream through heat exchanger 50 in line 39, such that said portion of the recycled CO2 stream passes to the turbine exhaust stream in line 18. Similarly, valve 7 may be utilized for recirculation of at least a portion of the oxidant stream through heat exchanger 50 in line 29, such that said portion of the oxidant stream passes to the turbine exhaust stream in line 18.

[0061] Adjusting the thermal profile of the HEU may thus include one or both of the following: passing a portion of the HEU-heated recycle stream through the HEU-cooled exhaust stream, such that said adjustments are effective to increase the mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through the portion of the HEU; and passing a portion of the HEU-heated oxidant stream through the HEU-cooled exhaust stream, such that said adjustments are effective to increase the mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through the portion of the HEU. More specifically, as the desired power output of the turbine 10 increases, the discharge flow rate of the pump 20 and / or pump 40 to the combustor 15 may be controlled to increase as needed. If the pumps are operating as fixed speed units, the appropriate valves in the respective recirculation lines in the heat exchanger 50 (e.g., valve 6 in line 39a or valve 7 in line 29a) will begin to close. This will not only deliver more mass flow to the combustor 15 (and ultimately the turbine 10), but also increase the amount of thermal energy provided by the heat exchanger 50 to the combustor 15. Alternatively, valves 6 and 7 may be opened as needed as the power output of turbine 15 decreases, artificially increasing the flow through the lower half of heat exchanger 50 (e.g., heat exchange portion 50b), further helping to quench the turbine exhaust temperature and manage the heat exchanger temperature profile.

[0062] The control function may thus include passing one or both of a portion of the recycle stream and a portion of the oxidant stream to the exhaust stream in response to one or both of the following inputs: a signal indicating a change in power demand effective to cause an operational change in the turbine that alters the power generation from the power plant (see signal 101b in FIG. 1 ), and a signal indicating that the temperature in the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of the maximum operating temperature of the HEU (see signal 101a in FIG. 1 ). Output signals 102c and 102d may thus be generated to control the passage of fluid through valves 6 and 7, respectively. While signals 101a and 101b are shown as exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that similar signals may be received from various components of the system. For example, input signals may be received by the controller from any of pump 20, pump 40, compressor 30, compressor 31, IGV 32, separator 35, compressor 14, and any of the lines described herein. Thus, the signals may relate to information directed to pressure at a point in the system, flow rate at a point in the system, temperature at a point in the system, molar concentration of a compound at a point in the system, or any similar parameter that may be useful in implementing a control function as described elsewhere herein. For example, suitable input signals may include any one or more of the following: a power demand signal, a gasifier output signal (e.g., indicating that syngas flow exceeds a predetermined threshold amount), a hydrogen demand signal (e.g., indicating that hydrogen flow exceeds a predetermined threshold amount), a syngas chemistry signal from the gasifier (e.g., which may indicate that an estimated or measured mole fraction of one or more components of the generated syngas exceeds a predetermined threshold), a signal defining the syngas chemistry of the syngas streams (mixed stream from bypass and hydrogen-reduced syngas stream) being sent to the power cycle, a feedstock change signal, an ASU operation signal, a nitrogen availability signal, a mixed fuel Wobbe index signal, etc. Similarly, output signals may be sent to control any one or more of the above-exemplified components of the system to implement a control function as described elsewhere herein.

[0063] In embodiments where it may be desirable to operate the turbine 10 to have maximum power output (e.g., operation at full load), the heat exchanger bypass line 1 may be used to limit the rate of temperature change in the heat exchanger 50 in conjunction with the maximum flow rate of the pumps 20 and / or 40 being provided almost instantaneously through the heat exchanger 50 with minimal use of the recirculation lines (29a, 39a).

[0064] In one or more embodiments, the power cycle according to the present disclosure can be operated to utilize one or more recompression systems, and such systems can be similarly controlled to manage the flow through the recompression cycle to achieve intermediate temperature management in heat exchanger 50. The recompression system not only pressurizes the recycle fluid, but also provides low-grade heat to the main recuperative heat exchanger (e.g., heat exchanger 50) of the power cycle as a means of recycle temperature optimization. FIG. 3 shows a direct-fired sCO2 cycle including a recompression system originating from inside heat exchanger 50. Recycle compressor 31 can thus be configured to withdraw a portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream through HEU 50, compress the withdrawn portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream, and rejoin the compressed portion of the heated turbine exhaust stream at a downstream portion of the HEU. As shown, a portion of the turbine exhaust stream is withdrawn between HEU portion 50a and HEU portion 50b and rejoins HEU portion 50b.

[0065] As described above, a reduction in power demand from such a system will result in a higher average heat exchanger temperature. This impacts the compressor 31 in the recompression line 3 by increasing its suction temperature (and therefore its discharge temperature) if a constant discharge pressure is maintained. The energy consumption of the compressor 31 is also expected to increase in such an embodiment. In some embodiments, this trend can be effectively reversed by actively reducing the flow rate through the compressor 31 while maintaining a substantially constant discharge temperature of the discharge stream in line 3. The controller of the compressor 31 can ensure that the stream in line 3 does not exceed an optimized desired temperature by actively monitoring one or more checkpoints in line 3 and providing feedback to the location of the inlet guide vanes (IGVs) 32 of the compressor 31. In this scheme, the control function can include closing the inlet guide vanes (IGVs) 32 of the recycle compressor 31 in response to a signal (see, e.g., signal 101a in FIG. 1) indicating that the temperature in the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of the maximum operating temperature of the HEU. Such an output signal is shown in FIG. 3 as signal 102e.

