Component for conveying gases

Abstract

To provide a component or a tube capable of having improved thermal insulative characteristics for reducing a likelihood of condensation or rapid build-up of liquid within a breathing tube.SOLUTION: This invention provides a component 1 forming a part of a breathing tube, or forming the breathing tube, e.g., as a part of a breathing circuit for respiratory therapy. The component 1 comprises a tubular body 2 having a foamed wall 3. The foamed wall 3 can be formed from extrusion of a single extrudate. The foamed wall 3 is of sufficient minimum optical transparency such that, in use, there is enabled visual detection of liquid (or a condensate that may have formed) within the tubular body 2.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to components of medical circuits for transporting gas to and / or from a patient. In one particular embodiment, the invention relates to conduits, in particular breathing tubes for use in the inspiratory and / or expiratory limbs of a breathing circuit. In another particular embodiment, the invention relates to tubes for surgical insufflation systems. [Background technology]

[0002] In assisted breathing, particularly in medical applications, gases with high levels of relative humidity are generally delivered and returned through flexible breathing tubes with relatively limited dimensions (including both neonatal and adult applications) of about 10 mm to 25 mm in diameter. Such breathing tubes are ideally very light and resistant to kinking or pinching, but at the same time very flexible to ensure the best performance and highest level of comfort for the patient. The light weight of the breathing tube is very important to reduce any forces exerted on the patient interface by the weight of the tube. Similarly, to achieve a high level of patient comfort, the breathing tube must be flexible and easily bendable, which in turn may improve patient compliance.

[0003] In medical applications such as assisted breathing, gases inhaled by a patient are preferably delivered with humidity close to saturation levels and close to body temperature (usually at a temperature of 33°C to 37°C). When the humid breathing gas cools and / or comes into contact with the relatively cool surfaces of the breathing tube, condensation or water droplets may form on the inner surface of the breathing tube. Respiratory gases exhaled by the patient typically return fully saturated and flow through the expiratory breathing tube. Condensation or water droplets may also occur when the exhaled gas cools as it passes through the expiratory breathing tube.

[0004] Similarly, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) systems or positive pressure ventilation systems, which provide positive pressure breathing gas to patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), also use a breathing tube to deliver (or remove) inspiratory (and / or expiratory) gas.

[0005] Condensation that forms in the breathing tube (either inhaled or exhaled) may be inhaled or aspirated by the patient, leading to coughing or other discomfort. Condensation in the breathing tube may also interfere with the performance of connected equipment and auxiliary devices and / or various sensors.

[0006] Attempts have been made to reduce the deleterious effects of condensation by either reducing the extent of condensation or by providing a collection site for condensate to drain from the tubing components. Reduction of condensation or water drop is generally achieved by maintaining or raising the temperature above the dew point temperature of the breathing gas to reduce the formation of condensation. This temperature is typically maintained by a heater wire in the breathing tube, but the water drop performance of these breathing tubes may not be perfect due to several factors. Furthermore, previous methods of heating the gas stream to reduce water drop typically result in the use of heated tubes that are expensive and / or difficult to manufacture. The manufacturing costs of breathing tubes are extremely significant, especially in "single-use" applications typically found, for example, in hospital use. It is highly desirable to further reduce water drop while maintaining low manufacturing costs, preferably, for example, by utilizing manufacturing methods that allow for high manufacturing rates.

[0007] Similarly, during laparoscopic procedures involving insufflation, it may also be desirable for the insufflation gas (typically CO2) to be humidified before being delivered into the abdominal cavity. This helps prevent "drying out" of the patient's internal organs and can reduce the amount of time required for recovery from surgery. Even when dry insufflation gas is used, the gas may become saturated due to moisture being obtained from the patient's body cavity. Moisture in the gas tends to condense on the walls of the medical tubing or on the exhaust rim of the insufflation system. Water vapor may also condense on other components of the insufflation system, such as filters. The escape of any vapor and moisture that condenses on the filter along the (intake or exhaust) rim is highly undesirable. For example, water condensing on the walls may saturate the filter, causing it to become blocked. This can potentially cause an increase in back pressure and impede the system's ability to clear smoke. Additionally, liquid water in the rim may flow into other connected equipment, which is undesirable.

[0008] Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a component or tube that can have improved insulating properties to reduce the likelihood of condensation or the sudden accumulation of liquid within the tube component.

[0009] Furthermore, in attempting to reduce the deleterious effects of condensation, it would be useful to have any condensation or other accumulation of liquid within the tubing components observable by the patient or their caregiver, i.e., to be able to visually detect condensation or other liquid within the components or tubing. Providing visual or detectable detection in this manner may enable action to be taken in the management of such liquid condensation or other liquid that may have accumulated within the tubing components. The ability to visually detect such condensation or other liquid accumulation within tubing components may also have further advantages in terms of managing the passage of gas to or from a patient, or through tubing components that form part of a system for the passage of gas to or from a patient, or better managing the patient's treatment.

[0010] Where reference is made herein to patent specifications, other external documents or other sources, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing features of the present invention. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents or such sources are prior art in any jurisdiction or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0011] Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, which is given by way of example only. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0012] It is an object of the present invention to provide a component and / or a method of manufacturing a component that will at least somewhat improve upon the above or at least provide a useful option for public and medical workers. [Means for solving the problem]

[0013] In a first aspect, the invention may broadly include a component forming part of, or forming, a breathing tube comprising a tubular body having a foam wall. The foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

[0014] Preferably, the foam-walled tubular body is formed by extrusion of a single extrudate.

[0015] In a further aspect, the invention may broadly include a component forming part of or forming a breathing tube comprising a tubular body having a foamed wall formed by extrusion of a single extrudate. The foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

[0016] Preferably, the wall of the tubular body is corrugated or of a corrugated profile, the corrugated profile comprising alternating external crests (or annular peaks) and internal troughs (or annular valleys). Preferably, the external crests correspond to the maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body, and the internal crests correspond to the minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body.

[0017] Preferably, the corrugations are of annular or helical corrugation shape.

[0018] Alternatively, preferably, the tubular body has a substantially uniform wall thickness.

[0019] Preferably, the tubular body may have a wall thickness of about 0.2 mm to about 1 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm. The wall may be about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 mm thick. Preferably, it is about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, and even more preferably, it is 0.6 mm thick.

[0020] Preferably, the foam wall insulates at least the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall. Preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.25-0.45 W / m-°K (Watts per meter degree Kelvin). Even more preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.15-0.35 W / m-°K or about 0.2-0.4 W / m-°K. Preferably, it is about 0.3 W / m-°K.

[0021] Preferably, the foam wall is a single piece of foamed polymeric material.

[0022] Preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 10% or less, or about 9% or less, or about 8% or less, or about 7% or less, or about 6% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 4% or less, or about 3% or less, or about 2% or less, or about 1% or less. More preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%. Most preferably, the porosity is about 5.5% or about 7.5%, or between about 5.5% and about 7.5%.

[0023] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more of the following polymers or blends of these materials: Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyolefin Plastomer (POP), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA). Plasticized PVC may also be a suitable material, but is less commonly used for environmental reasons.

[0024] Preferably, the extrudate includes one or more chemical blowing agents. More preferably, the chemical blowing agent may include calcium oxide.

[0025] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more surface modifiers. More preferably, the surface modifiers may comprise one or more of glycerol monostearate (GMS), ethoxylated amines, sodium alkanesulfonic acid salts, or diethanolamine laurate.

[0026] Preferably, the polymer comprises at least about 98.4, 98.5, 98.6, 98.7, 98.8, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8 or 99.9 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. Preferably, the polymer comprises about 98.4 wt.%. More preferably, the polymer comprises about 99.49 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the polymer comprises about 99.488 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0027] Preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises at least about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, or 0.02 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. Preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.005 wt.%. More preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.01 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.012 wt.% of the total extrudate. Or, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.01 wt.% to about 0.012 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0028] Preferably, the surface modifier comprises at least about 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. Preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.05 wt.%. More preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.25 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.5 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.25 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0029] Preferably, the resulting tubular body wall allows for a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 degrees (°), as measurable by an angle measuring device such as a Geniometer. Preferably, the surface characteristic contact angle is less than about 45°. More preferably, the resulting tubular body wall allows for a surface characteristic contact angle of about 33°.

[0030] Preferably, the component further comprises a heater. Preferably, the heater is associated with the wall of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is associated with an inner wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is associated with an outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

[0031] Preferably, the tubular body further comprises an outer sheath. Preferably, the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the outer sheath may trap air between adjacent outer crests (or annular protrusions) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0032] Preferably, the tubular body is a breathing tube and is terminated by a first connector at the inlet and a second connector at the outlet, with only one gas passageway along its length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

[0033] Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a conduit for use in at least part of an insufflation system. Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit.

