Lubricant composition providing robust valve train wear protection in ford 6.7 l engine test

Abstract

To provide a lubricant composition in which wear resistance is significantly improved, thereby enhancing durability.SOLUTION: The lubricating oil composition of the present invention, containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, is obtained by comprising or mixing: A) one or more base oils; B) one or more dispersants containing 2.0 mass% of one or more non-borated poly(alkenyl)succinimide ("PIBSA-PAM") based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from polyamine; and C) one or more detergents collectively providing 0.1 to 0.9 mass% of soap content to the lubricating oil composition based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. A ratio of the mass% of the one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs to the soap content, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the use of a specific ratio of non-phosphorous PIBSA-PAM to soaps, which exhibits good anti-wear properties, in lubricant compositions, particularly for large diesel engine applications.

Background Art

[0002] The present invention relates to lubricating oil compositions that exhibit improved anti-wear properties even at phosphorus levels below 1000 ppm, such as large diesel engine oils. More particularly, the present invention relates to automotive crankcase lubricating oil compositions for use in natural gas engines, hydrogen engines (H2ICE), gasoline (spark ignition), and diesel (compression ignition) internal combustion engines, for example, compositions referred to as crankcase lubricants, and to the use of a certain ratio of PIBSA-PAM to soaps in such lubricating oil compositions for reducing friction and / or wear between moving parts of such engines and / or for improving the fuel consumption performance of engines lubricated with the lubricating oil composition. Engine durability is an important consideration when selecting lubricants, particularly for large diesel engine (HDD) applications. Original equipment manufacturers are continuously increasing oil change intervals, and the average life of vehicles has steadily increased over the past few decades. Similarly, there is a tendency to use ashless anti-wear agents that have less impact on aftertreatment systems such as diesel particulate filters in large diesel vehicles. Due to environmental and regulatory requirements, there is an increasing desire to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines. Lower viscosity lubricants can improve fuel consumption because they require less energy for pumping into the engine. However, lower viscosity lubricants result in thinner oil films between contacting engine parts (e.g., valve train, piston zone, and bearings), which can lead to higher wear rates, reduced friction modulation, etc. Conventionally, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) is often used as a lubricant additive for preventing engine wear and / or reducing friction in the boundary lubrication regime.

[0003] In parallel with the promotion of improved fuel efficiency, there is also a desire to reduce emissions from vehicles. Control of exhaust emissions is typically achieved by aftertreatment devices such as catalytic converters that generally use noble metal catalysts to convert combustion products into less harmful substances. However, such catalysts are poisoned, especially by phosphorus and sulfur, thereby affecting the catalytic activity. Another aftertreatment device is a particulate filter, which can be clogged by sulfuric acid ash or sludge generated by the combustion of heavy diesel oil. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfuric acid ash, phosphorus, and sulfur (SAPS) derived from heavy diesel oil. Also, since ZDDP additives contribute a significant amount of SAPS to lubricating oils, it is desirable to reduce the use of ZDDP.

[0004] In December 2016, the American Petroleum Institute (API) announced the latest heavy-duty diesel performance categories: CK-4 and FA-4. Furthermore, the acquired market share of 800 ppm phosphorus oils increased. Shortly after implementation, Ford Motor Company refrained from using CK-4 oils and FA-4 oils with phosphorus levels below 800 ppm due to concerns that the phosphorus levels might be too low to protect the company's diesel engines from valve train wear. In this situation, Ford developed the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control. In this test, the anti-wear performance of heavy-duty diesel oils is evaluated based on visual inspection of valve train components. The pass criteria for the Ford 6.7L test are as follows. Single test: < 100 mg average rocker arm mass loss Multiple tests: < 115 mg average rocker arm mass loss Oils that do not meet these targets are not eligible for approval. During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation by-products, such as soot, are generated. Dispersants assist in keeping such by-products in suspension or in solution and thus reduce the deposition of by-products on metal surfaces. Common dispersants include (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives, such as hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides, such as polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA), and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides, such as polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSA-PAM), such as those derived from the reaction of maleated polyisobutylene with N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine.

[0005] U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 480,571, filed on October 4, 2023, which claims the priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 379,006, filed on October 11, 2022, discloses the use of amides, imides, and / or ester-functionalized polymers containing specific C 4~5 olefins as additives in lubricating oil compositions. U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 584,675, filed on September 22, 2023, further discloses a lubricant composition comprising a functionalized polymer containing a specific olefin homopolymer or copolymer backbone, but with a reduced or absent polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant, which is a conventional polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant where the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine (PIBSA-PAM). There remains a need to provide further or improved engine / transmission oil compositions that provide excellent antiwear properties and fuel economy while keeping the phosphorus level of the lubricating oil composition below 1000 ppm. In particular, there remains a need to provide engine / transmission oil compositions that pass severe wear tests such as the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke Diesel Engine test regarding soot-induced wear and viscosity control and meet the latest standards of performance categories.

[0006] The inventors have surprisingly found that, in lubricant compositions, such as heavy-duty diesel oils, by using a specific ratio of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM dispersants to soaps, the anti-wear properties are significantly improved, and thus the durability is enhanced. Further surprisingly, in lubricant compositions, by using a specific ratio of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM dispersants to soaps, it becomes easier to pass the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test regarding soot-induced wear and viscosity control even when the phosphorus level is less than 1000 ppm, for example 800 ppm.

Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention is a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), and A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine (「PIBSA-PAM」), one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more dispersants containing at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with an amount of soaps of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, regarding the lubricating oil composition.

[0008] The present invention is a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides that are 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and contain one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides (「PIBSA-PAM」), one or more PIBSA-PAMs contain at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with saponified matter in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including, i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example, 30 or 40, for example 30. Further relating to the lubricating oil composition.

[0009] Preferably, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is from 7.0 to 15.0, for example from 7.2 to 13.0, for example from 7.4 to 11.0, for example from 7.6 to 10.0, for example from 7.8 to 9.0, for example from 8.0 to 8.5.

[0010] The present invention is a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides which are 2 to 10% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from polyamine, and contain one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides (「PIBSA-PAM」), one or more PIBSA-PAMs contain at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition an amount of saponified product of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents, and P)C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing an olefin-containing partially or fully saturated polymer backbone, i) An Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) A functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) An amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer having an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) comprising i) Based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30. Further relates to a lubricating oil composition.

[0011] According to another aspect, the present invention is a concentrate comprising A) One or more base oils of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) One or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, one or more dispersants comprising one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), and C) One or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents provide saponified matter to the concentrate, the one or more detergents comprising calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the concentrate, one or more detergents obtained by including or mixing i) Based on the total mass of the concentrate, a concentrate is provided in which the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter of the concentrate is 6.65 or more. Preferably, based on the total mass of the concentrate, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product in the concentrate is 7.0 to 15.0, such as 7.2 to 13.0, such as 7.4 to 11.0, such as 7.6 to 10.0, such as 7.8 to 9.0, such as 8.0 to 8.5. According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a lubricating oil composition obtained by including or mixing the concentrate disclosed herein and one or more base oils.

[0012] According to a further aspect, the present invention is a method for lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of the engine, (i) supplying the lubricating composition described herein to the crankcase of the internal combustion engine, (ii) supplying fuel to the internal combustion engine, and (iii) burning the fuel in the internal combustion engine and provides a method comprising.

[0013] According to a further aspect, the present invention is a method for increasing the anti-wear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), the lubricating oil composition comprising, i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from a polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAM which are at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and iii) one or more detergents, The one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents including the step of i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, ii) The lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, providing a method.

[0014] According to a further aspect, the present invention is a method for increasing the anti-wear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), the method comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from polyamine, the one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAMs") including one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs include at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more detergents include calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents including the step of i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, provides a method.

[0015] Preferably, the anti-wear ability is increased such that the valve train rocker arm wear is less than 120 mg, for example less than 110 mg, for example less than 100 mg, for example less than 90 mg, for example less than 80 mg, for example less than 70 mg, for example less than 60 mg, for example less than 50 mg, for example less than 40 mg as determined by the Ford 6.7L Valve Train Wear (VTW) test.

[0016] According to a further aspect, the present invention is a method for producing a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs include at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including combining. i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, provides a method.

[0017] According to a further aspect, the present invention is a method for producing a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus (determined by ASTM D5185), i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and contains one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), one or more PIBSA-PAMs contain at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified matter of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition to the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including the step of combining, i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, ii) The lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, such as 30 or 40, such as 30, and provides a method.

[0018] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a use of the lubricating oil composition described herein, wherein the lubricating oil composition exhibits valve train rocker arm wear of less than 120 mg, such as less than 110 mg, such as less than 100 mg, such as less than 90 mg, such as less than 80 mg, such as less than 70 mg, such as less than 60 mg, such as less than 50 mg, such as less than 40 mg (determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control).

[0019] Definition For all purposes of this specification and the claims of the present invention, the following words and expressions, when used and as used, have the meanings described below. For the purposes of this specification, the Periodic Table of the Elements in the new sequential numbering scheme shown in CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS, Volume 63 (No. 5), page 27 (1985) is used. That is, the alkali metals are Group 1 metals (e.g., Li, Na, K, etc.), and the alkaline earth metals are Group 2 metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, Ba, etc.). The term "comprising" or any cognate thereof specifies the presence of the recited feature, step, or integer, or component, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, integers, components, or groups thereof. The expressions "consists of" or "consists essentially of" or cognates thereof may be subsumed within "comprises" or cognates. "Consists essentially of" allows for the inclusion of substances that do not substantially affect the characteristics of the composition to which it is applied.

[0020] The term "absent" (or "free of") with respect to the lubricating oil compositions described herein and the components or active ingredients included in the claims thereto means that a particular component or active ingredient is present at 0.000% by weight based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, or is "substantially absent", if the component or active ingredient is present at a level that does not affect the properties of the lubricating oil composition, for example, less than 100 ppm, for example, less than 10 ppm, less than 1 ppm, or less than 0.001 ppm. The term "about" means approximately and includes values obtained by rounding a value. As used herein, the term "about" modifying the amount of a component, constituent, or reactant of the present invention refers to the variability in numerical amounts that may arise, for example, from typical measurement and liquid handling procedures used to make a concentrate or lubricating oil composition. Further, the variability may arise from accidental errors in the measurement procedure, differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the components used in the manufacture of the composition or the implementation of the method. In one aspect, the term "about" means within 10% of the reported numerical value. In another aspect, the term "about" means within 5% of the reported numerical value. Further, in another aspect, the term "about" means within 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the reported numerical value.

[0021] The term "LOC" means a lubricating oil composition (which term is used synonymously herein with the terms "lubricating agent oil composition", or "lubricating composition", or "lubricating agent composition"). The term "major amount" means more than 50% by weight of the composition, for example, more than 60% by weight of the composition, for example, more than 70% by weight of the composition, for example, 80 - 99.009% by weight of the composition, for example, 80 - 99.9, 80 - 99.009% by weight of the composition, based on the weight of the composition. The term "minor amount" means 50% by weight or less of the composition, for example, 40% by weight or less of the composition, for example, 30% by weight or less of the composition, for example, 20 - 0.001% by weight, for example, 20 - 0.1% by weight, based on the weight of the composition. The term "effective amount" with respect to an additive means the amount of such additive in a lubricating oil composition such that the additive provides the desired technical effect. The term "mass %" means, unless otherwise indicated, the mass percentage of a component based on the mass of the composition measured in grams, and is synonymously referred to as weight percent ("weight %", "wt %", or "weight(w) / weight(w) %").

[0022] The term "active ingredient" (also referred to as "ai", "a.i.", "AI", or "A.I.") refers to an additive substance that is neither a diluent nor a solvent. By way of example, a particular dispersant component in a lubricating oil composition may contain a particular dispersant and a diluent oil (the particular dispersant in the dispersant component is expressed, for example, in mass % based on the total mass of the dispersant component including the diluent oil). The active ingredient content in a lubricating oil composition is the content of the particular dispersant itself, not the content of the dispersant component including the diluent oil. Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts, ranges, and ratios in this specification and the claims refer to the active ingredient. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the active ingredient percentages of additives in additive components, or in lubricating oil compositions, or in concentrates all refer to mass %. The terms "oil-soluble" and "oil-dispersible" or cognate terms used herein do not necessarily indicate that a compound or additive is soluble, soluble in any proportion, miscible, or suspendable in oil. However, such terms mean that the compound or additive is soluble in oil or stably dispersible to such an extent that, for example, it can exhibit the intended effect in an environment where oil is used. Further, if necessary, the incorporation of other additives can also enable the incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive.

[0023] The term "hydrocarbon" means a compound of hydrogen and carbon atoms. A "heteroatom" is an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. When "hydrocarbon", particularly "purified hydrocarbon", is referred to, the hydrocarbon may include one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups (such as halo, particularly chloro and fluoro, amino, alkoxyl, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.) in small amounts (for example, amounts that do not substantially change the hydrocarbon characteristics of the hydrocarbon compound).

[0024] In this specification, the terms "non-boronated" and "boron-free" are used synonymously. In this specification, the terms "group" and "radical" are used synonymously. The term "hydrocarbyl" means a radical containing hydrogen and carbon atoms. Preferably, this group consists essentially of, and more preferably consists only of, hydrogen and carbon atoms unless otherwise specified. Preferably, the hydrocarbyl group includes aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups. The term "hydrocarbyl" includes "alkyl", "alkenyl", "alkynyl", and "aryl" as defined herein. A hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more atoms / groups other than carbon and hydrogen, provided that they do not affect the essentially hydrocarbyl nature of the hydrocarbyl group. Those skilled in the art will recognize such atoms / groups (such as halo, particularly chloro and fluoro, amino, alkoxyl, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.).

[0025] The term "alkyl" means a radical of carbon and hydrogen (e.g., C1 - C 30 group, e.g., C1 - C 12means a “group”). The alkyl group in a compound is typically directly bonded to the compound through a carbon atom. Unless otherwise specified, the alkyl group may be linear (i.e., unbranched) or branched, and may be cyclic, acyclic, or partially cyclic / acyclic. Preferably, the alkyl group includes a linear or branched acyclic alkyl group. Representative examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, and triacontyl. The term “alkenyl” means a radical of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond (e.g., C2~C 30 radical, e.g., C2~C 12 radical). The alkenyl group in a compound is typically directly bonded to the compound through a carbon atom. Unless otherwise specified, the alkenyl group may be linear (i.e., unbranched) or branched, and may be cyclic, acyclic, or partially cyclic / acyclic.

[0026] The term “alkylene” means a divalent saturated aliphatic radical of C1~C which may be linear or branched, 20 , preferably C1~C 10 and more preferably C1~C. Representative examples of alkylene include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, 1-methylethylene, 1-ethylethylene, 1-ethyl-2-methylethylene, 1,1-dimethylethylene, and 1-ethylpropylene.

[0027] "Olefin", alternatively referred to as "alkene", is a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic compound of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond. "Alpha olefin" is an olefin having a double bond at the alpha position. "Conjugated diene" is a diene having two double bonds separated by a single bond. For the purposes of the present invention and its claims, styrene is considered a conjugated diene. For the purposes of this specification and its appended claims, when a polymer or copolymer is said to contain an olefin, the olefin present in such a polymer or copolymer is in a polymerized form of the olefin. For example, when a copolymer is said to have an "isoprene" content of 55% to 95% by mass, the monomer units of the copolymer are derived from isoprene in the polymerization reaction, and such derived units are understood to be present at 55% to 95% by mass based on the mass of the copolymer. A "polymer" has two or more identical or different monomer units. A "homopolymer" is a polymer having the same monomer units. A "copolymer" is a polymer having two or more different monomer units. "Different" as used to refer to monomer units indicates that the monomer units are different from each other by at least one atom or are isomerically different. An "isoprene polymer" or "isoprene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer containing at least 50 mol% of units derived from isoprene, a "butadiene polymer" or "butadiene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer containing at least 50 mol% of units derived from butadiene, and so on. Similarly, when a polymer is said to be a "partially or fully saturated polymer containing an olefin", the olefin present in such a polymer or copolymer is in a polymerized form of the olefin, and the polymer is partially or fully saturated (e.g., by hydrogenation) after polymerization of the monomer. The "polymer backbone" is the polymer main chain containing monomer units and is typically in the state before (and without) any subsequent functionalization. 4~5 When a polymer or copolymer is said to be a "partially or fully saturated polymer containing an olefin", the C 4~5 olefin present in such a polymer or copolymer is in a polymerized form of the olefin, and the polymer is partially or fully saturated (e.g., by hydrogenation) after polymerization of the monomer. The "polymer backbone" is the polymer main chain containing monomer units and is typically in the state before (and without) any subsequent functionalization.

[0028] The term "alkynyl" includes C2 - C 30(For example, C2 to C 12 ) means a radical. The term "aryl" means a group containing at least one aromatic ring such as cyclopentadienyl, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. An aryl group is typically a C5 - C 40 (For example, C5 - C 18 , for example, C6 - C 14 ) aryl group. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl groups and substituted derivatives thereof, particularly phenyl and alkyl - substituted derivatives of phenyl.

[0029] The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydrocarbon group, a heteroatom, or a heteroatom - containing group. An alkyl - substituted derivative means that a hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl group. "Alkyl - substituted phenyl" means that a hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl group, for example, a C1 - C 20 alkyl group, for example, methyl, ethyl, n - propyl, isopropyl, n - butyl, sec - butyl, isobutyl, tert - butyl, n - pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, and / or triacontyl - substituted phenyl group.

[0030] The term "halogen" or "halo" means a Group 17 atom or a radical of a Group 17 atom, for example, fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. The term "ashless" with respect to an additive means that it does not contain a metal. The term "ash - containing" with respect to an additive means that it contains a metal. The term "ppm" means parts per million by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, unless otherwise indicated.

[0031] The term "metal content" of a lubricating oil composition or an additive component, e.g., magnesium content, molybdenum content, or total metal content (i.e., the sum of all individual metal contents), is measured by ASTM D5185. The term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid" means a monocarboxylic acid having an aliphatic C7 - C 29 , preferably C9 - C 27 , most preferably C 11 - C 23 hydrocarbyl chain. Such compounds are herein sometimes referred to as aliphatic (C7 - C 29 ), more preferably (C9 - C 27 ), most preferably (C 11 - C 23 ) hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acids or hydrocarbyl fatty acids (wherein Cx - Cy refers to the total number of carbon atoms of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the fatty acid, and due to the presence of the carboxyl carbon atom, the fatty acid itself contains a total of Cx + 1 - Cy + 1 carbon atoms). Preferably, the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon atom. The aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains at least one carbon - carbon double bond). Preferably, the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain is unsaturated and contains at least one carbon - carbon double bond, and such fatty acids can be obtained from natural sources (e.g., derived from animal or vegetable oils) and / or by reduction of the corresponding saturated fatty acids. It will be understood that a portion of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester is unsaturated (i.e., contains at least one carbon - carbon double bond) and can react with other agents, such as sulfur, to form the corresponding functionalized, e.g., sulfided, aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester.

[0032] The term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" means an ester that can be obtained by converting the monocarboxylic acid functional group of the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid into an ester group. Preferably, the monocarboxylic acid functional group of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid is converted into a hydrocarbyl ester, preferably a C1-C 30 aliphatic hydrocarbyl ester, such as an alkyl ester, preferably a C1-C6 alkyl ester, especially a methyl ester. Alternatively or in addition, the monocarboxylic acid functional group of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid may be in the form of a natural glycerol ester. Thus, the term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" includes aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid glycerol esters and aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid C1-C 30 aliphatic hydrocarbyl esters [e.g., aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid alkyl esters, more preferably aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid C1-C6 alkyl esters, especially aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid methyl esters]. Preferably, the term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" refers to aliphatic (C7-C 29 ) hydrocarbyl, more preferably aliphatic (C9-C 27 ) hydrocarbyl, most preferably aliphatic (C 11 -C 23 ) hydrocarbyl fatty acid glycerol esters and aliphatic (C7-C 29 ) hydrocarbyl, more preferably aliphatic (C9-C 27 ) hydrocarbyl, most preferably aliphatic (C 11 -C 23 ) hydrocarbyl fatty acid C1-C 30 aliphatic hydrocarbyl esters. Preferably, to enable functionalization of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester, such as sulfidation, a portion of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the fatty acid ester is unsaturated and contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

[0033] The term "sulfurized aliphatic hydrocarbon fatty acid ester" means a compound obtained by sulfiding an aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester as defined herein. As used herein with respect to monomer reactants and / or repeat units in the polymers described herein, the term "absent" means present at 0 weight percent based on the weight of all (co)monomers in the (co)polymer, or at such a low level that, even if present, it does not substantially affect the physical properties of the (co)polymer, for example, 0.2 weight percent or less, or 0.1 weight percent or less. As used herein, Mn is the number average molecular weight, Mw is the weight average molecular weight, and Mz is the z average molecular weight. The molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as the polydispersity index (PDI), is defined as Mw divided by Mn. Unless otherwise stated, all molecular weight units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are reported in g / mol.

[0034] When used in the context of functionalized polymers (e.g., dispersants, functionalized styrenic polymers, etc.), the molecular weight is typically reported relative to the base polymer before modification. For example, the molecular weight of a PIBSA-PAM dispersant is typically reported with respect to the base polyisobutylene polymer before functionalization with an acylating agent (maleic acid or anhydride) and a functional group (e.g., polyamine). With respect to additive components or in the case of a lubricating oil composition (i.e., an unused lubricating oil composition), the "total base number" also referred to as "TBN" means the total base number measured by ASTM D2896 and is reported in units of mg KOH / g. The total acid number ("TAN") is determined by ASTM D664.