[0066] Under traditional control, the IGVs are used to limit power consumption while maintaining a safety margin against surges. The IGVs may be used to control the discharge pressure through various controls. However, in certain circumstances, the IGVs may be manually controlled and opened to increase the flow of the recycle line. In such cases, the inventory of the system will increase. This may be done to preempt load changes or downstream pump operation. More specifically related to temperature optimization as disclosed herein, upon approaching the optimized temperature, the IGVs of compressor 31 may be closed to reduce the exhaust flow through the unit. The reduction in flow, and the subsequent addition of low grade heat to the heat exchanger 50, may create a cascading effect in which the average heat exchanger temperature decreases. Eventually, the feedback of the reduction in flow and the reduction in suction temperature in compressor 31 will converge to an operating mode that meets the requirements at the checkpoint. This will also result in the lowest energy consumption in compressor 31 required to maximize the recycle temperature level that can be obtained in heat exchanger 50. If the IGVs of compressor 31 are closed, it may be necessary to open the IGVs of compressor 30 to allow for pressurization of the increased amount of flow. Alternatively, if heat recovery occurs in heat exchanger 60, the suction temperature of compressor 31 may drop, and so may the temperature check point of line 3. This would in effect open the IGVs of compressor 31 to generate more heat. Conversely, the IGVs of compressor 30 would need to be closed to allow for the increased flow in compressor 31. In all scenarios, the IGVs may be replaced with a recirculation line and a cooler.

[0067] In a further embodiment, another way of providing heat to the heat exchanger network 50 can be done as shown in FIG. 4. Specifically, an additional heat source (heater 90) can be provided at an intermediate temperature to the heat exchanger 50. The heater 90 can operate by providing heat directly or indirectly. The source of heat can also be various, for example, from an electric source, a solar source, a nuclear source, or a fuel-burning source. The heater 90 can also be located in any one of the streams in the heat exchanger 50. In one embodiment, the heater 90 is an oxy-combustion duct burner in the exhaust stream of the turbine 10. The combustion fuel exhaust is mixed freely with the turbine exhaust stream and contributes to the temperature increase. This addition of thermal energy can serve several purposes. For example, as shown, the heater 90 is located downstream of the bypass line 1, the recirculation lines 29a and 39a, and the recompression line 3, all of which are described above. In this situation, the plant can essentially be preheated while the balance of the cycle around the turbine 10 operates in a substantially closed-loop manner. Bypass lines associated with valves 6 and / or 7 may divert some or all of the flow of those sources. The design flow rate may be configured to accommodate overspeed protection of the turbine 10 during trip scenarios. In a further embodiment, the heater 90 may be used to provide additional thermal energy to the heat exchanger 60 to the extent that the temperature profile of the heat exchanger network 50 is minimally affected. In such an embodiment, the line 1 may be reconfigured to branch off from the turbine exhaust flow line 18 downstream of the heater 90 in the heat exchanger network 50. In yet another embodiment, the heat provided from the heater 90 may be used to stimulate the closure of the IGVs of the compressor 31. Without any power output change in the turbine 10 or change in the heat exchanger profile of the heat exchanger 50, the net power from the plant is expected to increase due to the pressurization of the recycled working fluid that is preferentially diverted to the compressor 30, which is typically configured to have a relatively high operating efficiency.

[0068] In addition to the turbine exhaust temperature influencing the profile of the heat exchanger 50, the temperature of the streams entering the heat exchanger 50 through lines 29 and / or 39 will likewise affect the heat exchanger profile as they act as low temperature energy sinks. In an embodiment in which the heat exchanger 50 is optimized for full power output, there is an assumed temperature that the recycled fluid will have as it leaves the pump 20 and enters the heat exchanger 50. If the cycle experiences a reduction in power output, the temperature of the recycled fluid entering the heat exchanger 50 will be reduced given that less work is required at the pump 20 due to the lower pressure. This has the effect of lowering the average heat exchanger temperature. Such an effect may not exceed the design limit of the intermediate temperature checkpoint of the heat exchanger 50, but will increase the thermal cycling as the turbine power output changes. This phenomenon may be mitigated by increasing the work done at the pump 20 to maintain a nearly constant discharge temperature. The temperature checkpoint of the recycled CO2 stream in line 39 at the discharge of the pump 20 may be used to provide feedback to a controller operating in conjunction with the pump 20. The controller may be used to bias the setpoint pressure at the discharge of the compressor 30. If the load demand at the turbine decreases or the cooling temperature at the heat exchanger 80 decreases, the setpoint pressure at the compressor 30 will decrease as well (and vice versa). While it is desirable to maintain a nearly constant discharge temperature at the pump 20, this may not be feasible in all scenarios. The suction pressure of the pump 20 is preferably not allowed to decrease below the temperature-pressure correlation curve for the working fluid. The curve shows the match between temperature and pressure required at the heat exchanger 80 that results in a single-phase working fluid that meets the minimum specific gravity compatible with use in the pump 20. If further reduction in the discharge pressure of the compressor 30 is not feasible, the cooling load of the heat exchanger 80 can be reduced until the desired setpoint temperature at the discharge of the pump 20 is achieved. Variation of the cooling load may encourage repeated balancing of the cooling load with the discharge pressure of the compressor 30 until the minimum requirements of the temperature-pressure correlation curve are met.It should be noted that the above scheme is adaptable to any number of compressors and pumps in series. Additionally, changes in cooling water temperature can provide a comparable effect as changes in load and can be handled in a similar manner.