[0034] Preferably, the tubular body has a flexibility determined by passing the test for increasing flow resistance due to bending according to ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th edition, 1 June 2000).

[0035] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer a tubular body having a foamed wall formed from a single extrusion; and a heater within the tubular body. The foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

[0036] Preferably, the wall of the tubular body is corrugated or of a corrugated profile, the corrugated profile comprising alternating external crests (or annular peaks) and internal troughs (or annular valleys). Preferably, the external crests correspond to the maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body, and the internal crests correspond to the minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body.

[0037] Preferably, the corrugations are of annular or helical corrugation shape.

[0038] Alternatively, preferably, the tubular body has a substantially uniform wall thickness.

[0039] Preferably, the tubular body may have a wall thickness of about 0.2 mm to about 1 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm. The wall may be about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 mm thick. Preferably, it is about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm or 0.6 mm thick.

[0040] Preferably, the foam wall insulates at least the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall. Preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.25-0.45 W / m-°K (Watts per meter degree Kelvin). Even more preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.15-0.35 W / m-°K or about 0.2-0.4 W / m-°K. Preferably, it is about 0.3 W / m-°K.

[0041] Preferably, the foam wall is a single piece of foamed polymeric material.

[0042] Preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 10% or less, or about 9% or less, or about 8% or less, or about 7% or less, or about 6% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 4% or less, or about 3% or less, or about 2% or less, or about 1% or less. More preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%. Most preferably, it is about 5.5% or about 7.5%, or about 5.5% to about 7.5%. Preferably, it is about 5.5% to about 7.5%.

[0043] Preferably, the foamed wall of the tubular body is foamed by physical foam molding, or by chemical foam molding, or by a combination of both.

[0044] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more of the following polymers or blends of these materials: Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyolefin Plastomer (POP), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA). Plasticized PVC may also be a suitable material, but is less commonly used for environmental reasons.

[0045] Preferably, the extrudate includes one or more chemical blowing agents. More preferably, the chemical blowing agent may include calcium oxide.

[0046] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more surface modifiers. More preferably, the surface modifiers may comprise one or more of glycerol monostearate (GMS), ethoxylated amines, sodium alkanesulfonic acid salts, or diethanolamine laurate.

[0047] Preferably, the polymer comprises at least about 98.4, 98.5, 98.6, 98.7, 98.8, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8 or 99.9 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. More preferably, the polymer comprises about 99.49 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the polymer comprises about 99.488 wt.% of the total extrudate. Preferably, the polymer comprises at least about 98.4 wt.%.

[0048] Preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises at least about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, or 0.02 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. More preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.01 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises about 0.012 wt.% of the total extrudate. Or, about 0.01 wt.% to about 0.012 wt.%. Preferably, the chemical blowing agent comprises at least about 0.005 wt.%.

[0049] Preferably, the surface modifier comprises at least about 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. More preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.25 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.5 wt.% of the total extrudate. Preferably, the surface modifier comprises between about 0.25 wt.% and about 0.5 wt.%, or at least about 0.05 wt.%.

[0050] Preferably, the resulting tubular body wall allows for a surface characteristic contact angle with water of less than about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 degrees (°) measurable by an angle measuring device such as a Geniometer. Preferably, 45°. More preferably, the contact angle is from about 20° to about 40°, or from about 25° to about 35°, or from about 28° to about 33°. Even more preferably, the resulting tubular body wall allows for a surface characteristic contact angle of about 33°.

[0051] Preferably, the heater is attached to the wall of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is attached to an inner wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is attached to an outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

[0052] Preferably, the tubular body further includes an outer sheath. Preferably, the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the outer sheath externally encapsulates air between adjacent outer crests (or annular protrusions) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0053] Preferably, the tubular body is a breathing tube and is terminated by a first connector at the inlet and a second connector at the outlet, with only one gas passageway along its length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

[0054] Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a conduit for use in at least a portion of a gas injection system.

[0055] Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit.

[0056] Preferably, the tubular body has a flexibility determined by passing the test for increasing flow resistance due to bending according to ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th edition, 1 June 2000).

[0057] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer It may broadly include components forming part of or forming a breathing tube, including a tubular body having a foamed wall formed from a single extrusion. The foam wall is surface modified.

[0058] Preferably, the foam wall is surface modified by chemical or physical means.

[0059] Preferably the foam wall is surface modified by altering the surface tension of the wall surface, for example by increasing the surface tension of the wall surface.

[0060] Preferably, the foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

[0061] Preferably, the wall of the tubular body is corrugated or of a corrugated profile, the corrugated profile including alternating outer wave crests (or annular protrusions) and inner wave troughs (or annular recesses).

[0062] Preferably, the tubular body is of annular corrugated or helical corrugated shape.

[0063] Preferably, the outer crests correspond to the locations of the maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body, and the inner crests correspond to the locations of the minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body.

[0064] Preferably, the tubular body has a substantially uniform wall thickness.

[0065] Preferably, the wall thickness is from about 0.2 mm to about 1 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.9 mm, or from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, or from about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm thick.

[0066] Preferably the wall thickness is about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 mm thick.

[0067] Preferably, the foam wall provides insulation at least within the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall.

[0068] Preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.2-0.4 W / m-°K (watts per meter degree Kelvin), or about 0.15-0.35 W / m-°K, or about 0.25-0.45 W / m-°K.

[0069] Preferably, the foam wall has a thermal conductivity resistance of about 0.3 W / m-°K.

[0070] Preferably, the foam wall is a single piece of foamed polymeric material.

[0071] Preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 10% or less, or about 9% or less, or about 8% or less, or about 7% or less, or about 6% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 4% or less, or about 3% or less, or about 2% or less, or about 1% or less.

[0072] Preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, or about 4.5%, or about 5%, or about 5.5%, or about 6%, or about 6.5%, or about 7%, or about 7.5%, or about 8%, or about 8.5%, or about 9%, or about 9.5%, or about 10%.

[0073] Preferably, the foam wall has a porosity of about 5.5% to about 7.5%.

[0074] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more polymers.

[0075] Preferably, the extrudate comprises one or more of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyolefins, plastomers (POP), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or blends of these materials.

[0076] Preferably, the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents.

[0077] Preferably, the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents including calcium oxide.

[0078] Preferably, the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers.

[0079] Preferably, the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers including glycerol monostearate (GMS), an ethoxylated amine, an alkane sulfonic acid sodium salt, or diethanolamine laurate.

[0080] Preferably, the extrudate comprises at least about 98.4, 98.5, 98.6, 98.7, 98.8, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8 or 99.9 weight percent (wt.%) of the polymer(s) of the total extrudate.

[0081] Preferably, the extrudate comprises polymer(s) that is at least about 99.49 wt.% or 99.4889 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0082] Preferably, the extrudate comprises at least about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019 or 0.02 weight percent (wt.%) of the chemical blowing agent of the total extrudate.

[0083] Preferably, the extrudate comprises about 0.01 wt.% to 0.012 wt.% of the chemical blowing agent by weight of the total extrudate.

[0084] Preferably, the extrudate comprises at least about 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 weight percent (wt.%) of the surface modifier of the total extrudate.

[0085] Preferably, the extrudate comprises about 0.25% to 0.5% surface modifier by weight of the total extrudate.

[0086] Preferably, the resulting tubular body allows for a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 degrees (°).

[0087] Preferably, the component further includes a heater.

[0088] Preferably, the heater is attached to the wall of the tubular body.

[0089] Preferably, the heater is attached to the inner wall surface of the tubular body.

[0090] Preferably, the heater is attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0091] Preferably, the heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

[0092] Preferably, the tubular body further includes an outer sheath.

[0093] Preferably, the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0094] Preferably, the outer sheath externally encapsulates air between adjacent outer crests (or annular projections) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0095] Preferably, the tubular body is a breathing tube and is terminated by a first connector at the inlet and a second connector at the outlet, with only one gas passageway along its length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

[0096] Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a conduit for use in at least a portion of a gas injection system.

[0097] Preferably, the tubular body is a component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit.

[0098] Preferably, the tubular body has a flexibility determined by passing the test for increasing flow resistance due to bending according to ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th edition, 1 June 2000).

[0099] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer It may broadly include a tubular body having a foam wall, formed from a single extrusion, including a tubular body, forming part of a breathing tube, or a component forming a breathing tube. In this respect, the preferred embodiments described above may be further combined with such a tubular body.

