Base station, wireless communication method, and device

Abstract

To suitably achieve high-precision / high-efficiency / low-complexity positioning.SOLUTION: A base station according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a control unit that determines at least part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results regarding performance monitoring of positioning on the basis of which node makes decisions for the positioning that is based on artificial intelligence (AI), and a transmission unit that transmits the monitoring results.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a base station, a wireless communication method and an apparatus in a next-generation mobile communication system. [Background technology]

[0002] In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later) are also being considered. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0004] [Non-Patent Document 1] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] In future wireless communication systems (Rel. 19 and later), it is being considered to perform positioning (AI / ML-based positioning) of terminals (which may also be called user terminals or user equipment (UE)) using Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) technology.

[0006] Regarding model performance monitoring for AI / ML-based positioning, it is considered that the UE (target UE) performs the monitoring metric calculation, and then transmits the monitoring outcome to the Location Management Function (LMF). It is also considered that the AI ​​model to be used, the positioning method, etc. are determined based on the monitoring outcome.

[0007] However, the specific content of the monitoring results and the timing of transmission have not yet been considered. If these are not properly specified, there is a risk that AI / ML-based positioning will not be able to be executed properly. In this case, it will be impossible to achieve high-precision, high-efficiency, and low-complexity positioning using AI / ML technology, and there is a risk that improvements in communication quality and communication throughput will be hindered.

[0008] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a base station, a wireless communication method, and an apparatus that can suitably achieve positioning with high accuracy, high efficiency, and low complexity. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] A base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure has a control unit that determines at least part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results for performance monitoring of the positioning based on which node makes decisions for positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI), and a transmission unit that transmits the monitoring results. [Effects of the Invention]

[0010] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, highly accurate, highly efficient, and low-complexity positioning can be preferably achieved. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1] 1A to 1C are diagrams showing variations of positioning using DL signals. [Figure 2] 2A and 2B are diagrams showing variations of positioning using UL signals. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a procedure for recommendation according to the first to third embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of an NRPPa message for recommendation according to embodiments 1-3. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another example of an NRPPa message for recommendation according to embodiments 1-3. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a procedure for giving instructions according to embodiment 2-2. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of an NRPPa message for instructions according to embodiment 2-2. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing another example of an NRPPa message for instructions according to embodiment 2-2. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] (Positioning technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the location of wireless devices by utilizing the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios.

[0013] In this disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and the base station are in an environment where they can see each other (or there are no obstructions), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the base station are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there are obstructions).

[0014] In fingerprinting localization, the location of the UE may be estimated from fingerprints of multiple transmission paths (multipaths) of the UE based on a database or the like.

[0015] The multipath information may be, for example, information relating to the Angle of Arrival (AoA) / Angle of Departure (AoD) of the signal for optimal / candidate transmission paths.

[0016] In the present disclosure, the information on AoA may include, for example, information on at least one of azimuth angles of arrival and zenith angles of arrival, and the information on AoD may include, for example, information on at least one of azimuth angles of departure and zenith angles of departure.

[0017] 3GPP Rel.16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) based positioning, Positioning based on angles (DL AoD / UL AoA), Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT) based positioning, Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) based positioning.

[0018] In positioning based on DL / UL TDOA, for example, assume that multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are located around the UE. In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated (measured) using a measurement value of the Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (Time Difference Between RSTDs) for two specific base stations (TRP#i, #j (i and j are integers)) is i -T j ) for some value (k i,j ) to draw the hyperbola H i,j The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (H in this example) 0,1、 H 1,2、 H 2,0 The location of the UE may be estimated by using the reference signal received power (RSRP) of the reference signal.

[0019] In a DL AoD / UL AoA based positioning method, the UE location is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). The UE location may also be estimated using RSRP.

[0020] In a multi-RTT-based positioning method, the location of a UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of a reference signal (and additionally RSRP, Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), etc.). For example, geometric circles based on the RTTs can be drawn with each base station at its center. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0021] E-CID based positioning / In this positioning method, the UE's location is estimated based on the geometric location of the serving cell / neighbor cells and additional measurements (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0022] The positioning in the DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) described above may be performed by the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate the UE position based on various measurement results of the UE and assistance information from the LMF. In addition, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE position. The assistance information may be information for assisting in estimating the UE's position.

[0023] The above-mentioned positioning in UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the position of the UE.

[0024] The above-mentioned DL and UL (multi-RTT, E-CID) positioning may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0025] Furthermore, in 3GPP Rel. 17, a positioning method using assistance information is proposed for the purpose of further improving positioning accuracy. The assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, the base station, and the LMF as measurement information for the above-mentioned DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID.

[0026] The assistance information may include information regarding at least one of the following: Timing Error Group (TEG). ·RSRPP (Path-Specific RSRP). Expected angle. Adjacent beam information. ·TRP antenna / beam information. LOS / NLOS indicator. -Additional path reporting.

[0027] The TEG may indicate one or more Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) resources whose transmit / receive timing errors (Rx / Tx timing errors) are within a certain margin.

[0028] The RSRPP may indicate the measurement result of the RSRP on the first pass.

[0029] In UL positioning, the assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate an expected UL-AoA / ZoA. The assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the base station. The assistance information may also support at least one of UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning.

[0030] In DL positioning, the assistance information regarding the expected angle may include information regarding the expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. The assistance information may be transmitted to the UE from the LMF. The assistance information may also support at least one of DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming for the UE or base station.

[0031] The assistance information regarding the predicted angles may include, in addition to the information on the values ​​of AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0032] As additional beam information, the neighboring beam information may include information about a subset of DL-PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1) or the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2), allowing for optimization of UE Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0033] As additional beam information, the assistance information may also include PRS beam pattern information, which may include information regarding the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0034] The LOS / NLOS indicator may indicate information regarding Line Of Sight (LOS) / Non-Line Of Sight (NLOS).

[0035] In addition, in order to improve the UE positioning delay, pre-configured measurement gaps (MG), activation of MG via lower layers, MG-less location, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be configured for the UE (or may be used by the UE).

[0036] In 3GPP Rel.17 NR, it is agreed that the UE measures / reports the RSRP of neighboring beams to improve the accuracy of UE location estimation. For example, in the UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF can indicate at least one of the following options 1 to 2 in the assistance information:

[0037] Option 1: Subset of PRS resources for DL-AOD reporting prioritization. The subset may be configured for each PRS resource depending on the UE capabilities. The UE may include requested PRS measurements for a subset of PRSs in the DL-AoD additional measurements if requested PRS measurements are reported for the associated PRS. The requested PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. Note that the associated subset of a PRS resource may be in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource. · Option 2: Information about the boresight direction to be configured for each PRS resource depending on the UE capabilities.