[0035] As used herein, the term "saponified matter" means the amount of metal salts, particularly alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts, of organic acids provided by one or more detergents, excluding any overbased substances. Detergents are obtained by neutralizing organic acidic molecules with metal bases. When the detergent is overbased, the organic acid is typically neutralized with a strong metal base in the presence of an acidic gas (often carbon dioxide). As a result, both the organic acid and the acidic gas are converted to metal salts, and the detergent contains an amount of metal in excess of that required to neutralize the organic acid. The amount of metal salts present in the detergent represents the "alkali reserve" or "overbased substance" of the detergent in addition to the metal salts of the organic acid. For example, when an overbased detergent is neutralized with a metal base in the presence of carbon dioxide, the overbased substance consists mostly of metal carbonates. In other words, the amount of detergent (active ingredient) includes or consists of the amount of saponified matter of the detergent + an optional amount of overbased substance of the detergent. Thus, when a lubricating oil composition or concentrate contains an overbased detergent, the mass % of saponified matter is less than the mass % of the detergent based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition or concentrate. When a lubricating oil composition or concentrate contains only neutral detergents that do not contain any overbased substances, the mass % of saponified matter and the mass % of the detergent based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition or concentrate are the same. The amount of saponified matter may be determined directly or derived from the material balance of the manufacturing process. In the case of sulfonates, particularly calcium sulfonate, the amount of saponified matter can be measured by ASTM D3712. Further, the amount of saponified matter can be derived using titration methods including two-phase titration, the total acid number (TAN) determined using ASTM D664, dialysis, and other well-known analytical techniques. The amount of alkali metal organic salts or alkaline earth metal organic salts present in the detergent can be determined by dialyzing the detergent and quantifying the amount of residue. When the average molecular weight of the organic salt is unknown, the residue of the dialyzed detergent can be treated with a strong acid to convert the salt to the acid form and analyzed by chromatography, proton NMR, and mass spectrometry and correlated with an organic acid having known properties.

[0036] The contents of phosphorus, boron, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, sodium, silicon, and magnesium are measured according to ASTM D5185. The "sulfur content" in the oil formulation is measured according to ASTM D5185. The sulfuric acid ash ("SASH") content is measured according to ASTM D874. The kinematic viscosity (KV100, KV40) is determined according to ASTM D445-19a and reported in units of cSt unless otherwise specified. The viscosity index is determined according to ASTM D2270. The saponification value is determined according to ASTM D94 and reported in units of mg KOH / g. HTCBT, the high-temperature corrosion bench test, is determined according to ASTM D6594.

[0037] The average functionality [also referred to as the average functionality value (Fv)] and the functionality distribution (Fd) value are determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards as described in the experimental section of U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 480,571, filed October 4, 2023, claiming priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 379,006, filed October 11, 2022. PIBSA means polyisobutylene succinic anhydride. PIBSA-PAM means polyisobutylene succinimide, e.g., the reaction product of PIBSA and polyamine. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages reported are mass % on an active ingredient basis, i.e., they are not related to the carrier oil or diluent oil unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, "mass %" has the same meaning as "mass % (weight%)" or "mass % (wt%)" in this specification.

[0038] Also, it will be understood that the various components, essential components, as well as the optimum and conventional components used may react under the conditions of formulation, storage, or use, and that this disclosure also provides products that can be obtained or are obtained as a result of any such reaction. Furthermore, it is understood that any upper and lower limits, ranges and ratio limits shown in this specification can be combined independently.

[0039] Also, it will be understood that the preferred features of each aspect of the present disclosure are considered to be the preferred features of any other aspect of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the preferred and more preferred features of one aspect of the present disclosure can be combined independently with the other preferred and / or more preferred features of the same or different aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] Hereinafter, the features of the present disclosure regarding each and all aspects of the present disclosure will be described in more detail as follows, if necessary. The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may or may not remain chemically the same before and after mixing with an oily carrier (e.g., base oil) and / or other additives, and includes components that may or may not remain the same. The present disclosure encompasses compositions containing such components before mixing, after mixing, or both before and after mixing.

[0041] Lubricating oil composition The present disclosure is a lubricating oil composition (also referred to as "LOC", "lubricant composition", "lubricating composition", or "lubricant oil composition") containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, said one or more dispersants comprising one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2 - 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA - PAM"), one or more dispersants, wherein said one or more PIBSA - PAM comprise at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non - boronated PIBSA - PAM based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, obtained by including or mixing i) the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, The lubricating oil composition preferably a) has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, such as 30 or 40, such as 30, and b) exhibits valve train rocker arm wear of less than 120 mg, such as less than 110 mg, such as less than 100 mg, such as less than 90 mg, such as less than 80 mg, such as less than 70 mg, such as less than 60 mg, such as less than 50 mg, such as less than 40 mg, as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control, relates to a lubricating oil composition.

[0042] Also, the present disclosure is a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) 2 to 15% by mass of one or more dispersants based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides (「PIBSA-PAM」) that are 2 to 10% by mass of one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs include at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) One or more detergents in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents obtained by including or mixing, i) Based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more, The lubricating oil composition preferably a) is an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, SAE viscosity grade, and b) determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control, valve train rocker arm wear of less than 120 mg, for example less than 110 mg, for example less than 100 mg, for example less than 90 mg, for example less than 80 mg, for example less than 70 mg, for example less than 60 mg, for example less than 50 mg, for example less than 40 mg of a lubricating oil composition.

[0043] Also, the present disclosure is a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants in an amount of 2 to 15% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), One or more PIBSA-PAMs, one or more dispersants, comprising at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and C) one or more detergents in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents, D) Optionally, one or more friction modifiers (e.g., a blend of friction modifiers) in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass (in particular 0.01% by mass to about 2.5% by mass, or about 0.02% by mass to about 1.5% by mass, or about 0.03% by mass to about 1.0% by mass, or about 0.04% by mass to about 0.5% by mass, or about 0.05% by mass to about 0.2% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, E) Optionally, one or more antioxidants (e.g., a blend of antioxidants) in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass (in particular 0.05 to 5% by mass, alternately 0.1 to 4.5% by mass, alternately 0.5 to 4% by mass, alternately 1 to 3.5% by mass, alternately 2.5 to 3.5% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, F) Optionally, one or more pour point depressants (e.g., a blend of pour point depressants) in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass (in particular 0.01 to 3% by mass, alternately 0.1 to 1.5% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, G) Optionally, one or more anti-foaming agents (e.g., a blend of anti-foaming agents) in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass (in particular 0.002 to 3% by mass, alternately 0.003 to 1% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, H) Optionally, one or more viscosity modifiers (e.g., a blend of viscosity modifiers) in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass (in particular 0.01 to 6% by mass, alternately 0.01 to 5% by mass, alternately 0.1 to 4% by mass, alternately 0.2 to 2% by mass, alternately 0.2 to 1% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, J) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors (e.g., a blend of corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors) in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass (particularly 0.005 to 3.0% by mass, alternatively 0.01 to 1.5% by mass, alternatively 0.03 to 1.0% by mass, alternatively 0.05 to 0.5% by mass), K) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more antiwear agents (e.g., a blend of antiwear agents such as ZDDP) in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass (particularly 0.01 to 5% by mass, alternatively 0.05 to 3% by mass, alternatively 0.1 to 2% by mass, alternatively 0.4 to 1.2% by mass, alternatively 0.5 to 1.0% by mass, alternatively 0.6 to 0.8% by mass), M) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more seal compatibility agents (e.g., seal swell agents) in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass (particularly 0.05 to 2% by mass, alternatively 0.1 to 1% by mass), N) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more extreme pressure agents in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass (particularly 0.05 to 3% by mass, alternatively 0.1 to 1% by mass), O) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons (e.g., C 12 ~C 24 linear alpha-olefins (LAO), oligomers / polymers of polyisobutylene, and / or blends thereof), and / or P) Optionally, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more functionalized polymers (e.g., a blend of functionalized polymers) in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass (particularly 0.01 to 6% by mass, alternatively 0.01 to 5% by mass, alternatively 0.05 to 4% by mass, alternatively 0.1 to 3% by mass, alternatively 0.2 to 1.0% by mass, alternatively 0.4 to 0.8% by mass), which is obtained by including or mixing, i) Based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more. The lubricating oil composition is preferably a) an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, such as 30 or 40, such as 30, an SAE viscosity grade, and b) valve train rocker arm wear of less than 120 mg, such as less than 110 mg, such as less than 100 mg, such as less than 90 mg, such as less than 80 mg, such as less than 70 mg, such as less than 60 mg, such as less than 50 mg, such as less than 40 mg, as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control. relates to a lubricating oil composition exhibiting

[0044] In certain embodiments of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, A) one or more dispersants of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides of 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ( "PIBSA-PAM") are included.

[0045] In certain embodiments of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, A) one or more dispersants of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides of 2 to 10% by mass, such as 2.5 to 10% by mass, such as 3 to 8% by mass, such as 3.5 to 6% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ( "PIBSA-PAM") are included, B) one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition.

[0046] In certain embodiments of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, one or more dispersants of the lubricating oil composition are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for example 2 to 10% by mass, for example 2.5 to 10% by mass, for example 3 to 8% by mass, for example 3.5 to 6% by mass, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), The lubricating oil composition is P)C 4~5 further comprises an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer comprising a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, and the amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer i) has an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) has a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) has an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS).

[0047] For the purposes of the present disclosure, even if the component P) functionalized polymer can exhibit similar properties, it is not added to the above elements B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, M, and / or O for the purpose of determining mass percentages. For example, the component P) functionalized polymer can affect viscosity and exhibit dispersing activity, but is not added to element B) or H) for the purpose of determining the mass percentage of a dispersant or viscosity modifier.

[0048] In embodiments, in addition to the base oil, one or more detergents, and one or more dispersants described herein, all of elements D, E, F, G, H, J, K, M, N, O, and P are present. In embodiments, in addition to the base oil, one or more detergents, and one or more dispersants described herein, elements D, E, F, G, H, K, J, and P are present. In embodiments, in addition to the base oil, one or more detergents, and one or more dispersants described herein, elements F, G, H, K, and P are present. In an embodiment, in addition to the base oil, one or more detergents, and one or more dispersants described herein, element K is present. In an embodiment, in addition to the base oil, one or more detergents, and one or more dispersants described herein, element P is present.

[0049] In the present invention, it has been found that by using the disclosed ratio of the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant to the saponified product in a lubricating oil composition, such as a heavy-duty diesel oil, the anti-friction characteristics and anti-wear characteristics of the lubricating oil composition can be significantly improved. Further, in the present invention, it has been found that by using the disclosed ratio of the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant to the saponified product in a lubricant composition, such as a heavy-duty diesel oil, advantageous anti-wear characteristics are provided even at a phosphorus level of less than 1000 ppm, for example 800 ppm. In particular, in the present invention, it has been found that by using the disclosed ratio of the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant to the saponified product in a lubricant composition, such as a heavy-duty diesel oil, it is possible to pass the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test regarding soot-induced wear and viscosity control even at a phosphorus level of less than 1000 ppm, for example 800 ppm.

[0050] In the present invention, it has further been found that in a lubricating oil composition having an SAE viscosity grade of 10W-30 or 5W-30, using the disclosed ratio of the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant to the saponified product can obtain the improvement in anti-wear properties as described above. In an embodiment, i) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the mass% ratio of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs in the lubricating oil composition to the saponified product is 7.0 to 15.0, for example 7.2 to 13.0, for example 7.4 to 11.0, for example 7.6 to 10.0, for example 7.8 to 9.0, for example 8.0 to 8.5. Preferably, the lubricant composition may have a total base number (TBN) of 2 to 15 mg KOH / g, preferably 5 to 13 mg KOH / g, for example 6 to 11 mg KOH / g, for example 7 to 9 mg KOH / g as measured by ASTM D4739. The lubricating composition of the present disclosure may contain a low level of phosphorus, i.e., less than 1000, preferably less than 900, more preferably less than 850 parts per million by mass (ppm) of phosphorus expressed as atoms of phosphorus based on the total mass of the lubricating composition as measured by ASTM D5185.

[0051] Preferably, the lubricant composition may contain from 700 ppm to 900 ppm, alternatively from 750 ppm to 850 ppm, alternatively about 800 ppm of phosphorus as measured by ASTM D5185. Typically, the lubricating composition may contain a low level of sulfur. Preferably, the lubricating composition contains up to 0.4, more preferably up to 0.3, most preferably up to 0.2, for example 0.1 to 0.4 mass% of sulfur based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition as measured by ASTM D5185. Typically, the lubricating composition may contain a low level of sulfate ash, for example up to 1.2 mass%, for example up to 1.0 mass%, preferably up to 0.9 mass%, alternatively from 0.0001 to 0.9 mass% of sulfate ash based on the total mass of the lubricating composition as measured by ASTM D874 - 13a(2018).

[0052] Generally, the kinematic viscosity of the lubricating composition at 100 °C (“KV100”) is determined in accordance with ASTM D445 - 19a and is in the range of 2 to 30 cSt (mm 2 / s), for example 2 to 20 cSt (mm 2 / s), for example 5 to 15 cSt (mm 2 / s), for example 7 to 13 cSt (mm 2 / s), for example 9 to 11 cSt (mm 2 / s), for example 9.5 to 10 cSt (mm 2 / s). The lubricating compositions disclosed herein, such as diesel engine lubricating compositions, may have a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS) at 150 °C measured by ASTM D4683 that is less than 4.5 mPa·s, or less than 4.4 mPa·s, or less than 4.3 mPa·s, or less than 4.2 mPa·s. In another embodiment, the HTHS of the lubricating composition is from 2.0 to 4.5 mPa·s, or from 2.3 to 4.4 mPa·s, or from 2.5 to 4.3 mPa·s, or from 2.7 to 4.2 mPa·s, such as from 2.7 to 3.5 mPa·s, or from 3.3 to 4.2 mPa·s.

[0053] Preferably, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be multigrade oils specified by the viscosity description symbols SAE 20W-X, SAE 15W-X, SAE 10W-X, SAE 5W-X, or SAE 0W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, and 50. The characteristics of the various viscosity grades can be found in the SAE J300 classification. Alternatively, the lubricating composition may be in the form of a viscosity grade SAE 15W-X, SAE 10W-X, SAE 5W-X, or SAE 0W-X, such as in the form of SAE 10W-X or SAE 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, and 50. Preferably, X is 30 or 40. Alternatively, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be multigrade oils specified by the viscosity description symbols SAE 10W-30, 15W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-40, 5W-50 (see the standard SAE J300 published in January 2015 by SAE International, formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers). In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 15W-40, 5W-30, or 10W-30. In a particular embodiment, the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 10W-30. In another particular embodiment, the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 5W-30.

[0054] Optionally, the lubricating composition may not or may substantially not contain a phenolic antioxidant. Optionally, the lubricating composition may not contain or may substantially not contain a phenate detergent. Optionally, the lubricating composition may not contain colloidal particles comprising a ZnO core. In embodiments, the lubricating oil composition may contain less than 75 ppm boron, alternatively less than 70 ppm boron, alternatively 1 - 70 ppm boron. In embodiments, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be for large diesel oil (e.g., for use in the engines of large diesel vehicles, i.e., large diesel vehicles having a gross vehicle weight rating of 4535.9 kg (10,000 pounds) or more). In embodiments, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be a passenger car motor oil. In embodiments, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be hydrogen fuel or natural gas.

[0055] Concentrate A concentrate, also called an additive package, adpak, or addpack, has less than 50 wt% (e.g., less than 40 wt%, e.g., less than 30 wt%, e.g., less than 25 wt%, e.g., less than 20 wt%) base oil and lubricant composition additives (e.g., those described herein) and is typically a composition that is then further blended with additional base oil to form a lubricating oil product.

[0056] The present disclosure is a concentrate composition comprising: A) one or more base oils in an amount of 1 - less than 50 wt% based on the total weight of the concentrate; B) one or more dispersants; wherein the one or more dispersants comprise one or more non - boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more non - boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA - PAM"), and C) one or more detergents; The one or more detergents provide a saponified product to the concentrate, the one or more detergents comprising or obtained by mixing i) Based on the total mass of the concentrate, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the concentrate is 6.65 or more, relating to a concentrate composition.

[0057] In an embodiment, the present disclosure is a concentrate composition comprising A) one or more base oils of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) one or more dispersants, the one or more dispersants being one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from a polyamine, one or more dispersants comprising one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), and C) one or more detergents, the one or more detergents providing a saponified product to the concentrate, the one or more detergents comprising calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the concentrate, one or more detergents comprising or obtained by mixing i) Based on the total mass of the concentrate, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the concentrate is 6.65 or more, relating to a concentrate composition.

[0058] In an embodiment, the present disclosure is a concentrate composition comprising A) one or more base oils of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) one or more dispersants, The one or more dispersants are one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine, and include one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides (「PIBSA-PAM」), and C) one or more detergents, The one or more detergents are one or more detergents that provide saponified products to the concentrate, and P)C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer having an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) obtained by including or mixing, i) Based on the total mass of the concentrate, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs in the concentrate to the saponified product is 6.65 or more. Regarding the concentrated composition.

[0059] Optionally, the concentrate composition of the present invention includes one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of friction modifiers, antioxidants, pour point depressants, defoamers, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, rust preventives, antiwear agents, seal compatibility agents, unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons, and functionalized polymers. In an embodiment, i) based on the total mass of the concentrate, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs in the concentrate to the saponified product is 7.0 to 15.0, such as 7.2 to 13.0, such as 7.4 to 11.0, such as 7.6 to 10.0, such as 7.8 to 9.0, such as 8.0 to 8.5. In an embodiment, the concentrate composition may optionally not contain a solvent (e.g., an aliphatic solvent or an aromatic solvent) and / or may not contain a functionalized base oil.

[0060] Optionally, the concentrate may not contain or may substantially not contain a phenolic antioxidant. Optionally, the concentrate may not contain or may substantially not contain a phenate or a detergent. Optionally, the concentrate may not contain or may substantially not contain colloidal particles containing ZnO cores. In an embodiment, the concentrate may not contain or may substantially not contain non-boronated PIBSA-PAM, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) ( "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and the imide being derived from tetraethylenepentamine. In an embodiment, the ratio of one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM to one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM in the concentrate is less than 3 to 1, such as less than 2.5 to 1, such as less than 2 to 1.

[0061] In the following, further details and preferences regarding the components of the lubricating oil composition and the concentrate of the present invention will be described.

[0062] A. Base Oil The base oil useful herein (also referred to as "base stock", "lubricating oil base stock", or "lubricating viscosity oil") may be a single oil or a blend of oils and is typically the major liquid component of a lubricating composition, also called a lubricant, to which additives and optionally additional oils are blended to produce a lubricating composition, such as a final lubricant composition, a concentrate, or other lubricating compositions.

[0063] The base oil can be selected from vegetable oils, animal oils, mineral oils, synthetic lubricating oils, and mixtures thereof. In terms of viscosity, the base oil can range from light distillate mineral oils to heavy lubricating oils, such as those for gas engine oils, mineral lubricating oils, power vehicle oils, and large diesel oils. Generally, the kinematic viscosity of the base oil at 100 °C (“KV100”) is determined according to ASTM D445-19a and is in the range of 1 to 30 cSt, for example 2 to 25 cSt, for example 5 to 20 cSt, in particular 1.0 cSt to 10 cSt, 1.5 cSt to 3.3 cSt, 2.7 cSt to 8.1 cSt, 3.0 cSt to 7.2 cSt, or 2.5 cSt to 6.5 cSt. Generally, the high-temperature high-shear viscosity (HTHS) of the base oil at 150 °C is determined according to ASTM D4683-20 and is in the range of 0.5 to 20 cP, for example 1 to 10 cP, for example 2 to 5 cP.

[0064] Typically, when using a lubricating oil base stock to produce a concentrate, the lubricating oil base stock may advantageously be present in an amount that results in a concentrate containing 5 wt% to 80 wt%, 10 wt% to 70 wt%, or 5 wt% to 50 wt% of active ingredients, based on the mass of the concentrate. Common oils useful as base oils include animal and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), liquid petroleum, and paraffinic, naphthenic, and paraffinic-naphthenic mixed type hydrotreated and / or solvent-treated mineral lubricating oils. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils. The base stock can be produced using a variety of different methods including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrotreating, oligomerization, esterification, and re-refining.

[0065] Synthetic lubricating oils useful herein as base oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polyalphaolefins or PAO, also known as Group IV base oils, which are homopolymers and copolymers of olefins [see API EOLCS 1509 definition (API Publication 1509, Section E.1.3, 19th Edition, January 2021, www.API.org)]. Examples of PAO useful as base oils include poly(ethylene), copolymers of ethylene and propylene, polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylene, poly(1-hexene), poly(1-octene), poly(1-decene), C8~C 20 Homopolymers or copolymers of alkenes, C8 and / or C 10 And / or C 12 Homopolymers or copolymers of alkenes, C8 / C 10 Copolymers, C8 / C 10 / C 12 Copolymers, and C 10 / C 12 Copolymers, and derivatives, analogs, and homologs thereof. In another embodiment, the base oil may include a polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 10 or more (measured by ASTM D445), preferably having a viscosity index ("VI") of 100 or more, preferably 110 or more, more preferably 120 or more, more preferably 130 or more, more preferably 140 or more as determined by ASTM D2270, and / or a pour point (measured by ASTM D97) of -5 °C or less, more preferably -10 °C or less, more preferably -20 °C or less, and containing oligomers of linear olefins having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably 8 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 10 carbon atoms.

[0066] In another embodiment, the polyalphaolefin oligomers useful in the present disclosure are C 20 ~C 1500 Paraffins, preferably C 40 ~C 1000 Paraffins, preferably C 50 ~C 750Paraffin, preferably C 50 ~C 500 Paraffin may be included. The PAO oligomer, in one embodiment, is C5 - C 14 alpha - olefin, and in another embodiment, is C6 - C 12 alpha - olefin, and in another embodiment, is C8 - C 12 Dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc. of alpha - olefins. Suitable olefins include 1 - pentene, 1 - hexene, 1 - heptene, 1 - octene, 1 - nonene, 1 - decene, 1 - undecene, and 1 - dodecene. In one embodiment, the olefin is a combination of 1 - octene, 1 - decene, and 1 - dodecene, or alternatively may be substantially 1 - decene, and the PAO is a mixture of these dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers (and higher order species). Useful PAOs are described in detail, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,171,908 and 5,783,531, and on pages 1 - 52 of Synthetic Lubricants and High - Performance Functional Fluids (edited by Leslie R. Rudnick & Ronald L. Shubkin, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999).