[0100] In a further aspect, the invention may broadly include a tubular body having a foam wall, formed from a single extrusion and further including an outer sheath, comprising the tubular body, forming part of a breathing tube, or a component forming a breathing tube, and in this respect the preferred embodiments described above may further be combined with such a tubular body.

[0101] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer It may broadly include a tubular body having a wall with a modified surface, formed from a single extrusion, including a tubular body, forming part of a breathing tube, or a component forming a breathing tube. In this respect, the preferred embodiments described above may be further combined with such a tubular body.

[0102] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer It may broadly include a tubular body having a wall with a modified surface, formed from a single extrusion and further including an outer sheath, comprising a tubular body, forming part of a breathing tube, or a component forming a breathing tube. In this respect, the preferred embodiments described above may further be combined with such a tubular body.

[0103] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for the treatment of a cancer The method may broadly include a method of forming a part of a breathing tube, or a component forming a breathing tube, comprising the steps of extruding a tubular body from a single extrudate, the extrudate including a foaming agent for foaming of the tubular body such that the wall of the foamed tubular body has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body.

[0104] Preferably, the method further includes feeding the extruded tubular body to a corrugator to form a corrugated structure in the extruded tubular body having a corrugated profile including alternating external wave crests (or annular peaks) and internal wave troughs (or annular valleys).

[0105] Preferably, the corrugations are of annular or helical corrugation shape.

[0106] Preferably, the method further includes terminating the first end with a first connector and the second end with a second connector, wherein only one gas passage is formed between the first connector and the second connector.

[0107] Preferably, the method further comprises mounting one or more of the heater or sheath about the tubular body.

[0108] Preferably, the heater is attached to the wall of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater may be attached to either the inner wall surface of the tubular body or the outer wall surface of the tubular body. Alternatively, and preferably, such a heater may be partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

[0109] Preferably, the component further comprises a heater. Preferably, the heater is associated with the wall of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is associated with an inner wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is associated with an outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

[0110] Preferably, the tubular body further comprises an outer sheath. Preferably, the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body. Preferably, the outer sheath may trap air between adjacent outer crests (or annular protrusions) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0111] In a further aspect, the invention provides a tubular body having a foamed wall formed by extrusion of a single extrudate, forming part of a breathing tube or comprising a component forming a breathing tube, The tubular body further includes an outer sheath.

[0112] In a further aspect, the invention provides a device comprising a tubular body having a foam wall and forming part of a breathing tube or comprising a component forming a breathing tube, The foam wall is surface modified, and the tubular body further includes an outer sheath.

[0113] In a further aspect, the invention comprises a component as described herein with reference to any one or more of the drawings.

[0114] The term "comprising" as used in this specification and the claims means "consisting at least in part of." In interpreting each statement in this specification and the claims that contains the term "comprising," there may be other features present than the one or more that begin with this term. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprise" should be interpreted in the same manner.

[0115] The present invention may also be broadly considered to include any or all combinations of the parts, elements and features referred to or shown individually or collectively in the application specification and / or invention specification, and any two or more of said parts, elements, features or invention specifications. Where specific integers are referred to herein that have known equivalents in the art to which the present invention pertains, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.

[0116] It is to be understood that the invention includes the foregoing and that the structures illustrated below are merely examples.

[0117] A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the drawings, in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0118] [Figure 1] 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a corrugated tubular component, including a partially cut-away side view of a medical tube component according to one embodiment of the present invention, for example a breathing tube or limb of an insufflation system, optionally including a sheath shown on a portion of the tube component. [Figure 2A] 2B , which are cross-sectional views cut through a wall portion of a tube generally illustrating the various porosities produced by foam molding, generally showing a foamed tubular body wall of lower porosity (lower than that of FIG. 2B ) that has greater transparency or clarity (or increased ease of visual detection of liquid within the tube). [Figure 2B]2A-2C are cross-sectional views cut through a wall portion of a tube generally showing various porosities caused by foam molding, generally showing a foamed tubular body wall of higher porosity (higher than that of FIG. 2A ) with reduced transparency or clarity (or reduced ease of visual detection of liquid within the tube). [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one type of breathing circuit in which components according to the present invention may be used. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a patient and humidified gas injection system showing intake and exhaust rims. [Diagram 5] 1 is a schematic diagram of one preferred method of forming medical tubing. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a further preferred method of forming medical tubing including a hopper feed, a screw feeder to a die head, and terminating with a corrugator. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a general view of a foam tubular body according to one embodiment of the present invention incorporating a heater wire within a passageway of the tubular body. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is a general view of a foam tubular body according to one embodiment of the present invention incorporating a heater wire disposed around the exterior surface of the outer wall of the tubular body. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0119] In the field of medical circuits, particularly breathing circuits (including anesthesia circuits), condensation or dripping can be particularly problematic when highly humid breathing gas comes into contact with the walls of the components at a relatively low temperature. Improving the thermal resistance (or insulating performance) of the walls provides advantages in this respect. However, it is still beneficial for a user or caregiver to be able to visually identify or be able to visually recognize the presence of liquid or condensation build-up within the components. The present invention aims to enable components that provide both of these beneficial requirements to patients and caregivers.

[0120] Referring to FIG. 3, a humidified ventilation system is shown in which a patient 100 receives humidified and pressurized gases via a patient interface 102 connected to a humidified gas delivery path or inhalation breathing tube 103. It should be understood that the delivery system can also be a continuous positive airway pressure, variable positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure or many other forms of respiratory therapy. The inhalation tube 103 is connected to an outlet 104 of a humidification chamber 105 containing a quantity of water 106. The inhalation tube 103 may include a heater or heater wire (not shown) that heats the walls of the tube to reduce condensation of humidified gases within the tube. The humidification chamber 105 is preferably formed from a plastic material and may have a highly thermally conductive bottom (e.g., an aluminum bottom) that is in direct contact with a heater plate 107 of the humidifier 108. The humidifier 108 is provided with a control means or electronic controller that may include a microprocessor-based controller that executes instructions of computer software stored in an associated memory device.

[0121] The controller responds to inputs of humidity or temperature values ​​set by the user, for example, via dials 110, and other inputs, to determine when (or to what extent) to energize the heater plate 107 to heat the water 106 in the humidification chamber 105. Once a certain amount of water in the humidification chamber 105 has been heated, water vapor begins to fill the volume of the chamber above the water level and is expelled from the humidification chamber outlet 104 along with the flow of gas (e.g., air) provided by a gas supply or ventilator / blower 115 and entering the chamber 105 through inlet 116. Gases exhaled from the patient's mouth are returned to the ventilator via a return exhalation breathing tube 130.

[0122] The ventilator 115 is provided with a variable pressure regulator or variable speed fan 121 that draws in air or other gas through a blower inlet 117. The speed of the variable speed fan 121 is controlled by an electronic controller 118. It will be appreciated that the patient interface 102 may also be a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oral-nasal mask, nasal prongs, a full face mask, or the like.

[0123] However, there are also other conflicting requirements that medical tubes in the field of the present invention must meet. For example, preferably, breathing tubes for breathing circuits have: Resistant to crushing, Resistant to flow impediments when bent (<50% increase in flow resistance when bending a 1-inch cylinder) Resistant to kinks, Resistance to changes in length / volume under internal pressure (compliance) Leak resistant (<25ml / min at 6kPa) It has low flow resistance (pressure rise at maximum rated flow rate <0.2kPa), It is electrically safe: sparks within the tubes can be extremely dangerous, especially in oxygen-rich environments such as oxygen therapy.

[0124] International standard ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th Edition, June 1, 2000) is one example of how some of these desirable parameters may be measured and evaluated, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Components of the present invention preferably meet or exceed some or all of these standards.

[0125] In this specification, the terms "medical circuit" and "breathing circuit" are used to indicate the general field of the present invention. It should be understood that "circuit" is intended to include open circuits that do not form a completely closed circuit. For example, a CPAP system typically includes a single inhalation breathing tube between a blower and a patient interface. The term "breathing circuit" is intended to include such "open circuits." Similarly, the term "medical circuit" is intended to include both breathing circuits and insufflation circuits (which are also typically "open"). Similarly, the term "medical tubing" is intended to be interpreted as a flexible tube suitable for use in medical circuits of the above-mentioned type, connecting components of the medical circuit and providing a gas path between the components of the medical circuit.