[0038] In 3GPP Rel.16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range will be indicated to the UE from the LMF. Furthermore, in Rel.17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range will be indicated to the UE from the LMF to reduce errors and complexity in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0039] 3GPP Rel.17 NR is considering the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UEs and gNBs. PRU may also be interpreted as UEs, gNBs, transmission reception points (TRPs), or transmission points (TPs).

[0040] For example, a PRU may support at least one of the following: ·Measure DL PRS and report related measurements (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to the LMF. Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report measurements related to the reference device (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA) / AOA) to the LMF. · Operation, measurement and various parameters (parameters related to transmit / receive timing delays, AoD and AOA enhancements, and calibration of measurements). If the LMF does not have the position coordinate information, report the position coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF. The reference device with a known location is a UE / gNB. · The accuracy with which the position of the reference device can be known.

[0041] (AI / ML-based positioning) Regarding future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0042] There are two use cases for AI / ML-based positioning: Direct AI / ML positioning. AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0043] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning (UE location), while AI / ML assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features, which may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0044] Example outputs of the AI / ML assisted positioning described above may include at least one of the following: LOS / NLOS identification (LOS / NLOS probability), ToA (PRS / SRS arrival time), Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, AoA / AoD, Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (Rel.18 phase measurement), DL RSTD / UL TDOA, ·DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPs, Likelihood of the above numbers (e.g., ToA probability).

[0045] Rel. 18 positioning introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. Measurements based on SL-PRS may include at least one of the following: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, measurements related to the carrier phase positioning method may include at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD).

[0046] (Use case of AI-based positioning) Typical use cases for AI / ML-based positioning can be classified as follows, depending on which entity's (or which entity's) model is used and whether measurement results of either DL or UL signals are used for location prediction:

[0047] 1A to 1C are diagrams showing variations of positioning using DL signals, and FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing variations of positioning using UL signals.

[0048] Case 1 (Fig. 1A): UE-based positioning using a UE-side model (direct AI / ML positioning or AI / ML-assisted positioning). Case 2a (Fig. 1B): UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning using a UE-side model (AI / ML-assisted positioning). Case 2b (Fig. 1C): UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning using LMF-side model (direct AI / ML positioning). Case 3a (Fig. 2A): NG-RAN node-assisted positioning (AI / ML-assisted positioning) using gNB-side model. Case 3b (Fig. 2B): NG-RAN node-assisted positioning (direct AI / ML positioning) using LMF-side model.

[0049] <Case 1> Case 1 is an example of positioning using a UE-side model and DL signals / channels (see Figure 1A). In Case 1, the UE receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location or intermediate value based on the assistance information and DL signals / channels from the NW. The UE transmits the UE location or intermediate value to the NW (LMF).

[0050] <Case 2a> Case 2a is an example of positioning using a UE-side model and DL signals / channels (see Figure 1B). In Case 2a, the UE receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE-side model calculates (measures / predicts) intermediate values ​​based on the assistance information and DL signals / channels from the NW. The UE transmits the intermediate values ​​to the NW (LMF).

[0051] <Case 2b> Case 2b is an example of positioning using the LMF-side model and DL signals / channels (see Figure 1C). In Case 2b, the UE transmits measurement results of DL signals (specific signals / channels (e.g., RS)) from the NW to the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE also receives instructions from the NW to collect (required) data related to positioning (location prediction). The LMF-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location based on the measurement results of the DL signals.

[0052] <Case 3a> Case 3a is an example of positioning using a gNB-side model and UL signals / channels (see Figure 2A). In Case 3a, the gNB receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the LMF. The gNB-side model calculates (measures / predicts) intermediate values ​​based on the assistance information and the UL signals / channels from the UE. The gNB transmits the intermediate values ​​to the LMF.

[0053] <Case 3b> Case 3b is an example of positioning using the LMF-side model and UL signals / channels (see Figure 2B). In Case 3b, the gNB transmits measurement results of UL signals (specific signals / channels (e.g., RS)) from the UE to the LMF. The gNB also receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the LMF. The LMF-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location based on the measurement results of the UL signals.

[0054] In the present disclosure, the intermediate value may correspond to a value / information that can be used to determine location information (for example, the arrival time difference of multiple signals (RS), or the RTT of a certain signal (RS)).

[0055] (analysis) In future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 19 and later), the introduction of Life Cycle Management (LCM) procedures in Case 1 of AI / ML-based positioning is being considered.

[0056] The LCM procedure may be performed by the following steps 1 to 6: Step 1: The LMF may request the UE to report the functionality supported on the UE side by an LPP request capabilities message. Step 2: The UE sends an LPP provide capabilities message to the LMF with the features supported on the UE side. Step 3: The LMF sends an LPP Provide Assistance Data message (which may include additional requirements from the NW side). Step 4: The UE reports the applicable capabilities to the LMF via an LPP provisioning capability message. Step 5: The LMF requests the inferred location information using the LPP request location information message. Step 6: The UE reports its inferred location using the LPP Provide Location Information message.

[0057] In steps 1 and 2, the LMF may request the capabilities supported by the UE, and the UE may report the capabilities.

[0058] In step 3, the LMF may send Assistance Data.

[0059] In step 4, the UE may report the capabilities that the UE can apply.

[0060] In steps 5 and 6, the LMF may request location information and the UE may report the location information.

[0061] Regarding the model performance monitoring in Case 1, it is considered that the UE (target UE) performs the monitoring metric calculation. In this case, it is considered that the UE transmits the monitoring outcome to the LMF. It is also considered that the AI ​​model and the positioning method to be used are determined based on the monitoring outcome.

[0062] However, the specific content of the monitoring results and the timing of transmission have not yet been considered. Furthermore, there has been no consideration as to whether the monitoring results can be used in cases other than Case 1. If these are not properly specified, there is a risk that AI / ML-based positioning will not be able to be executed properly. In this case, it will be impossible to achieve high-precision, high-efficiency, and low-complexity positioning using AI / ML technology, and there is a risk that improvements in communication quality and communication throughput will be hindered.

[0063] Therefore, the present inventors have examined the details of the monitoring results and come up with a method for appropriately utilizing the monitoring results.

[0064] Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0065] (Various reading changes) In this disclosure, words enclosed in "()" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the immediately preceding wording (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding the meaning of the entire sentence (ignoring the meaning of the entire sentence). Note that "()" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0066] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0067] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be interchangeable.

[0068] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0069] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0070] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0071] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0072] In this disclosure, the terms drop, abort, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, do not transmit, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0073] In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be used interchangeably. Also, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be used interchangeably.

[0074] In this disclosure, positioning may be interchangeably read as position determination, position estimation, position prediction, positioning method, etc. In this disclosure, KPI (Key Performance Indicator) and performance metrics may be interchangeably read as KPI (Key Performance Indicator), performance metrics calculation, model monitoring, and model performance monitoring may be interchangeably read as KPI (Key Performance Indicator), performance metrics calculation, model monitoring, and model performance monitoring.

