Hybrid background extraction in electron holography

Abstract

To provide a process for electron holography image background extraction.SOLUTION: A system 800 includes an image preparation system 802 comprising a memory 804 that stores, and a processor 806 that executes, computer executable components. The computer executable components can comprise a blurring component 814 that executes a primary blurring action and a secondary blurring action on an original electron holography (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having a set of original pixel values, and a generating component 816 that generates a set of modified pixel values, for the set of pixels, based on a difference of a set of first pixel values, of the set of pixels, resulting from the primary blurring action and a set of second pixel values, of the set of pixels, resulting from the secondary blurring action.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Scientific instruments for use in materials analysis can be useful for determining the composition and properties of unknown compositions. In one or more examples, the scientific instruments can provide reconstruction of energy-based holograms to enable better visualization of features of the unknown compositions. Preparation of pixel data prior to reconstruction can include one or more modifications of the raw or original energy-based hologram image. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0002] The embodiments will be readily understood from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals refer to like structural elements. The embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that one or more of the figures may include illustrative illustrations of a blur effect, characterized by a lack of image clarity. [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example scientific instrument for performing one or more operations according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 2] 2 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method of performing operations using the scientific instrument of FIG. 1 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 3] 1 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be used in performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 4] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example computing device capable of performing one or more of the methods disclosed herein, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 5] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an image generation device according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 6] 1 illustrates a schematic exploded view of an original image, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 7] 1 illustrates the rendering of an ideal image, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example non-limiting system that can facilitate a process for image background extraction in electro-holography, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates a block diagram of another exemplary non-limiting system that can facilitate a process for image background extraction in electro-holography, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 10] 10 provides a schematic block diagram depicting a process flow that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 11] 10 illustrates a schematic drawing of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 12] 10 illustrates a schematic drawing of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 13] 10 illustrates a rendering of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 14] 10 illustrates a rendering of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 15]10 illustrates a schematic drawing of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 16] 10 illustrates a schematic drawing of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 17] 10 illustrates a rendering of an image that may be generated based on one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 18] 10 illustrates a flow diagram of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 19] 10 illustrates another flow diagram of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9 according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 20] 19 illustrates a continuation of the flow diagram of FIG. 19 of one or more processes that may be performed by the image preparation system of FIG. 9 in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 21] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example scientific instrument system capable of performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 22] 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary operating environment into which embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be incorporated. [Figure 23] 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic block diagram of a computing environment with which the subject matter described herein can at least partially interact and / or be implemented. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments described herein. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements and / or delineate the scope of particular embodiments or the scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments, the systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatuses, and / or computer program products described herein provide a process for electro-holographic image background extraction, which can assist in the reconstruction of holograms obtained from electro-holographic imaging (e.g., from the application of an energy source to a target composition), such as electron-energy holographic imaging.

[0004] According to one embodiment, a system may include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components, including a blur component that performs a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electron holography (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values, and a generation component that generates a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the primary blur action and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blur action.

[0005] According to another embodiment, a computer-implemented method includes: performing, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, a modification of a set of original pixel values ​​of a set of pixels characterizing an original electro-holographic (EH) image, where the performing includes using a distortion technique in an imaging device that captures the EH image and then applying a digital blur to the original set of pixel values; and generating, by the system, a modified set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels that results from using the distortion technique and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels that results from applying the digital blur.

[0006] According to yet another embodiment, a computer program product facilitates a process for electro-holographic image background extraction, the program instructions being executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a primary blurring action and a secondary blurring action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values, and to generate, for the set of pixels, a set of modified pixel values ​​based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the primary blurring action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blurring action.

[0007] One or more embodiments disclosed herein can achieve improved performance compared to existing techniques. For example, based at least on the application of a pair of blurring implementations to an original image (also referred to herein as a raw image) output from an energy-based holographic imaging device, image contamination can be reduced to a level much lower than is possible using existing techniques. This image contamination reduction can include the reduction of detector imperfections, sensor contamination, ambient noise, malfunctioning pixels, and / or other detector imperfection effects. Thus, preparation of the electro-holographic (EH) signal on which the reconstructed image is based can be more efficient and more aggressively reduce such image contamination compared to existing techniques.

[0008] One or more embodiments described herein may be implemented within, in association with, and / or coupled to an electro-holographic (EH) imaging device.