[0126] The term "substantially uniform" wall thickness corrugated pipe is intended to mean pipe having a corrugated profile in which the external peaks, for example, comprise the maximum outer radius of the pipe, while similarly forming the maximum inner radius of the pipe, and the internal crests, for example, form the minimum inner and minimum outer radii of the pipe. This type of pipe is typically formed from an extrusion of substantially uniform thickness that is subsequently corrugated. It will be understood that in the subsequently formed corrugated structure, the wall thickness of the external peak regions may vary relative to the internal crest regions of the finished pipe. The ratio of actual minimum wall thickness to actual maximum wall thickness may vary, for example, from 1:1.5 to 3.0.

[0127] As used herein and in the claims, "monoextrudate" will generally be understood to mean a single batch or blend or formulation or mixture of material (or materials) that is fed into an extruder and extruded. In this manner, a single layer extrudate is formed. This will be understood to be in contrast to a multi-layer extrudate, such as those formed by coextrusion or extrusion coating techniques.

[0128] The term "visual detection" as used herein and in the claims means perception by the human eye, and is intended to mean, for example, that a person can visually perceive the presence or accumulation of liquid (or condensation that may have formed) within at least a portion of a tubular body. Further examples include when a person can visually perceive the presence or accumulation of liquid (or condensation that may have formed) within a tubular body according to the present invention when performing a "visual detection test method" as described herein.

[0129] breathing tube Medical tubing in the field of the invention has nominal dimensions of about 10 mm to about 30 mm and lengths of about 300 mm to 2.5 m. In particular for applications such as medical tubing for connection to interface components, the tubes may be significantly shorter (e.g., 50 mm to 300 mm). Catheter mounts may have lengths of, for example, about 80 mm. The catheter mounts are single lumen tubes that, in use, carry both inhaled and exhaled respiratory gases to and from the patient, respectively.

[0130] Foaming embodiment In a first embodiment, a component 1 is provided which forms part of or forms a breathing conduit (such as, for example, intake conduit 103). The component 1 comprises a tubular body 2 having a foam wall 3 formed by extrusion of a single extrudate. The foam wall 3 has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation which may have formed) within the tubular body 2, in use.

[0131] However, in another embodiment, a component 1 is provided that forms part of or forms a breathing conduit (such as, for example, the intake conduit 103). The component 1 comprises a tubular body 2 having a foamed wall 3 formed by extrusion of a single extrusion. Alternatively, in another embodiment, a component 1 is provided that forms part of or forms a breathing conduit (such as, for example, the intake conduit 103). The component 1 comprises a tubular body 2 having a foamed wall 3, the tubular body 2 being formed from a single extrusion, the tubular body further comprising an outer sheath 7. In both of these embodiments, further features and combinations with the embodiments are contemplated, such as, for example, the form of any heating element, the outer sheath, the foaming method and amount of the wall 3, and the surface modification technique of the wall of the tubular body, including whether the conduit is of a corrugated shape or not.

[0132] In yet a further embodiment, however, a component 1 is provided that forms part of or forms a breathing tube (such as, for example, the intake tube 103). The component 1 may include a tubular body 2 having a wall 3 with a modified surface. The tubular body is formed from a single extrusion. Alternatively, in another embodiment, a component 1 is provided that forms part of or forms a breathing tube (such as, for example, the intake tube 103). The component 1 may include a tubular body 2 having a wall 3 with a modified surface. The tubular body 2 is formed from a single extrusion, the tubular body further comprising an outer sheath 7. Similarly, and as mentioned above, in both of these embodiments, further features and combinations with the embodiments are conceivable, such as, for example, any heating element, the outer sheath, the foaming method and amount of the wall 3, and the form of the surface modification technique of the wall of the tubular body, including whether the conduit is of a corrugated shape or not.

[0133] Figures 2A and 2B generally show cross-sectional views of a foam tubular body wall. Figure 2A shows a wall section with a porosity lower than that of the wall in Figure 2B. The porosity improves the thermal insulation performance of component 1. The voids are shown as gas bubbles or foam voids 18.

[0134] 2A illustrates such walls as a whole having sufficient visual clarity to permit visual detection of liquid or condensation that may have accumulated within the tubular body 2 of the component 1. Such visual characteristics would allow a user or caregiver to visually recognize the presence of liquid within the tubular body and, if necessary, take steps to drain the liquid from the component or to notify the recipient of other necessary action or at least maintenance to be received.

[0135] In contrast, while not being limited to the illustration of Figure 2B, Figure 2B generally illustrates that higher levels of porosity result in a greater likelihood of opacity or reduced visual clarity or transparency of the wall of tubular body 2. Wall porosity should be at a level that allows at least a minimum degree of transparency for visual detection by a user or patient caregiver using such tubular body (or component 1).

[0136] The wall 3 of such a tubular body 2 may optionally be corrugated or of a corrugated profile (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1). For example, the corrugated profile may include alternating external crests 4 (or annular protrusions) and internal troughs 5 (or annular recesses). The external crests 4 may correspond to the locations of the maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body, and the internal troughs 5 may correspond to the locations of the minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body. Such corrugations may be of annular or helical corrugation. Alternatively, the tubular body may be smooth or of a non-corrugated profile.

[0137] The tubular body 2 advantageously has a substantially uniform wall thickness of about 0.2 mm to about 1 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.9 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm, or about 0.3 mm to about 0.6 mm, or about 0.4 mm to about 0.7 mm. The wall may be about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 mm thick.

[0138] Such a foam wall 3 preferably provides a level of insulation at least to the interior (or gas flow path) of the tubular body 2 bounded by the foam wall 3. In particular, the wall 3 insulates the contents of the tubular body 2 (e.g., humidified gas flowing through the gas flow path) from the potential cooling effects of the environment surrounding the tubular body (e.g., from the ambient air surrounding a breathing circuit or laparoscopic insufflation system). The environment surrounding the component or tubular body 2 may be, for example, a hospital ward or room, an operating theatre or other location where a patient may be located.

[0139] The foam wall 3 is a single piece of foamed polymeric material formed, for example, by extrusion of a single extrudate.

[0140] The foam moulding of the wall 3 of the tubular body makes it possible to enhance the thermal insulation properties of the component, for example as part of a breathing tube or breathing circuit. In particular, the foam wall 3 may provide an overall increase in the thermal insulation properties of the component, in particular at least the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall. In various embodiments, the foam wall 3 has or provides a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 to about 0.4 W / m-°K (Watts per meter Kelvin). However, it will be appreciated that the foam wall 3 may advantageously provide other levels of thermal conductivity, with thermal conductivities of about 0.15 to 0.35 W / m-°K or about 0.25 to 0.45 W / m-°K being advantageously suitable.

[0141] As part of foaming the wall of the tubular body 2, the foaming provides a certain gas void 18 within the wall 3. A quantitative measure of the gas void 18 can be referred to as porosity. Porosity indicates the volume of void (gas) space per unit volume of the tubular body.

[0142] The gas voids 18 may help contribute to the thermal insulation performance of the component 1 in addition to allowing a desired level of transparency of the tubular wall.

[0143] A minimum level of transparency of the tubular wall 2 allows visual detection of liquid (or condensation that may have accumulated within the tubular body or component) by a person.

[0144] The various levels of porosity can be about 10% or less, or about 9% or less, or about 8% or less, or about 7% or less, or about 6% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 4% or less, or about 3% or less, or about 2% or less, or about 1% or less, or the porosity range of the wall of the tubular body can be about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, or about 4.5%, or about 5%, or about 5.5%, or about 6%, or about 6.5%, or about 7%, or about 7.5%, or about 8%, or about 8.5%, or about 9%, or about 9.5%, or about 10%.

[0145] According to applicant's testing results, the most preferred porosity to be formed in the wall of the tubular body is about 5.5% or about 7.5% or between about 5.5% and about 7.5%. Such porosity allows a person to visually identify or visually recognize the presence of liquid, accumulated liquid or other accumulation of condensation (e.g., due to dripping).

[0146] The foam wall 3 of the tubular body may be foamed either by physical or chemical foam moulding techniques, or by a combination of both.

[0147] The extrudate may include several polymeric materials to which other materials may be added (e.g., by mixing as or to form a masterbatch). Suitable materials include one or more polymers of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyolefin plastomer (POP), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or blends of these materials.

[0148] Plasticized PVC would also be a suitable material, but is less commonly used for environmental reasons.

[0149] The polymeric material may comprise at least about 98.4, 98.5, 98.6, 98.7, 98.8, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8 or 99.9 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. In certain embodiments, the polymeric material comprises about 99.49 wt.% (as LLDPE) of the total extrudate.

[0150] Alternatively, and preferably, the polymer comprises about 99.488 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0151] Surface Modification One such additional material that may be included in the extrudate is a surface modifier or surface modifiers.