[0067] The PAOs useful in the present disclosure typically have a number - average molecular weight of, in one embodiment, 100 - 21,000 g / mol, in another embodiment, 200 - 10,000 g / mol, in yet another embodiment, 200 - 7,000 g / mol, in yet another embodiment, 200 - 2,000 g / mol, and in yet another embodiment, 200 - 500 g / mol. Desirable PAOs are commercially available as SpectraSyn™ Hi - Vis, SpectraSyn™ Low - Vis, SpectraSyn™ plus, SpectraSyn™ Elite PAO (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Texas) and Durasyn PAO from Ineos Oligomers USA LLC.

[0068] Synthetic lubricating oils useful as base oils include hydrocarbon oils such as homopolymerized and copolymerized alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonylbenzene, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene); polyphenols (e.g., biphenyl, terphenyl, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides; as well as derivatives, analogs, and homologs thereof.

[0069] Another suitable type of synthetic lubricating oil useful as a base oil includes esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid) reacted with various alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol). Specific examples of such esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and a complex ester formed by reacting 1 mole of sebacic acid with 2 moles of tetraethylene glycol and 2 moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.

[0070] Esters useful as synthetic oils herein include those made from C5~C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols, as well as polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and tripentaerythritol. Desirable ester base oils are commercially available as Esterex™ esters (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Texas). Silicon-based oils such as polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxysilicone oils and silicate oils constitute another useful type of synthetic lubricant useful herein. Such oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl) disiloxane, poly(methyl) siloxane, and poly(methylphenyl) siloxane. Other synthetic lubricating oils useful herein include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid), and polymeric tetrahydrofuran.

[0071] Unrefined oils, refined oils, and re-refined oils can be used in the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure. Unrefined oils are oils obtained directly from natural or synthetic sources without further refining treatment. For example, shale oil obtained directly from a retorting operation, petroleum obtained directly from distillation, or ester oils obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment are considered unrefined oils. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils except that they have been further processed in one or more refining steps to improve one or more properties. Many such refining techniques, such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, and percolation, are used by those skilled in the art. Re-refined oils are oils obtained by a method similar to the method used to obtain refined oils, to which a refining method is applied to previously used refined oils. Such re-refined oils are also called regenerated oils or reprocessed oils and are often additionally treated to remove spent additives and oil decomposition products. Re-refined base oils preferably are substantially free of substances introduced by manufacture, contamination, or previous use.

[0072] Another example of a useful base oil is a gas-to-liquid (GTL) base oil, i.e., the base oil is an oil derived from hydrocarbons produced from synthesis gas (''syn gas'') containing H2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. Such hydrocarbons typically require further processing to make them useful as a base oil. For example, such hydrocarbons may be hydroisomerized, hydrocracked and hydroisomerized, dewaxed, or hydroisomerized and dewaxed by methods known in the art. Further information regarding useful GTL base oils and blends thereof can be found in U.S. Patent No. 10,913,916, columns 4, line 62 to column 5, line 60, and U.S. Patent No. 10,781,397, columns 14, line 54 to column 15, line 5, and columns 16, line 44 to column 17, line 55.

[0073] In particular, herein, renewable resources, i.e., oils that are at least partially based on carbon and energy captured from the environment, such as biological resources, are useful. Various base oils are often classified into groups I, II, III, IV, or V according to the API EOLCS 1509 definition (API Publication 1509, Section E.1.3, 19th Edition, January 2021, www.API.org). Generally speaking, group I base stocks have a viscosity index of about 80 - 120 and contain more than about 0.03% sulfur and / or less than about 90% saturates. Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of about 80 - 120 and contain up to about 0.03% sulfur and at least about 90% saturates. Group III base stocks have a viscosity index higher than about 120 and contain up to about 0.03% sulfur and more than about 90% saturates. Group IV base stocks include polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V base stocks include base stocks not included in groups I - IV. (The viscosity index is measured by ASTM D2270, saturates are measured by ASTM D2007, and sulfur is measured by ASTM D5185, D2622, ASTM D4294, ASTM D4927, and ASTM D3120).

[0074] The base oils for use in the formulated lubricating compositions useful in the present disclosure are any one, two, three, or more of the various oils described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the base oils for use in the formulated lubricating compositions useful in the present disclosure are oils of API Group I, Group II, Group III (including Group III+), Group IV, and Group V, and mixtures thereof, preferably oils of API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V, and mixtures thereof, more preferably those described as Group III, Group III+, IV, and Group V base oils due to their excellent volatility, stability, viscosity, and clarity characteristics. Small amounts of Group I base stock, for example, in an amount used to dilute additives for blending into formulated lubricating oil products, can be tolerated but are typically kept to a minimum, for example, only in an amount relevant to use as a diluent / carrier oil for the additives used on a "received" basis. With respect to Group II stock, in many cases, it is more useful for the Group II base stock to be in a higher quality range in relation to that stock, i.e., a Group II stock having a viscosity index in the range of 100 - 120.

[0075] The base oils useful herein can be selected from either synthetic oils, natural oils, or re-refined oils (e.g., those typically used as crankcase lubricants for spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines). Optionally, mixtures of synthetic base oils and / or natural base oils and / or re-refined base oils may be used. Optionally, multimodal mixtures (e.g., bimodal or trimodal mixtures) of Group I, II, III, IV, and / or V base stocks may be used. The base oil or base oil blend used herein conveniently has a kinematic viscosity (KV100, measured in accordance with ASTM D445-19a and in centistokes (cSt) or the equivalent in mm) at 100 °C of from about 2 to about 40 cSt, alternatively 3 to 30 cSt, alternatively 4 to 20 cSt at 100 °C, alternatively 5 to 10 cSt. 2(reported in units of / s), alternatively, the base oil or base oil blend may have a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 2 to 20 cSt, 2.5 to 2 cSt, preferably about 2.5 cSt to about 9 cSt.

[0076] The base oil or base oil blend preferably has a saturation content of at least 65% by mass, more preferably at least 75% by mass, such as at least 85% by mass, such as at least 90% by mass, as determined by ASTM D2007. Preferably, the base oil or base oil blend has a sulfur content of less than 1% by mass, preferably less than 0.6% by mass, most preferably less than 0.4% by mass, such as less than 0.3% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, as measured by ASTM D5185. In an embodiment, the volatility of the base oil or base oil blend is measured by the Noack test (ASTM D5800, Procedure B) and is 30% by mass or less, such as 25% by mass or less, such as 20% by mass or less, such as 16% by mass or less, such as 12% by mass or less, such as 10% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition.

[0077] In an embodiment, the viscosity index (VI) of the base oil is at least 95, preferably at least 110, more preferably at least 120, even more preferably at least 125, most preferably about 130 to 240, particularly about 105 to 140 (determined by ASTM D2270). The base oil may be provided in large amounts in combination with one or more small amounts of additive components as described hereinafter that make up the lubricant. This preparation can be achieved by adding the additive directly to the oil or by adding one or more additives in the form of these concentrates to disperse or dissolve the additives. The additives can be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either before, simultaneously with, or after the addition of other additives.

[0078] The base oil may be provided in a small amount in combination with one or more small amounts of additive components as described below that make up the additive concentrate. This preparation can be achieved by adding the additive directly to the oil or by adding one or more additives in the form of these solutions, slurries, or suspensions to disperse or dissolve the additive in the oil. The additive can be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either before, simultaneously with, or after the addition of other additives. The base oil typically constitutes the main component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure and is typically present in an amount in the range of at least 50% by mass, such as from about 50% to about 99% by mass, preferably from about 70% to about 95% by mass, more preferably from about 80% to about 95% by mass, based on the total mass of the composition. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure comprises one or more base oils in an amount of 50% to 95% by mass, such as 60% to 90% by mass, such as 70% to 85% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0079] The base oil of the present invention may consist of only one or more Group II base oils, may consist of only one or more Group III base oils, or may consist of only a mixture of one or more Group II base oils and one or more Group III base oils. In certain embodiments, the base oil comprises at least 50% by mass, such as at least 70% by mass, such as at least 90% by mass, of one or more Group II base oils (based on the total mass of the base oils present in the lubricating oil composition). In certain embodiments, the base oil is a mixture of one or more Group II base oils and one or more Group III base oils, and the base oil comprises at least 50% by mass, such as at least 70% by mass, such as at least 90% by mass, of one or more Group II base oils (based on the total mass of the base oils present in the lubricating oil composition). In certain embodiments, the base oil is only one or more Group II base oils. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention comprises at least 50% by mass, such as at least 60% by mass, such as at least 65% by mass, of Group II base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0080] In certain embodiments, the Group II base oil comprises at least 10%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 75%, up to 100% (based on the total mass of the base oil present in the lubricating oil composition) of a Group II base oil having a viscosity of 6 to 7 cSt, such as 6.5 cSt and / or a Group II base oil having a viscosity of 4 to 5 cSt, such as 4.6 cSt. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition comprises at least 45% by mass of Group II oil having a viscosity of less than 6.5 cSt, such as less than 6.0 cSt, such as less than 5.5 cSt, such as less than 5.0 cSt. The base oils described above and blends thereof are useful for making concentrates as well as for making lubricants therefrom.

[0081] The concentrate is a convenient means for handling additives prior to use and for facilitating the dissolution or dispersion of additives into lubricants. When preparing lubricants containing more than one type of additive (sometimes referred to as "additive components"), each additive can be separately incorporated in the form of a concentrate. However, in many cases, it is convenient to provide a so-called additive "package" (also referred to as an "add pack") that contains one or more additives / coconut additives as described below in a single concentrate. Typically, one or more base oils are present in the concentrate composition in an amount of less than 50% by mass, alternatively 40% by mass or less, alternatively 30% by mass or less, alternatively 20% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the concentrate composition. Typically, one or more base oils are present in the concentrate composition in an amount of 0.1 to 49% by mass, alternatively 5 to 40% by mass, alternatively 10 to 30% by mass, alternatively 15 to 25% by mass, based on the mass of the concentrate composition. In the present disclosure, for the sake of clarity, any diluent used to dilute the active ingredients of the components of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention or the components of the concentrate is not considered to be a "base oil" in the sense of the separate components described herein.

[0082] B. Dispersant During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation by-products are generated. The dispersant aids in the retention of such by-products in solution and thus reduces the deposition of by-products on the metal surface. The dispersants used in formulating the lubricating compositions herein may be ashless in nature or ash-forming. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic substances that do not substantially form ash upon combustion. For example, non-metal-containing dispersants or boronated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents tend to form ash upon combustion.

[0083] Dispersants useful herein typically include polar groups attached to relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chains. The polar groups typically include at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain from 40 to 500, for example 50 to 400, carbon atoms.

[0084] Dispersant of (poly) alkenyl succinic acid derivative Particularly useful types of dispersants typically include long-chain hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic compounds, usually (poly)alkenyl succinic derivatives produced by the reaction of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides with polyhydroxy or polyamino compounds. The long-chain hydrocarbyl groups that constitute the lipophilic portion of the molecules imparting solubility in oils are often polyisobutylene groups (typically, long-chain hydrocarbyl groups, such as polyisobutylene groups, have a Mn of 400 to 3000 g / mol, such as 450 to 2500 g / mol). Many examples of this type of dispersant are well known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. patents in which such dispersants are described include U.S. Patent Nos. 3,172,892; 3,214,5707; 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374; and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersants are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; and 5,705,458. Further descriptions of dispersants useful herein can be found, for example, in European Patent Applications Nos. 0 471 071 and 0 451 380, which are hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose.

[0085] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinimides, succinic esters, or succinic ester amides prepared by reacting a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or anhydride compound (typically having at least 25 carbon atoms, e.g., 28 to 400 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent) with at least 1 equivalent of a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound (e.g., an alkylene amine) are particularly useful herein. Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives may have a number average molecular weight of at least 400 g / mol, e.g., at least 900 g / mol, e.g., at least 1500 g / mol, e.g., 400 to 4000 g / mol, e.g., 800 to 3000, e.g., 2000 to 2800 g / mol, e.g., about 2100 to 2500 g / mol, e.g., about 2200 to about 2400 g / mol.

[0086] The succinimides that are particularly useful herein are formed by the condensation reaction of 1) a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride, such as polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA), and 2) a polyamine (PAM). Examples of suitable polyamines include polyhydrocarbyl polyamines, polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxy-substituted polyamines, polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and combinations thereof. Examples of polyamines include tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehaxamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA), and other polyamines having on average 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule. Mixtures in which the average number of nitrogen atoms per polyamine molecule is greater than 7 are generally referred to as heavy polyamines or H-PAM and may be commercially available under trade names such as HPA (trademark) and HPA-X (trademark) from The Dow Chemical Company, E-100 (trademark) from Huntsman Chemical Company, etc. Examples of hydroxy-substituted polyamines include N-hydroxyalkyl-alkylene polyamines, such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and / or N-hydroxyalkylated alkylene diamines of the type described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,873,009. Examples of polyoxyalkylene polyamines include polyoxyethylene having an average Mn of about 200 to about 5000 g / mol and / or polyoxypropylene diamines and triamines (and their co-oligomers). Products of this type are commercially available under the trade name Jeffmine (trademark). Representative examples of useful succinimides are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936, 3,172,892, 3,219,666, 3,272,746, 3,322,670, 3,652,616, 3,948,800, and 6,821,307, and Canadian Patent No. 1,094,044.

[0087] The dispersant may contain one or more optionally boronated succinimides of higher molecular weight (Mn 1600 g / mol or more, for example 1800 - 3000 g / mol), and one or more optionally boronated succinimides of lower molecular weight (Mn less than 1600 g / mol). The higher molecular weight may be 1600 - 3000 g / mol, for example 1700 - 2800 g / mol, for example 1800 - 2500 g / mol, for example 1850 - 2300 g / mol, and the lower molecular weight may be less than 600 - 1600 g / mol, for example 650 - 1500 g / mol, for example 700 - 1400 g / mol, for example 800 - 1300 g / mol, for example 850 - 1200 g / mol, for example 900 - 1150 g / mol, for example 900 - 1000 g / mol. In certain embodiments, the higher molecular weight succinimide dispersant is present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 - 10% by mass, or 0.8 - 6% by mass, or 1.0 - 5% by mass, or 1.2 - 4% by mass, or 1.5 - 3.0% by mass. In certain embodiments, the higher molecular weight succinimide dispersant is present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 - 10% by mass, or 0.8 - 6% by mass, or 1.0 - 5% by mass, or 1.2 - 4% by mass, or 1.5 - 3.0% by mass, and the lower molecular weight succinimide dispersant may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 - 10% by mass, or 0.8 - 6% by mass, or 1.0 - 5% by mass, or 1.2 - 4% by mass, or 1.5 - 3.0% by mass. The lower molecular weight succinimide may differ from the higher molecular weight succinimide by 500 g / mol or more, for example 750 g / mol or more, for example 1000 g / mol or more, for example 1200 g / mol, for example 500 - 3000 g / mol, for example 750 - 2000 g / mol, for example 1000 - 1500 g / mol.

[0088] Useful succinic esters as dispersants include those formed by the condensation reaction of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with an alcohol or a polyol. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant. The succinic acid esters useful herein are formed by the condensation reaction of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with an alkanolamine. Suitable alkanolamines include ethoxylated polyalkyl polyamines, propoxylated polyalkyl polyamines, and polyalkenyl polyamines such as polyethylene polyamines and / or propoxylated hexamethylenediamine. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,426,305.

[0089] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride (e.g., PIBSA) esters of hydrocarbyl-bridged aryloxy alcohols are also useful as dispersants herein. Information regarding such dispersants can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,485,603, particularly columns 2, line 65 to column 6, line 22 and column 23, line 40 to column 26, line 46. In particular, the PIBSA ester of methylene-bridged naphthyloxyethanol (i.e., 2-hydroxyethyl-1-naphthol ether (or a hydroxy-terminated ethylene oxide oligomer ether of naphthol)) is useful herein. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain the PIBSA ester of methylene-bridged naphthyloxyethanol, e.g., less than 0.6 wt%, e.g., less than 0.4 wt%, e.g., less than 0.2 wt%, e.g., less than 0.1 wt% based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain the PIBSA ester of methylene-bridged naphthyloxyethanol.

[0090] The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride used in the preceding paragraphs will typically be in the range of 350 - 4000 g / mol, e.g., 400 - 3000 g / mol, e.g., 450 - 2800 g / mol, e.g., 800 - 2500 g / mol. The above (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives may be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The above (poly) alkenyl succinic acid derivative may be post-reacted with a boron compound, such as boric acid, boric acid ester, or a hyper-boronated dispersant, to form a boronated dispersant having about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of the dispersant reaction product.

[0091] Dispersants useful herein include boronated succinimides containing derivatives derived from monosuccinimide, bis-succinimide, and / or mixtures of monosuccinimide and bis-succinimide. The hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group, such as polyisobutylene having an Mn of about 300 to about 5000 g / mol, or about 500 to about 3000 g / mol, or about 700 to about 2000 g / mol, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups that often have a high terminal vinyl group. The dispersants may together be present in the lubricant in an amount of 2% to 20% by mass, such as 2 to 15% by mass, such as 2 to 10% by mass, such as 3 to 8% by mass, such as 4 to 6% by mass, such as 4.5 to 5.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The boron-containing dispersant may be present in an amount of 0.01% to 20% by mass, or 0.02% to 15% by mass, or 0.04% to 10% by mass, or 0.06% to 5% by mass, or 0.08% to 1% by mass, or 0.1% to 0.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. The boron-containing dispersant may be present in an amount that delivers 15 ppm to 2000 ppm, or 25 ppm to 1000 ppm, or 40 ppm to 600 ppm, or 45 ppm to 350 ppm, or 50 ppm to 150 ppm, or 60 ppm to 100 ppm of boron to the composition.

[0092] The boronated dispersant can be used in combination with a non-boronated dispersant, which may be the same compound as or different from the non-boronated dispersant. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition may contain one or more boron-containing dispersants and one or more non-boronated dispersants, and the total amount of the dispersants may be 2% to 20% by mass, such as 2 to 15% by mass, such as 2 to 10% by mass, such as 3 to 8% by mass, such as 4 to 6% by mass, such as 4.5 to 5.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The ratio of the boronated dispersant to the non-boronated dispersant may be at most 1:40 (mass:mass), or at most 1:30, or at most 1:20, such as 1:10 to 1:30, or 1:15 to 1:20.

[0093] The dispersant of the present invention comprises one or more non-boronated (and optionally one or more boronated) poly(alkenyl) succinimides, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more non-boronated (and optionally one or more boronated) poly(alkenyl) succinimides (「PIBSA-PAM」). The dispersant is one or more PIBSA-PAMs, where the PIB is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of 600 to 5000, such as 700 to 4000, such as 800 to 3000, such as 900 to 2500 g / mol, and the polyamine is a hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine, such as tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA), and other polyamines having an average of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule. The dispersant may contain one or more PIBSA-PAMs. The dispersant may typically be borated at a level of up to 4% by weight, such as 1 to 3% by weight. The dispersant may contain one or more borated PIBSA-PAMs and one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs. The dispersant may contain one or more borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 1800 g / mol (e.g., 800 to 1500 g / mol), and one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn greater than 1800 and up to 5000 g / mol (e.g., 2000 to 3000 g / mol). The dispersant may contain one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 1800 g / mol (e.g., 800 to 1500 g / mol), and one or more borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn greater than 1800 and up to 5000 g / mol (e.g., 2000 to 3000 g / mol).

[0094] The dispersant may contain PIBSA derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 5000 g / mol (e.g., 800 to 3000 g / mol) and one or more borated or non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 5000 g / mol. The dispersant may include PIBSA derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 5000 g / mol (for example, 800 to 3000 g / mol), and one or more boric acid modified PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 1800 g / mol (for example, 800 to 1500 g / mol), and one or more non-boric acid modified PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn greater than 1800 and up to 5000 g / mol (for example, 2000 to 3000 g / mol). The dispersant may include PIBSA derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 5000 g / mol (for example, 800 to 3000 g / mol), one or more non-boric acid modified PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700 to 1800 g / mol (for example, 800 to 1500 g / mol), and one or more boric acid modified PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn greater than 1800 and up to 5000 g / mol (for example, 2000 to 3000 g / mol).