[0069] In addition to the temperature control schemes described above, the temperature of the heat exchanger 50 may also be adjusted when the pump 20 and / or pump 40 are off. This may be accomplished, for example, by adjusting the cooling water through the cooler 80 and / or cooler 70, or an intercooler in the compressor 30 (e.g., if the compressor 80 is configured as a multi-stage compressor with intercooling). To provide the same temperature adjustment as above, it may be preferable to provide excess low-grade heat to the cold end of the heat exchanger 50. Furthermore, the aforementioned heat exchanger temperature adjustment may also be used to affect the suction temperature of the downstream pumps 20 and / or pumps 40 to the extent that the work provided by them results in discharge conditions that can also provide the work of the main recuperative heat exchanger. This may be done as an alternative to reducing the suction pressure, which can provide equivalent conditions in a feasible way. The suction pressures of the various pumps may be maintained at constant pressures, while the temperatures may be adjusted to provide the appropriate discharge temperatures required to balance the heat exchangers given the corresponding discharge pressures.

[0070] The various temperature control schemes described herein may be used independently or in any combination with one or more of the additional control schemes described herein. When multiple temperature control schemes are used simultaneously, their activities may be prioritized in a manner as described herein. Specifically, it may be preferred that the flow rate through the turbine exhaust bypass via line 1 be minimized at all levels of turbine power output. This is because the thermal energy contained in the flow moving through the bypass line 1 may come from the heat source that drives the power cycle. Preserving maximum heat transfer between the turbine exhaust and the recycled fluid facilitates maximum power cycle efficiency. Alternatively, the use of heater 90 may counteract this effect and allow for heat recovery in heat exchanger 60, simply sharing the balance of plant resources with the power cycle. The discharge temperature of pump 20 may then be controlled to its optimum value. Finally, the flow rate through the recompression system (e.g., line 3 and compressor 31) may be minimized or maximized to the extent that the temperature at the checkpoint of line 3 approaches its desired optimum value.

[0071] In further embodiments, thermal management may be provided via one or more control functions on the power cycle turbine arrangement. As seen in FIG. 5, multi-stage turbines or turbine sections operating in series may be configured to have one or more intermediate heat sources in addition to the main combustor 15. In FIG. 5, two turbines 10a and 10b are shown with one intermediate heat source 90, but two or more, three or more, or additional turbines or turbine sections may be used with one or more, two or more, or even more intermediate heat sources. Specifically, as shown, the combustor exhaust in line 16 passes to a first turbine 10a that powers a generator 17a, providing a first turbine exhaust in line 18a, which passes through an intermediate heater 90. The heated stream exiting the intermediate heater 90 in line 18b passes to a second turbine (or final turbine) 10b that powers a generator 17b, providing a second turbine (or final turbine) exhaust in line 18c, which passes through a heat exchanger 50 as described elsewhere herein.

[0072] The heat provided to the interstitial heater 90 may come from any source (e.g., water vapor, solar, combustion). In an embodiment, as shown in Figure 5, the heater 90 may be a combustion heater. Thus, fuel from the fuel source 12 may be provided to the heater 90 through line 130, and oxidant from the oxidant source 25 may be provided to the heater 90 through line 220.

[0073] Similar to the master control logic described herein, control of flow in pump 20 may be used to control the inlet temperature to heat exchanger 50 under substantially steady state and transient conditions. Changing the load output in the turbine array (e.g., exiting any turbine present in the array, or more specifically, exiting the last turbine in the array) may be accomplished by diverting more or less flow from combustor 10 to interstitial heater 90. Valve 8 present in line 37 may be used to maintain a constant discharge pressure from turbine 10b, and the movement of fuel between combustor 15 and interstitial heater 90 may change the resulting inlet temperature of each unit, and therefore the pressure of the streams entering turbines 10a and 10b. In turn, the relative work done by turbines 10a and 10b, respectively, may also change depending on the given system fuel input. The exact operating conditions of turbines 10a and 10b may have a significant impact on the efficiency of the units. In such a system configuration, a fixed fuel flow can result in variable changes in net power output by altering the operating characteristics of the expanders given their unique performance curves. Related to this effect is that the total system flow provided by pump 20 can also be varied in accordance with maintaining a constant temperature into heat exchanger 50. If fuel flow to the power cycle can be held constant, but a reduction in power output is desired, the exhaust flow through heat exchanger 50 can be artificially manipulated to continue heat recovery in heater 60.

[0074] As is evident from FIGS. 1-5, the present disclosure may relate to a method for controlling a power plant, as well as the configuration of the power plant itself. The power plant may include any combination of components as described in connection with the illustrated figures or as otherwise described herein. For example, the power plant may include at least a turbine 10, a generator 17, a heat exchange unit (HEU) 50, one or more compressors 30 or pumps 20, and a control unit 100. In addition, the HEU 50 may be configured for heat exchange between multiple streams passing between a first HEU end 50' having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end 50'' having a second, lower operating temperature, among others. The streams may include, for example, a turbine exhaust stream 18, a recycle stream 39 (which may include substantially pure carbon dioxide), and an oxidant stream 29 (which may include substantially pure oxygen, may include air, or may include a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide).

[0075] Additionally, the HEU may include one or more components configured to add or remove a mass flow rate to or from one or more of the plurality of streams at a point disposed between the first HEU end 50' and the second HEU end 50'', such that a portion of fluid through one or more of the plurality of streams is diverted from a path through the remainder of the HEU. For example, with reference to FIG. 1, a portion of the turbine exhaust stream 18 is diverted through bypass line 1 and thus from a path through the HEU portion 50b. In addition to the above, the control unit may be configured to receive a signal 101 defining an operating condition of the power plant and, based thereon, output a signal 102 effective to control one or more components configured to add or remove a flow (e.g., mass flow rate or volumetric flow rate) to or from one or more of the plurality of streams. In some embodiments, the HEU 50 may be configured for heat exchange between at least one turbine exhaust stream exiting the turbine and one or both of a recycle stream and an oxidant stream. Additionally, the one or more components configured to add flow to or remove flow from one or more of the multiple streams may include a bypass line 1 and a bypass valve 5 configured to divert a portion of the turbine exhaust stream around a portion of the HEU. In such a configuration, the plant may also include a bypass heat exchanger 60 operative with the bypass line 1 and configured to transfer heat from the diverted portion of the turbine exhaust stream therethrough to one or more additional streams 2.