[0152] The surface modifier may preferably include glycerol monostearate (GMS), ethoxylated amines, sodium alkanesulfonic acid salts, or diethanolamine laurate.

[0153] Preferably, the surface modifier comprises at least about 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate. More preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.25 wt.% of the total extrudate. Alternatively, preferably, the surface modifier comprises about 0.5 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0154] For example, MLDNA-418 offered by Clariant (New Zealand) Ltd. under the trade name "418LD Masterbatch Antistatic" is a surface modifier masterbatch containing 5 (±0.25)% glycerol monostearate (CAS No. 123-94-4) as an active ingredient.

[0155] Surface modifiers may additionally be included in the extrudate. Such agents aid in increasing the surface energy (or wettability) of the surface of the formed component or tube. In this manner, advantageously increasing the surface energy may act to promote a reduction in the contact angle between drops or beads of condensate or liquid that may accumulate on the surface.

[0156] The contact angle is the angle formed by the solid surface of a component or tube wall and the tangent of the edge of the drop to the top surface. Contact angle measurements are a non-destructive method to determine the wetting behavior of liquids on solid surfaces. This allows the calculation of surface and interfacial tensions along with the spreading coefficient. Surface tension calculated from contact angle data is a measure of the properties of the surface and the fluid system, respectively.

[0157] The contact angle between a liquid and a surface is measured using a goniometer (an angle measuring device). A precise amount of liquid is dispensed onto a clean, dry, flat test surface using a precision syringe. The drop is allowed to stabilize for a few seconds and a high magnification camera is used to capture an image of the drop. The image is digitized and the angle between the test surface and a tangent along the surface of the drop is measured.

[0158] Reducing the contact angle increases the contact area between the drop and the solid surface and also reduces the drop's thickness, improving heat transfer within the drop, both of which increase the drop's evaporation rate.

[0159] Increasing the energy of a surface reduces the contact angle of a drop placed on the surface. In this way, a drop of liquid on a higher energy surface may preferentially have a larger surface area in contact with the surface, followed by a relatively lower energy surface.

[0160] Advantageously, the droplets may spread over a larger surface area of ​​the surface and therefore may have a greater chance of re-evaporating into the gas stream flowing within the component or tube.

[0161] For example, the droplets or beads may spread across the interior surface of the tube wall, allowing a larger surface area for re-evaporation into the passing gas stream.

[0162] In another example, when a tube is corrugated (whether annularly corrugated or helically corrugated), water droplets or beads are more likely to form on the portions of the corrugations that are cooler (i.e., typically, this is the portion of the corrugations that is closest to or most exposed to the ambient conditions surrounding the tube). In such cases, altering the surface characteristics of the tube surface may encourage droplets or beads formed at cooler locations to spread across the tube surface, thereby displacing them toward areas of warmer temperature. Such droplet or bead displacement may further enhance the re-evaporation rate, both by potentially displacing them toward areas of warmer temperature, as well as by potentially displacing them toward areas of the tube that are exposed to greater or faster gas flow. Thus, higher re-evaporation rates may be obtained by providing enhanced droplet or bead displacement radially inward from the inner surface wall of the tube.

[0163] With regard to surface modification, it should be understood that in various embodiments of the present invention, the component 1 and its tubular body 2 may be formed from a single extrusion, where the body 2 has a modified surface. The modified surface may preferably promote re-evaporation rate or droplet migration benefits as discussed above.

[0164] Some of the other methods that may be used to increase the surface energy include: ·Physical ·Physical adsorption ·Langmuir-Blodgett film ·Chemical Oxidation with strong acids Ozone treatment Chemical adsorption Flame treatment ·radiation Plasma (glow discharge) Corona discharge ·Light activation (UV) ·laser Ion beam Electron beam Gamma irradiation

[0165] Chemical additives or agents may also be used to impart increased surface energy and wettability to the components or tubes thus formed.

[0166] Such a surface modifier may be, for example, glycerol monostearate, a food grade emulsifier.

[0167] [Table 1]

[0168] The sample containing 5% MLD-NA-418 surface modifier produced the lowest measured contact angle compared to the other surface modification methods tested.

[0169] In Table 1 above, and as referenced elsewhere herein, contact angle measurements are based on the static drop shape testing method performed in accordance with ASTM standard D7334, 2008, "Standard Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement."

[0170] Modification of the surface properties of the tubular body 2 (ie the resulting foamed wall 3 of the tubular body) can change the surface property contact angle.

[0171] By selecting various surface modification techniques, it is possible to provide a foamed wall 3 having a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20 degrees (°) as measurable by an angle measuring device such as a Geniometer. Advantageously, a resulting foamed wall 3 of the tubular body that allows a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 35° appears to provide useful results.

[0172] Foam molding Another additional material to be included in the extrudate is one or more chemical blowing agents.

[0173] Chemical blowing agents allow for the expansion of the extrudate material either as part of the extrusion process or after the extrusion process.

[0174] For example, the chemical blowing agent may comprise at least about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, or 0.02 weight percent (wt.%) of the total extrudate.

[0175] In a preferred embodiment, the chemical blowing agent may comprise from about 0.01 wt.% to about 0.012 wt.% of the total extrudate.

[0176] As part of the chemical foam extrusion process, the polymeric resin component of the extrudate is mixed with a chemical foaming agent, sometimes also called a blowing agent.

[0177] Some preferred chemical blowing agents include those that contain calcium oxide, for example, MHYNA-CF20E, offered by Clariant (New Zealand) Ltd. under the trade name Hydrocerol CF20E, is a chemical blowing agent in the form of an expanding agent masterbatch that contains about 0.5-1% calcium oxide as an active ingredient.

[0178] During the chemical foam extrusion process, the polymeric resin components are mixed and melted with the chemical foaming agent(s) that decompose and disperse within the polymer (or masterbatch or extrudate) melt, releasing expanding gases as it exits the extruder die.

[0179] It will also be appreciated that other foam molding techniques may be used to form the foam wall 3 of the component 1 or tube, e.g., physical foam molding rather than chemical foam molding. Physical foam molding may include a gas being introduced directly into the melt or extrudate while it is under pressure. As the melt or extrudate is then extruded, the pressure is reduced, causing the gas to expand. For example, one such physical foam molding technique includes blowing or injecting a gas(es) into the extrudate at or near the point of extrusion. Such gas(es) may include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, pentane, or butane.

[0180] Heater and Sheath Component 1 may optionally further include a heater 6 (eg, as shown in Figures 4, 7 and 8).

[0181] The heater may be attached to the wall of the tubular body, for example to the inner wall surface (as in Figures 4, 7) or the outer wall surface (as in Figure 8) of the tubular body.

[0182] In other embodiments, the heater may be partially or wholly embedded in the wall 3 of the tubular body 2 (not shown).

[0183] In yet a further embodiment, the tubular body 2 may optionally include an outer sheath 7. Such outer sheath 7 surrounds the tubular body 2.

[0184] If the heater is attached to the exterior surface of the tubular body 2, the sheath 7 may additionally surround or cover the heater.

[0185] However, it is also contemplated that in various embodiments of the present invention, an outer sheath 7 may surround the component 1 regardless of whether a heater is included in the tubular body 2 .

[0186] It is contemplated that the sheath 7 may be provided in a variety of configurations. For example, the sheath 7 may be attached around the tubular body 2 as an extruded outer layer, as an exterior covering around the body 2, or as a sleeve that is slid or pulled into position around the tubular body 2. Such a sheath 7 may be formed of a similar material to the tubular body 2, for example, LLDPE (low-density polyethylene). The sheath 7 may further improve the thermal performance of the tubular body 2. The sheath 7 may be of any desired thickness, but the thickness and material used should be commensurate with the requirement to maintain the flexibility of the tubular body 2.

[0187] In one embodiment, it is contemplated that the outer sheath 7 may have a wall thickness of about 100 micrometers.

[0188] Where the outer sheath 7 is extruded around the tubular body 2, for example, such extrusion may be a continuous process until the initial extrusion of the tubular body 2; that is, the extrusion process is after the formation of the body 2. Further, where the outer sheath 7 is, for example, a wrap around the body 2, the sheath 7 may be of a tape or ribbon shape and may be wound helically around the length of the body 2. Still further, where the outer sheath 7 is preformed as a hollow tube, it may be snapped into position around the outside of the body 2.