[0095] The dispersant may include one or more boric acid modified or non-boric acid modified PIBSA-PAMs and PIBSA esters of one or more hydrocarbyl cross-linked aryloxy alcohols. In certain embodiments, the dispersant does not include or substantially does not include PIBSA esters of hydrocarbyl cross-linked naphthyloxy alcohols, for example, less than 0.6 wt%, for example less than 0.4 wt%, for example less than 0.2 wt%, for example less than 0.1 wt% based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate does not include or substantially does not include aromatic dispersants, for example, contains less than 0.5 wt%, for example less than 0.2 wt%, for example less than 0.1 wt% aromatic dispersant based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0096] The dispersant may include one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs and one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs. Preferably, the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM and the boronated PIBSA-PAM in the lubricating oil composition are present in an amount of 2.5 to 10% by mass, such as 3 to 8% by mass, such as 3.5 to 6% by mass, in combination. In an embodiment, the non-boronated PIBSA-PAM and the boronated PIBSA-PAM in the lubricating oil composition are present in an amount of 2.0 to 6.00% by mass, such as 2.5 to 5.8% by mass, such as 3.0 to 5.5% by mass, such as 3.5 to 5.2% by mass, such as 4.0 to 5.0% by mass, such as 4.2 to 4.8% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Preferably, one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass, such as 2.5 to 5.5% by mass, such as 3.5 to 5.0% by mass, such as 4.0 to 5.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Preferably, one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, such as 0.1 to 0.4% by mass, such as 0.15 to 0.3% by mass, such as 0.2 to 0.25% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0097] The dispersant is one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) (one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, "high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) (one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and optionally one or more phosphated low molecular weight and / or high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the higher molecular weight may be 1600 to 3000 g / mol, such as 1700 to 2800 g / mol, such as 1800 to 2500 g / mol, such as 2000 to 2300 g / mol, and the lower molecular weight may be 600 to less than 1600 g / mol, such as 650 to 1500 g / mol, such as 700 to 1400 g / mol, such as 750 to 1300 g / mol, such as 800 to 1200 g / mol, such as 850 to 1150 g / mol, such as 900 to 1000 g / mol. The higher molecular weight PIBSA-PAM dispersant may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 to 10% by mass, or 0.5 to 4% by mass, such as 1.0 to 3.5% by mass, such as 1.5 to 3.0% by mass, such as 2.0 to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and the lower molecular weight PIBSA-PAM dispersant may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass, such as 1 to 3% by mass, such as 1.8 to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Preferably, the one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs of the lubricating oil composition contain one or more non-phosphated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass, such as 1.0 to 3.5% by mass, such as 1.5 to 3.0% by mass, such as 2.0 to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.More preferably, one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs of the lubricating oil composition are in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass, such as 1.0 to 3.5% by mass, such as 1.5 to 3.0% by mass, such as 2.0 to 2.5% by mass of one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass, such as 1 to 3% by mass, such as 1.8 to 2.5% by mass of one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. In certain embodiments, the dispersants used in the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention comprise a first higher molecular weight PIBSA-PAM, and second and third lower molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs (optionally, one of which is boronated), particularly consist of, preferably, the ratio of the higher molecular weight PIBSA-PAM to the lower molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs is from about 1:1 to about 2:3. Preferably, the dispersants used in the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention comprise a first PIBSA-PAM dispersant derived from PIB having a Mn of 1800 to 2500, and second and third PIBSA-PAM dispersants derived from PIB having a Mn of less than 1600, particularly consist of, at least one of the second PIBSA-PAM dispersant and the third PIBSA-PAM dispersant is not boronated (optionally, at least one of the second PIBSA-PAM dispersant and the third PIBSA-PAM dispersant is boronated). More preferably, the dispersants used in the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention comprise a first non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant derived from PIB having a Mn of 2200, a second non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant derived from PIB having a Mn of 950, and a third non-boronated PIBSA-PAM dispersant derived from PIB having a Mn of 950, particularly consist of.

[0098] In particular, a specific ratio of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the sulfonate has been found to result in advantageous anti-wear properties of the lubricating oil composition, especially a lubricating oil composition having less than 1000 ppm, for example 700 ppm to 900 ppm of phosphorus. Thus, preferably, one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention are present in an amount such that, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the mass% ratio of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to the sulfonate of the lubricating oil composition is 7.0 to 15.0, for example 7.2 to 13.0, for example 7.4 to 11.0, for example 7.6 to 10.0, for example 7.8 to 9.0, for example 8.0 to 8.5.

[0099] In certain embodiments, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the mass% ratio of one or more non-phosphated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to one or more non-phosphated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs is less than 3.65, for example less than 3.5, for example less than 3.0, for example less than 2.5, for example less than 2.0, for example less than 1.5. In certain embodiments, one or more non-phosphated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs are not derived from tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). In certain embodiments, one or more phosphated and non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs are derived from N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA).

[0100] Dispersant of Mannich base The Mannich base dispersants useful herein are typically made from the reaction of an amine component, a hydroxyaromatic compound (substituted or unsubstituted, such as alkyl-substituted), such as an alkylphenol, with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde. See U.S. Patent Nos. 4,767,551 and 10,899,986. Also, processing aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acid, may be part of the reaction mixture. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,697,574, 3,703,536, 3,704,308, 3,751,365, 3,756,953, 3,798,165, 3,803,039, 4,231,759, 9,938,479, 7,491,248, and 10,899,986, and International Publication No. 01 / 42399 pamphlet.

[0101] Dispersant of polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivative Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another type of dispersant useful herein. Such dispersants are typically prepared by reacting a nitrogen-containing monomer with a methacrylic acid ester or acrylic acid ester containing 5 to 25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,100,993 and 6,323,164. Polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants are typically of lower molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the dispersants used in the lubricating oil compositions and additive concentrates of the present invention do not include Mannich base dispersants and / or poly(meth)acrylate dispersants. The lubricating compositions of the present disclosure typically include 0.1 wt% to 20 wt% of the composition, such as 0.2 to 15 wt% of the lubricating oil composition, such as 0.25 to 10 wt%, such as 0.3 to 5 wt%, such as 2.0 wt% to 4.0 wt% of a dispersant. Alternatively, the dispersant may be present at 0.1 wt% to 5 wt% or 0.01 wt% to 4 wt% of the lubricating composition.

[0102] For further information regarding dispersants useful herein, see columns 13, line 36 through column 16, line 67 of U.S. Patent No. 10,829,712, and columns 2, line 65 through column 6, line 22, columns 8, line 25 through column 14, line 53, and columns 23, line 40 through column 26, line 46 of U.S. Patent No. 7,485,603. The compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having different notation functions that also have a secondary effect as dispersants (e.g., functionalized polymer P), in particular, C described below herein as a functionalized polymer 4~5 Amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers containing an olefin-containing partially or fully saturated polymer backbone can also exhibit a dispersant effect). Such additives are not included in the dispersants for the purpose of determining the amount of dispersant in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0103] C. Detergent The lubricating composition may contain one or more metal detergents, also referred to as "detergent additives" (e.g., metal detergent friends). Metal detergents typically function both as detergents to reduce or remove deposits and as acid neutralizers or rust inhibitors, thereby reducing wear and corrosion and extending engine life. Detergents generally contain a polar head with a long-chain hydrophobic tail, and the polar head contains a metal salt of an acidic organic compound. Such salts may contain substantially stoichiometric amounts of metal, in which case such salts are usually described as normal or neutral salts and typically will have a total base number ("TBN" measured by ASTM D2896) of up to 150 mg KOH / g, e.g., 0 to 80 (or 5 to 30) mg KOH / g. By reacting an excess metal compound (e.g., an oxide or hydroxide) with an acidic gas (e.g., carbon dioxide), a large amount of metal base can be incorporated. Such detergents are sometimes referred to as overbased and may have a TBN of 100 mg KOH / g or more (e.g., 200 mg KOH / g or more), typically 250 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 300 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 150 to 800 mg KOH / g, 200 to 700 mg KOH / g, 225 to 600 mg KOH / g, e.g., 275 to 500 mg KOH / g, e.g., 300 to 450 mg KOH / g. Preferably, the detergents of the present disclosure are overbased detergents, more preferably detergents having a TBN of 100 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 200 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 250 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 300 mg KOH / g or more, e.g., 150 to 800 mg KOH / g, 200 to 700 mg KOH / g, 225 to 600 mg KOH / g, e.g., 275 to 500 mg KOH / g, e.g., 300 to 450 mg KOH / g.

[0104] Suitable detergents include metals, especially alkali metals (Group 1 metals, e.g., Li, Na, K, Rb) or alkaline earth metals (Group 2 metals, e.g., Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), especially sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium, such as oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, naphthenates, and other oil-soluble carboxylates of Ca and / or Mg. Further, the detergent may include a hybrid detergent comprising any combination of sodium salts, potassium salts, lithium salts, calcium salts, or magnesium salts of sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, naphthenates, and / or other oil-soluble carboxylates of Group 1 and / or Group 2 metals.

[0105] Overbased metal-containing detergents may be sodium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, or mixtures thereof of phenates, sulfur-containing phenates, sulfonates, salixarates, and salicylates. Overbased phenates and salicylates typically have a total base number of 180 - 650 mg KOH / g, e.g., 200 - 450 TBN mg KOH / g. Overbased sulfonates typically have a total base number of 250 - 600 mg KOH / g, or 300 - 500 mg KOH / g. In an embodiment, the sulfonate detergent may be mainly a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent having a metal ratio of at least 8, as described in paragraphs

[0026] -

[0037] of US Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 065045 (granted as US Patent No. 7,407,919).

[0106] One or more detergents may be present in an amount of 0% to 15% by mass, or 0.1% to 10% by mass, or 0.2% to 8% by mass, or 0.2% to 3% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Preferably, one or more detergents of the present invention are present in an amount of 0.1 to 4% by mass, for example 0.2 to 3% by mass, for example 0.4 to 2% by mass, for example 0.5 to 1.5% by mass, for example 0.8 to 1.2% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. For example, in a large diesel engine, the detergent may be present at 0.8% to 1.2% by mass of the lubricating composition. In the case of a passenger car engine, the detergent may be present, for example, at 0.2% to 1% by mass of the lubricating composition. Preferably, one or more detergents useful in the present disclosure include calcium and / or magnesium metal salts. The detergent may be calcium and / or magnesium carboxylate (e.g., salicylic acid), calcium and / or magnesium sulfonate, or calcium and / or magnesium phenate detergent. More preferably, the detergent is selected from magnesium salicylate, calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate, calcium sulfonate, magnesium phenate, calcium phenate, and hybrid detergents containing two, three, four, or more of these detergents and / or combinations thereof. More preferably, the detergent is selected from the group consisting of one or more calcium sulfonates, one or more magnesium sulfonates, one or more calcium salicylates, one or more magnesium salicylates, and combinations of two or more of these (including, but not limited to, the combination of calcium salicylate and magnesium sulfonate). Even more preferably, the detergent is selected from the group consisting of one or more calcium sulfonates, one or more magnesium sulfonates, and mixtures thereof. Even more preferably, the detergent is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfonate, magnesium sulfonate, and mixtures. Particularly preferably, the detergent is a mixture of calcium sulfonate and magnesium sulfonate.

[0107] Also, examples of the metal-containing detergent include "hybrid" detergents formed from mixed surfactant systems containing a phenate and / or sulfonate component, such as phenate / salicylate, sulfonate / phenate, sulfonate / salicylate, sulfonate / phenate / salicylate, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,429,178, 6,429,179, 6,153,565, and 6,281,179. For example, when a hybrid sulfonate / phenate detergent is used, the hybrid detergent is considered to be in the same amount as the amounts of the separate phenate detergent and sulfonate detergent that introduce similar amounts of phenate saponified product and sulfonate saponified product, respectively. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention does not contain or substantially does not contain a phenate detergent, for example, less than 0.5% by mass, such as less than 0.2% by mass, such as less than 0.1% by mass of the lubricating oil composition or concentrate composition. In certain embodiments, the phenate detergent is not present or substantially not present in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate of the present disclosure.

[0108] The detergent additive may include one or more magnesium sulfonate detergents. The magnesium sulfonate may be a neutral salt or an overbased salt. Preferably, the magnesium sulfonate is an overbased magnesium sulfonate having a TBN of 100 to 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as 200 to 500 mg KOH / g, such as 350 to 450 mg KOH / g. Alternatively, the detergent additive may include calcium sulfonate. The calcium sulfonate may be a neutral salt or an overbased salt. Preferably, the calcium sulfonate is an overbased calcium sulfonate having a TBN of 100 to 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as 150 to 500 mg KOH / g, such as 200 to 400 mg KOH / g, such as 250 to 350 mg KOH / g.

[0109] In certain embodiments, the detergent comprises less than or equal to 50% by mass, for example less than 50% by mass, for example less than 40% by mass, for example less than 30% by mass, for example less than 20% by mass, for example less than 10% by mass of calcium salicylate, based on the total mass of the detergent present in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate. Preferably, the detergent additive is a combination of calcium sulfonate and magnesium sulfonate. More preferably, the calcium sulfonate has a TBN of 100 - 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), for example 150 - 500 mg KOH / g, for example 200 - 400 mg KOH / g, for example 250 - 350 mg KOH / g, and the magnesium sulfonate has a TBN of 100 - 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), for example 200 - 500 mg KOH / g, for example 350 - 450 mg KOH / g.

[0110] In certain embodiments, the magnesium detergent provides 200 - 4000 ppm of magnesium atoms, preferably 200 - 2000 ppm, 300 - 1500 ppm, 450 - 1200 ppm, 500 - 1000 ppm, 600 - 900 ppm, or 700 - 800 ppm of magnesium atoms (ASTM D5185) to the lubricating composition. The detergent may include one or more calcium detergents, such as calcium carboxylate (e.g., salicylate), calcium sulfonate, or calcium phenate detergents. Preferably, the calcium detergent has a TBN of 30 - 700 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), for example 50 - 650 mg KOH / g, for example 200 - 500 mg KOH / g, for example 240 - 450 mg KOH / g, or alternatively less than or equal to 150 mg KOH / g, for example less than or equal to 100 mg KOH / g, or greater than or equal to 200 mg KOH / g, or greater than or equal to 300 mg KOH / g, or greater than or equal to 350 mg KOH / g.

[0111] Preferably, the calcium detergent is calcium salicylate, calcium sulfonate, or calcium phenate having a TBN of 30 to 700 mg KOH / g, 30 to 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), for example 50 to 650 mg KOH / g, for example 200 to 500 mg KOH / g, for example 240 to 450 mg KOH / g, or alternatively 150 mg KOH / g or less, for example 100 mg KOH / g or less, or 200 mg KOH / g or more, or 300 mg KOH / g or more, or 350 mg KOH / g or more.

[0112] The calcium detergent is typically present in an amount sufficient to provide at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 750, more preferably at least 900 ppm, more preferably at least 1000 ppm of atomic calcium to the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185). When present, the calcium detergent is preferably present in an amount sufficient to provide 4000 ppm or less, preferably 3000 ppm or less, more preferably 2000 ppm or less, more preferably 1500 ppm or less of atomic calcium to the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185). When present, the calcium detergent is preferably present in an amount sufficient to provide 500 to 4000 ppm, preferably 750 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 900 to 2000 ppm, more preferably 1000 to 1500 ppm of atomic calcium to the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185).

[0113] Suitably, the total atomic weight of the metal derived from the detergent in the lubricating composition according to all aspects of the present disclosure is 5000 ppm or less, preferably 3000 ppm or less, more preferably 2500 ppm or less (ASTM D5185). The total amount of metal atoms derived from the detergent in the lubricating oil composition according to all aspects of the present disclosure is preferably at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 1000 ppm, more preferably at least 1500 ppm (ASTM D5185). The total amount of metal atoms derived from the detergent in the lubricating oil composition according to all aspects of the present disclosure is preferably 500 to 5000 ppm, preferably 1000 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 1500 to 2500 ppm (ASTM D5185).

[0114] Sulfonate detergents can be prepared from sulfonic acids typically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, such as those obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum or by alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples include those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl, or halogen derivatives thereof, such as chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene. The alkylation can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst with an alkylating agent having from about 3 to more than 70 carbon atoms. Alkaryl sulfonates usually contain from about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, preferably from about 16 to about 60 carbon atoms, per alkyl-substituted aromatic moiety. The oil-soluble sulfonate or alkaryl sulfonic acid can be neutralized with metal oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, carboxylates, sulfides, hydrosulfides, nitrates, borates, and ethers. The amount of the metal compound is selected considering the desired TBN of the final product, but is typically in the range of about 100 to 220% by weight (preferably at least 125% by weight) of the stoichiometrically required amount.

[0115] Metal salts of phenol and sulfurized phenol are prepared by reaction of a suitable metal compound, such as an oxide or hydroxide, and neutral or overbased products can be obtained by methods well known in the art. Sulfurized phenol can be prepared by reacting phenol with sulfur or a sulfur-containing compound, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur monohalide, or sulfur dihalide, to form a product which is generally a mixture of compounds in which two or more phenols are bridged by sulfur-containing linkages.

[0116] Carboxylate detergents, such as salicylates, can be prepared by reacting an aromatic carboxylic acid (e.g., C 5~100 , C 9~30 , C 14~24 alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic acid) with a suitable metal compound, such as an oxide or hydroxide, and neutral or overbased products can be obtained by methods well known in the art. The aromatic portion of the aromatic carboxylic acid may contain heteroatoms, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Preferably, this portion contains only carbon atoms, and more preferably, this portion contains 6 or more carbon atoms. For example, a preferred portion is benzene. The aromatic carboxylic acid may contain one or more aromatic portions, such as one or more benzene rings, which are either fused or connected via alkylene linkages.

[0117] Preferred substituents of the oil-soluble salicylic acid are alkyl substituents. In alkyl-substituted salicylic acid, the alkyl group preferably contains 5 to 100, more preferably 9 to 30, and particularly 14 to 20 carbon atoms. When more than one alkyl group is present, the average number of carbon atoms of all alkyl groups is preferably at least 9 in order to ensure reasonable oil solubility. Furthermore, since the metal organic and inorganic base salts used as detergents can contribute to the sulfuric acid ash content of the lubricating oil composition, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the amount of such additives is minimized. To maintain a low sulfur level, salicylate detergents can be used, and the lubricating compositions herein may contain one or more salicylate detergents (the detergents are preferably used in an amount in the range of 0.05 to 20.0% by weight, more preferably 1.0 to 10.0% by weight, and most preferably 2.0 to 5.0% by weight based on the total weight of the lubricating composition).

[0118] The total sulfuric acid ash (SASH) content of the lubricating compositions herein, as determined by ASTM D874, is typically 2.0% by weight or less, alternatively 1.0% by weight or less, alternatively 0.9% by weight or less, alternatively 0.85% by weight or less based on the total weight of the lubricating composition. Furthermore, each of the detergents independently preferably has a total base number (TBN) value in the range of 10 to 700 mg KOH / g, alternatively 100 to 650 mg KOH / g, alternatively 150 to 600, alternatively 200 to 500 mg KOH / g, alternatively 250 to 450 mg KOH / g as measured by ISO3771 or ASTM D2896. Preferably, one or more detergents are present in an amount that together provides less than 0.8% by weight, such as less than 0.7% by weight, such as less than 0.6% by weight, such as less than 0.55% by weight of saponified matter based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. More preferably, one or more detergents are present in an amount that together provides 0.2 to 0.8% by weight, such as 0.3 to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.4 to 0.6% by weight, such as 0.45 to 0.55% by weight of saponified matter based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0119] In certain embodiments, sulfonate detergents (e.g., Ca and / or Mg sulfonate detergents) may be present in an amount that provides 0.2 to 0.8% by weight, such as 0.3 to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.4 to 0.6% by weight, such as 0.45 to 0.55% by weight of sulfonate saponified matter based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Alternatively, the salicylate detergent (e.g., Ca and / or Mg salicylate detergent) may be present in an amount that provides 0.2 to 0.8% by weight, such as 0.3 to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.4 to 0.6% by weight, such as 0.45 to 0.55% by weight of the saponified product, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Alternatively, the sulfonate saponified product may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 0.8% by weight of the lubricant composition, and the salicylate saponified product may be present in an amount of 0.1% to 0.8% by weight of the lubricant composition.

[0120] Typically, a lubricating composition formulated for use in a large diesel engine contains a detergent in an amount of 0.1 to 4% by weight, such as 0.2 to 3% by weight, such as 0.4 to 2% by weight, such as 0.5 to 1.5% by weight, such as 0.8 to 1.2% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Preferably, a lubricating composition formulated for use in a large diesel engine contains less than 0.8% by weight, such as less than 0.7% by weight, such as less than 0.6% by weight, such as less than 0.55% by weight of the saponified product, more preferably a detergent in an amount that provides 0.2 to 0.8% by weight, such as 0.3 to 0.7% by weight, such as 0.4 to 0.6% by weight, such as 0.45 to 0.55% by weight of the saponified product, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0121] In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention do not contain a phenate detergent and / or a salicylate detergent. Preferably, the lubricating oil compositions and additive concentrates of the present invention do not contain or substantially contain a phenate detergent, for example, less than 1.2% by weight, such as less than 1.0% by weight, such as less than 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition or additive concentrate, and / or do not contain or substantially contain a salicylate detergent, for example, less than 1.2% by weight, such as less than 1.0% by weight, such as less than 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition or additive concentrate. More preferably, the detergents used in the lubricating oil compositions and additive concentrates of the present invention consist particularly of a mixture of calcium sulfonate and magnesium sulfonate. The lubricant compositions and concentrates according to the present disclosure may further contain one or more additives, such as friction modifiers, antioxidants, pour point depressants, defoamers, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, demulsifiers, seal compatibility agents, additive diluent base oils, functionalized polymers, and the like. Specific examples of such additives are described, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Volume 14, pages 477 - 526, and some are discussed in more detail below.

[0122] D. Friction Modifiers A friction modifier is any one or more substances that can change the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or a fluid containing such a substance. Friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that can change the ability of a base oil, formulated lubricant composition, or functional fluid to adjust the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface can be effectively used in combination with the base oil or lubricant composition of the present disclosure as needed. It is particularly advantageous to combine a friction modifier that reduces the coefficient of friction with the base oil and lubricant composition of the present disclosure.

[0123] Exemplary friction modifiers can include, for example, organometallic compounds or substances or mixtures thereof. Exemplary organometallic friction modifiers useful in the lubricating oil formulations of the present disclosure can include, for example, tungsten and / or molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum amines, molybdenum diamines, organotungstenates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, and molybdenum carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of useful molybdenum-containing compounds can conveniently include molybdenum carbamate, such as the trinuclear molybdenum compound described in WO 98 / 26030 pamphlet, molybdenum sulfide, and molybdenum dithiophosphate. Other known friction modifiers include oil-soluble organomolybdenum compounds. Such organomolybdenum friction modifiers can also provide antioxidant and antiwear benefits to lubricating oil compositions. Examples of such oil-soluble organomolybdenum compounds include dithiocarbamates, dithiophosphates, dithiophosphinates, xanthates, thioxanthates, and sulfides, among others, as well as mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, molybdenum alkylxanthate, and molybdenum alkylthioxanthate.