[0076] In some embodiments, the one or more components configured to add or remove a flow from one or more of the multiple streams may include a recirculation line 39a and a recirculation valve 6 disposed between the turbine exhaust stream 18 and the recycle stream 39. Similarly, the one or more components configured to add or remove a flow from one or more of the multiple streams may include a recirculation line 29a and a recirculation valve 7 disposed between the turbine exhaust stream 18 and the oxidant stream 29.

[0077] In further embodiments, the power plant may include a heater 90 configured for operation independent of the HEU 50. Such independent operation may simply mean that the heat provided by the heater 90 originates from a source other than any heating stream used to provide heat exchange in the HEU 50. For example, the heater 90 may be configured for the addition of heat to the turbine exhaust stream 18 at a point disposed between the first HEU end 50' and the second HEU end 50''. As already mentioned above, the heater 90 may be, for example, a fired heater. Further configurations and components may be identified based on the further components shown in connection with FIGS. 1-5, as already discussed above.

[0078] In some embodiments, power cycle control as described herein is combined with a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification end. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,523,312 to Allam et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In such embodiments, fuel flow and its associated blowers for temperature regulation may be adjusted to regulate regasification demands in addition to power demands.

[0079] In some embodiments, the system and method may be adapted or configured to accommodate the occurrence of a turbine leaking through its seals. In such cases, a compressor may be added to recompress the seal leakage and return it to the cycle between the stream and the compressor. In such cases, the same compressor may also be used for start-up, charging the system from an external tank or pipeline. In such cases, the compressor discharge may be controlled with a control that regulates the low pressure of the system. The compressor suction may be controlled to create either positive or negative pressure at the turbine gland seal. The change from positive to negative pressure may be varied throughout operation to accommodate the chemistry from atmospheric entrainment.

[0080] During steady-state operation of the combustion cycle as described above, products from combustion must be continuously removed from the cycle (e.g., removal of CO2 through line 37 and / or removal of water through line 33) to maintain mass balance with the incoming fuel and oxidant. The resulting H2O and CO2 must be drained and / or vented, but if the gas-phase CO2 is used in downstream processes, it may be discharged at a pressure up to the turbine suction pressure. A drain step must be performed first. Residual SOx / NOx may be removed in situ (e.g., in separator 35). The CO2 may then be compressed and / or pumped to the desired pressure using the working fluid turbomachinery present in the power generation cycle. Additionally, the CO2 stream may undergo a purification process in which trace contaminants such as O2 and Ar are further removed. At this point, the stream can be transported for downstream use.

[0081] If the CO2 needs to be warmed up before use in downstream processes, it may be desirable to heat it countercurrently to the turbine exhaust flowpath in the main recuperative heat exchanger train of the power cycle. As the transport stream is heated in the heat exchanger array, the recycled CO2 entering the turbine will decrease in temperature. To prevent this change, the flow rate through the hot gas compressor can be increased by opening the inlet guide vanes ("IGVs") of the unit. This will serve the purpose of providing increased low-grade heat to the heat exchanger train. It will also decrease the total flow rate of CO2 through the main CO2 compressor. This will close the IGVs of this unit to accommodate the new conditions. The overall total power output at the turbine will not change, considering that the suction conditions remain the same as before. There will also be no change in the fuel input to the facility, considering that the recycled CO2 temperature is maintained. Rather, the net power output of the plant will decrease, considering that the hot gas compressor operates less efficiently than the main CO2 compressor as a pressurizing device. The basic effect is that fuel is converted to electricity and then transported as thermal energy in the discharge CO2 stream. All combustion and compression activities are inherently managed by the power cycle's equipment and control capabilities. The quality and quantity of heat to downstream processes can vary depending on the amount of transported CO2 heated by the recuperative heat exchanger train and the total flow rate of CO2 processed by the hot gas compressor.

[0082] In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods allow the hot gas compressor of the power cycle to provide low-grade heat for the optimization of the recuperator heat exchanger while also serving as a heat source for an external industrial process that utilizes the cycle's transport CO2 as a feedstock and / or heat transfer fluid. The hot gas compressor is managed in such a way that the suction conditions to the turbine (and therefore the overall performance) do not change while providing heat to the downstream industrial process. Thus, no thermal cycling of the turbine occurs. The net power output of the power cycle is, however, reduced considering that the heat generated for the external industrial process increases the parasitic load on the hot gas compressor (i.e., effectively converting electricity back to thermal energy). This has the effect of varying the CO2 generated per MWhr generated for the power cycle (allowing for flexibility in addressing the difference in CO2 demand vs. power demand). The benefit to the downstream industrial process is that the need for dedicated heat generation (e.g., natural gas burners, etc.) and heat recovery equipment (steam boilers, tube-and-shell exchangers, feedwater pumps, etc.) is eliminated. Similarly, downstream processes can operate without an emissions profile since the generation of thermal energy via combustion occurs in the turbine of the power cycle. In addition, unlike other chemical processes, the CO2 generated in the power cycle is purified by its combustion and the downstream DeSNOx process without additional equipment and solvents. Residual gaseous fuels such as CH4, CO, H2, C2H6 are removed from the CO2 by combustion, and water vapor, NOx, and / or SOx are removed in the downstream direct contact cooler.