[0189] If a heater 6 is used, however, it may be in the form of a heater wire. Such heater wire materials are copper, aluminum or PTC (positive temperature coefficient) type materials. Aluminum is not as conductive as copper, but may be an economical choice given the larger diameter of the wire for the same resistance. The applied circuit voltage is inherently safe (less than 50V), but for corrosion resistance and best electrical safety in case the tube or sheath is damaged, the wire is ideally self-insulated, either by enamel coating or anodizing in the case of aluminum. Alternatively, an extruded plastic sheath may be fitted around the heater wire.

[0190] Further advantageously, the outer sheath 7 may trap air between adjacent outer crests 4 (or annular protrusions), which may aid in further insulation of gas passing through the passageway of the component 1. For example, in cases where a heater 6 is employed in the component 1 and an outer sheath is also used, the outer sheath 7 may aid in constraining the heater 6, such as a heater wire, in place if the heater is attached to the outer wall surface of the tubular body.

[0191] If the component 1 is a breathing tube or part of a breathing tube, it may be terminated by a first connector 8 at the inlet 9 and a second connector 10 at the outlet 11 (e.g. as shown in Figure 3). In this way, only one gas passage is provided along the length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

[0192] In other possible configurations, the component 1 with its tubular body 2 may form part of or an additional component of a conduit for use in at least part of an insufflation system (such as, for example, that shown in FIG. 4). In addition, the component 1 with its tubular body 2 may alternatively form part of or an additional component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit (such as, for example, that shown in FIG. 3).

[0193] Foam heater embodiment In another embodiment, a component 1 is provided which forms part of or forms a breathing tube (e.g. as shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4). Such a component 1 includes a tubular body 2 having a foamed wall 3 formed from a single extrusion and contains a heater 6 therein.

[0194] The foam wall 3 has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body 2, in use.

[0195] Details of such further embodiment are similar to those described above for the first embodiment above.

[0196] Reference is also made to Figures 7 and 8, which generally show a tubular body containing a heater 6, such as a heater wire.

[0197] FIG. 7 shows the placement of the heater wire within the interior passage of the tubular body, and FIG. 8 shows the placement of the heater wire around the exterior surface of the wall of the tubular body.

[0198] In particular, in this embodiment, the heater 6 is associated with the foam wall 3 of the tubular body 2 .

[0199] As mentioned above, it will be appreciated that there are various configurations in which the heater 6 may be affixed to the wall of the tubular body.

[0200] In a further option, the tubular body 2 may optionally be surrounded by an outer sheath 7, the operation and advantages of which have been described above. The outer sheath 7 may be used with or without including a heater 6 as well.

[0201] In both of the above described embodiments, such a method of forming a part of or a component 1 forming a breathing tube includes the step of extruding a tubular body from a single extrudate, the single extrudate including a foaming agent for foaming the tubular body such that the wall 3 of the foamed tubular body 2 has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body 2.

[0202] In one such embodiment, the method includes feeding the formed, extruded tubular body 2 to a corrugator to form a corrugated structure along the extruded tubular body having a corrugated profile including alternating external wave crests 4 (or annular peaks) and internal wave troughs 5 (or annular valleys). The corrugator may form annular or spiral corrugations.

[0203] In one embodiment of the invention, a component forming part of or forming a breathing tube is formed according to the steps of: i) mixing or providing a masterbatch of extrudate material (i.e., material for extrusion), ii) feeding the masterbatch to an extrusion die head, and iii) extruding the extrudate into a tubular body for the component. Optionally, the tubular body is further fed to a corrugator to form a corrugated structure.

[0204] Such masterbatches may be provided with an included chemical blowing agent (although it is understood that other forms of surface modifier technology may be used, such as, for example, the physical techniques described herein), and may optionally include a chemical surface modifier.

[0205] In one example, the process used to make such components involves extruding a molten tubular profile into a corrugator machine using an endless mold block to form a flexible corrugated tube.

[0206] Extruders such as the Welex extruder with a 30-40 mm diameter screw and typically a 12-16 mm annular die head with a gap of 0.5-1.0 mm have been found to be adequate for rapid production of low-cost tubing. Similar extrusion machines are offered by American Kuhne (Germany), AXON AB Plastics Machinery (Sweden), AMUT (Italy), and Battenfeld (Germany and China).

[0207] Corrugators such as those manufactured and supplied by Unicor® (Hassfurt, Germany) have been found to be suitable for the corrugating process. Similar machines are offered by OLMAS (Carate Brianza, Italy), Qingdao HUASU Machinery Fabricate Co., Ltd. (Qingdao Jiaozhou City, PR China) or Top Industry (Chengdu) Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, PR of China).

[0208] 6 generally illustrates a further arrangement in which a feed hopper 12 is provided for receiving raw material or ingredients (e.g., masterbatches and other materials) passing in a screw feeder 13 driven by a motor 14 in a direction A towards a die head 15. A molten tube 16 is extruded from the die head 15 and may optionally then be fed to a corrugator 17 of the type described above.

[0209] During manufacture, after the molten tube 16 exits the extruder die head 15 it is fed between a row of rotating molds / blocks in a corrugator and formed into a corrugated tube, such as that shown in Figures 1, 7 and 8.

[0210] The molten tube is formed by vacuum applied to the outside of the tube through slots and grooves in the block and / or pressure applied to the inside of the tube through an air groove through the center of the extruder die's core pin. If internal pressure is applied, a long specially shaped internal rod extending from the die's core pin and fitted tightly inside the corrugations may be required to prevent air pressure from escaping along the tube to the ends.

[0211] The tube 1 preferably has a wall 3 with a thickness of about 0.3 to 1 mm for breathing tubes of typical dimensions (ie a diameter of about 10 mm to 30 mm and a length of about 1 to 2 meters for neonates and adults, respectively).

[0212] Such components according to the present invention may also include plain cuff regions for connection to end connector fittings.

[0213] Similarly, the end connector fittings of the main tube are preferably of standard type (molded plastic) according to the intended use of the medical tubing, and may preferably be permanently secured and / or made airtight by friction fit, adhesive bonding, over molding, or by heat or ultrasonic welding, etc. For example, the end connectors may incorporate an internal medical taper.

[0214] One advantage of the preferred type of component or tube manufacture described above with reference to Figure 5 is that some of the mold blocks B may include end cuff features that are formed simultaneously with the tubular component 1. Shown is the molten extruded tube 16 exiting the extruder die 15 before being fed into the corrugator 17. As it exits the corrugator 17, a heater wire 6 is wrapped around the outside of the formed tubular component.

[0215] The reduction in complexity and elimination of secondary manufacturing processes can greatly increase production speeds. While this method is an improvement over a separate cuff forming process, a drawback of the prior art plain cuff is that the corrugator must be slowed down to allow for an increase in the wall thickness of the tube in this area (the extruder continues at the same speed).

[0216] The thickness of the cuff is increased to achieve increased hoop strength and sealing properties with the cuff adapter attachment.

[0217] Furthermore, the heat of the molten polymer in this thicker region is difficult to remove during its limited contact time with the corrugator blocks, which can become a significant limiting factor in the maximum operating speed of a pipe production line.

[0218] Condensate Accumulation Test - Results Test Method The test circuit was placed horizontally inside a wind or convection tunnel. The air flow inside the tunnel was set at approximately 0.5 m / s, and the room temperature was maintained at approximately 18°C, the minimum recommended operating temperature for the humidifier. The tubing was connected to a humidification chamber delivering moisture-saturated (i.e., >95% RH) air at 37°C.

[0219] Condensate was allowed to accumulate inside the tube and the weight gained by the tube in 16 hours was recorded as the accumulated condensate.

[0220] Condensate test results

[0221] [Table 2]

[0222] The trends indicate that increasing the surface modifier content increases the effect of the surface modification on condensate buildup inside the tube. The results show that the benefits of foaming and surface modification in reduced condensate go beyond linear buildup. There appears to be a synergistic benefit from combining the foaming agent with the surface modifier. During extrusion, the foaming agent creates air bubbles inside the tube. Air has a very low thermal conductivity which greatly improves the thermal insulation properties of the tube.

[0223] From these results it is clear that small changes in the composition of the mixtures have a significant effect on performance.

[0224] Visual Detection Test Method Six (6) polyethylene breathing tube samples (corrugated, 22 mm diameter and 1.5 meters long) with MHYNA-CF20E foam concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, and 2.0% were assembled using standard breathing circuit heater wire and connectors. A precision syringe was used to inject 100 mL of clean deionized water into each tube. Air was passed through the test breathing tube from a portable ventilator.

[0225] Tubes containing 0% (state of the art) and 2% MHYNA-CF20E (blowing agent masterbatch) were used as standards to represent the extreme ends of the transparency range to be evaluated, e.g., 0% has acceptable water detectability (Criterion A) and 2% MHYNA-CF20E has no water detectability at all (Criterion B).