[0124] In addition, the molybdenum compound may be an acidic molybdenum compound. Such compounds react with basic nitrogen compounds and are typically hexavalent as measured by the ASTM test D664 or D2896 titration procedure. Molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkali metal molybdates, and other molybdenum salts, such as sodium hydrogen molybdate, MoOC l4 , MoO2Br2, Mo2O3C l6 , molybdenum trioxide, or similar acidic molybdenum compounds are included. Molybdenum compounds useful in the compositions of the present disclosure include organomolybdenum compounds of the formulas Mo(R’’OCS2)4 and Mo(R’’SCS2)4, where R’’ is an organic group generally selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxyalkyl having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and most preferably alkyl having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates.

[0125] Another group of organomolybdenum compounds useful in the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are trinuclear molybdenum compounds, particularly of the formula Mo3S k L n Q zThose, and mixtures thereof, wherein L is an independently selected ligand having an organic group having a number of carbon atoms sufficient to render the compound soluble or dispersible in oil, n is from 1 to 4, k is in the range of 4 to 7, Q is selected from the group consisting of neutral electron donor compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers, z is in the range of 0 to 5, including non-stoichiometric values. All ligands / organic groups should have at least 21 carbon atoms, such as at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 carbon atoms.

[0126] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the friction modifier is an inorganic or organometallic molybdenum compound. In certain embodiments, the friction modifier is molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate. In certain embodiments, the friction modifier is a trinuclear molybdenum compound. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure contains at least 10 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, more preferably at least 50 ppm, or at least 60 ppm of molybdenum (measured as molybdenum atoms). In certain other embodiments, the lubricating oil composition contains no or substantially no molybdenum (Mo), e.g., less than 60 ppm, such as less than 50 ppm, such as less than 40 ppm of Mo. For further information regarding useful friction modifiers containing Mo, see U.S. Patent No. 10,829,712 (column 8, line 58 to column 11, line 31).

[0127] The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain an ashless friction modifier. The ashless friction modifier is generally known and includes esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanol and amine-based friction modifiers. Other useful friction modifiers generally include polar end groups (e.g., carboxyl or hydroxyl) covalently bonded to a lipophilic hydrocarbon chain. The esters of carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanol are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,702,850. Examples of other conventional organic friction modifiers are described in M. Belzer, "Journal of Tribology" (1992), Vol. 114, pp. 675-682, and M. Belzer and S. Jahanmir, "Lubrication Science" (1988), Vol. 1, pp. 3-26. Typically, the total amount of the organic ashless friction modifier in the lubricant according to the present disclosure does not exceed 5% by mass, preferably does not exceed 2% by mass, and more preferably does not exceed 0.5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0128] Exemplary friction modifiers useful in the lubricating compositions described herein include, for example, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, glycerol borate fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate and fatty acid polyglycol esters. Examples of such include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isostearate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, and polyoxyethylene palmitate. Exemplary alkanolamides include, for example, diethyl alkanolamide laurate and diethyl alkanolamide palmitate (palmic acid). Such examples include diethyl alkanolamide oleate, diethyl alkanolamide stearate, diethyl alkanolamide oleate, polyethoxylated hydrocarbylamide, and polypropoxylated hydrocarbylamide.

[0129] Exemplary polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol monooleate, saturated mono-, di-, and triglyceride esters, and glycerol monostearate. Such examples include polyol esters and hydroxyl-containing polyol esters. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the friction modifier is an organic ashless friction modifier, particularly glycerol monooleate. Exemplary glycerol borate fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol monooleate borate, saturated mono-, di-, and triglyceride ester borates, and glycerol monostearate borate. In addition to glycerol polyols, such examples include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, and sorbitan. Such esters may be polyol monocarboxylic acid esters, polyol dicarboxylic acid esters, and optionally polyol tricarboxylic acid esters. Preferred are glycerol monooleate, glycerol dioleate, glycerol trioleate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol distearate, and glycerol tristearate, and the corresponding glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol dipalmitate, and glycerol tripalmitate, and their respective isostearates and linoleates. In this specification, in particular, ethoxylated, propoxylated, and / or butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyols, where glycerol is used as the base polyol, are useful.

[0130] Exemplary aliphatic alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether and myristyl ether. Alcohols having from C3 to C 50 with the number of carbon atoms can be ethoxylated, propoxylated, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The underlying alcohol moiety is preferably stearyl, myristyl, C 11 to C 13 hydrocarbons, oleyl, and isostearyl, etc. may also be used. The useful concentration of the friction modifier, when present, may range from 0.01 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 0.01 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, or about 0.02 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, or about 0.03 wt% to about 1.0 wt%, or about 0.04 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, or about 0.05 wt% to about 0.2 wt%. The concentration of the molybdenum (Mo) - containing substance is often described in terms of the Mo metal concentration. The advantageous concentration of Mo in the lubricating oil composition may range from 25 ppm to 700 ppm or higher, and in many cases, the preferred range is 50 - 200 ppm. Any type of friction modifier may be used alone or in combination with the substances of the present disclosure. In many cases, mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, or mixtures of friction modifiers and alternative surfactants are also desirable. Herein, for example, combinations of Mo - containing compounds and polyol fatty acid esters, such as glycerol monooleate, are useful.

[0131] E. Antioxidants Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of the base oil during service. Such degradation can lead to deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, and an increase in the viscosity of the lubricant. A wide variety of oxidation inhibitors are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, for example, Lubricants and Related Products, Klamann, Wiley VCH, 1984; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197.

[0132] Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. Such phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are hindered phenolic substances containing sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, and examples of such include derivatives of dihydroxyaryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the ortho or para positions to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include C 6+ hindered phenols substituted with alkyl groups and alkylene coupling derivatives of such hindered phenols. Examples of this type of phenolic substance include 2-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-octylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol, 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol, and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. Other useful hindered monophenolic antioxidants can include, for example, hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic propionate esters derivatives. In this specification, bis-phenolic antioxidants can also be advantageously used. Examples of ortho-coupling phenols include 2,2'-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol), 2,2'-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol), and 2,2'-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Examples of para-coupling bisphenols include, for example, 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol) and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol).

[0133] One or more catalytic antioxidants in effective amounts can also be used. The catalytic antioxidants include in effective amounts a) one or more oil-soluble polymetallic organic compounds, and in effective amounts b) one or more substituted N,N'-diarylene-o-phenylenediamine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds or a combination of both b) and c). The catalytic antioxidants useful herein are described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 8,048,833.

[0134] Non-phenolic antioxidants that can be used include aromatic amine antioxidants, which can be used either as such or in combination with phenolic substances. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines, such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R8R9R 10 N, wherein R8 is an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, or a substituted aromatic group, R9 is an aromatic group or a substituted aromatic group, and R 10 is H, alkyl, aryl, or R 11 S(O)XR 12 wherein R 11 is an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, or an aralkylene group, R 12 is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1, or 2. The aliphatic group R8 may contain from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is typically a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R8 and R9 are aromatic groups or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a condensed ring aromatic group, such as naphthyl. The aromatic groups R8 and R9 may be joined together with other groups, such as S.

[0135] Typical aromatic amine antioxidants have an alkyl substituent of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic group will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. General types of amine antioxidants useful in the present composition include diphenylamine, phenylnaphthylamine, phenothiazine, imidodibenzyl, and diphenylphenylenediamine. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Specific examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine, t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.

[0136] Sulfur-containing antioxidants are also useful herein. In particular, one or more oil-soluble or oil-dispersible sulfur-containing antioxidants can be used as antioxidant additives. For example, alkylphenol sulfides and their alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts are also useful antioxidants herein. Preferably, the lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure provides 0.02 to 0.2, preferably 0.02 to 0.15, more preferably 0.02 to 0.1, even more preferably 0.04 to 0.1% by mass of sulfur based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. One or more sulfur-containing antioxidants in an amount may be included. Optionally, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible sulfur-containing antioxidant is sulfurized C4-C 25 olefins, sulfurized aliphatic (C7-C 29 ) hydrocarbyl fatty acid esters, ashless sulfurized phenol-based antioxidants, sulfur-containing organic molybdenum compounds, and combinations thereof. For further information regarding sulfur-containing substances useful as antioxidants herein, see U.S. Patent No. 10,731,101 (column 15, line 55 to column 22, line 12).

[0137] Additional typical antioxidants include Irganox™ L67, Ethanox™ 4702, Lanxess Additin™ RC7110; Ethanox™ 4782J; Irganox™ 1135, Irganox™ 5057, sulfurized lard oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil fatty acid methyl ester. Antioxidants useful herein include sulfurized methyl ester antioxidants such as sulfurized rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester, hindered phenols, and / or arylamines. In certain embodiments, the antioxidants useful herein are selected from sulfurized methyl ester antioxidants such as sulfurized rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester, and / or arylamines. Such antioxidants can be used individually by type or in combination with each other. In certain embodiments, the antioxidants used in the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention comprise, and particularly consist of, alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants and sulfurized methyl ester antioxidants such as sulfurized rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester.

[0138] The antioxidant additive can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.05 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.1 to 4.5% by weight, alternatively 0.5 to 4% by weight, alternatively 1 to 3.5% by weight, alternatively 2.5 to 3.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricating composition. The compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having different notational functions that also have a secondary effect as antioxidants (for example, phosphorus-containing antiwear agents (such as ZDDP) can also exhibit an antioxidant effect). Such additives are not included in the antioxidants for the purpose of determining the amount of antioxidants in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0139] F. Pour Point Depressant Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lubricating oil flow improvers) can be added to the compositions of the present disclosure, if desired. Adding such pour point depressants to the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure can lower the lowest temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyaryl amides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkyl fumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, and allyl vinyl ethers. U.S. Patent Nos. 1,815,022, 2,015,748, 2,191,498, 2,387,501, 2,655,479, 2,666,746, 2,721,877, 2,721,878, and 3,250,715 describe useful pour point depressants and / or their preparation. Such additives can be used in amounts of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricating composition.

[0140] G. Antifoaming Agents Advantageously, antifoaming agents can be added to the lubricant compositions described herein. Such agents prevent or delay the formation of stable bubbles. Silicones and / or organic polymers are typical antifoaming agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicone oils or polydimethylsiloxane, provide antifoaming properties.

[0141] Antifoaming agents are commercially available and can be used in small amounts, for example, 5% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 1% by weight or less, 0.1% by weight or less, for example, 0.001% to 5% by weight, for example, 0.002 to 3% by weight, for example, 0.003 to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the lubricating composition.

[0142] For example, a lubricating oil composition is an antifoaming agent comprising a polyalkylsiloxane, such as a polydialkylsiloxane, wherein, for example, the alkyl is C1-C 10It may contain an antifoaming agent, which may be an alkyl group and may also be polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as silicone oil. Alternatively, the siloxane is a poly(R 3 ) siloxane, where R 3 is typically one or more identical or different linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyls having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as alkyl or aryl, for example, poly(R 3 ) siloxane. For example, the lubricating oil composition may contain a polymeric siloxane compound according to the following formula 1, where R 1 and R 2 may independently be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl, phenyl, naphthyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, or isomers thereof (e.g., methyl, phenyl), and n may be from 2 to 1000, such as from 50 to 450, or alternatively, for example, from 40 to 100.

[0143] In addition or alternatively, the lubricating oil composition may contain an organically modified siloxane (OMS), for example, a siloxane modified with an organic group such as a polyether (e.g., ethylene-propylene oxide copolymer), a long-chain hydrocarbyl (e.g., C 11 -C 100 alkyl), or an aryl (e.g., C6-C 14 aryl). For example, the lubricating oil composition may contain an organically modified siloxane compound according to formula 1, where n may be from 2 to 2000, such as from 50 to 450 (alternatively, for example, from 40 to 100), R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different, and optionally, each of R 1 and R 2 may independently be an organic group selected from, for example, a polyether (e.g., ethylene-propylene oxide copolymer), a long-chain hydrocarbyl (e.g., C 11 -C 100 alkyl), or an aryl (e.g., C6-C 14 aryl). Preferably, R 1and R 2 One of them is CH3.

Chemical formula

[0144] Based on the total mass of the lubricant composition, the siloxane according to Formula 1 is incorporated to provide about 0.1 to less than about 30 ppm of Si, or about 0.1 to about 25 ppm of Si, or about 0.1 to about 20 ppm of Si, or about 0.1 to about 15 ppm of Si, or about 0.1 to about 10 ppm of Si. More preferably, it is in the range of about 3 to 10 ppm of Si. In embodiments, silicone defoamers useful herein such as Dow Corning FS-1265 (1000 centistokes), Dow Corning DC-200, and Union Carbide UC-L45 are available from Dow Corning Corporation and Union Carbide Corporation. Silicone defoamers useful herein include polydimethylsiloxane, phenyl-methylpolysiloxane, linear, cyclic, or branched siloxanes, silicone polymers and copolymers, and / or organosilicone copolymers. Also, a siloxane polyether copolymer defoamer available from OSI Specialties, Inc. of Farmington Hills, Michigan can be substituted or included. One such substance is sold as SILWET-L-7220.

[0145] In this specification, acrylate polymer defoamers can also be used. Typical acrylate defoamers include polyacrylate defoamers available from Monsanto Polymer Products Co., known as PC-1244. Preferred acrylate polymer defoamers useful herein are commercially available from Dorf Ketl and are PX(trademark)3841 (i.e., an alkyl acrylate polymer), also called Mobilad(trademark)C402.

[0146] In an embodiment, a combination of a silicone defoamer and an acrylate defoamer can be used, for example, at a mass ratio of silicone defoamer to acrylate defoamer of from about 5:1 to about 1:5. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0189283.

[0147] H. Viscosity Modifier A viscosity modifier (also referred to as a viscosity index improver or a viscosity increaser) can be included in the lubricating compositions described herein. The viscosity modifier provides high-temperature and low-temperature operating capabilities to the lubricant. Such additives impart shear stability at high temperatures and an acceptable viscosity at low temperatures. Suitable viscosity modifiers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters, and viscosity-modifying dispersants that can function as both a viscosity modifier and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of such polymers are from about 10,000 to 1,500,000 g / mol, more typically from about 20,000 to 1,200,000 g / mol, and even more typically from about 50,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol. Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers are linear or star polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefin, or alkylated styrene. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity modifier. Another suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylate (e.g., copolymers of alkyl methacrylates of various chain lengths), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (e.g., copolymers of acrylates of various chain lengths). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene-based polymers having a molecular weight of 50,000 to 200,000 g / mol.

[0148] Useful copolymers as viscosity modifiers include those commercially available under the trade name "PARATONE (trademark)" from Chevron Oronite Company LLC (e.g., "PARATONE (trademark) 8921", "PARATONE (trademark) 68231", "PARATONE (trademark) 24EX", and "PARATONE (trademark) 8941"); those commercially available under the trade name "HiTEC (trademark)" from Afton Chemical Corporation (e.g., HiTEC (trademark) 5850B); and those commercially available under the trade names "Lubrizol (trademark) 7067C" and "Lubrizol (trademark) 7077D" from The Lubrizol Corporation. Examples of hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers useful as viscosity modifiers in this specification include those commercially available from Infineum International Limited under, for example, the trade names "SV203 (trademark)", "SV200 (trademark)", and "SV600 (trademark)". Hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers useful as viscosity modifiers in this specification are commercially available from Infineum International Limited under, for example, the trade name "SV50 (trademark)".

[0149] Polymers useful as viscosity modifiers in this specification include polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, such as linear polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, for example, those available under the trade name "Viscoplex (trademark)" (e.g., Viscoplex (trademark) 6-954) from Evnoik Industries, or star polymers available under the trade name Asteric (trademark) (e.g., Lubrizol (trademark) 87708 and Lubrizol (trademark) 87725) from Lubrizol Corporation. The vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful as viscosity modifiers in this specification can be derived from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers, such as styrenic monomers like styrene. Exemplary vinyl aromatic-containing copolymers useful in this specification can be represented by the following general formula: A-B, where A is a polymeric block mainly derived from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers (such as styrene), and B is a polymeric block mainly derived from conjugated diene monomers (such as isoprene).

[0150] The vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful as viscosity modifiers may have a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 20 cSt or less, such as 15 cSt or less, such as 12 cSt or less, but may be diluted to have a higher kinematic viscosity at 100 °C, such as 40 cSt or more, such as 100 cSt or more, such as 1000 cSt or more, such as 1000 - 2000 cSt (e.g., with Group I, II, and / or III base stocks). Typically, the viscosity modifier, when present, can be used in an amount of about 0.01 - about 13 mass%, such as about 0.1 - about 7 mass%, such as 0.1 - about 4 mass%, such as about 0.2 - about 2 mass%, such as about 0.2 - about 1 mass%, such as about 0.2 - about 0.5 mass% based on the total mass of the formulated lubricant composition.

[0151] The viscosity modifier is typically added as a concentrate to a large amount of diluent oil. The "as-received" viscosity modifier typically contains 20 mass% - 75 mass% active polymer in the case of polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, or 8 mass% - 20 mass% active polymer in the case of olefin copolymers, hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers, or hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers in the "as-received" polymer concentrate. The compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having different notation functions that also have a secondary effect as a viscosity modifier (e.g., component P). Functionalized polymers, particularly amide, imide, ester, and / or alcohol functionalized polymers described below, can also exhibit a viscosity modifying effect. Such additives are not included in the viscosity modifier for the purpose of determining the amount of the viscosity modifier in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0152] J. Corrosion inhibitor / rust preventive Corrosion inhibitors can be used to reduce the corrosion of metals and are often alternatively referred to as metal deactivators or metal passivators. Some corrosion inhibitors may alternatively be characterized as antioxidants. Suitable corrosion inhibitors include nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds such as triazoles (e.g., benzotriazole), substituted thiadiazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, tetrazoles, hydroxyquinolines, oxazolines, imidazolines, thiophenes, indoles, indazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, dithiols, oxazoles, oxatriazoles, pyridines, piperazines, triazines, and derivatives of any one or more of these. A specific corrosion inhibitor has the following structure:

Chemical formula

[0153] In addition or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may contain one or more substituted thiadiazoles represented by the following structure:

Chemical formula

[0154] Further, in addition to or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may include one or more other derivatives of DMTD, such as R 15 and R 16 may include carboxylic acid esters in which are joined to the sulfide sulfur atom via a carbonyl group. The preparation of such thioester-containing DMTD derivatives is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,760,933. DMTD derivatives produced by condensation of DMTD with an alpha-halogenated aliphatic carboxylic acid having at least 10 carbon atoms are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,836,564. By this method, DMTD derivatives in which R 15 and R 16 are HOOC-CH(R 19 )-(R 19 is a hydrocarbyl group) are produced. DMTD derivatives further produced by amidation or esterification of such terminal carboxylic acid groups may also be useful.

[0155] The preparation of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,663,561. Examples of DMTD derivatives include mixtures of 2 - hydrocarbyldithio - 5 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole and 2,5 - bis - hydrocarbyldithio - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole. Such mixtures may be sold under the trade name HiTEC™ 4313 and are commercially available from Afton Chemical Company. The preparation of 2 - hydrocarbyldithio - 5 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,663,561. Examples of DMTD derivatives include mixtures of 2 - hydrocarbyldithio - 5 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole and 2,5 - bis - hydrocarbyldithio - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole. Such mixtures may be sold under the trade name HiTEC™ 4313 and are commercially available from Afton Chemical Company.

[0156] Furthermore, in addition or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may include a trifunctional borate having the structure B(OR 46 )3, where each R 46 may be the same or different. Since the borate is typically desirably compatible with the non - aqueous medium of the composition, each R 46 may in particular include a hydrocarbyl C1 - C8 moiety or be a hydrocarbyl C1 - C8 moiety. For example, in the case of a composition where the non - aqueous medium includes a lubricating oil base stock or is a lubricating oil base stock, typically better compatibility can be achieved when the hydrocarbyl moieties are each at least C4. Thus, non - limiting examples of such corrosion inhibitors include, but are not limited to, triethyl borate, tripropyl borate, such as triisopropyl borate, tributyl borate, such as tri - tert - butyl borate, tripentyl borate, trihexyl borate, trioctyl borate, such as tri - (2 - ethylhexyl) borate, and monohexyl dibutyl borate, etc., and combinations thereof.

[0157] When used, the corrosion inhibitor may include a substituted thiadiazole, a substituted benzotriazole, a substituted triazole, a trisubstituted borate, or a combination thereof. Optionally, the corrosion inhibitor can be used in any effective amount, but when used, typically, based on the mass of the composition, it can be used in an amount of about 0.001% to 5.0% by mass, such as 0.005% to 3.0% by mass, or 0.01% to 1.0% by mass. Alternatively, such an additive can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by mass, preferably about 0.05 to 1.5% by mass, based on the mass of the lubricating composition.