[0075] In the following embodiments, to explain an AI model related to communication between a UE, a gNB, and an LMF, the relevant entities are a UE, a gNB, and an LMF, but the application of each embodiment of the present disclosure is not limited to this. For example, for communication between other entities (e.g., communication between UEs), the UE, a gNB, and an LMF in the following embodiments may be replaced with a first UE, a second UE, a third UE, and so on. In other words, any UE, a gNB, and an LMF in the present disclosure may be replaced with any UE, a gNB, and an LMF.

[0076] In the present disclosure, antenna port, subband, angle, and delay may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, NW, base station (BS), gNB, and LMF may be interchangeable. LMF may be interchangeable with a device (such as a server) that implements LMF, or may simply be referred to as a network node. In the present disclosure, LMF may be interchangeable with any network function (Network Functions (NF)).

[0077] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, slot, subslot, symbol, subframe, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0078] In the present disclosure, DL [positioning] and UL [positioning] may be read interchangeably.

[0079] In the present disclosure, the measurement RS, PRS, SRS, DL-PRS, UL-PRS, etc. may be interchangeable. Note that the PRS, DL-PRS, etc. may be used for DL ​​positioning, and the SRS, UL-PRS, etc. may be used for UL positioning.

[0080] In the present disclosure, gNB, LMF, Radio Access Network (RAN), Next Generation (NG)-RAN, [NG-RAN] node, [network] node, [network] device, etc. may be interchangeable. Note that the LMF is defined as one of the network functions (NFs) provided in the core network, and performs communication control related to location information. The LMF may be mounted on any device on the core network. Furthermore, the LMF-side model may be an AI / ML model mounted on a device on the core network. Furthermore, LMF-based positioning may simply mean deriving location information using the LMF-side model.

[0081] In the present disclosure, measurements, RRM measurements, measurement values, measurement results, measurement information, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0082] In the present disclosure, prediction, predicted value, prediction result, prediction information, predicted measurements, predicted RRM measurements, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0083] In the present disclosure, positioning performance may be determined using KPIs. In the present disclosure, KPIs may be values ​​derived by the UE according to specified / configured procedures / definitions. The KPIs may indicate the quality of the UE's predicted measurements.

[0084] In the present disclosure, KPI (Key Performance Indicator), performance metric(s), RSRP (difference value), RSRQ (difference value), SINR (difference value), etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0085] In the present disclosure, a KPI may be a hypothetical KPI or a measured KPI.

[0086] In this disclosure, terms such as positioning using AI / ML, positioning based on AI / ML, and AI / ML-based positioning may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as AI, ML, AI / ML, [AI / ML] model, function, feature, functionality, and method may be interchangeable.

[0087] In this disclosure, functionality may refer to UE features / functions based on configuration (with AI-enabled features).

[0088] In the present disclosure, the terms outcome, result, output, etc. may be interchangeable. For example, monitoring outcome may be interchangeable with monitoring result, monitoring output, etc.

[0089] (Wireless communication method) In this disclosure, positioning is mainly exemplified as a use case of an AI model. Positioning in the following embodiments may refer to AI / ML-based positioning. The embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to any positioning use case (DL positioning / UL positioning, UE / gNB / LMF-based positioning, and at least one of the above cases (Cases 1 to 3b)). The embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to other use cases by rephrasing use-case-specific (e.g., positioning-specific) terms.

[0090] The UE / NW (base station (gNB) / LMF) may perform positioning and various related operations (measurement / prediction / reporting / transmission / reception) by applying the embodiments described below.

[0091] The UE / NW (base station) may receive various settings for positioning / measurement / reporting, and may report / send the corresponding prediction (positioning) results to the NW (LMF).

[0092] The NW (base station / LMF) may send various configurations for positioning / measurement / reporting to the UE / base station. The NW may also receive corresponding prediction results (reports) from the UE / base station. For example, the LMF may send an instruction to the UE / base station requesting inferred location information / intermediate values.

[0093] The UE / NW (base station / LMF) may control various operations related to positioning (transmission and reception of related information) by applying the embodiments of the present disclosure and the various provisions described above. Furthermore, the UE / NW (base station / LMF) may execute information exchange between multiple entities to realize these various operations.

[0094] In addition, in the present disclosure, communication between the UE and the LMF may be transferred via a base station.

[0095] In the present disclosure, positioning using either an AI / ML model on the base station side or an AI / ML model on the NW / LMF side may be performed.

[0096] In addition, in the present disclosure, positioning may be performed using both the base station-side AI / ML model and the network / LMF-side AI / ML model. In this case, for example, positioning using the base station-side model described in the present disclosure may be performed based on the output of the network / LMF-side model.

[0097] In this disclosure, decision-making may refer to a decision to control / process / implement regarding at least one of an LCM, a label, a functionality, a model, etc. For example, decision-making may be interchangeably interpreted as a UE / base station / LMF controlling / instructing which functionality / model to activate (to perform an operation based on which functionality / model). Model-based monitoring decision-making may be referred to as model-level monitoring decision-making. Decision-making in this disclosure may correspond to a decision-making regarding an AI / ML-based positioning method.

[0098] The base station may make the contents / reporting timing of the monitoring result different between the case where the LMF makes the decision and the case where the base station makes the decision, or may make at least some of them the same. In other words, the base station may determine at least some of the contents / reporting timing of the monitoring result based on which entity / node (e.g., LMF, base station) makes the decision.

[0099] For example, when the LMF makes the decision, the base station may determine at least a part of the content / report timing of the monitoring result based on the following embodiments 1-1 to 1-5. Also, when the base station makes the decision, the base station may determine at least a part of the content / report timing of the monitoring result based on the following embodiments 2-1 to 2-4.

[0100] First Embodiment The first embodiment relates to monitoring outcomes in cases where decisions are made by the LMF.

[0101] The base station may be notified by the network (e.g., the LMF) of information regarding the content to be reported as the monitoring results, the timing of reporting the monitoring results, etc. (e.g., information regarding which monitoring results shown in the following embodiments 1-1 to 1-5 will be reported and when).

[0102] The LMF may make decisions regarding the LCM / label / functionality / model (for positioning) for the base station based on the reported monitoring results, and may also control / instruct (such as activate) the LCM / label / functionality / model (for positioning) for the base station based on the decisions.

[0103] <<Embodiment 1-1>> In embodiment 1-1, the base station may report the value inferred by the AI ​​model as the monitoring result.

[0104] In this disclosure, reporting a certain value / information may be interpreted as reporting an index indicating the value / information (or the range to which the value / information belongs).