[0226] Ten (10) volunteer participants of various ages, ethnicities, and genders were asked to visually inspect the tubes and rate the ease of detecting water in the tube compared to a reference tube on a scale of 1 to 5 according to the following guidelines:

[0227] [Table 3]

[0228] Nine (9) of ten (10) participants rated the tube containing 1.2% MHYNA-CF20E as having fair water detectability with an average score of 3. Meanwhile, the tube containing 1% MHYNA-CF20E scored an average of 2. Ten (10) of the ten participants judged this tube to have fair or better water detectability compared to the rest of the test samples except for Criteria A. Results of the study showed that the 1.5% and 1.8% MHYNA-CF20E (greater than 10% foam / porosity) had an unacceptable amount of foaming, and ten (10) of the ten participants indicated that these two tubes had very poor water detectability.

[0229] Further implementation results Table 3 provides comparative data between baseline samples of 100% LLDPE corrugated pipe (see baseline samples 1, 2, and 3) and similarly sized corrugated pipes made from LLDPE plus other polymeric materials. Baseline sample 1 is the state of the art with 100% LLDPE corrugated pipe and an internal coil heater. Baseline sample 2 is a 100% LLDPE pipe with an internal coil heater and a polyethylene outer sheath. Baseline sample 3 is a 100% LLDPE pipe with an external filament heater and an external polyethylene sheath.

[0230] As shown, various comparative corrugated pipe configurations include LLDPE as the polymeric material plus a chemical blowing agent (Examples 1, 2, 3), LLDPE plus a chemical surface modifier (Examples 4, 5, 6, 7), and LLDPE plus a combination of a chemical blowing agent and a chemical surface modifier (Examples 9, 10, 11, 12).

[0231] The examples show the performance of various tubes with respect to tube condensation build-up test results (test procedure is the same as the data provided in Table 2). In particular, the results of Examples 9-12 show a significant improvement over the reference sample in terms of reducing accumulated condensation.

[0232] The examples also show that surface modification was achieved by including a chemical surface modifier within the extrudate. In particular, the surface characteristic contact angle (of water) changed from about 97° for the control sample to about 33° for the examples that used the surface modifier.

[0233] Additionally, there was an unexpected improvement in the condensation buildup test results for Examples 9-12. The foaming of the walls and changes to the surface properties of the wall surfaces improved the condensation buildup results compared to the reference samples. These improvements are not a linear accumulation of the benefits that would be expected from either the foaming or the surface modification alone. This non-linear accumulation of performance indicates a synergistic benefit of such a combination.

[0234] Particular improvements are believed to result from a combination of increased porosity within the tube wall (i.e., approximately 5.5% to 7.5% porosity) due to foaming (and thus thermal resistance to heat loss from the warm gas passing through the tube) and a re-evaporation rate of condensate or other liquid accumulation within the tube, possibly enhanced by a reduction in the surface characteristic contact angle of the liquid on the wall surface within the tube.

[0235] Adding an external sheath to an extruded 100% LLDPE tube reduced condensate buildup by 26.7%. Additionally, external filament heating of the 100% LLDPE tube reduced condensate buildup by 53.1%. External heating of the unfoamed, surface-modified tube did not provide any condensate reduction benefit, while external heating of the foamed conduit (without surface modification) produced an additional condensate reduction of approximately 4.6%.

[0236] However, external filament heating of the foamed and surface modified breathing tubing resulted in 27.8% less condensation compared to a similarly externally heated 100% LLDPE tubing, further demonstrating the synergistic benefit of combining foamed and surface modified in minimizing condensate buildup within a humidified breathing circuit.

[0237] [Table 4]

[0238] [Table 5]

[0239] [Table 6]

[0240] Gas Injection System Components Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive surgery (MIS) or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique in which abdominal procedures are performed through small incisions (usually 0.5-1.5 cm) compared to the larger incisions required in traditional surgical procedures. Laparoscopic surgery involves surgery within the abdominal or pelvic cavity.

[0241] For example, abdominal surgery typically involves injecting carbon dioxide gas into the abdomen to create a working and viewing space. The gas used is generally CO2, which is common in the human body and can be absorbed by tissues and removed by the respiratory system. 2 Also, CO 2 is non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures. The use of these devices tends to create surgical smoke within the working space due to cauterization of tissue. Smoke evacuation systems that use exhaust arms or rims are commonly used to remove the smoke from the surgical site so that the surgeon can see what he or she is doing, as well as to prevent this potentially harmful material from remaining in the body cavity after surgery.

[0242] A typical smoke exhaust system generally includes a trocar and cannula at the end to aid in insertion into the surgical site. Smoke exits the insufflated abdominal area through an exhaust rim. The exhaust rim may be attached to the end of the laparoscopic instrument to allow exhaust to occur near the site where electrocautery is being performed. Gases and smoke from the body cavity are typically filtered through a filter to remove particulate matter before it is exhausted to the atmosphere.

[0243] Dry gas is commonly used in laparoscopic surgery. However, CO 2 It may also be desirable to humidify insufflation gases or other gases before they are delivered into the abdominal cavity. This can prevent "drying out" of the patient's internal organs and can reduce the amount of time required to recover from surgery.

[0244] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary insufflation system 200 as may be used with the present invention. The insufflation system 200 includes a gas injector 201 that generates a flow of humidified insufflation gas at above atmospheric pressure for delivery into the abdominal or peritoneal cavity of a patient. The insufflation system 200 includes a heater bottom 204 and a humidifier chamber 203, which in use contacts the heater bottom 204 such that the heater bottom provides heat to the chamber. The insufflation gas is delivered into the chamber 203 to be humidified to an appropriate moisture level. The system includes a delivery conduit connecting between the humidifier chamber 203 and the peritoneal cavity or surgical site. The conduit has a first end and a second end, the first end being connected to an outlet of the humidifier chamber 203 for receiving the humidified gas from the chamber 203. The second end of the conduit is placed within the surgical site or peritoneal cavity and humidified insufflation gas is delivered from chamber 203 through the conduit to the surgical site for insufflating and expanding the surgical site or peritoneal cavity. The conduit may be formed by component 1 of the table according to the present invention, which provides advantages for such surgical applications. The system also includes a controller (not shown) that regulates the amount of humidity delivered to the gas by controlling the power delivered to heater bottom 204.

[0245] The smoke exhaust system 202 includes an exhaust or vent rim 205, an exhaust assembly 207, and a filter 206. The exhaust rim 205 connects between the filter 206 and the exhaust assembly 207 and, in use, is placed at or near the surgical site. The exhaust rim 205 is a self-supporting conduit or tube (the conduit is capable of supporting its own weight without collapsing) with two open ends. The surgical site end and the outlet end are made of a breathable foam material as described herein.

[0246] As the saturated gas leaves the abdominal cavity, it comes into contact with the cooler walls of the exhaust rim. The exhaust rim is usually about a metre long or thereabouts, and moisture in the gas tends to condense on the walls of the exhaust rim or exhaust conduit. Water vapour can also condense on the filter, which can saturate the filter and cause it to become blocked. This can potentially cause an increase in back pressure, hindering the system's ability to clear the smoke.

[0247] The medical tubing described above with reference to the breathing tube is also suitable for use in the delivery limb of a surgical humidification system. In particular, the medical tubing of the present invention is suitable for use in the exhaust or exhaust limb of a smoke evacuation system. The performance advantages of the tubing are due to the improved water drop performance (i.e. less condensation formation) of the tubing of the present invention.

[0248] Other uses It is also envisioned that the present invention will prove particularly suitable for other medical applications, for example, applications in which consistent heating or maintaining heating of tubing carrying humidified gases to reduce the formation of condensation could benefit from the low cost and efficient heating of the present invention.

[0249] The above description of the invention includes preferred forms thereof. Modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0250] Numerous variations in structure and various embodiments and scope of application of the present invention will be suggested to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims. The present disclosure and descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any way limiting.

Claims

1. A component forming part of or forming said breathing tube, a tubular body having a foam wall; A component wherein the foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation which may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

2. The component of claim 1 , wherein said tubular body having said foam wall is formed by extrusion of a single extrudate.

3. A component forming part of or forming said breathing tube, a tubular body having a foamed wall formed by extrusion of a single extrudate; A component wherein the foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to allow visual detection of liquid (or any condensation which may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

4. The component of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a heater.

5. 5. The component of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the wall of the tubular body is corrugated or of a corrugated profile, the corrugated profile including alternating external wave crests (or annular protrusions) and internal wave troughs (or annular recesses).