[0083] The control capabilities available according to the present disclosure allow the power generation systems and methods described herein to be utilized to produce a variety of end products in addition to energy. The CO2 generation, compression, and heating processes can be fully contained within the power cycle, thus leveraging pre-existing equipment required for the power cycle even when no downstream industrial processes exist. The combustion of natural gas for heat input to downstream processes may leverage off-peak electricity prices. This may allow the power cycle to function as a trigeneration plant providing power, CO2, and heat.

[0084] In some embodiments, urea synthesis may be specifically combined with a power cycle, which may require an ammonia source. The required ammonia (NH3) may be a by-product of the underlying power cycle or may be purchased as a commodity (e.g., from an external ammonia plant). In embodiments where NH3 is purchased as a commodity, a power cycle according to the present disclosure may be performed that transports CO2 for urea synthesis to provide a method for the simultaneous production of power and urea. In particular, CO2 may be formed in a combustion process as described elsewhere herein (e.g., obtained as a product from line 37, obtained at elevated temperature from some point in line 39, or obtained at a lower temperature upstream from pump 20). Advantageously, high-grade heat of combustion may be recovered from the combustor exhaust or turbine exhaust stream (e.g., at a point from heat exchanger 50) by countercurrent heating of low-temperature recycled CO2 to the required combustion inlet temperature. This may in particular be the pressurized stream leaving pump 20. The IGVs 32 of the compressors (e.g. compressor 31) can be opened to increase the CO2 flow rate at the compressor inlet and thus the low-grade heat (e.g. temperature of about 150-300°C) generated by the compressor for the downstream urea synthesis process. The CO2 flow rate at the compressor inlet can be determined by the amount of additional low-grade heat required for the downstream urea synthesis. Meanwhile, the IGVs of the main compressor 30 can be closed to correspondingly regulate the CO2 entering therein. The total CO2 at the outlet of the main heat exchanger 50 can be sent to the separator 35 for liquid water removal and SOx / NOx removal (if present). The CO2 can be compressed and pumped (e.g. compressor 30 and pump 20) to the required pressure and a part of the CO2 can be separated from the main CO2 stream at a pressure of about 140-175 bar. The separated CO2 can be directed to the main heat exchanger 50 to be heated to about 190° C., and then this portion of the CO2, at about 140-175 bar and about 190° C., can be sent to a downstream urea production unit. The final temperature, pressure, and flow rate of this portion of the CO2 can be determined by the urea synthesis process.Low grade heat that may be needed can be generated from compressor 31 or a similar unit. The remaining required CO2 can be pumped to combustion suction pressure and heated to combustion suction temperature with the turbine exhaust stream in main heat exchanger 50 and directed to combustor 15. The main heat exchanger profile is maintained in this manner.

[0085] In further embodiments, the power cycle according to the present disclosure, which transports CO2 for urea synthesis, can be carried out utilizing ammonia co-generated in the power cycle. In such embodiments, a suitable feedstock can be processed in a suitable syngas generation unit (e.g., by sending to a gasifier or steam methane reforming ("SMR") unit to produce a crude syngas). The crude syngas can be processed by a suitable separation unit (e.g., a membrane separation unit) that can separate hydrogen from the crude syngas for ammonia synthesis. The hydrogen-lean syngas can be sent to the combustor and turbine of the power cycle for power generation as described elsewhere herein, and the hydrogen (or a portion thereof) can be sent to the ammonia synthesis unit. The turbine exhaust (CO2 stream) can be directed to a main heat exchanger for recovery of high-grade heat. A portion of the CO2 can be directed to a compressor for generation of low-grade heat for urea synthesis. The entire CO2 stream leaving the heat exchanger can then be directed to a DeSNOx unit for SOx / NOx removal. In this unit, which can be used instead of or in addition to separator 35, all sulfur compounds in the feedstock are removed from the CO2 stream. Thus, acid gas removal or fuel gas desulfurization systems are eliminated in this polygeneration system. The CO2 leaving the DeSNOx unit is at ambient temperature and about 30 bar, and is free of liquid water and SOx / NOx. Nitrogen from the air separation unit (which may be an integral part of the power generation cycle), and hydrogen from the membrane separator are sent to the ammonia synthesis unit. The operating conditions for ammonia synthesis may be a pressure of about 200-250 bar, and a temperature of about 400-500°C. The heat source for the ammonia synthesis process may come from turbine exhaust, hot gas compression, or other heat sources in the system. The ammonia produced from the ammonia synthesis unit may be sold as a chemical product or sent to a urea synthesis unit along with clean CO2 from the DeSNOx process to synthesize urea. The production of one or both of ammonia and urea may be shown in Figure 6.

[0086] In further embodiments, the power generation cycle as described herein can be combined with processes such as retorting of kerogen. Kerogen is currently retorted by collecting exploited mine material and placing it in a furnace. The process according to the present disclosure can avoid mining altogether and provide the option of harvesting and using deep reserves that are currently unusable. In an exemplary embodiment, pressurized and heated (e.g., heated to a temperature of about 50-150° C. for oil production or about 150-200° C. for gas production) CO2 can be injected into underground kerogen deposits containing bitumen. The heated CO2 travels through the sedimentary rock structure forming the bitumen, resulting in the formation of lighter hydrocarbons in the form of either oil and / or gas. The pressure of the CO2 forces the lighter hydrocarbons to the surface for collection.