[0158] In some embodiments, the 3,4-oxypyridinone-containing composition may not substantially contain a triazole, a benzotriazole, a substituted thiadiazole, an imidazole, a thiazole, a tetrazole, a hydroxyquinoline, an oxazoline, an imidazoline, a thiophene, an indole, an indazole, a quinoline, a benzoxazine, a dithiol, an oxazole, an oxatriazole, a pyridine, a piperazine, a triazine, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, or any corrosion inhibitor (e.g., 0, or less than 0.001% by mass, 0.0005% by mass or less, intentionally not added, and / or not contained at all). The compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having different marking functions that also have a secondary effect as a corrosion inhibitor (e.g., component P described below; the functionalized polymer can also exhibit a corrosion inhibitor effect). Such additives are not included in the corrosion inhibitor for the purpose of determining the amount of the corrosion inhibitor in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0159] K. Antiwear Agent The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more antiwear agents that can reduce friction and excessive wear. Any antiwear agent known to those skilled in the art can be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable antiwear agents include zinc dithiophosphate, metal salts of dithiophosphates (e.g., salts of Pb, Sb, and Mo, etc.), metal salts of dithiocarbamates (e.g., salts of Zn, Pb, Sb, and Mo, etc.), metal salts of fatty acids (e.g., salts of Zn, Pb, and Sb, etc.), boron compounds, phosphate esters, phosphite esters, amine salts of phosphate esters or thiophosphate esters, reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and thiophosphoric acid, and combinations thereof. The amount of the antiwear agent may range from about 0.01% by mass to about 5% by mass, about 0.05% by mass to about 3% by mass, or about 0.1% by mass to about 2% by mass, about 0.5% by mass to about 1% by mass, or about 0.6% by mass to about 0.8% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0160] In an embodiment, the antiwear agent is or contains a metal salt of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate, such as a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate compound. The metal of the metal salt of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate may be an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, or copper. In some embodiments, the metal is zinc. In other embodiments, the alkyl group of the metal salt of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate has about 3 to about 22 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 18 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms, or about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. In a further embodiment, the alkyl group is linear or branched. Also, useful antiwear agents include substituted or unsubstituted thiophosphoric acids, and salts thereof include zinc-containing compounds, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc diaryldithiophosphate, and / or zinc alkylaryldithiophosphate selected from zinc dithiophosphate compounds.

[0161] Metal alkyl thiophosphates and, more particularly, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) where the metal component is zinc can be useful components of the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure. ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally have the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2, where R1 and R2 are C1-C 18 alkyl groups, preferably C2-C 12 alkyl groups. Such alkyl groups may be straight-chain or branched-chain. Alcohols used in ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol, pentanol, hexanol, for example, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and alkylated phenols, etc. Mixtures of secondary alcohols, or mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols can be used. Alkylaryl groups may also be used. Useful zinc dithiophosphates include secondary zinc dithiophosphates, for example, those available from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade names "LZ 677A", "LZ 1095", and "LZ 1371", those available from Chevron Oronite under the trade name "OLOA™ 262", and those available from Afton Chemical under the trade name "HiTEC™ 7169".

[0162] In embodiments, the zinc compound can be zinc dithiocarbamate, for example, of the following formula:

Chemical formula

[0163] Antiwear additives, such as ZDDP and / or zinc carbamate, are typically used in amounts of about 0.4 wt% to about 1.2 wt%, preferably about 0.5 wt% to about 1.0 wt%, more preferably about 0.6 wt% to about 0.8 wt%, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Preferably, the antiwear additive is ZDDP, such as primary ZDDP, secondary ZDDP, or a mixture of primary ZDDP and secondary ZDDP, and is present in an amount of 0.4 wt% to 1.2 wt%, preferably 0.5 wt% to 1.0 wt%, more preferably 0.6 wt% to 0.8 wt%, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. As indicated above, the lubricating oil compositions of the present invention contain less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus. Accordingly, the antiwear additive, preferably ZDDP, is present in an amount that provides less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, as measured by ASTM D5185. Preferably, the antiwear additive, preferably ZDDP, is present in an amount that provides less than 900 ppm of phosphorus, such as less than 850 ppm of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, as measured by ASTM D5185. More preferably, the antiwear additive, preferably ZDDP, is present in an amount that provides from 700 ppm to 900 ppm of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, as measured by ASTM D5185.

[0164] Also useful as antiwear additives herein are boron-containing compounds such as borate esters, boricated aliphatic amines, boricated epoxides, alkali metal (or mixed alkali metal or alkaline earth metal) borates, and boricated overbased metal salts. The compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having different marking functions that also have a secondary effect as antiwear agents (for example, the component B dispersant described above and the component P functionalized polymer described below can also exhibit an antiwear effect). Such additives are not included in the antiwear agents for the purpose of determining the amount of antiwear agent in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0165] L. Demulsifier Demulsifiers useful herein include those described in U.S. Patent No. 10,829,712 (column 20, lines 34 to 40). Typically, a small amount of a demulsifying component can be used herein. Preferred demulsifying components are described in European Patent No. 330 522. This is obtained by reacting an alkylene oxide with an adduct obtained by reacting a bis-epoxide with a polyhydric alcohol. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.001 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight.

[0166] M. Seal compatibility agent Other optional additives include seal compatibility agents such as organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (e.g., butyl benzyl phthalate), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.001 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight, more preferably about 0.05 to 1% by weight, and even more preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by weight. In an embodiment, the seal compatibility agent is a sea swell agent such as PIBSA (polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride).

[0167] N. Extreme pressure agent The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more extreme pressure agents capable of preventing seizure of a sliding metal surface under extreme pressure conditions. Any extreme pressure agent known to those skilled in the art can be used in the lubricating oil composition. Generally, an extreme pressure agent is a compound that can chemically bond with a metal and form a surface film that prevents welding of the irregularities of opposing metal surfaces under high loads. Non-limiting examples of suitable extreme pressure agents include the following: sulfurized animal or vegetable fats or oils, sulfurized animal or vegetable fatty acid esters, complete or partially esterified esters of trivalent or pentavalent acids of phosphorus, sulfurized olefins, dihydrocarbyl polysulfides, sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts, sulfurized dicyclopentadiene, sulfurized or co-sulfurized mixtures of fatty acid esters and mono-unsaturated olefins, co-sulfurized blends of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and alpha-olefins, functional group-substituted dihydrocarbyl polysulfides, thia-aldehydes, thia-ketones, episulfide compounds, sulfur-containing acetal derivatives, co-sulfurized blends of terpenes and acyclic olefins, and polysulfide olefin products, amine salts of phosphate esters or thiophosphate esters, and combinations thereof. The amount of the extreme pressure agent may range from about 0.01% by mass to about 5% by mass, from about 0.05% by mass to about 3% by mass, or from about 0.1% by mass to about 1% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0168] O. Non-base stock unsaturated hydrocarbons The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons. Such unsaturated hydrocarbons are different from any base oil (lubricating oil base stock of Group I, II, III, IV, and / or V) and / or viscosity modifier that may be present in the composition, and always have at least one unsaturation per molecule (typically only one in the case of linear alpha-olefins or LAO). Without being bound by theory, the unsaturation can provide antioxidant functionality and / or sulfur scavenging functionality that can complement and / or replace one or more antioxidant additives and / or one or more corrosion inhibitor additives. However, unsaturated hydrocarbons (LAO) will typically not provide the sole antioxidant or the sole corrosion inhibition functionality in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons include one or more unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons (e.g., C 12 ~C 48 hydrocarbons, C 12 ~C 36 hydrocarbons, C 12 ~C 30 hydrocarbons, or C 12 ~C 24 hydrocarbons). When there is only one unsaturation, the unsaturated hydrocarbon may be referred to as a linear alpha-olefin (LAO). Other non-limiting examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons include oligomers / polymers of polyisobutylene that retain (or are post-polymerization modified to exhibit) terminal (near) unsaturation, and / or blends thereof. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (LAO), when present, may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass (particularly 0.1 to 3% by mass, alternatively 0.1 to 1.5% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0169] P. Functionalized polymers In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate of the present invention contains one or more functionalized polymers. Suitable functionalized polymers include functionalized polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers functionalized with acylating agents such as maleic anhydride and amines, polymethacrylates functionalized with amines, or esterified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers reacted with amines. A more detailed description of the functionalized polymers is disclosed in International Publication No. WO 2006 / 015130 or U.S. Patent Nos. 4,863,623, 6,107,257, 6,107,258, and 6,117,825. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymers include those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,863,623 (see column 2, line 15 to column 3, line 52) or International Publication No. WO 2006 / 015130 pamphlet (see paragraph

[0008] on page 2. The preparation examples are described in paragraphs

[0065] to

[0073] ). Preferred functionalized polymers include those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 480,571 filed on October 4, 2023 and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 379,006 filed on October 11, 2022, such as, but not limited to, C 4~5 an amide, imide, ester, and / or alcohol functionalized partially or fully saturated polymer containing olefins, having an Mw / Mn of less than 2 and a functionality parameter of 1.4 to 15 per 10,000 g / mol, and the polymer before functionalization, such as amine-functionalized partially or fully saturated polyisoprene, has an Mn of 30,000 g / mol or more (GPC - polystyrene standard), and the amide, imide, ester, and / or alcohol functionalized partially or fully saturated polymers are as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 480,571 filed on October 4, 2023 and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 379,006 filed on October 11, 2022, and such documents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0170] In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition or concentrate is an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer comprising a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing C 4~5 olefins, wherein i) as determined by GPC-PS, the Mw / Mn is less than 2, such as less than 1.6, such as less than 1.5, such as less than 1.4, such as 1 to 1.3, such as 1.0 to 1.25, such as 1.0 to 1.2, such as 1.0 to 1.15, such as 1.0 to 1.1; ii) the functionality distribution (Fd) value is 3.5 or less; and iii) the polymer before functionalization has a Mn (determined by GPC-PS) of 10,000 g / mol or more, such as 20,000 g / mol or more, such as 25,000 g / mol or more, such as 30,000 g / mol or more, such as 35,000 g / mol or more, or alternatively 10,000 to 300,000 g / mol, such as 20,000 to 150,000 g / mol, such as 30,000 to 125,000 g / mol, such as 35,000 to 100,000 g / mol, such as 40,000 to 80,000 g / mol, and includes an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer.

[0171] The amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers, and / or polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymers, may be homopolymers or copolymers. The copolymers may be random copolymers, tapered block copolymers, star copolymers, or block copolymers. The block copolymer is formed from a monomer mixture comprising one or more first monomers (such as isobutylene), for example, the first monomer forms an individual block of the polymer joined to a second individual block of the polymer formed from a second monomer (such as butadiene). The block copolymer has substantially distinct blocks formed from the monomers, while the tapered block copolymer may be composed of a relatively pure first monomer at one end and a relatively pure second monomer at the other end. The middle portion of the tapered block copolymer may have an increasing gradient composition of the two monomers.

[0172] Polymers useful herein for preparing amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers may be copolymers or homopolymers such as butadiene or isoprene. Polymers useful herein for preparing amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers may be copolymers of isoprene with one or more of styrene, methyl-styrene, 2,3-dimethyl-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, myrcene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-phenyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-phenyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-hexyl-1,3-butadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2-benzyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-p-tolyl-1,3-butadiene 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 1,3-heptadiene, 2,4-heptadiene, 1,3-octadiene, 2,4-octadiene, 3,5-octadiene, 1,3-nonadiene, 2,4-nonadiene, 3,5-nonadiene, 1,3-decadiene, 2,4-decadiene, and 3,5-decadiene (optionally, the comonomer is present at less than 20 mol%, less than 5 mol%, such as less than 3 mol%, such as less than 1 mol%, such as less than 0.1 mol%).

[0173] In embodiments, the functionalized polymer comprises 10 (such as 9, such as 8, such as 7, such as 6, such as 5, such as 4, such as 3, such as 2, such as 1) mass % or less styrene monomer, based on the mass of the functionalized polymer. In embodiments, the functionalized polymer may be absent of styrene repeat units. In embodiments, the functionalized polymer may be a block or tapered block copolymer that does not contain a styrene block. In embodiments, the functionalized polymer may be a block or tapered block copolymer that comprises (or consists of or consists essentially of) isoprene. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may be a block or tapered block copolymer containing 50% by mass or more of isoprene, based on the mass of the copolymer. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer is C 4~5 containing (or consisting of or consisting essentially of) a conjugated diene, preferably 50 (e.g., 60, e.g., 70, e.g., 80, e.g., 90, e.g., 95, e.g., 98) mass % or more of C 4~5 a block or tapered block copolymer containing a conjugated diene may be used. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may be a copolymer containing 50 (e.g., 60, e.g., 70, e.g., 80, e.g., 90, e.g., 95, e.g., 98) mass % or more of isoprene, based on the mass of the copolymer.

[0174] In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may be a copolymer containing 50 (e.g., 60, e.g., 70, e.g., 80, e.g., 90, e.g., 95, e.g., 98) mass % or more of butadiene, based on the mass of the copolymer. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may be a copolymer containing 50 (e.g., 60, e.g., 70, e.g., 80, e.g., 90, e.g., 95, e.g., 98) mass % or more of butadiene and isoprene, based on the mass of the copolymer. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may be a diblock copolymer containing at least one block of an isoprene homopolymer or copolymer. In an embodiment, the polymers useful herein for preparing amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers may be homopolymers of isoprene or copolymers of isoprene and less than 5 mol% (e.g., less than 3 mol%, e.g., less than 1 mol%, e.g., less than 0.1 mol%) of a comonomer.

[0175] Preferably, the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is derived from a homopolymer or copolymer of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene or butadiene, preferably a homopolymer. More preferably, the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer contains at least 90% partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene repeat units. More preferably, the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is a partially or fully hydrogenated homopolyisoprene. More preferably, the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is a partially or fully hydrogenated homopolyisoprene having 30,000 g / mol (GPC-PS). Optionally, the polymer backbone contains repeat units of one or more polar monomers selected from the group consisting of (but not limited to) fumarate, acrylate, and combinations thereof. Optionally, the polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may be free of styrene repeat units. Optionally, the functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymers may be free of styrene repeat units. Optionally, the polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may be free of butadiene repeat units. Optionally, the functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymers may be free of butadiene repeat units. Optionally, the polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may not be homopolybutylene. Optionally, the functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymers may not be homopolybutylene.

[0176] Optionally, the polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may not be homopolyisobutylene. Optionally, the functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymers may not be homopolyisobutylene. Optionally, the polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may not be a copolymer of isoprene and butadiene. Optionally, the functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymers may not be a copolymer of isoprene and butadiene. Generally, the polymerized conjugated dienes in the functionalized polymer include monomer units inserted into the growing polymer chain by both conjugate addition and non-conjugate addition. In embodiments, the functionalized polymer 13 by 13C NMR measurement, based on the total number of conjugate additions and non-conjugate insertions, includes at least about 50% conjugate addition insertions, such as at least about 75% conjugate addition insertions, such as about 80% conjugate addition insertions, such as about 85% to about 100% conjugate addition insertions.

[0177] Generally, the polymerized conjugated diene polymers useful herein for preparing amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers include a mixture of 1,4- and 1,2-insertions (also known as 2,1-insertions; for butadiene, 1,2-insertion is the same as 3,4-insertion). The polymerized conjugated diene polymers useful herein for preparing functionalized polymers, by 1H NMR measurement, based on the total of 2,1 insertion, 1,4 insertion, and 3,4 insertion of isoprene, include at least about 50% 1,4-insertions, such as at least about 75% 1,4 insertions, such as at least about 80% 1,4 insertions, such as at least about 90% 1,4 insertions, such as at least about 95% 1,4 insertions, such as at least 98% 1,4 insertions. For the purposes of this disclosure: 1) the phrase "1,4 insertion" includes 1,4 and 4,1 insertions; 2) the phrase "2,1 insertion" includes 2,1 and 1,2 insertions; and 3) the phrase "3,4 insertion" includes 3,4 insertions and 4,3 insertions.

[0178] The insertion of isoprene most often occurs by 2,1 insertion, 1,4 insertion (trans and cis), and 3,4 insertion of isoprene. (The measurement of the insertion geometry is 1 determined by 1H NMR.) The functionalized isoprene polymer 1Measured by ¹H NMR, based on the sum of 2,1 insertion, 1,4 insertion, and 3,4 insertion of isoprene, it contains at least about 50% 1,4-insertion, for example at least about 75% 1,4 insertion, for example at least about 80% 1,4 insertion, for example at least about 90% 1,4 insertion, for example at least about 95% 1,4 insertion, for example at least 98% 1,4 insertion. For the purposes of the present disclosure, 1) the phrase "1,4 insertion" includes 1,4 and 4,1 insertions, 2) the phrase "2,1 insertion" includes 2,1 and 1,2 insertions, and 3) the phrase "3,4 insertion" includes 3,4 and 4,3 insertions.

[0179] Polymers useful herein for preparing functionalized polymers typically have an Mn (i.e., before functionalization) of 10,000 - 150,000 g / mol, alternatively about 10,000 - about 100,000 g / mol, or 20,000 - about 150,000 g / mol, alternatively 30,000 - about 125,000 g / mol, for example about 30,000 - about 50,000 g / mol, for example about 30,000 - about 40,000 g / mol, alternatively 35,000 - about 100,000 g / mol, alternatively 40,000 - 80,000 g / mol (GPC-PS). Alternatively, the polymer before functionalization may have an Mn of at least 25,000 g / mol, for example at least 30,000 g / mol (GPC-PS).

[0180] Polymers useful herein for preparing functionalized polymers may typically have an Mw / Mn (determined by GPC-PS) of 1 - 2, alternatively greater than 1 and less than 2, alternatively 1.1 - 1.8, alternatively 1.2 - 1.5. Alternatively, polymers useful herein for preparing functionalized polymers may typically have an Mw / Mn of 1 or greater than 1 and less than 2 (e.g., less than 1.8, for example less than 1.7, for example less than 1.6, for example less than 1.5, for example less than 1.4, for example less than 1.3, for example 1.25 or less, for example less than 1.2, for example less than 1.15, for example less than 1.12, for example less than 1.10). Functionalization may occur along with Mw / Mn broadening. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 15,000 (e.g., 20,000, e.g., 25,000, e.g., 30,000, e.g., 35,000, e.g., 40,000) g / mol or more as determined by GPC-PS. In certain embodiments, the functionalized polymer may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 20,000 to 60,000, particularly 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol (GPC-PS).

[0181] In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 50,000 (e.g., 40,000, e.g., 35,000) g / mol or less as determined by GPC-PS. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1000 to 50,000 g / mol, e.g., 5000 to 40,000 g / mol as determined by GPC-PS. The functionalized polymer may typically have an Mw / Mn (GPC-PS) of 1 to 3, alternatively 1 to 2, alternatively greater than 1 and less than 2, alternatively 1.05 to 1.9, alternatively 1.10 to 1.8, alternatively 1.10 to 1.7, alternatively 1.12 to 1.6, alternatively 1.13 to 1.5, alternatively 1.15 to 1.4, alternatively 1.15 to 1.3. Alternatively, the functionalized polymer may typically have an Mw / Mn of 1 or greater than 1 and less than 2 (e.g., less than 1.8, e.g., less than 1.7, e.g., less than 1.6, e.g., less than 1.4, e.g., less than 1.2, e.g., less than 1.15, e.g., less than 1.12, e.g., less than 1.10).

[0182] The polymer used to prepare the functionalized polymer may have an Mz (determined by GPC-PS) of 20,000 to 150,000 g / mol, alternatively 30,000 to about 125,000 g / mol, alternatively 35,000 to about 100,000 g / mol, alternatively 40,000 to 80,000 g / mol, e.g., about 50,000 to about 60,000 g / mol, alternatively 40,000 to 60,000 g / mol (GPC-PS). In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a z-average molecular weight (Mz) of 5,000 to 150,000 g / mol, such as 10,000 to 150,000 g / mol, such as 15,000 to 70,000 g / mol, such as 20,000 to 150,000 g / mol, alternatively 20,000 to about 150,000 g / mol, alternatively 30,000 to about 125,000 g / mol, alternatively 35,000 to about 100,000 g / mol, alternatively 40,000 to 80,000 g / mol, alternatively 40,000 to 60,000 g / mol (GPC-PS).

[0183] Polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer may have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -25 °C or lower, such as -40 °C or lower, such as -50 °C or lower, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a Perkin Elmer or TA Instrument Analysis System (heating the sample from ambient temperature to 210 °C at 10 °C / min, holding at 210 °C for 5 minutes, then cooling to -40 °C at 10 °C / min and holding for 5 minutes). Polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer typically have less than 3%, such as less than 2%, such as less than 1%, such as less than 0.5%, such as less than 0.25% residual unsaturation, based on the number of double bonds in the non-hydrogenated polymer. Polymers useful herein for preparing the functionalized polymer typically have a residual metal (e.g., Li, Co, and Al) content of less than 100 ppm, such as less than 50 ppm, such as less than 25 ppm, such as less than 10 ppm, such as less than 5 ppm.

[0184] The amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized fully or partially saturated (e.g., fully or partially hydrogenated) C described herein 4~5 The conjugated diene polymer is a fully or partially saturated (e.g., fully or partially hydrogenated) C having an Mw / Mn of less than 2 4~5A conjugated diene polymer can be reacted with an acylating agent such as maleic acid or maleic anhydride, and then the acylated polymer can be reacted with an amine (e.g., a polyamine) to form an imide, an amide, or a combination thereof. Details of the hydrogenation, acylation, and functionalization of the polymer for preparing the amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 480,571, filed on October 4, 2023, particularly paragraphs

[0223] -

[0262] , and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 379,006, filed on October 11, 2022, particularly paragraphs

[0213] -

[0252] .

[0185] In embodiments, the amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer is not prepared in an aromatic solvent (e.g., benzene or toluene), or the aromatic solvent is present at 2 wt% or less (e.g., 1 wt% or less, e.g., 0.5 wt% or less) based on the mass of the solvent, diluent, and polymer. In embodiments, the amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer is not prepared in an alkylated naphthalene-based solvent, or the alkylated naphthalene-based solvent is present at 5 wt% or less (e.g., 3 wt% or less, e.g., 1 wt% or less) based on the mass of the solvent, diluent, and polymer. In embodiments, the functionalized polymer may have an average functionality of 1.4 - 20 FG grafts / polymer chain, e.g., 1.4 - 15 FG grafts / polymer chain, e.g., 3 - 12.5 FG grafts / polymer chain, e.g., 4 - 10 FG grafts / polymer chain, e.g., 7, 8, or 9 FG grafts / polymer chain as determined by GPC-PS.

[0186] The functionalized polymer may have an average functionality of 15 (e.g., 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, or 6) FG grafts / polymer chain or less as determined by GPC-PS. The functionalized polymer may have an average functionality of 1 (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, or 4.0) or more FG grafts / polymer chain as determined by GPC-PS. The functionalized polymer may have an average functionality of 1 (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, or 4.0) to 15 (e.g., 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, or 6) FG grafts / polymer chain as determined by GPC-PS.