[0105] The values ​​inferred by the AI ​​model may include at least one of the following: Location information / median calculated by AI / ML-based positioning, · Uncertainty of location information calculated by AI / ML-based positioning, The quality of the intermediate values ​​calculated by AI / ML-based positioning, Location information / intermediate values ​​calculated by traditional positioning (non-AI / ML-based positioning, e.g., UL-TDOA, UL-AoA), · The uncertainty of location information calculated by traditional positioning, The quality of the intermediate values ​​calculated by conventional positioning, · Combinations of these.

[0106] The base station may be requested by the LMF to report monitoring metrics (in the monitoring results).

[0107] The base station may report the monitoring results at at least one of the following times: When at least one of a positioning request, a change in positioning instructions, or an update of positioning instructions is received from the NW (base station / LMF), When receiving a command to change (or set) monitoring metrics from the NW, Cyclic timing, Aperiodic timing, When the value inferred by the AI ​​model satisfies certain conditions, A combination of these timings.

[0108] The periodic timing may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) expires, or may be timing at a specific cycle based on a specific timing (offset). The non-periodic timing may include the time at which a report request is received from the NW, or may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) started based on a report request from the NW expires.

[0109] The certain condition may be at least one of the following: the value inferred by the AI ​​model is within / outside a certain range; the value inferred by the AI ​​model is below / above a certain threshold;

[0110] According to the above-described embodiment 1-1, the base station can appropriately report the value inferred by the AI ​​model as the monitoring result.

[0111] <<Embodiment 1-2>> In the first and second embodiments, the base station may report the result of comparison with a correct answer (ground truth, true value) as the monitoring result. For example, the base station may report the result of comparison of a certain value with the correct answer as the monitoring result.

[0112] The certain value may be a measurement metric, a monitoring metric, or a value inferred by an AI model, which may correspond to the value described in embodiment 1-1.

[0113] The comparison result may correspond to a monitoring metric. In other words, in the present disclosure, the monitoring metric may be interchangeably read as the comparison result (e.g., the comparison result between a value inferred by an AI model and a correct answer).

[0114] The comparison result may be a difference or ratio between a certain value and the correct answer, or may be a value obtained by normalizing the difference or ratio within a specific range (for example, 0 to 1).

[0115] The comparison result (or the certain value) may be information on latitude, longitude, and altitude.

[0116] The comparison result (or the certain value) may be calculated for each sample or may be calculated based on multiple samples.

[0117] The base station may use PRU measurements as (or to obtain) the answer. For example, the base station may request (via the LMF) measurements of a particular metric from the PRU. The base station may select (determine) a monitoring metric (or a value) from among the metrics reported as PRU measurements.

[0118] The base station may be instructed by the LMF on the reporting granularity of the monitoring metric (or the certain value). The base station may assume the following for the reporting granularity (first reporting granularity) of the monitoring metric (or the certain value): The first reporting granularity is the same as (or the same granularity is indicated as) the reporting granularity of the PRU measurement (the second reporting granularity); The first reporting granularity is (or a granularity that is a predetermined number of times larger than) the second reporting granularity (here, the predetermined number may be greater than or equal to 1, less than 1, an integer (e.g., 2, 3, ...), or a decimal (e.g., 0.5)).

[0119] In the present disclosure, reporting granularity may refer to the temporal granularity (time units) of reporting, and may refer to at least one of parameters such as timing of reporting, periodicity of reporting, and periodicity of reporting (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, aperiodic).

[0120] The base station may be provided with both the first reporting granularity and the second reporting granularity from the LMF, and may report the monitoring result taking into account (based on) the provided reporting granularity.

[0121] The base station may obtain a comparison result between the monitoring metric (or a certain value) and the correct answer (and may report a monitoring result including the comparison result) if at least one of the following conditions is met for the monitoring metric (or a certain value) / correct answer: If the time (timestamp) when the monitoring metric (or a certain value above) was obtained and the time (timestamp) when the correct answer was obtained are within a certain period of time, If the correct answer is obtained from a PRU whose location satisfies certain conditions (e.g., it is in the same cell as the base station, or is connected to the same TRP as the base station), · A combination of these conditions.

[0122] The base station may report the monitoring results at at least one of the following times: When at least one of a positioning request, a change in positioning instructions, or an update of positioning instructions is received from the NW (base station / LMF), When receiving a command to change (or set) monitoring metrics from the NW, Cyclic timing, Aperiodic timing, When the comparison result (or a certain value) satisfies a certain condition, A combination of these timings.

[0123] The periodic timing may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) expires, or may be timing at a specific cycle based on a specific timing (offset). The non-periodic timing may include the time at which a report request is received from the NW, or may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) started based on a report request from the NW expires.

[0124] The certain condition may be at least one of the following: the comparison result [value] (or the certain value) is within / outside a certain range; the comparison result [value] (or the certain value) is less than / greater than a certain threshold;

[0125] According to the above-described embodiment 1-2, the base station can appropriately report the result (value) of the comparison with the correct answer as the monitoring result.

[0126] <<Embodiments 1-3>> In embodiments 1 to 3, the base station may report, as a monitoring result, a recommendation regarding an operation related to a specific level of decision-making (for example, functionality level decision-making).

[0127] In this disclosure, terms such as recommend, request, provide, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0128] The action may include at least one of activation, deactivation, switching, fallback, update, and the like.

[0129] The recommendation may indicate that the base station recommends (requests) at least one of the following to the NW (e.g., LMF): Activating / switching to a different positioning function; Deactivate / stop the [current] positioning function; Falling back from AI / ML-based positioning to traditional positioning (non-AI / ML-based positioning), Switching from traditional positioning to AI / ML-based positioning.

[0130] Note that activating / switching to a different positioning function may include recommending (requesting) a different measurement metric.

[0131] Deactivating / terminating the [current] positioning function may be sent as an explicit termination command or as an implicit notification (e.g., a notification indicating a failure related to the [current] positioning function). The termination command, the notification indicating a failure, etc. may include information indicating the cause of the termination / failure. The reason for the termination / failure may be, for example, a large error between the measurement metric / monitoring metric / inference result and the correct answer.

[0132] Procedures for the reporting / response of such recommendations may be established.

[0133] 3 is a diagram showing an example of a procedure for recommendation according to embodiments 1 to 3. In step S101, the base station may transmit the recommendation to the LMF using a first message (e.g., an NRPPa message). The first message may include type information indicating the recommendation (e.g., a type of positioning recommendation).

[0134] In step S102, the base station may receive (or assume to receive) a response / failure to the recommendation from the LMF using a second message (e.g., an NRPPa message), which may include type information indicating the response / failure of the recommendation (e.g., type of positioning recommendation response / positioning recommendation failure).

[0135] The second message may include information indicating the positioning function recommended in the first message, or may include information indicating a request for a positioning function different from the positioning function recommended in the first message. The base station may deactivate / stop the current positioning function and activate / switch to the positioning function indicated by the information included in the second message. The base station may perform positioning measurements / inferences based on the activated positioning function.