[0087] In further embodiments, the power cycle may be utilized in connection with carbon capture, utilization, and storage in a saline aquifer. For example, pressurized CO2 (e.g., from line 37) may be delivered to a saline storage site at the required storage pressure. Prior to injection underground, the stream may be preheated to a temperature above the water dew point of the reservoir by the systems and methods described herein utilizing the power cycle. Upon contact with the saline aquifer, a portion of the liquid volume is vaporized. A mixture of water vapor (desalinated water) and a portion of the injected CO2 stream flows through an adjacent relief well, allowing for water harvesting and CO2 reuse above ground. In addition to providing desalination, the reservoir is depressurized, allowing for further CO2 storage.

[0088] In some embodiments as described herein, the CO2 stream can be treated to remove oxygen to improve the CO2 utilization capability in hydrocarbon recovery. In an exemplary embodiment, the IGV of one or more hot gas compressors is opened, so that an increase in flow is provided to heat the CO2 stream equivalent to the plant transport stream to a temperature of up to about 250°C (this temperature can be higher in some embodiments depending on the compressor design). The plant transport stream is provided through the main heat exchanger 50 at the desired pressure and can be heated with the compressor stream or can be directly led from the compressor at its discharge. The heated CO2 transport stream can then be fed to a mixer where methane, natural gas, or H2 are introduced. The heated mixed stream can then be processed through a catalytic combustor where the thermal energy catalyzes the oxidation of the fuel content with the residual O2 content in the CO2. The resulting stream is substantially free of O2 and contains increased residual fuel content, CO2 content, and / or H2O content. The stream is then cooled to remove all or a portion of the moisture content. As can be seen from the above, the present disclosure can provide systems and methods for, among other things, cogeneration of power and one or more end products. In an exemplary embodiment, with particular reference to FIG. 6, the system can include a power generation unit including at least a combustor, a turbine, a heat exchanger, and a separation unit configured to receive a fuel stream and an oxidant and output power and substantially pure carbon dioxide, a synthesis gas generation unit configured to receive a feedstock and provide a synthesis gas product, at least a portion of which is effective for use as at least a portion of the fuel stream in the power generation unit, an air separation unit configured to provide oxygen for use as an oxidant in the power generation unit and configured to provide nitrogen, and one or both of an ammonia synthesis unit and a urea synthesis unit.

[0089] In certain embodiments, an ammonia synthesis unit may specifically be present. In such cases, it may be desirable for the ammonia synthesis unit to be configured to receive nitrogen from the air separation unit, configured to receive hydrogen from the hydrogen source, and configured to output ammonia. In related embodiments, the hydrogen source may be a hydrogen separation unit configured to receive at least a portion of the syngas product from the syngas production unit and provide a hydrogen stream and a hydrogen-reduced syngas stream effective for use as at least a portion of the fuel stream in a power generation unit.

[0090] In some embodiments, a urea synthesis unit may specifically be present. In such cases, it may be desirable for the urea synthesis unit to be configured to receive nitrogen from the nitrogen source, configured to receive carbon dioxide from the power generation cycle, and configured to output a urea stream. In related embodiments, the nitrogen source may specifically be an ammonia synthesis unit.

[0091] As further seen in FIG. 6, the system and method can incorporate the use of optional bypass and control that can divert a portion of the syngas from the hydrogen separation and go directly to the power cycle. This allows for more degrees of operation and partial separation of the gasifier, power cycle, and hydrogen production. In one or more embodiments, the bypass line can be controlled based on various input signals that can be received by the controller (e.g., controller 100 of FIGS. 1-5). For example, suitable input signals can include any one or more of the following: a power demand signal, a gasifier output signal (e.g., indicating that the syngas flow exceeds a predetermined threshold amount), a hydrogen demand signal (e.g., indicating that the hydrogen flow exceeds a predetermined threshold amount), a syngas chemistry signal from the gasifier (e.g., which can indicate that an estimated or measured mole fraction of one or more components of the generated syngas exceeds a predetermined threshold), a signal that defines the syngas chemistry of the syngas streams being sent to the power cycle (the combined stream from the bypass and the hydrogen-reduced syngas stream), a feedstock change signal, an ASU operation signal, a nitrogen availability signal, a mixed fuel Wobbe index signal, and the like. Based on one or more of these input signals, one or more of the operational units defined in Figure 6 may be operatively adjusted to provide a desired end product and / or a desired power output. Similarly, such signals may be used to modify the process efficiency of any one or more of the individual units (e.g., power generation, syngas generation, hydrogen generation, ammonia generation, air product generation, and urea generation). Similarly, such signals may be used to adjust the economic output of the entire facility.

[0092] Those skilled in the art will have many modifications and other embodiments of the present invention related thereto with the benefit of the teachings set forth in the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are used herein, they are used merely in a generic and descriptive sense and are not intended to be limiting. The use of the terms "about" and "substantially" herein can indicate a degree of relevance such that a value that is "about" a particular value or "substantially" a particular value may be specifically within ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, or ±1% of the exact amount.

Claims

1. 1. A system for cogeneration of electricity and one or more end products, the system comprising: a power generation unit including at least a combustor, a turbine, a heat exchanger, and a separation unit, the power generation unit configured to receive a fuel stream and an oxidant and to output electrical power and substantially pure carbon dioxide; a syngas production unit configured to receive a feedstock and provide a syngas product, at least a portion of the syngas product being available for use as at least a portion of a fuel stream in the power generation unit; an air separation unit configured to provide oxygen for use as an oxidant in the power generation unit and configured to provide nitrogen; one or both of an ammonia synthesis unit and a urea synthesis unit; A system comprising:

2. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the ammonia synthesis unit is present and configured to receive nitrogen from the air separation unit, configured to receive hydrogen from a hydrogen source, and configured to output ammonia.

3. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the hydrogen source is a hydrogen separation unit configured to receive at least a portion of the syngas product from the syngas production unit and provide a hydrogen stream and a hydrogen-depleted syngas stream effective for use as at least a portion of a fuel stream in the power generation unit.

4. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the urea synthesis unit is present and configured to receive nitrogen from a nitrogen source, configured to receive carbon dioxide from a power generation cycle, and configured to output a urea stream.

5. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the nitrogen source is the ammonia synthesis unit.

6. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: passing a plurality of streams through a heat exchange unit (HEU), the HEU defining a first HEU end having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end having a second operating temperature, the first operating temperature being greater than the second operating temperature, the plurality of streams comprising at least one first stream and at least one second stream such that at least one first stream passing from the first HEU end to the second HEU end is cooled and at least one second stream passing from the second HEU end to the first HEU end is heated, a temperature of the at least one first stream being greater than a temperature of the at least one second stream; Implementing a control function to cause a portion of the at least one first stream to be diverted from a portion of the HEU such that a mass flow rate of the at least one first stream through the diverted portion of the HEU is reduced, the control function being implemented in response to a signal received by a controller and defining an operating condition of the power plant, the signal comprising: a signal indicative of a change in power demand effective to cause a change in operation of a turbine that alters power generation from the power plant; and A signal indicating that the temperature within the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU. and A power generation method comprising:

7. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 6 , wherein the at least one first stream comprises a heated turbine exhaust stream from a turbine.

8. 7. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 6, wherein the at least one second stream is a recycle stream being heated in the HEU and the at least one first stream is an exhaust stream being cooled in the HEU, and a portion of the recycle stream is passed to the exhaust stream such that a mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through a portion of the HEU is increased.

9. 7. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 6, wherein the at least one second stream is an oxidant stream being heated in the HEU and the at least one first stream is an exhaust stream being cooled in the HEU, and a portion of the oxidant stream is passed to the exhaust stream such that a mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through a portion of the HEU is increased.

10. 7. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 6, further comprising adding heat to one or more of a plurality of streams passing through the HEU, the heat being added at an intermediate temperature range within the HEU at a point located between the first HEU end and the second HEU end, the heat being added using a heater operated independently of the HEU.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the heater is a fired heater.

12. 12. The method of generating electricity as claimed in claim 11, wherein the heat is added to a turbine exhaust stream passing through the HEU and an exhaust stream from the fired heater is added directly to the turbine exhaust stream.

13. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: passing a plurality of streams through a heat exchange unit (HEU), the HEU defining a first HEU end having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end having a second operating temperature, the first operating temperature being greater than the second operating temperature, the plurality of streams comprising at least one first stream and at least one second stream such that at least one first stream passing from the first HEU end to the second HEU end is cooled and at least one second stream passing from the second HEU end to the first HEU end is heated; Implementing a control function to vary a mass flow rate of one or more of a plurality of streams passing through the HEU, the control function comprising: causing a portion of the at least one first stream to be passed to the at least one second stream such that a mass flow rate of the at least one second stream is increased while passing through the portion of the HEU; or Passing a portion of the at least one second stream into the at least one first stream such that a mass flow rate of the at least one first stream is increased while passing through the portion of the HEU. It is effective for A power generation method comprising:

14. 14. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 13, wherein the at least one second stream is a recycle stream being heated in the HEU and the at least one first stream is an exhaust stream being cooled in the HEU, and a portion of the recycle stream is passed to the exhaust stream such that a mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through a portion of the HEU is increased.

15. 14. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 13, wherein the at least one second stream is an oxidant stream being heated in the HEU and the at least one first stream is an exhaust stream being cooled in the HEU, and a portion of the oxidant stream is passed to the exhaust stream such that a mass flow rate of the exhaust stream through a portion of the HEU is increased.

16. The control function is based on the following signals received by the controller: a signal indicative of a change in power demand effective to cause a change in the operation of the turbine that alters the power generation from the power plant; and A signal indicating that the temperature within the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU. The method of claim 15 , wherein the method is performed in response to one or both of the following:

17. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: expanding the heated and pressurized stream through a turbine to generate power and form a turbine exhaust stream; passing the turbine exhaust stream through a heat exchange unit (HEU) from a first end having a higher operating temperature of the HEU to a second end having a lower operating temperature of the HEU; processing the turbine exhaust stream downstream from the HEU to form a recycle stream; passing at least a portion of the recycle stream through the HEU toward a first end of the HEU; implementing a control function such that a bypass portion of the turbine exhaust flow passing through the HEU exits the HEU at a location between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU and rejoins the turbine exhaust stream downstream of the second end of the HEU such that a mass flow rate of the turbine exhaust stream is reduced through a portion of the HEU without reducing a total mass flow rate of the turbine exhaust stream that is processed to form the recycled stream; A power generation method comprising:

18. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 17 , wherein processing the turbine exhaust stream comprises processing through one or more of a separator, a compressor, and a pump.

19. 20. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 17, wherein at least a portion of the compressed stream passing through a first end of the HEU comprises the recycle stream.

20. The control function is based on the following signals received by the controller: a signal indicative of a change in power demand effective to cause a change in turbine operation that alters power generation; and A signal indicating that the temperature within the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU.

20. The method of claim 17, in response to one or both of the following:

21. 20. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 17, further comprising causing a bypass portion of the turbine exhaust stream to be processed through a bypass heat exchanger effective to transfer heat from the bypass portion of the turbine exhaust stream to one or more additional streams.

22. 20. The power generation method of claim 17, wherein the control function includes causing a valve to open or close to modify a mass flow rate of a bypass portion of a turbine exhaust stream exiting the HEU at a location between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU.