[0187] In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have an aromatic content of 5% or less, e.g., 3% or less, e.g., 1% or less, e.g., 0% based on the mass of the polymer. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer has a Mn of 20,000 to 500,000 g / mol as determined by GPC-PC and has a branched-chain C with an Mw / Mn of 2 or less, e.g., 1 to 2.0. 4~5 It may contain an acylated polymer of the monomer. In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a gel content of less than about 5 wt%, less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than 1 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, less than 0.1 wt%, or 0 wt%, and the gel content is measured by determining the amount of extractable material from the polymer by using boiling xylene (or cyclohexane) as an extractant. The percentages of soluble and insoluble (gel) materials in the polymer composition are measured by determining the amount of extractable material from the polymer using boiling xylene (or cyclohexane) as an extractant. The percentages of soluble and insoluble (gel) materials in the polymer composition are determined by immersing a polymer thin film specimen with a nominal thickness of 0.5 mm in cyclohexane at 23 °C for 48 hours, or refluxing the thin film specimen in boiling xylene for 30 minutes, removing the solvent, weighing the dry residue, and calculating the amounts of soluble and insoluble (gel) materials. This method is outlined in U.S. Patent No. 4,311,628 and is incorporated herein by reference. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the gel content is measured using boiling xylene, and if the sample does not dissolve in xylene, the cyclohexane method is used.

[0188] In an embodiment, the functionalized polymer may have a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less (determined by GPC-PS, for example 3.4 or less, for example 1 to 3.3, for example 1.1 to 3.2, for example 1.2 to 3.0, for example 1.4 to 2.9, for example 1.7 to 1.9), and an average functionality of 1.4 to 20 FG grafts / polymer chain, for example 1.4 to 15 FG grafts / polymer chain, for example 3 to 12.5 FG grafts / polymer chain, for example 4 to 10 FG grafts / polymer chain, for example 7, 8, or 9 FG grafts / polymer chain, determined by GPC-PS.

[0189] In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate has an Mw / Mn of less than 2 and a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less (measured by GPC-PS, for example 3.4 or less, for example 1 to 3.3, for example 1.1 to 3.2, for example 1.2 to 3.0, for example 1.4 to 2.9) of C 4~5An amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymer comprising (consisting essentially of or consisting of) olefin, wherein the polymer before functionalization is a C4 olefin polymer, such as polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, or a copolymer thereof (preferably polyisobutylene or a copolymer of isobutylene and butadiene), and when the C4 olefin polymer has a Mn of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS), and when the polymer before functionalization is a C4 / C5 copolymer of isoprene and butadiene, the Mn of the copolymer is greater than 25,000 Mn (GPC-PS), comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymer.

[0190] In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate comprises an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized hydrogenated / saturated polymer comprising 90 mol% or more isoprene repeat units and having a functionality distribution (Fd) value of less than 2 Mw / Mn, 3.5 or less (determined by GPC-PS, such as 3.4 or less, such as 1 - 3.3, such as 1.1 - 3.2, such as 1.2 - 3.0, such as 1.4 - 2.9), wherein the polymer before functionalization has a Mn of 10,000 g / mol or more, such as 30,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS).

[0191] In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate comprises an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized hydrogenated / saturated isoprene homopolymer having a Mw / Mn of less than 2, such as less than 1.8, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less (measured by GPC-PS, such as 3.4 or less, such as 2.5 or less, or 1 - 3.3, such as 1.1 - 3.2, such as 1.2 - 3.0, such as 1.4 - 2.9), and an average functionality (Fv) of 4 - 10 functional groups / graft / polymer chain, wherein the polymer before functionalization has a Mn of 20,000 g / mol or more, such as 20,000 - 50,000 g / mol (determined by GPC-PS).

[0192] In certain embodiments, the functionalized polymers used in the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates of the present invention have an Mw / Mn of 1.0 to 2, such as 1.1 to 1.8, such as 1.2 to 1.5; a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.0 to 3.5, such as 1.5 to 2.5, such as 1.9 to 2.1, as determined by GPC-PS as disclosed herein; an average functionality (Fv) of 4 to 10, such as 6 to 8 (as determined as disclosed herein); an Mn of 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol, such as 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol (GPC-PS); and / or an Mz of 40,000 to 70,000 g / mol, such as 50,000 to 60,000 g / mol (GPC-PS); and / or are functionalized with maleic anhydride and further reacted with a polyamine such as N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (NPPDA), such as 4-amino-diphenylamine (ADPA), and have a backbone of homo-polyisoprene.

[0193] In certain embodiments, the amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymers of the present invention are present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt%, such as 0.05 to 4 wt%, such as 0.1 to 3 wt%, such as 0.2 to 2 wt%, such as 0.3 to 1.0 wt%, such as 0.4 to 0.8 wt%, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.86, an Mw / Mn of 1.250, an Mn of 35,140 g / mol (GPC-PS), and an Mz of 55,726 g / mol (GPC-PS), and contains, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, less than, for example, 0.6 wt%, less than, for example, 0.5 wt%, less than, for example, 0.4 wt%, less than, for example, 0.3 wt%, less than, for example, 0.2 wt%, less than, for example, 0.1 wt% of an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer.

[0194] In the lubricating oil compositions and concentrates according to the present disclosure, component P), in particular the amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymers described herein, is considered to be a dispersant in addition to the dispersant of component B), in particular the PIBSA-PAM dispersant of component B). Accordingly, the dispersant of component B), in particular the PIBSA-PAM of component B), and the functionalized polymer of component P), in particular the amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymers described herein, are considered together for the purpose of determining the amount of dispersant in the lubricating oil composition or concentrate disclosed herein. However, it should be understood that the functionalized polymer of component P), in particular the amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymers described herein, is not PIBSA-PAM. In certain embodiments, one or more dispersants comprise from 0.01 to 50 wt%, such as from 0.1 to 40 wt%, such as from 1 to 30 wt%, such as from 5 to 25 wt%, such as from 10 to 20 wt%, such as from 12 to 16 wt% of an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer, based on the total mass of the dispersant.

[0195] When a lubricating oil composition contains one or more of the additives discussed above, the additives are typically blended into the composition in an amount sufficient to perform their intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure, particularly for crankcase lubricants, are shown in the table below.

[0196] Note that many of the additives are shipped from additive manufacturers as concentrates containing one or more additives combined with a certain amount of base oil or other diluent. Accordingly, the amounts by mass in the table below, as well as the other amounts referred to herein, refer to the amount of the active ingredient (i.e., the undiluted portion of the component). The mass percentages (wt%) shown below are based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

Table 1

[0197] The above additives are typically commercially available substances. Such additives may be added independently, but are usually premixed in packages that can be obtained from lubricating oil additive suppliers. Additive packages with various components, ratios, and properties are available, and the appropriate package will be selected considering the use of the final composition. The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the present disclosure.

[0198] Fuel The present disclosure is a method for lubricating an internal combustion engine during engine operation, comprising: (i) supplying the lubricating composition described herein to the crankcase of the internal combustion engine, an automotive crankcase; (ii) supplying a hydrocarbon fuel to the internal combustion engine; and (iii) combusting the fuel in the internal combustion engine, such as a spark-ignition or compression-ignition two-stroke or four-stroke reciprocating engine, such as a diesel engine or a passenger vehicle engine (e.g., a spark-ignition combustion engine). The present disclosure also relates to a method comprising the above steps. The present disclosure also relates to a fuel composition comprising the lubricating oil composition and hydrocarbon fuel described herein, wherein the fuel may be derived from petroleum and / or biological sources ("biofuel" or "renewable fuel"). In embodiments, the fuel comprises 0.1 - 100% by mass renewable fuel, alternatively 1 - 75% by mass renewable fuel, alternatively 5 - 50% by mass renewable fuel, based on the total mass of the renewable fuel and petroleum-derived fuel. Renewable fuel components are typically produced from vegetable oils (e.g., palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, jatropha oil), microbial oils (e.g., algae oil), animal fats (e.g., cooking oil, animal fat, and / or fish fat), and / or biogas. Renewable fuels refer to biofuels produced from biological resources formed by modern biological methods. In one embodiment, the renewable fuel component is produced by a hydrotreating process. Hydrotreating includes various reactions in which molecular hydrogen reacts with other components or the components undergo molecular transformation in the presence of molecular hydrogen and a solid catalyst. Reactions include, but are not limited to, hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, demetallization, hydrocracking, and isomerization. The renewable fuel component may have various distillation ranges that provide the desired properties to the component depending on the intended use.

[0199] In certain embodiments, the fuel is one or more of a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, a hydrogen fuel, natural gas, or any blend thereof, preferably a hydrocarbon fuel. In certain embodiments, the engine is a diesel engine such as a large diesel engine or an automotive diesel engine. In certain embodiments, the engine is a motorcycle engine, a stationary gas or diesel powered engine, a locomotive engine, or a four-stroke medium speed trunk piston engine.

[0200] Use The lubricating compositions of the present disclosure can be used to lubricate the mechanical engine parts of internal combustion engines, particularly spark-ignition or compression-ignition two-stroke or four-stroke reciprocating engines, by adding lubricants thereto. Typically, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are crankcase lubricants, such as passenger car motor oils or large diesel engine lubricants. In particular, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are preferably used for lubricating the crankcase of a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, such as a large diesel engine. In particular, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure is preferably used for lubricating the crankcase of a spark-ignition turbocharged internal combustion engine. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil of the present disclosure is used in a spark-assisted high-compression internal combustion engine. When used in a high-compression spark-ignition internal combustion engine, the lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure is useful for lubricating a high-compression spark-ignition internal combustion engine. In an embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure is preferably used for lubricating the crankcase of an engine of a large diesel vehicle (i.e., a large diesel vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating of 4535.9 kg (10,000 pounds) or more).

[0201] In an embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure is preferably used for lubricating the crankcase of a passenger car diesel engine. In particular, the lubricating oil formulation of the present disclosure is particularly useful for compression-ignition internal combustion engines that use low-viscosity oils such as API FA-4 and future oil classifications where valve train wear protection is difficult, i.e., large diesel engines.

[0202] The present disclosure further relates to the following items. 1. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides (''PIBSA-PAM'') that are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, the one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more dispersants containing at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and C) one or more detergents, The one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with soaps in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents comprising i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the soap in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, the lubricating oil composition. 2. A) The one or more base oils together are present in an amount of at least 50% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) The one or more dispersants together are present in an amount of 2 to 15% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, C) The one or more detergents together are present in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, The lubricating oil composition according to item 1. 3. One or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of friction modifiers, antioxidants, pour point depressants, antifoaming agents, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, rust preventives, antiwear agents, seal compatibility agents, extreme pressure agents, unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons, and functionalized polymers, the lubricating oil composition according to item 1 or item 2. 4. D) One or more friction modifiers in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, E) One or more antioxidants in an amount of 0.01 to 13 (for example 0.1 to 10% by mass) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, F) One or more pour point depressants in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, G) One or more antifoaming agents in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, H) One or more viscosity modifiers in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, J) One or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, K) One or more antiwear agents in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, M) One or more seal compatibility agents, such as seal swell agents, in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, N) Optionally, one or more extreme pressure agents in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, O) One or more unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons, and P) One or more functionalized polymers in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group of 5. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, containing less than 900 ppm, such as less than 850 ppm, of phosphorus. 6. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, containing 700 ppm to 900 ppm of phosphorus. 7. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, containing one or more base oils in an amount of 50 to 95% by mass, such as 60 to 90% by mass, such as 70 to 85% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 8. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein one or more base oils include one or more Group II base oils and optionally one or more Group III base oils. 9. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein one or more base oils contain at least 50% by mass, such as at least 70% by mass, such as at least 90% by mass, of Group II base oils based on the total mass of the base oils present in the lubricating oil composition. 10. The lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, containing at least 50% by mass, such as at least 60% by mass, such as at least 65% by mass, of Group II base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 11. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, naphthenates, other oil-soluble carboxylates of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, and mixtures thereof. 12. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, salicylates of calcium and / or magnesium, and mixtures thereof. 13. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition. 14. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble overbased sulfonates of calcium and / or magnesium. 15. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, which does not contain or substantially does not contain a phenate detergent and contains a phenate detergent in an amount of less than, for example, 0.5% by mass, less than, for example, 0.2% by mass, less than, for example, 0.1% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 16. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, in which no or substantially no phenate detergent is present. 17. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents are present in an amount of 0.1 to 4% by mass, for example 0.2 to 3% by mass, for example 0.4 to 2% by mass, for example 0.5 to 1.5% by mass, for example 0.8 to 1.2% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 18. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the one or more detergents together provide less than 0.8% by mass, for example less than 0.7% by mass, for example less than 0.6% by mass, for example less than 0.55% by mass of saponified products, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 19. The one or more detergents together provide from 0.2% to 0.8% by mass, such as from 0.3% to 0.7% by mass, such as from 0.4% to 0.6% by mass, such as from 0.45% to 0.55% by mass of saponified products, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 20. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of from 2.5% to 5.5% by mass, such as from 3.5% to 5.0% by mass, such as from 4.0% to 4.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 21. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ( "high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and optionally one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ( "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), of the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 22. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs include one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of from 0.5% to 4% by mass, such as from 1.0% to 3.5% by mass, such as from 1.5% to 3.0% by mass, such as from 2.0% to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 23. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs include one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of from 0.5% to 4% by mass, such as from 1.0% to 3.5% by mass, such as from 1.5% to 3.0% by mass, such as from 2.0% to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of from 0.5% to 4% by mass, such as from 1% to 3% by mass, such as from 1.8% to 2.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 24. The mass % ratio of one or more non-phosphated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to one or more non-phosphated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is less than 3.65, for example less than 3.5, for example less than 3.0, for example less than 2.5, for example less than 2.0, for example less than 1.5, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 25. One or more non-phosphated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs are not derived from tetraethylenepentamine, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 26. One or more dispersants further comprise one or more phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, and the one or more phosphated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, for example 0.1 to 0.4% by mass, for example 0.15 to 0.3% by mass, for example 0.2 to 0.25% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 27. The non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs and the phosphated PIBSA-PAMs together are present in an amount of 2.5 to 5.8% by mass, for example 3.0 to 5.5% by mass, for example 3.5 to 5.2% by mass, for example 4.0 to 5.0% by mass, for example 4.2 to 4.8% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 28. One or more dispersants together are present in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass, for example 3 to 8% by mass, for example 4 to 6% by mass, for example 4.5 to 5.5% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 29. The lubricating oil composition contains no or substantially no aromatic dispersant, and contains an aromatic dispersant of, for example, less than 0.5% by mass, for example less than 0.2% by mass, for example less than 0.1% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 30. The lubricating oil composition contains no or substantially no PIBSA esters of hydrocarbyl-bridged naphthyloxy alcohols, and contains PIBSA esters of, for example, less than 0.6% by mass, for example less than 0.4% by mass, for example less than 0.2% by mass, for example less than 0.1% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for the lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items. 31. A lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the PIBSA ester of hydrocarbyl crosslinked naphthyloxy alcohol is absent or substantially absent. 32. i) A lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 7.0 to 15.0, for example 7.2 to 13.0, for example 7.4 to 11.0, for example 7.6 to 10.0, for example 7.8 to 9.0, for example 8.0 to 8.5. 33. ii) A lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, wherein the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 15W-40, 5W-30, or 10W-30. 34. C 4~5 An amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) having an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) having a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) having an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS), A lubricating oil composition according to any of the preceding items, further comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer. 35. The lubricating oil composition according to item 34, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is derived from a homopolymer or copolymer of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene and butadiene. 36. The lubricating oil composition according to item 34, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer contains at least 90% of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene repeat units. 37. The lubricating oil composition according to item 34, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is a partially or fully hydrogenated homo-polyisoprene. 38. The lubricating oil composition according to item 34, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is a partially or fully hydrogenated homo-polyisoprene having an Mn of 30,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS). 39. The functionalized polymer is present in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass, for example 0.05 to 4% by mass, for example 0.1 to 3% by mass, for example 0.2 to 2% by mass, for example 0.3 to 1.0% by mass, for example 0.4 to 0.8% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of the lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 34 to 38. 40. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.86, an Mw / Mn of 1.250, an Mn of 35,140 g / mol (GPC-PS), and an Mz of 55,726 g / mol (GPC-PS), and contains an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer in an amount of, for example, less than 0.6% by mass, for example less than 0.5% by mass, for example less than 0.4% by mass, for example less than 0.3% by mass, for example less than 0.2% by mass, for example less than 0.1% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 41. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the lubricating oil composition is heavy-duty diesel oil. 42. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, which provides valve train rocker arm wear of less than 120 mg, for example less than 110 mg, for example less than 100 mg, for example less than 90 mg, for example less than 80 mg, for example less than 70 mg, for example less than 60 mg, for example less than 50 mg, for example less than 40 mg, as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control. 43. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items, which contains one or more compounds containing molybdenum (Mo), and the one or more compounds containing Mo together provide at least 50 ppm, for example at least 60 ppm, of Mo to the lubricating oil composition. 44. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 41, which does not contain or substantially does not contain molybdenum (Mo) and contains, for example, less than 60 ppm, for example less than 50 ppm, for example less than 40 ppm, of Mo. 45. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) At least 50% by mass of one or more base oils, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) One or more dispersants, The one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), One or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more dispersants containing at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and C) One or more detergents, The one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product to the lubricating oil composition that is 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, The one or more detergents include calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including, i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) The lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, lubricating oil composition. 46. The lubricating oil composition according to item 45, wherein one or more PIBSA-PAM are present in an amount of 2.5 to 10% by mass, for example 3 to 8% by mass, for example 3.5 to 6% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. 47. The lubricating oil composition according to item 45 or item 46, wherein the lubricating oil composition is as further defined in any one of items 2 to 44. 48. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) At least 50% by mass of one or more base oils, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein said one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and include one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), wherein said one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein said one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and one or more detergents, and P)C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) having an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) having a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) having an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS), an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer and include, i) the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, a lubricating oil composition. 49. The lubricating oil composition according to item 48, as further defined in any one of items 2 to 44. 50. A concentrate, A) one or more base oils in an amount of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents provide saponified products to the concentrate, wherein the one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the concentrate, one or more detergents comprising or obtained by mixing, i) a concentrate, wherein the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the concentrate is 6.65 or more based on the total mass of the concentrate. 51. A friction modifier, an antioxidant, a pour point depressant, an antifoaming agent, a viscosity modifier, a corrosion inhibitor, a rust inhibitor, an antiwear agent, a seal compatibility agent, an extreme pressure agent, an unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbon, and the concentrate according to item 50, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of a functionalized polymer. 52. The concentrate according to item 50 or item 51, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, naphthenates, other oil-soluble carboxylates, and mixtures thereof of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. 53. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 52, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, salicylates, and mixtures thereof of calcium and / or magnesium. 54. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 53, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates of calcium and / or magnesium. 55. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 54, wherein the concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain a phenate detergent. 56. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 55, comprising one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs in which the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) ( "high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and optionally one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) One or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ( "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"). 57. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 56, wherein the mass% ratio of one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the concentrate is less than 3.65, for example less than 3.5, for example less than 3.0, for example less than 2.5, for example less than 2.0, for example less than 1.5. 58. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 57, wherein the one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs are not derived from tetraethylenepentamine. 59. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 58, wherein the one or more dispersants further comprise one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs. 60. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 59, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an aromatic dispersant, and contains an aromatic dispersant of less than 0.5% by mass, for example less than 0.2% by mass, for example less than 0.1% by mass, based on the total mass of the concentrate. 61. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 60, containing a PIBSA ester of a hydrocarbyl cross-linked naphthyloxy alcohol of less than 8.0% by mass, for example less than 7.0% by mass, for example less than 6% by mass, for example less than 5% by mass, for example less than 4% by mass, for example less than 3% by mass, for example less than 2% by mass, for example less than 1% by mass, based on the total mass of the concentrate. 62. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 61, wherein the PIBSA ester of hydrocarbyl cross-linked naphthyloxy alcohol is absent or substantially absent in the concentrate. 63. i) Based on the total mass of the concentrate, the mass% ratio of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponifiable matter in the lubricating oil composition is 7.0 to 15.0, for example 7.2 to 13.0, for example 7.4 to 11.0, for example 7.6 to 10.0, for example 7.8 to 9.0, for example 8.0 to 8.5. The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 62. 64. C 4~5 An amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) having an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) having a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) having an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS). The concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 63, further comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer. 65. The concentrate according to item 64, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is derived from a homopolymer or copolymer of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene and butadiene. 66. The concentrate according to item 64, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer contains at least 90% of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene repeat units. 67. The concentrate according to item 64, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is partially or fully hydrogenated homo-polyisoprene. 68. The concentrate according to item 64, wherein the polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is partially or fully hydrogenated homo-polyisoprene having an Mn of 30,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS). A concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 68, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.86, an Mw / Mn of 1.250, an Mn of 35,140 g / mol (GPC-PS), and an Mz of 55,726 g / mol (GPC-PS), and contains, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, for example, less than 0.6% by mass, for example, less than 0.5% by mass, for example, less than 0.4% by mass, for example, less than 0.3% by mass, for example, less than 0.2% by mass, for example, less than 0.1% by mass of the amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer. 70. A lubricating oil composition obtained by including or mixing a concentrate according to any one of items 50 to 69 and one or more base oils. 71. The lubricating oil composition according to item 70, wherein the one or more base oils include one or more Group II base oils and / or one or more Group III base oils. 72. The lubricating oil composition according to item 70, wherein the lubricating oil composition is as defined in any one of items 1 to 49. 73. A method for lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of the engine, comprising: (i) supplying the lubricating composition according to any one of items 1 to 49 or 70 to 72 to the crankcase of the internal combustion engine; (ii) supplying fuel to the internal combustion engine; and (iii) combusting the fuel in the internal combustion engine. A method comprising the steps of: 74. The method according to item 73, wherein the fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, a hydrogen fuel, or one or more blends thereof. 75. The method according to item 73, wherein the fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel. 76. The method according to any one of items 73 to 75, wherein the engine is a diesel engine, for example, a large diesel engine or an automotive diesel engine. 77. The method according to any one of items 73 to 75, wherein the engine is a motorcycle engine, a stationary gas or diesel-powered engine, a locomotive engine, or a four-stroke medium-speed trunk piston engine. 78. A method for increasing the antiwear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, wherein the lubricating oil composition is provided with i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM") which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass of one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, the one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more dispersants containing at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product to the lubricating oil composition that is 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, including the step of including i) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more, ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30. 79. A method for increasing the antiwear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, wherein the lubricating oil composition is provided with i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, and includes one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides (hereinafter referred to as "PIBSA-PAM"), wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, wherein the one or more detergents include calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, comprising the step of including, i) the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30. 80. The method according to item 76 or item 77, wherein the anti-wear ability is increased such that the valve train rocker arm wear is less than 120 mg, for example less than 110 mg, for example less than 100 mg, for example less than 90 mg, for example less than 80 mg, for example less than 70 mg, for example less than 60 mg, for example less than 50 mg, for example less than 40 mg, as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control. 81. A method for producing a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein said one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), wherein said one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein said one or more detergents together provide a saponified product to the lubricating oil composition in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents comprising the step of combining, i) the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, a method. 82. A method for producing a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein said one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and include one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), wherein said one or more PIBSA-PAM include one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, the one or more detergents together provide a lubricating oil composition with soaps in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the one or more detergents comprise calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including the step of combining, i) based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass % of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to the soaps of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more, ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, method. 83. A lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 49 or 70 to 72, and a fuel composition comprising one or more of a hydrocarbon fuel (including but not limited to natural gas), a renewable fuel, a hydrogen fuel, or any blend thereof.