[0136] The second message may include information indicating the reason for the failure (unavailability) of the positioning function recommended in the first message, or may indicate a message of the failure.

[0137] The first message (message for recommendation) may include an information element (IE) indicating a recommended positioning method. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of an NRPPa message for recommendation according to embodiments 1 to 3. This example is described in a table format (the same applies to the following similar drawings). In the present disclosure, the NRPPa message may be interchangeable with any message exchanged between a gNB and an LMF.

[0138] The message in this example may correspond to, for example, a message for Location Information Transfer Procedures, and may be called, for example, a Positioning Method Request message. This message may include Positioning methods (which may also be called Request Positioning Method), which is a group indicating a recommended positioning method (which may also be called Request Positioning Method). The illustrated Measurement Quantities Value IE may indicate a specific recommended positioning method, and a method such as E-CID is exemplified.

[0139] In this disclosure, the characters indicating the release number (e.g., -r19) attached to information elements, parameters, etc. may be omitted or attached, or a release number different from that in the illustrated example may be attached. The same applies to the following embodiments / drawings.

[0140] The recommended positioning method may be determined from at least one of a conventional positioning method (non-AI / ML based positioning) and an AI based positioning method.

[0141] In the Measurement Quantities Value IE, a specific value (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3") may indicate that the positioning method of the above-mentioned case 3 (3a / 3b) is recommended. Note that a value explicitly recommending the positioning method of case 3a (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3a"), a value recommending the positioning method of case 3b (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3b"), etc. may also be specified.

[0142] Note that the measurement value IE shown in Figure 4 does not necessarily specify the above-mentioned AI-based positioning use cases (cases 1, 2 (2a / 2b), and 3 (3a / 3b)). For example, information regarding enabling / disabling AI-based positioning (for example, a Boolean value or a 1-bit value) may be communicated by another parameter / IE [contained in the NRPPa message in Figure 4 but not shown].

[0143] If the information on enable / disable indicates enable, the positioning method recommended by the measurement value IE may correspond to AI-based positioning, and if not, the positioning method recommended by the measurement value IE may not correspond to AI-based positioning. For example, if the measurement value IE indicates UL-AoA, if the information on enable / disable indicates enable, it may mean a recommendation of AI / ML-based positioning (AI / ML-assisted positioning) based on UL-AoA, and if the information on enable / disable indicates disable, it may mean a recommendation of conventional positioning based on UL-AoA.

[0144] The first message (message for recommendation) may include an IE indicating measurement metrics required for the recommended positioning method. Fig. 5 is a diagram showing another example of an NRPPa message for recommendation according to embodiments 1 to 3. Even if the gNB does not send an IE requesting a positioning method directly to the LMF as in Fig. 4, it can indirectly request a recommended positioning method by sending an IE requesting measurement metrics to the LMF as in Fig. 5.

[0145] The message in this example may correspond to, for example, a message for Location Information Transfer Procedures or a message for Measurement Information Transfer Procedures, and may also be called, for example, a Measurement Request message or a Positioning Measurement [Quantities] Request message. It is shown that this message may include a TRP Measurement Type (which may also be called Request Positioning Measurement Type), which is an IE indicating a measurement metric required for a recommended positioning method. For this IE, a measurement metric such as UL-AoA is exemplified.

[0146] It should be noted that a value indicating a measurement metric explicitly associated with AI-based positioning may be specified. For example, if the IE indicates a value corresponding to "UL-AoA_AIML", the LMF receiving the IE may determine that the positioning method recommended by the gNB is related to AI-based positioning and that the measurement metric required for the method is UL-AoA.

[0147] The base station may report the monitoring results at at least one of the following times: When at least one of a positioning request, a change in positioning instructions, or an update of positioning instructions is received from the NW (base station / LMF), When receiving a command to change (or set) monitoring metrics from the NW, Cyclic timing, Aperiodic timing, When a measurement metric, a monitoring metric, or a value inferred by an AI model (which may correspond to the value described in embodiment 1-1) satisfies a certain condition, A combination of these timings.

[0148] The periodic timing may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) expires, or may be timing at a specific cycle based on a specific timing (offset). The non-periodic timing may include the time at which a report request is received from the NW, or may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) started based on a report request from the NW expires.

[0149] The certain condition may be at least one of the following: the value inferred by the measurement metric, monitoring metric or AI model is within / outside a certain range; the value inferred by the measurement metric, monitoring metric or AI model is below / above a certain threshold;

[0150] According to the above-described first to third embodiments, the base station can appropriately report the recommended positioning method as a result of monitoring.

[0151] <<Embodiments 1-4>> In embodiments 1 to 4, the base station may report a message indicating a failure (which may be called a failure message, for example) as a result of the monitoring.

[0152] The failure message may include information indicating the cause of the failure for the [current] positioning function. The reason for the failure may include at least one of the following: Positioning failed, The requested positioning method is not supported by the base station. The requested positioning method [from the LMF] is not applicable [to the base station], - [[Regarding the current] positioning function] The calculation time at the base station exceeds a certain time (e.g., a set time), · Positioning is impossible to perform, regardless of the positioning method; The result of a comparison between a value (measured metric, monitoring metric, or value inferred by an AI model) and the correct answer is within / outside a certain range (or below / above a certain threshold), · A combination of these reasons.

[0153] The failure message may include information indicating an action to be taken (e.g., a fallback action). The information may include a recommendation regarding a positioning method (e.g., UL-TDOA, UL-AoA). The recommendation may be at least one of the information included in the recommendation in embodiments 1 to 3, and may, for example, recommend an AI-based positioning method or a non-AI-based positioning method.

[0154] According to the above-described first to fourth embodiments, the base station can appropriately report a message indicating failure as a result of monitoring.

[0155] <<Embodiments 1-5>> In embodiment 1-5, the base station may report a combination of the messages / information shown in embodiment 1-1 to embodiment 1-4 as the monitoring result.

[0156] According to the above-described first to fifth embodiments, the base station can report an appropriate combination of information as the monitoring result.

[0157] According to the first embodiment described above, the base station can appropriately report the monitoring results in cases where the LMF makes the decision.

[0158] <Second embodiment> The second embodiment relates to the monitoring results in the case where the decision-making is performed by the base station.

[0159] The base station may be notified by the network (e.g., LMF) of information regarding the content to be reported as the monitoring results, the timing of reporting the monitoring results, etc. (e.g., information regarding which monitoring results shown in the following embodiments 2-1 to 2-4 will be reported and when).

[0160] The base station may make a decision regarding the LCM / label / functionality / model (for positioning) for the base station based on the content corresponding to the reported monitoring result (e.g., monitoring metrics, etc.), and may control (activate, etc.) the LCM / label / functionality / model (for positioning) for the base station based on the decision, or may notify the LMF of a control / update request, etc.