6. The component of claim 5 , wherein the tubular body is of annular corrugation or helical corrugation shape.

7. 7. The component of claim 5 or 6, wherein the external crests correspond to locations of maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body and the internal crests correspond to locations of minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body.

8. The component of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the tubular body has a substantially uniform wall thickness.

9. The component of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the wall thickness is from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm.

10. Component according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the wall thickness is about 0.6mm thick.

11. The component of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the foam wall insulates at least the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall.

12. 12. The component of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 to 0.4 W / m.°K (Watts per meter degree Kelvin).

13. The component of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.3 W / m-°K.

14. The component of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the foam wall is a unitary piece of foamed polymeric material.

15. The component of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the foam wall has a porosity of about 5.5% to about 7.5%.

16. The component of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the extrudate comprises one or more polymers.

17. 17. The component of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the extrudate comprises one or more of Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyolefin Plastomer (POP), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or blends of these materials.

18. The component of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents.

19. The component of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents comprising calcium oxide.

20. The component of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers.

21. 21. The component of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers comprising glycerol monostearate (GMS) ethoxylated amine, alkanesulfonic acid sodium salt, or lauric acid diethanolamine.

22. 22. The component of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 98.4 weight percent (wt.%) of the polymer throughout the extrudate.

23. 23. The component of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 99.49 wt.% or 99.4889 wt.% polymer(s) of the total extrudate.

24. 24. The component of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 0.005 weight percent (wt.%) of a chemical blowing agent of the total extrudate.

25. 25. The component of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the extrudate comprises about 0.01 wt. % to 0.012 wt. % of a chemical blowing agent based on the total weight of the extrudate.

26. 26. The component of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 0.05 weight percent (wt. %) of a surface modifier of the total extrudate.

27. 27. The component of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the extrudate comprises about 0.25% to 0.5% by weight of the total extrudate of a surface modifier.

28. The component of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the resulting tubular body enables a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 45 degrees (°).

29. A component according to any preceding claim, wherein a heater is attached to a wall of the tubular body.

30. 30. The component of claim 29, wherein the heater is attached to an interior wall surface of the tubular body.

31. 30. The component of claim 29, wherein the heater is attached to an exterior wall surface of the tubular body.

32. 30. The component of claim 29, wherein the heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

33. The component of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the tubular body further comprises an outer sheath.

34. 34. The component of claim 33, wherein the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to an outer wall surface of the tubular body.

35. 35. The component of claim 33 or 34, wherein the outer sheath externally encapsulates air between adjacent outer crests (or annular protrusions) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to an outer wall surface of the tubular body.

36. 36. A component according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the tubular body is a breathing tube, terminating in a first connector at an inlet and a second connector at an outlet, with only one gas passageway along its length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

37. A component according to any preceding claim, wherein the tubular body is a component of a conduit for use in at least part of a gas injection system.

38. A component according to any preceding claim, wherein the tubular body is a component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit.

39. Component according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the tubular body has a flexibility determined by passing the test for increasing flow resistance with bending according to ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th edition, 1 June 2000).

40. A component forming part of or forming said breathing tube, a tubular body having a foamed wall formed from a single extrusion; The foam wall is surface modified.

41. 41. The component of claim 40, wherein the foam wall is surface modified by chemical or physical means.

42. 41. The component of claim 40, wherein the foam wall is surface modified by altering the surface tension of the wall surface, e.g., by increasing the surface tension of the wall surface.

43. 41. The component of claim 40, wherein the foam wall has a minimum optical transparency sufficient to permit visual detection of liquid (or any condensation that may have formed) within the tubular body, in use.

44. 41. The component of claim 40, wherein the wall of the tubular body is corrugated or of a corrugated profile, the corrugated profile including alternating external wave crests (or annular ridges) and internal wave troughs (or annular recesses).

45. 45. The component of claim 44, wherein the tubular body is of annular corrugated or helical corrugated shape.

46. 46. ​​The component of claim 44 or 45, wherein the outer crests correspond to locations of maximum inner and outer radii of the tubular body, and the inner crests correspond to locations of minimum inner and outer radii of the tubular body.

47. A component according to any one of claims 40 to 46, wherein the tubular body has a substantially uniform wall thickness.

48. 48. The component of any one of claims 40 to 47, wherein the wall thickness is from about 0.4 mm to about 0.8 mm.

49. Component according to any one of claims 40 to 48, wherein the wall thickness is about 0.6mm thick.

50. 50. The component of any one of claims 40 to 49, wherein the foam wall insulates at least the interior of the tubular body bounded by the foam wall.

51. 51. The component of any one of claims 40 to 50, wherein the foam wall has a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 to 0.4 W / m-°K (watts per meter degree Kelvin).

52. The component of any one of claims 40 to 51, wherein the foam wall has a thermal conductivity resistance of about 0.3 W / m-°K.

53. 53. The component of any one of claims 40 to 52, wherein the foam wall is a unitary piece of foamed polymeric material.

54. 54. The component of any one of claims 40 to 53, wherein the foam wall has a porosity of about 5.5% to about 7.5%.

55. The component of any one of claims 40 to 54, wherein the extrudate comprises one or more polymers.

56. 56. The component of any one of claims 40 to 55, wherein the extrudate comprises one or more of Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyolefin Plastomer (POP), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or blends of these materials.

57. The component of any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents.

58. 58. The component of any one of claims 40 to 57, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more chemical blowing agents comprising calcium oxide.

59. The component of any one of claims 40 to 58, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers.

60. 60. The component of any one of claims 40-59, wherein the extrudate further comprises one or more surface modifiers comprising glycerol monostearate (GMS), an ethoxylated amine, an alkane sulfonic acid sodium salt, or diethanolamine laurate.

61. 61. The component of any one of claims 40-60, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 98.4 weight percent (wt.%) of the polymer(s) of the total extrudate.

62. 62. The component of any one of claims 40-61, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 99.49 wt.% or 99.4889 wt.% of the polymer or polymers by weight of the total extrudate.

63. 63. The component of any one of claims 40-62, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 0.005 weight percent (wt.%) of a chemical blowing agent of the total extrudate.

64. 64. The component of any one of claims 40 to 63, wherein the extrudate comprises about 0.01 wt. % to 0.012 wt. % of a chemical blowing agent based on the total weight of the extrudate.

65. 65. The component of any one of claims 40 to 64, wherein the extrudate comprises at least about 0.05 weight percent (wt. %) of a surface modifier of the total extrudate.

66. 66. The component of any one of claims 40 to 65, wherein the extrudate comprises about 0.25% to 0.5% of a surface modifier by weight of the total extrudate.

67. 67. The component of any one of claims 40 to 66, wherein the resulting tubular body enables a surface characteristic contact angle of less than about 45 degrees (°).

68. The component of any one of claims 40 to 67, further comprising a heater.

69. A component according to any one of claims 40 to 68, wherein a heater is attached to a wall of the tubular body.

70. 70. The component of any one of claims 40 to 69, wherein a heater is attached to an inner wall surface of the tubular body.

71. The component of any one of claims 40 to 69, wherein a heater is associated with an outer wall surface of the tubular body.

72. A component according to any one of claims 40 to 69, wherein a heater is partially or wholly embedded in the wall of the tubular body.

73. The component of any one of claims 40 to 72, wherein the tubular body further comprises an outer sheath.

74. 74. The component of claim 73, wherein the outer sheath surrounds a heater attached to an outer wall surface of the tubular body.

75. 75. The component of claim 73 or 74, wherein the outer sheath externally encapsulates air between adjacent outer crests (or annular protrusions) and constrains a heater, such as a heater wire, attached to an outer wall surface of the tubular body.

76. 76. A component as claimed in any one of claims 40 to 75, wherein the tubular body is a breathing tube, terminating in a first connector at an inlet and a second connector at an outlet, with only one gas passageway along its length between the inlet and outlet connectors.

77. A component according to any one of claims 40 to 76, wherein the tubular body is a component of a conduit for use in at least part of a gas injection system.

78. A component according to any one of claims 40 to 77, wherein the tubular body is a component of a breathing tube for use in a breathing circuit.

79. Component according to any one of claims 40 to 78, wherein the tubular body has a flexibility determined by passing the test for increasing flow resistance with bending according to ISO 5367:2000(E) (4th edition, 1 June 2000).

80. A component forming part of or forming said breathing tube, a foam-walled tubular body having a foam wall formed by extrusion of a single extrudate; The tubular body further comprises an outer sheath.

81. A component forming part of or forming said breathing tube, a tubular body having a foam wall; The component, wherein the foam wall is surface modified and the tubular body further comprises an outer sheath.

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