23. 23. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 22, wherein the valve is disposed in a bypass line in fluid communication with the HEU.

24. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: expanding the heated and pressurized stream through a turbine to generate power and form a turbine exhaust stream; passing the turbine exhaust stream through a heat exchange unit (HEU) from a first end having a higher operating temperature of the HEU to a second end having a lower operating temperature of the HEU; implementing a control function whereby a portion of the turbine exhaust stream passing through the HEU exits the HEU at a location between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU, is compressed in a recycle compressor, and is directed back into the HEU at a portion of the HEU downstream from where the portion of the turbine exhaust stream exits the HEU; A power generation method comprising:

25. 25. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 24, further comprising implementing a control function effective to reduce flow through the recycle compressor while maintaining a substantially constant discharge pressure from the recycle compressor.

26. 25. The method of generating electricity as described in claim 24, further comprising implementing a control function effective to close inlet guide vanes (IGVs) of the recycle compressor in response to a signal indicating that a temperature within the HEU is within a threshold maximum operating temperature of the HEU.

27. passing the recycle stream through the HEU toward a first end of the HEU such that the recycle stream is heated within the HEU; and passing the oxidant stream through the HEU toward a first end of the HEU such that the oxidant stream is heated within the HEU; 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising one or both of:

28. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: expanding the heated and pressurized stream through a turbine to generate power and form a turbine exhaust stream; passing the turbine exhaust stream through a heat exchange unit (HEU) from a first end having a higher operating temperature of the HEU to a second end having a lower operating temperature of the HEU; processing the turbine exhaust stream downstream from the HEU to form a recycle stream; passing one or both of the recycle stream and the oxidant stream through the HEU toward a first end of the HEU; implementing a control function effective to increase a mass flow rate of the turbine exhaust stream through a portion of the HEU by the addition of fluid to the turbine exhaust stream at one or more locations between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU; A power generation method comprising:

29. 30. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 28, wherein the control function is effective to cause a portion of the recycle stream to be passed to the turbine exhaust stream.

30. 30. The method of generating electricity as recited in claim 28, wherein the control function is effective to allow a portion of the oxidant stream to pass to the turbine exhaust stream.

31. The following conditions: implementing said control function is responsive to signals indicative of changes in power demand effective to cause operational changes in the turbine thereby altering power generation; and Implementing the control function is responsive to a signal indicating that a temperature within the HEU is within a predetermined threshold of a maximum operating temperature of the HEU. The method of claim 28 , wherein one or both of the following conditions are satisfied:

32. 30. The power generation method of claim 28, wherein the control function includes causing one or more valves to open or close to modify a mass flow rate of a stream passing to a turbine exhaust stream in the HEU.

33. 1. A method for generating electricity, comprising: expanding the heated and pressurized stream through a turbine to generate power and form a turbine exhaust stream; passing the turbine exhaust stream through a heat exchange unit (HEU) from a first end having a higher operating temperature of the HEU to a second end having a lower operating temperature of the HEU; processing the turbine exhaust stream downstream from the HEU to form a recycle stream; passing one or both of the recycle stream and the oxidant stream through the HEU toward a first end of the HEU; implementing a control function that varies a mass flow rate of one or more of the turbine exhaust stream, the recycle stream, and the oxidant stream through a portion of the HEU by adding or removing a mass flow rate to or from one or more of the turbine exhaust stream, the recycle stream, and the oxidant stream at one or more locations between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU; adding heat to the HEU using a heater arranged to provide heat at a location within the HEU between a first end of the HEU and a second end of the HEU; A power generation method comprising:

34. 34. The method of generating electricity according to claim 33, wherein the heater is an electric heater.

35. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the heater is a solar heater or a nuclear heater.

36. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the heater is an oxy-fuel burner arranged in line with passing the turbine exhaust stream through the HEU.

37. 37. The method of generating electricity as claimed in claim 36, wherein the oxy-fuel burner is arranged such that exhaust from the oxy-fuel burner mixes with the turbine exhaust stream to increase a temperature of the turbine exhaust stream.

38. The following conditions: the heater is disposed in line with the recycle stream; and The heater is disposed in a line through which the oxidant stream passes. The method of claim 33, wherein one or both of the above are satisfied.

39. A power plant, The turbine, A generator, A heat exchange unit (HEU); one or more compressors or pumps; A control unit; It is a power plant equipped with the HEU is configured for heat exchange between a plurality of streams passing between a first HEU end having a first operating temperature and a second HEU end having a second, lower operating temperature, the first operating temperature being greater than the second operating temperature, the plurality of streams comprising at least one first stream passing from the first HEU end toward the second HEU end and at least one second stream passing from the second HEU end toward the first HEU end; the HEU includes a recirculation line and a recirculation valve disposed between the turbine exhaust stream and a recycle stream or between the turbine exhaust stream and an oxidant stream; The control unit receives signals defining operating conditions of the power plant and, based thereon, deflecting a portion of one or more of the plurality of streams around a portion of the HEU; and Configuring the recirculation line and the recirculation valve to effect fluid flow between one of the at least one first stream and one of the at least one second stream.

5. The power plant, configured to output one or more signals effective to do one or both of the following:

40. 40. The power plant of claim 39, further comprising a bypass line, a bypass valve, and a bypass heat exchanger operable with said bypass line.

41. 40. The power plant of claim 39, further comprising a heater configured for operation independent of the HEU, the heater configured for the addition of heat to an exhaust stream from the turbine at a point disposed between the first HEU end and the second HEU end.

42. 42. The power plant of claim 41, wherein the heater is a fired heater.

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