[0161] Based on the reported monitoring results, the LMF may notify the base station of the LCM / label / functionality / model (for positioning), request (instruct) a positioning method, etc.

[0162] <<Embodiment 2-1>> In embodiment 2-1, the base station may report information about the AI ​​model as a monitoring result.

[0163] The AI ​​model information may include at least one of the following: - Identifier (ID) of the AI ​​model, Input / output information of the AI ​​model (e.g., the contents of the input / output data). Pre-processing / post-processing information for input / output of AI models. - Information on AI model parameters. Training information for AI models. Inference information for AI models. Performance information about AI models.

[0164] The base station may report the monitoring results at at least one of the following times: When at least one of a positioning request, a change in positioning instructions, or an update of positioning instructions is received from the NW (base station / LMF), When the model you use changes / updates, Cyclic timing, Aperiodic timing, A combination of these timings.

[0165] The periodic timing may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) expires, or may be timing at a specific cycle based on a specific timing (offset). The non-periodic timing may include the time at which a report request is received from the NW, or may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) started based on a report request from the NW expires.

[0166] According to the above-described embodiment 2-1, the base station can appropriately report information on the AI ​​model as the monitoring result.

[0167] <<Embodiment 2-2>> In embodiment 2-2, the base station may report, as a result of the monitoring, an instruction (request) regarding an operation related to a specific level of decision-making (for example, functionality level decision-making).

[0168] In the present disclosure, words such as indicate, direct, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0169] The action may include at least one of activation, deactivation, switching, fallback, update, and the like.

[0170] The indication may indicate that the base station requests at least one of the following from the NW (e.g., LMF): Activating / switching to a different positioning function; Deactivate / stop the [current] positioning function; Falling back from AI / ML-based positioning to traditional positioning (non-AI / ML-based positioning), Switching from traditional positioning to AI / ML-based positioning.

[0171] The base station may assume that it receives instructions [from the LMF] to act as requested by the above monitoring results.

[0172] Note that activating / switching to a different positioning function may include indicating / requesting a different measurement metric.

[0173] Deactivating / terminating the [current] positioning function may be sent as an explicit termination command or as an implicit notification (e.g., a notification indicating a failure related to the [current] positioning function). The termination command, the notification indicating a failure, etc. may include information indicating the cause of the termination / failure. The reason for the termination / failure may be, for example, a large error between the measurement metric / monitoring metric / inference result and the correct answer.

[0174] Procedures may be established for the reporting / response to such instructions.

[0175] 6 is a diagram showing an example of a procedure for an instruction according to embodiment 2-2. In step S201, the base station may transmit the instruction to the LMF using a first message (e.g., an NRPPa message). The first message may include type information indicating the instruction (e.g., a type of positioning instruction).

[0176] In step S202, the base station may receive (or assume to receive) a response / failure to the instruction (command) from the LMF using a second message (e.g., an NRPPa message), which may include type information indicating the response / failure to the instruction (e.g., type of positioning command response / positioning command failure).

[0177] The second message may include information indicating the positioning function indicated in the first message, or may include information indicating a request for a positioning function different from the positioning function indicated in the first message. The base station may deactivate / stop the current positioning function and activate / switch to the positioning function indicated by the information included in the second message. The base station may perform positioning measurements / inferences based on the activated positioning function.

[0178] The second message may include information indicating the reason for the failure (unavailability) of the positioning function instructed in the first message, or may indicate a message of the failure.

[0179] The first message (message for instruction) may include an information element (IE) indicating a positioning method to be instructed. Fig. 7 is a diagram showing an example of an NRPPa message for instruction according to embodiment 2-2.

[0180] The message in this example may correspond to, for example, a message for Location Information Transfer Procedures, and may be called, for example, a Positioning Method Request message. It is shown that this message may include Positioning methods (which may also be called Request Positioning Method), which is a group indicating a specified positioning method (which may also be called a Request Positioning Method). The illustrated Measurement Quantities Value IE may indicate a specific specified positioning method, and a method such as E-CID is exemplified.

[0181] The indicated positioning method may be determined from at least one of a conventional positioning method (non-AI / ML based positioning) and an AI based positioning method.

[0182] In the Measurement Quantities Value IE, the indication of a specific value (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3") may indicate that the positioning method of the above-mentioned case 3 (3a / 3b) is indicated. Note that a value that explicitly indicates the positioning method of case 3a (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3a"), a value that indicates the positioning method of case 3b (e.g., a value corresponding to "UL-AIML-CASE3b"), etc. may also be specified.

[0183] Note that the measurement value IE shown in Fig. 7 does not necessarily specify the above-mentioned AI-based positioning use cases (cases 1, 2 (2a / 2b), and 3 (3a / 3b)). For example, information regarding enabling / disabling AI-based positioning (e.g., a Boolean value or a 1-bit value) may be communicated by another parameter / IE [contained in the NRPPa message in Fig. 7 but not shown].

[0184] If the information on activation / deactivation indicates activation, the positioning method indicated by the measurement value IE may correspond to AI-based positioning, and if not, the positioning method indicated by the measurement value IE may not correspond to AI-based positioning. For example, if the measurement value IE indicates UL-AoA, and the information on activation / deactivation indicates activation, the measurement value IE may indicate an indication of AI / ML-based positioning (AI / ML-assisted positioning) based on UL-AoA, and if the information on activation / deactivation indicates deactivation, the measurement value IE may indicate an indication of conventional positioning based on UL-AoA.

[0185] The first message (message for instruction) may include an IE indicating a measurement metric required for the positioning method to be instructed. Fig. 8 is a diagram showing another example of an NRPPa message for instruction according to embodiment 2-2. Even if the gNB does not transmit an IE directly requesting a positioning method to the LMF as in Fig. 7, it can indirectly request the positioning method to be instructed by transmitting an IE requesting a measurement metric to the LMF as in Fig. 8.

[0186] The message in this example may correspond to, for example, a message for Location Information Transfer Procedures or a message for Measurement Information Transfer Procedures, and may also be called, for example, a Measurement Request message or a Positioning Measurement [Quantities] Request message. It is shown that this message may include a TRP Measurement Type (which may also be called Request Positioning Measurement Type), which is an IE indicating a measurement metric required for the indicated positioning method. For this IE, a measurement metric such as UL-AoA is exemplified.

[0187] It should be noted that a value indicating a measurement metric explicitly associated with AI-based positioning (a specific case) may be specified. For example, if the IE indicates a value corresponding to "UL-AoA_AIML", the LMF receiving the IE may determine that the positioning method indicated by the gNB is related to AI-based positioning and that the measurement metric required for the method is UL-AoA.