[0009] As a result of the use of one or more embodiments described herein, image contamination can be removed from the background of a hologram, thus improving the quality of subsequent hologram reconstructions based on the output of one or more embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the embodiments and / or their application or uses. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied information presented in the Summary of the Invention section or the Detailed Description section above. One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0011] Various operations may be described sequentially as multiple discrete actions or operations in a manner that is most helpful for understanding the subject matter disclosed herein. However, the order of description should not be construed as implying that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations may be performed in an order different from the order presented. Operations described may be performed in an order different from the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and / or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments.

[0012] Referring now to the subject of materials analysis and one or more embodiments described herein, one method of obtaining compositional imaging may be electronic imaging, where a target composition is targeted by an energy source, ultimately resulting in a signal that can be used to generate an energy-based hologram, such as an in-line electron hologram, or for in-line holography with other waves and particles, such as light (EM waves), sound (pressure waves), and / or neutron and / or proton waves (matter waves). That is, the embodiments described herein are applicable to different types of holograms, including in-line holograms, electronic energy holograms, and / or other types of holograms, even though only one example of an energy-based or electronic energy hologram is used and / or described.

[0013] From the hologram, a reconstructed image of the target composition can be reconstructed. Reconstruction can use, among other methods, backpropagation. That is, reconstruction in holograms such as low-energy electron holograms (LEEH) can use wave propagation techniques from Fourier optics. The hologram is measured by a detector with a finite number of pixels (e.g., 512 × 512). To avoid image contamination—detector contamination, such as caused by detector imperfections, or device contamination, such as caused by uneven sensitivity of the imaging system to the electron beam—processing of the image and / or the signal on which the image is based can be performed. As a result, one or more image contaminations can be reduced and / or completely eliminated. This can therefore help to sharpen the image background from which the hologram reconstruction can be generated, thereby improving the reconstruction quality of the hologram reconstruction.

[0014] In one existing example of hologram processing and subsequent reconstruction, the raw or original hologram may be a low-energy electron holography (LEEH) hologram. LEEH uses an electron emitter to illuminate an object to create an in-line hologram that is detected by a highly sensitive pixelated electronic detector. The illumination pattern may vary from time to time and be non-uniform, thus causing device contamination. For example, each detector in a LEEH imaging device may operate with a weak signal and therefore may be highly sensitive to noise or other contamination, such as on its surface, that may block and / or reduce the original signal on which the original hologram may be based.

[0015] The hologram can then be reconstructed by a numerical reconstruction algorithm to generate a reconstructed image of the target object. Often, the numerical reconstruction algorithm can use signal levels that are uniformly normalized across the image. Therefore, it may be desirable to achieve both normalization to the corresponding illumination pattern and normalization to detector noise. As used herein, an "illumination pattern" is the underlying data signal that corresponds to the image / hologram. As used herein, "image" can be used interchangeably with "hologram" and / or "holograph." As used herein, the term "image" can refer to any image of any one or more objects, backgrounds, environments, targets, materials, and / or the like.

[0016] Conventional frameworks for noise subtraction and illumination pattern subtraction often interfere with each other and / or cannot eliminate one another, thus resulting in reduced noise subtraction and / or reduced illumination pattern subtraction. For example, the use of digital blurring, such as Gaussian blurring, can remove undesired effects from the illumination pattern but does not affect non-uniform detector sensitivity. As a result, detector sensitivity (e.g., device contamination) may remain in the original signal / original image. While separate methods for device contamination may be used, such processes are both inaccurate and inefficient.

[0017] To account for one or more incapacities and / or deficiencies of existing frameworks (e.g., existing image preparation frameworks), one or more embodiments are described herein in which a unique image preparation framework can be used to achieve high image contamination removal and high information gathering from signals resulting from the application of energy flow to a target composition. One or more image preparation frameworks described herein may be hybrid frameworks that can perform image and / or underlying signal modifications, such as by digital blurring, physical blurring, and combined digital and physical blurring combinations, thereby resulting in efficient and effective reduction of image contamination that can increase subsequent image reconstruction quality.

[0018] As a result, a desired increase in information can be obtained from an image reconstructed from the processed image / signal compared to existing image preparation frameworks. This increase in information can be due, at least in part, to a reduction in detector contamination (e.g., as a result of detector imperfections) or device contamination (e.g., as a result of non-uniform sensitivity) artifacts, which can be undesirably added to the acquired hologram signal during hologram signal acquisition.

[0019] The discussion now turns to a general discussion of one or more scientific instrument systems, and associated methods, computing devices, and computer-readable media disclosed herein. For example, in one or more embodiments, a system may include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components stored in the memory. The computer-executable components may include a blur component that performs a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values, and a generation component that generates a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the primary blur action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blur action.