[0203] The present disclosure further relates to the following items. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the following items. A1. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, the one or more dispersants comprise one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), One or more PIBSA-PAMs include one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition to the lubricating oil composition, including, i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, a lubricating oil composition. A2. A) One or more base oils together are present in an amount of at least 50% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) One or more dispersants together are present in an amount of 2 to 15% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, C) One or more detergents together are present in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, The lubricating oil composition preferably D) one or more friction modifiers in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, E) one or more antioxidants in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, F) one or more pour point depressants in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, G) one or more antifoaming agents in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, H) one or more viscosity modifiers in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, J) one or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, K) one or more antiwear agents in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, M) One or more seal compatibilizers, such as seal swelling agents, in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition N) Optionally, one or more extreme pressure agents in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition O) One or more unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons, and P) One or more functionalized polymers in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition The lubricating oil composition according to item A1, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of A3. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A2, containing 700 ppm to 900 ppm of phosphorus A4. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A3, containing 50 to 95% by mass, such as 60 to 90% by mass, such as 70 to 85% by mass of one or more base oils, preferably, the one or more base oils include one or more Group II base oils and optionally one or more Group III base oils A5. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A4, wherein the one or more detergents together provide 0.2 to 0.8% by mass, such as 0.3 to 0.7% by mass, such as 0.4 to 0.6% by mass, such as 0.45 to 0.55% by mass of saponified products based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition A6. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A5, wherein the one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 2.5 to 5.5% by mass, such as 3.5 to 5.0% by mass, such as 4.0 to 4.5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition A7. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A6, wherein the one or more dispersants together are present in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass, such as 3 to 8% by mass, such as 4 to 6% by mass, such as 4.5 to 5.5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition A8. A concentrate, A) One or more base oils of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) One or more dispersants, The one or more dispersants include one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, one or more non-boronated poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), and C) One or more detergents, The one or more detergents provide a saponified product to the concentrate, The one or more detergents include calcium salicylate of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the concentrate, one or more detergents obtained by including or mixing, i) A concentrate in which the ratio of the mass% of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the concentrate based on the total mass of the concentrate is 6.65 or more. A9. A friction modifier, antioxidant, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, viscosity modifier, corrosion inhibitor, rust preventive, antiwear agent, seal compatibility agent, extreme pressure agent, unsaturated C 12 ~C 60 The concentrate according to item A8, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons and functionalized polymers. A10. The one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, salicylates, and mixtures thereof of calcium and / or magnesium, The lubricating oil composition or concentrate according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A9, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble overbased sulfonates of calcium and / or magnesium. A11. One or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs are one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) ( "high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and optionally one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs ( "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), preferably, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition or concentrate, the mass% ratio of one or more non-phosphated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to one or more non-phosphated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs is less than 3.65, such as less than 3.5, such as less than 3.0, such as less than 2.5, such as less than 2.0, such as less than 1.5, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A10. A12. The one or more dispersants further comprise one or more phosphated PIBSA-PAMs, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A11. A13. i) Based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition or concentrate, the mass% ratio of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to saponified matter of the lubricating oil composition is 7.0 to 15.0, such as 7.2 to 13.0, such as 7.4 to 11.0, such as 7.6 to 10.0, such as 7.8 to 9.0, such as 8.0 to 8.5, the lubricating oil composition or concentrate according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A12. A14. C 4~5 An amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) Mw / Mn less than 2, ii) A functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) The lubricating oil composition or concentrate according to any one of the preceding items A1 to A13, further comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer having A15. A lubricating oil composition comprising or obtained by mixing the concentrate according to any one of items A8 to A14 and one or more base oils. A16. A method for lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of the engine, (i) supplying the lubricating composition according to any one of items A1 to A12 or A15 to the crankcase of the internal combustion engine; (ii) supplying fuel to the internal combustion engine; and (iii) burning the fuel in the internal combustion engine A method comprising. A17. A method for increasing the anti-wear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, to the lubricating oil composition, i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), one or more PIBSA-PAM contain one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM which are at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide the lubricating oil composition with a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including the step of including, i) The ratio of the mass % of one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product in the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30. Preferably, the anti-wear ability is increased such that the valve train rocker arm wear is less than 120 mg, for example less than 110 mg, for example less than 100 mg, for example less than 90 mg, for example less than 80 mg, for example less than 70 mg, for example less than 60 mg, for example less than 50 mg, for example less than 40 mg, as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control. A18. A lubricating oil composition according to any of items A1 to A12 or A15, and a fuel composition comprising one or more of a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, a hydrogen fuel, or a mixture thereof.

[0204] The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the present disclosure. Experiment All molecular weights are number average molecular weights (Mn) determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards and reported in g / mol, unless otherwise stated. "A.I.", "ai", "a.i.", and "ai" are active ingredients by mass %, unless otherwise indicated. Test procedure The viscosity index is measured according to ASTM D2270. The high-temperature high-shear viscosity ("HTHS" or "HTHS150") is determined at 150 °C according to ASTM D4683 and reported in cPs. KV100 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 100 °C according to ASTM D445-19a.

[0205] Unless otherwise instructed, the Cold Cranking Simulator ("CCS") at -25°C is a measure of the cold cranking properties of the crankcase lubricant and is determined as described in ASTM D5293-92. The phosphorus, boron, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, and magnesium contents are measured by ASTM D5185. The sulfuric acid ash ("SASH") content is measured by ASTM D874. The Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control was conducted on a 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine. The test was 200 hours at peak output 2800 rpm / WOT. Samples were taken every 25 hours for soot measurement by ASTM D5967, TGA. The soot level at the end of the test is typically in the range of 5.5 to 6.5%. When the test was completed, the rocker arm was disassembled and weighed to determine the mass loss compared to the mass before the test. Also, the KV100 of the oil sample was measured every 25 hours to determine the viscosity of the oil.

[0206] The moments of molecular weight (Mw, Mn, Mz) were determined by gel permeation chromatography (“GPC-PS”) as follows using polystyrene standard substances (Acquity™ APC Polystyrene High Molecular Weight Calibration Kit, 266~1,760,000 Da) and software (Empower™ 3, version 7.41.00.00) provided by the vendor. The molecular weights [number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), and z average molecular weight (Mz)] were determined using an Agilent Acuity P-SM-FTN and P-15m high temperature GPC-SEC (gel permeation / size exclusion chromatograph) equipped with an online differential refractive index (DRI) detector and PDA UV detectors at 215, 254, and 304 wavelengths. In GPC, three Agilent PLgel 10 micron Mixed B LS columns are used. Column separation is carried out using a flow rate of 0.25 mL / min and a nominal injection volume of 10 microliters. The detector and columns are maintained at 30 °C in the low flow mode (idle) and heated to 35 °C when preparing for sample run. The flow coming out of the SEC column is sent to an optical flow cell and then to the DRI detector. The solvent for the SEC experiment is un-inhibited THF (tetrahydrofuran). The polymer solution is prepared by placing the dry polymer in a glass container and adding the desired amount of THF. After adding the sample to the machine, wait until it reaches 35 °C before starting the run. GPC performs the programmed equilibration before the run for approximately 1.5 hours. The sample is stirred for 2~15 hours depending on solubility. The sample is filtered after stirring and before running. All amounts are measured by gravimetry. The THF density used to express the polymer concentration in units of mass / volume is 0.887 g / mL at 68 °C. The injected sample concentration is 3 mg / mL. Before running each sample, purge the DRI detector and injector. Then increase the flow rate of the apparatus to 0.01~0.25 mL / min and stabilize the DRI for 4~5 hours before injecting the first sample. The software used to run GPC and prepare the report is Empower™ 3, version 7.41.00.00.

[0207] substance F-H-PI is 7.0-F-H-polyisoprene-A. An amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0 was prepared using SA-H-polyisoprene-A (succinic acid functionality of 7.0) by adding 1 equivalent of amine (4-amino-diphenylamine, ADPA) (SAP, determined by ASTM D94) per succinic acid unit at 170 °C under nitrogen. After allowing the reaction to proceed and heating for a maximum of 2 hours, it was diluted with additional oil (Group III, 4 cSt (Yubase™ 4)) and cooled to ambient temperature. During cooling, this material was mixed with an ethoxylated alcohol (e.g., Berol™ 1214 or Surfonic™ L24-4, Huntsman) at 10 wt% of the reaction mixture. 7.15-F-H-polyisoprene-A had a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.76, Mw / Mn of 1.239, Mn of 31629 g / mol, and Mz of 47835 g / mol. It was used as a blend in oil having 0.5 wt% ai unless otherwise specified.

[0208] PIB is polyisobutylene. PIBSA is polyisobutylene succinic anhydride. PIBSA-PAM is polyisobutylene succinic anhydride-polyalkyleneamine. [Table 2-1] [Table 2-2]

[0209] In the tables of the following examples, the amounts shown for the individual substances refer to the amounts of the components (including a specific amount of active ingredient in the oil, as shown in the above component table). For example, the component PIBSA-PAM2200Mn has an active ingredient (a.i.) content of about 55% by mass, and the remainder of the component is diluent oil (see the above component table). This means that, for example, the active ingredient content of PIBSA-PAM2200Mn in Oil A (see Table 1 below, where the content of the PIBSA-PAM2200Mn component is shown to be 4.0% by mass) is 2.2% by mass (i.e., 4.0% by mass × 0.55). Similarly, the active ingredient content of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in Oil A (where the content of the PIBSA-PAM2200Mn component is shown to be 4.0% by mass and the content of the PIBSA-PAM950Mn component is shown to be 4.0% by mass) is 4.24% by mass (i.e., 4.0% by mass × 0.55 + 4.0% by mass × 0.51). Further, the saponified matter of Oil A is obtained by adding the saponified matter mass percentages provided by each detergent, i.e., 1.0% by mass × 29% by mass + 0.85% by mass × 26% by mass = 0.511% by mass. In this Oil A, the ratio of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to saponified matter is 4.24% by mass / 0.511% by mass = 8.30. The ratios of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to saponified matter for the other oils can be calculated similarly using the active ingredient contents shown for each component in the above component table based on the mass percentages of the components shown in the tables of the following examples.

Example

[0210] Example 1: Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test on soot-induced wear and viscosity control Oil A and Oil B and comparative oils C1 and C2 were prepared as shown in Table 1.1 below and tested for soot-induced wear and viscosity control in the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test described above.

Table 3

[0211] Oils A and B are characterized by a high ratio of non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition as compared to comparative oils C1 and C2. Oils A and B exhibit a dramatic improvement in wear resistance, resulting in valve train rocker arm losses of only 37 mg and 39 mg, respectively. Further, Oils A and B clearly pass the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke Diesel Engine Test (passing criterion: < 100 mg rocker arm mass loss) despite having only 800 ppm of phosphorus.

[0212] All documents described herein, including any priority documents and / or test procedures, are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the text. As will be apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. The term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including." Similarly, whenever the transitional phrase "comprising" precedes a composition, element, or group of elements, a composition or group of elements having the transitional phrase "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," "selected from the group of consisting of," or "is" preceding the description of the composition, element, or elements is always contemplated, and vice versa is understood.

Claims

1. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, comprising: A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; B) one or more dispersants; The one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides in an amount of 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from a polyamine, and contain one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"); The one or more PIBSA-PAM contain one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents; The one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents comprising; i) The ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more; ii) The lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, a lubricating oil composition.

2. A) The one or more base oils are present together in an amount of at least 50% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; B) The one or more dispersants are present together in an amount of 2 to 15% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; C) The one or more detergents are present together in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

3. D) One or more friction modifiers in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; E) One or more antioxidants in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; F) One or more pour point depressants in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; G) One or more antifoaming agents in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; H) One or more viscosity modifiers in an amount of 0.001 to 13% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. J) one or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; K) one or more antiwear agents in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; M) one or more seal compatibilizers, such as seal swell agents, in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; N) optionally, one or more extreme pressure agents in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; O) one or more unsaturated C of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition 12 ~C 60 hydrocarbons, and P) one or more functionalized polymers in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of.

4. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, containing 700 ppm to 900 ppm of phosphorus.

5. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more base oils contain at least 50% by mass of Group II base oil based on the total mass of the base oils present in the lubricating oil composition.

6. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates, salicylates of calcium and / or magnesium, and mixtures thereof.

7. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more detergents contain 50% by mass or less of calcium salicylate based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition.

8. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble overbased sulfonates of calcium and / or magnesium.

9. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition is free of or substantially free of phenate detergents.

10. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more detergents are present in an amount of 0.1 to 4% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and optionally the one or more detergents together provide less than 0.8% by mass of saponified products based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

11. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 2.5 to 5.5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs are 1) one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl of the PIBSA-PAM is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS), one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ("high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM") and 2) optionally one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl of the PIBSA-PAM is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS), one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ("low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

12. The one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs include one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of 0.5 to 4% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the lubricating oil composition according to claim 11.

13. The ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to the one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition is less than 3.65, the lubricating oil composition according to claim 12.

14. The one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs are not derived from tetraethylenepentamine, the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

15. The one or more dispersants further include one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs, and the one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 0.05 to 0.5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

16. The one or more dispersants together are present in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

17. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an aromatic dispersant based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

18. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which does not contain or substantially does not contain a PIBSA ester of a hydrocarbyl-crosslinked naphthyloxy alcohol, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

19. i) The ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 7.0 to 15.0, The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1.

20. ii) The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 15W-40, 5W-30, or 10W-30.

21. C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer comprising a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) Mw / Mn less than 2, ii) a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, further comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer having The functionalized polymer is optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

22. 1) The polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer is derived from a homopolymer or copolymer of partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene and butadiene, or 2) The polymer backbone of the functionalized polymer contains at least 90% partially or fully hydrogenated isoprene repeat units, and the polymer backbone optionally has a Mn of 30,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS). The lubricating oil composition according to claim 21.

23. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.86, an Mw / Mn of 1.250, a Mn of 35,140 g / mol (GPC-PS), and an Mz of 55,726 g / mol (GPC-PS), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

24. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which provides less than 120 mg of valve train rocker arm wear as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke diesel engine test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control.

25. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, comprising one or more compounds containing molybdenum (Mo), and the one or more compounds containing Mo together provide at least 50 ppm of Mo to the lubricating oil composition.

26. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which does not contain or substantially does not contain molybdenum (Mo).

27. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, The one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene, and the imide is derived from polyamine, and contain one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), The one or more PIBSA-PAMs contain one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs which are at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, The one or more detergents together provide an amount of saponified product of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition to the lubricating oil composition, The one or more detergents contain calcium salicylate which is 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents including, i) Based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the ratio of the mass% of the one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30, a lubricating oil composition.

28. The lubricating oil composition according to claim 27, wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs are present in an amount of 2.5 to 10% by mass, for example 3 to 8% by mass, for example 3.5 to 6% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

29. A lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, A) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides in an amount of 2 to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl)succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"); wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs include one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs in an amount of at least 2.0% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition a saponified product in an amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents, and P)C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer containing a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) an Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) an Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) for an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer comprising, i) the ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified product of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more, and ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, such as 30 or 40, such as 30, a lubricating oil composition.

30. a concentrate, A) one or more base oils in an amount of less than 1 to 50% by mass based on the total mass of the concentrate, B) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more non-phosphated poly(alkenyl)succinimides, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from polyamine, one or more non-phosphated poly(alkenyl)succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"), one or more dispersants, and C) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents provide a saponified product to the concentrate, wherein the one or more detergents include calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the detergents present in the concentrate, one or more detergents comprising or obtained by mixing. i) A concentrate, wherein the ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the concentrate is 6.65 or more based on the total mass of the concentrate.

31. Friction modifier, antioxidant, pour point depressant, defoamer, viscosity modifier, corrosion inhibitor, rust preventive, antiwear agent, seal compatibility agent, extreme pressure agent, unsaturated C 12 -C 60 The concentrate according to claim 30, further comprising one or more additional additives selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons and functionalized polymers.

32. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the one or more detergents are selected from the group consisting of oil-soluble neutral or overbased sulfonates of calcium and / or magnesium, and the concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain a phenate detergent.

33. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs include: i) one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl of the PIBSA-PAM is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of 1600 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) ( "high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM"), and optionally one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs, wherein the polyalkenyl of the PIBSA-PAM is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of less than 1600 g / mol (GPC-PS) one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs ( "low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM").

34. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated high molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs to the one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs based on the total mass of the concentrate is less than 3.

65.

35. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the one or more non-boronated low molecular weight PIBSA-PAMs are not derived from tetraethylenepentamine.

36. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the one or more dispersants further include one or more boronated PIBSA-PAMs.

37. The concentrate according to claim 30, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an aromatic dispersant based on the total mass of the concentrate.

38. The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the concentrate does not contain or substantially does not contain a PIBSA ester of a hydrocarbyl cross-linked naphthyloxy alcohol.

39. i) The concentrate according to claim 30, wherein the ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter in the lubricating oil composition is 7.0 to 15.0 based on the total mass of the concentrate.

40. C 4~5 an amide, imide, and / or ester-functionalized polymer comprising a partially or fully saturated polymer backbone containing olefins, i) An Mw / Mn of less than 2, ii) A functionality distribution (Fd) value of 3.5 or less, and iii) An Mn of the polymer before functionalization of 10,000 g / mol or more (GPC-PS) The concentrate according to claim 30, further comprising an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized polymer having the above properties.

41. The concentrate according to claim 40, which does not contain or substantially does not contain an amine-functionalized hydrogenated isoprene polymer having an average functionality (Fv) of 7.0, a functionality distribution (Fd) value of 1.86, an Mw / Mn of 1.250, an Mn (GPC-PS) of 35,140 g / mol, and an Mz (GPC-PS) of 55,726 g / mol.

42. A method for lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of the engine, comprising: (i) Supplying to the crankcase of the internal combustion engine the lubricating oil composition according to any one of claims 1 to 29 or the concentrate according to any one of claims 30 to 41; (ii) Supplying fuel to the internal combustion engine; and (iii) Burning the fuel in the internal combustion engine A method comprising the above steps.

43. A method for increasing the anti-wear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, comprising: Adding to the lubricating oil composition: i) At least 50% by mass of one or more base oils based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; ii) One or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides which are 2.0 to 6.00% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, the polyalkenyl being derived from polyisobutylene and the imide being derived from polyamine, one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides ("PIBSA-PAM"); the one or more PIBSA-PAM containing at least 2.0% by mass of one or more non-phosphated PIBSA-PAM, one or more dispersants; and iii) One or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition an amount of saponified product of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more detergents Including the step of including. a) The ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; b) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40, for example 30. [

44. ] A method for increasing the antiwear ability of a lubricating oil composition containing less than 1000 ppm of phosphorus, comprising: adding to the lubricating oil composition: i) at least 50% by mass of one or more base oils, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; ii) one or more dispersants, wherein the one or more dispersants are one or more poly(alkenyl) succinimides that are 2 to 10% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the polyalkenyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine (''PIBSA-PAM''), wherein the one or more PIBSA-PAMs include one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs that are at least 2.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, one or more dispersants, and iii) one or more detergents, wherein the one or more detergents together provide to the lubricating oil composition an amount of saponified matter of 0.1 to 0.9% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the one or more detergents include calcium salicylate in an amount of 50% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the detergents present in the lubricating oil composition, comprising the step of including: i) the ratio of the mass % of the one or more non-boronated PIBSA-PAMs to the saponified matter of the lubricating oil composition, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, is 6.65 or more; ii) the lubricating oil composition has an SAE viscosity grade of 20W-X, 15W-X, 10W-X, or 5W-X, where X represents any one of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 40, for example 30 or 40; iii) optionally, the antiwear ability of the lubricating oil composition is increased such that the valve train rocker arm wear is less than 120 mg as determined by the Ford 6.7L Power Stroke Diesel Engine Test for soot-induced wear and viscosity control.

45. A lubricating oil composition according to any one of claims 1 to 20, and a fuel composition comprising one or more of a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, a hydrogen fuel, natural gas, or any blend thereof.

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