[0188] The base station may report the monitoring results at at least one of the following times: When at least one of a positioning request, a change in positioning instructions, or an update of positioning instructions is received from the NW (base station / LMF), When the model you use changes / updates, Cyclic timing, Aperiodic timing, When a measurement metric, a monitoring metric, or a value inferred by an AI model (which may correspond to the value described in embodiment 1-1) satisfies a certain condition, A combination of these timings.

[0189] The periodic timing may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) expires, or may be timing at a specific cycle based on a specific timing (offset). The non-periodic timing may include the time at which a report request is received from the NW, or may be the timing at which a specific timer (for example, a timer for reporting a monitoring result) started based on a report request from the NW expires.

[0190] The certain condition may be at least one of the following: the value inferred by the measurement metric, monitoring metric or AI model is within / outside a certain range; the value inferred by the measurement metric, monitoring metric or AI model is below / above a certain threshold;

[0191] According to the above-described embodiment 2-2, the base station can appropriately report the positioning method to be instructed as a result of monitoring.

[0192] <<Embodiment 2-3>> In embodiment 2-3, the base station may report a message indicating a failure (which may be called a failure message, for example) as a result of the monitoring.

[0193] The failure message may include information indicating the cause of the failure for the [current] positioning function. The reason for the failure may include at least one of the following: Positioning failed, The requested positioning method is not supported by the base station. The requested positioning method [from the LMF] is not applicable [to the base station], The selected (decided) AI model cannot be used. ·Regarding the current positioning function, the calculation time at the base station exceeds a specific time (e.g., the set time). ·Regardless of the positioning method, positioning cannot be executed. ·The comparison result value obtained by comparing a certain value (measurement metric, monitoring metric, value inferred by an AI model) with the correct answer is within / outside a specific range (or less than / equal to a specific threshold). ·A combination of these reasons.

[0194] The failure message may include information indicating the operation to be instructed (e.g., fallback operation). Such information may include an instruction regarding the positioning method (e.g., UL-TDOA, UL-AoA). The instruction may be at least one of the information included in the instruction of Embodiment 2-2. For example, it may instruct an AI-based positioning method or a non-AI-based positioning method.

[0195] According to Embodiment 2-3 described above, the base station can appropriately report a message indicating failure as a monitoring result.

[0196] <<Embodiment 2-4>> In Embodiment 2-4, the base station may report a combination of the messages / information shown in Embodiments 2-1 to 2-3 as a monitoring result.

[0197] According to Embodiment 2-4 described above, the base station can report an appropriate combination of information as a monitoring result.

[0198] According to the second embodiment described above, the base station can appropriately report the monitoring result in the case where the base station makes a decision.

[0199] <Supplementary Note> <<Notification of Information to UE>> The notification of any information from the [Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS))] to the UE in the above embodiments (or, in other words, the reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0200] When the above notification is performed by the MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) that is not defined in the existing standards in the MAC sub-header.

[0201] When the above notification is performed by the DCI, the above notification may be performed by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used for scrambling the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0202] In the above embodiments, the information from the NW may be set / instructed by the following methods. · Common to a plurality of UEs, or UE-specific. · Cell-specific, or common to a plurality of cells. · Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG).

[0203] <<Notification of Information from the UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0204] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID in the MAC subheader that is not defined in existing standards.

[0205] If the notification is performed by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0206] In addition, notification of any information from the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB), or aperiodically (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB).

[0207] <<Application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS (NW / gNB / LMF / NG-RAN), specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information of at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: Upper layer parameters indicating the above specific processing / operation / control / assumment / information are set. The specific processing / action / control / assumption / information is determined based on relevant upper layer parameters; The above specific processes / actions / controls / assumptions / information are specified / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resources / channels / RS, Reporting or supporting specific UE capabilities indicating (or relating to) the above specific processes / actions / controls / assumptions / information; · The application of the above specific processing / action / control / assumption / information is judged based on specific conditions.

[0208] The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following: Supporting the above specific processes / actions / controls / assumptions / information; Support AI / ML-based positioning, Which cases of AI / ML-based positioning (e.g., Case 1) will be supported? · Support reporting of monitoring results.

[0209] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0210] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (for example, Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0211] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0212] Information on whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: The information is configured by one or more higher layer parameters / RRC IEs. The information is determined by one or more relevant higher layer parameters / RRC IEs. The information is directed by the MAC CE / DCI. The information is based on one or more UE capabilities. The information is described / defined in the specification. The information is based on the conditions described / defined in the specification. The information is determined by a combination of several pieces of information above. For example, the information is determined by higher layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI settings / indications and reported by UE capabilities.

[0213] The above embodiments / options / choices may be combined into one embodiment / option / choice.

[0214] (Addendum) The following inventions are added regarding one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Appendix 1] A control unit that determines at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results regarding performance monitoring of the positioning based on which node (e.g., LMF, gNB) makes decisions for positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI) (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning); A base station (e.g., gNB) having a transmitter that transmits the monitoring result. [Appendix 2] The base station of claim 1, wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring results indicating values ​​inferred by the AI ​​model. [Appendix 3] 3. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring result indicating a comparison result with a correct answer. [Appendix 4] 4. The base station of claim 1, wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring results indicating recommendations or instructions regarding actions related to a particular level of decision-making (e.g., functionality-level decision-making). [Appendix 5] determining at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results for performance monitoring of the positioning based on which node makes decisions for the positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI); and transmitting the monitoring result. [Appendix 6] a transmitter that transmits a setting for positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI) to a base station; An apparatus (e.g., an LMF) having: a receiving unit that determines at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results for the positioning performance monitoring based on which node makes decisions for the positioning, and receives the monitoring results transmitted from the base station.

[0215] (wireless communication system) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0216] 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), or the like, which are specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0217] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0218] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0219] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and the SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0220] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0221] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a super cell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, sub-cells). A super cell may correspond to a cell whose physical range is fixed, and a sub-cell may correspond to a cell whose physical range varies semi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0222] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0223] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0224] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0225] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (for example, optical fiber conforming to the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (for example, NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0226] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0227] The core network 30 may include network functions (NFs) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and an Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Note that a single network node may provide multiple functions. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may be performed via the DN.

[0228] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal compatible with at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0229] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the radio communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0230] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (for example, other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0231] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0232] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), etc. may be used as an uplink channel.

[0233] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit Master Information Block (MIB).

[0234] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0235] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as an UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be interpreted as DL data, and the PUSCH may be interpreted as UL data.

[0236] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources to search for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor a CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0237] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be called a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space setting," "search space set setting," "CORESET," "CORESET setting," etc. in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0238] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), acknowledgement information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0239] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0240] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted as DL-RS.

[0241] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including the SS (PSS, SSS) and the PBCH (and DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as reference signals.

[0242] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0243] (base station) 10 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0244] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0245] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0246] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0247] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0248] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0249] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

[0250] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0251] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of a transmission beam and a reception beam using digital beamforming (for example, precoding), analog beamforming (for example, phase rotation), or the like.

[0252] The transceiver 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0253] The transceiver 120 (transmission processor 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0254] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation to a radio frequency band, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transmitting / receiving antenna .

[0255] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna .

[0256] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0257] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0258] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes providing NFs), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0259] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0260] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may perform RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may perform higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may perform PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0261] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that implements all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0262] The control unit 110 may determine at least a part of the content and reporting timing of the monitoring result of the positioning performance monitoring based on which node (e.g., LMF, UE, gNB) makes a decision for the positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI) (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning). The transceiver unit 120 may transmit the monitoring result.

[0263] The transceiver 120 may transmit the monitoring results indicative of values ​​inferred by the AI ​​model.

[0264] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the monitoring result indicating the result of comparison with the correct answer.

[0265] The transceiver 120 may transmit the monitoring results indicating recommendations or instructions regarding actions for a particular level of decision-making (eg, functionality-level decision-making).

[0266] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a network device (for example, an LMF node) having the functionality of any of the above-described NFs may be a device having the configuration (for example, the control unit 110 and the transceiver unit 120) of the base station 10 in the same manner as in Fig. 10. In other words, in the description of Fig. 10, the configuration of the network device according to one embodiment may be covered by replacing the base station with the network device.

[0267] The transceiver 120 in the network device (e.g., an LMF node) may transmit a configuration (e.g., a request, an [NRPPa] POSITIONING INFORMATION REQUEST message, etc.) for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based positioning to the base station 10. The transceiver 120 in the network device (e.g., an LMF node) may receive a monitoring result for the positioning performance monitoring transmitted from the base station 10, in which at least a part of the content and report timing of the monitoring result is determined based on which node makes the decision for the positioning.

[0268] (user terminal) 11 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0269] Note that this example mainly shows functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0270] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0271] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0272] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured from a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0273] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0274] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

[0275] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0276] The transceiver 220 may form at least one of a transmission beam and a reception beam using digital beamforming (for example, precoding), analog beamforming (for example, phase rotation), or the like.

[0277] The transceiver 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0278] The transceiver 220 (transmission processor 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0279] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and when transform precoding is not enabled, the transceiver unit 220 may not perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0280] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation to a radio frequency band, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0281] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0282] The transceiver 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0283] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0284] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0285] The transmitting section and receiving section of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0286] The control unit 210 may determine at least a part of the content and reporting timing of the monitoring result of the positioning performance monitoring based on which node (e.g., LMF, UE, gNB) makes a decision for positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI) (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning). The transceiver unit 220 may transmit the monitoring result.

[0287] The transceiver 220 may transmit the monitoring results indicative of values ​​inferred by the AI ​​model.

[0288] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may transmit the monitoring result indicating the result of comparison with the correct answer.

[0289] The transceiver 220 may transmit the monitoring results indicating recommendations or instructions regarding actions for a particular level of decision-making (eg, functionality-level decision-making).

[0290] (Hardware configuration) The block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may also be realized by combining the single device or multiple devices with software.

[0291] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As mentioned above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0292] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0293] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be read interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0294] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0295] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0296] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transmission / reception unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0297] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be realized by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be realized in a similar manner.

[0298] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a random access memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, a cache, a main memory, or the like. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, and the like for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0299] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be constituted by at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as a secondary storage device.

[0300] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0301] The input device 1005 is an input device (for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that receives input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (for example, a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (for example, a touch panel).

[0302] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0303] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0304] Note that the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NFs) may also be realized by the above-described functional block / hardware configuration.

[0305] (Variation) Note that terms explained in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0306] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0307] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, a subcarrier spacing (SCS), a bandwidth, a symbol length, a cyclic prefix length, a transmission time interval (TTI), the number of symbols per TTI, a radio frame structure, a specific filtering process performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and a specific windowing process performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0308] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol), and may be a time unit based on numerology.

[0309] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0310] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0311] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0312] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0313] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0314] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0315] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0316] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and equal to or greater than 1 ms.

[0317] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may also be determined based on numerology.

[0318] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0319] Note that one or more RBs may also be called a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0320] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0321] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a fractional bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a common reference point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a given BWP and numbered within that BWP.

[0322] The BWP may include an UL BWP (a BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (a BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0323] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0324] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0325] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0326] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0327] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0328] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0329] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0330] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / identifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0331] Notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0332] Note that the physical layer signaling may be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be called an RRC message, such as an RRC connection setup message or an RRC connection reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0333] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0334] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0335] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0336] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), then these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0337] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0338] In the present disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0339] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. The spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0340] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0341] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0342] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0343] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumptions," "QCL relationships," "QCL type information," "QCL properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0344] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0345] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0346] In this disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0347] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The term "cell" or "sector" refers to a part or the entire coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within this coverage.

[0348] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0349] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0350] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0351] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0352] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0353] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0354] 13 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. A vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0355] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0356] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0357] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0358] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0359] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0360] The driving assistance system unit 64 is configured with various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), Artificial Intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0361] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0362] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the above-mentioned base station 10 or user terminal 20. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

[0363] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0364] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from external devices and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0365] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0366] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as uplink channel and downlink channel may be read as sidelink channel.

[0367] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0368] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME) and a Serving-Gateway (S-GW)), or a combination thereof.

[0369] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0370] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE The present invention may be applied to systems that use 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other appropriate wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. It may also be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0371] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0372] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0373] The term "determining," as used in this disclosure, may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0374] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0375] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0376] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0377] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ...," "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ...," "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0378] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0379] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0380] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0381] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0382] When used in this disclosure, the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when used in this disclosure, the term "or" is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0383] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0384] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with the prefix "i-th" (i is any integer) (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable as "i-th highest").

[0385] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0386] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions, such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be nearly zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after the time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0387] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0388] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A control unit that determines at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results regarding performance monitoring of the positioning based on which node makes decisions for positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI); A base station having a transmitter that transmits the monitoring result.

2. The base station of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring results indicating values ​​inferred by the AI ​​model.

3. The base station according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring result indicating a result of comparison with a correct answer.

4. The base station of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter transmits the monitoring results indicating recommendations or instructions regarding actions related to decision-making at a particular level.

5. Determining at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results for performance monitoring of the positioning based on which node makes decisions for the positioning based on artificial intelligence (AI); and transmitting the monitoring result.

6. a transmitter for transmitting a setting for artificial intelligence (AI)-based positioning to a base station; A device having: a receiving unit that determines at least a part of the content and reporting timing of monitoring results for the positioning performance monitoring based on which node makes decisions for the positioning, and receives the monitoring results transmitted from the base station.

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