[0020] One or more embodiments disclosed herein can achieve improved performance compared to existing techniques. For example, based on the application of a combination of digital blurring, separate physical blurring, and combined digital and physical blurring, can provide a reduction in undesirable image contamination (e.g., detector and / or device contamination, among other examples of image contamination) associated with generating an object image from a hologram. That is, the use of a combined blurring technique can enable an increase in the information used to generate a subsequent reconstructed object image.

[0021] Additionally, an embodiment described herein can beneficially provide focus / direction for multiple targets at least partially in parallel with one another. For example, holograms from two or more targets acted upon by two or more different energy sources can be processed for image contamination reduction at least partially in parallel with one another by the same image preparation system and / or separate image preparation systems.

[0022] Furthermore, the embodiments described herein can be adapted to work with non-square detectors, detectors with broken pixels, and combined holograms (e.g., resulting from holograms taken with shifted sampling and / or holograms with limited or patchy illumination).

[0023] Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can provide improvements in scientific instrument technology (e.g., improvements in the computer technology supporting such scientific instrumentation, among other improvements), which can be used in a variety of fields, including, but not limited to, optics, signal processing, spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

[0024] Various embodiments disclosed herein can improve upon existing techniques to achieve the technical advantages of high-information reconstruction and / or low artifact generation in such reconstruction. That is, use of the image preparation framework provided herein can significantly reduce generated image contamination by removing the contamination. Note that this is different from completely preventing contamination.

[0025] Such technical advantages are not achievable by routine and / or existing techniques, and all user entities of a system including such embodiments can benefit from these advantages (e.g., by assisting the user entity in performing a technical task, such as, for example, identifying one or more target compositions by image preparation using the image preparation framework discussed herein).

[0026] Thus, the technical features of the embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., modifying a hologram using a combination of physical and digital blurring), as well as combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed herein, are clearly unconventional in the fields of materials analysis, including, but not limited to, the fields of optics, signal processing, spectroscopy, and / or NMR.

[0027] As discussed further herein, various aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein can improve the functionality of the computer itself. That is, the computational and user interface features disclosed herein do not merely involve the collection and comparison of information, but instead apply new analytical and technological techniques to modify the operation of the computer analysis of material compounds. For example, based on signals obtained from energy flows interacting with target compositions, cleaning or other processing of such signals can be performed. Based at least on these processes, the subsequent computer-directed process of image reconstruction can be made easier and more efficient through the reduction of contamination of the system or corresponding devices and / or subsequent images generated by the system. Thus, the non-limiting systems described herein, including the image preparation system, can be self-improving.

[0028] Thus, the present disclosure introduces functionality that neither existing computing devices nor humans can perform. Rather, such existing computing devices are both inefficient and ineffective at removing and / or processing both device contamination and detector contamination, resulting in loss or degradation of the signal corresponding to the original image generated by the image generating device (e.g., using LEEH). Given the time, energy, and / or data loss involved, it is impractical to operate within existing approaches.

[0029] Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may serve any of a number of technical purposes, such as controlling a particular technical system or process, determining how to control machinery from measurements, digital audio, image, or video enhancement or analysis, separating material sources in mixed signals, generating data for reliable and / or efficient transmission or storage, providing estimates and confidence intervals for material samples, or providing faster processing of sensor data. In particular, the present disclosure provides technical solutions to technical problems, including but not limited to, hologram correction, image / signal blurring, applying combined blurring techniques, and / or subsequent image reconstruction, resulting in faster, more complete, and / or more efficient processing of the generated image and, therefore, the imaged material sample or other target composition.

[0030] Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed herein provide improvements in materials analysis techniques (eg, improvements in computer techniques supporting materials analysis, among other improvements).

[0031] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the phrase "based on" means "based at least in part on "at least in part on" should be understood to mean "at least in part on."

[0032] As used herein, the term "component" can refer to an atomic element, a molecular element, a phase of an atomic or molecular element, or a combination thereof.

[0033] As used herein, the term "data" can include metadata.

[0034] As used herein, the terms “entity,” “requesting entity,” and “user entity” may refer to a machine, device, component, hardware, software, smart device, party, organization, individual, and / or human being.

[0035] One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like drawing elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0036] Furthermore, it should be understood that the embodiments depicted in one or more figures described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and thus the architecture of the embodiments is not limited to the systems, devices, and / or components depicted herein, nor to any particular ordering, connection, and / or coupling of the systems, devices, and / or components depicted herein.

[0037] Referring now particularly to one or more figures, and initially to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of a scientific instrument module 100 for performing material analysis operations using combined holographic blurring techniques is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments described herein. The scientific instrument module 100 may be implemented by circuitry (e.g., including electrical and / or optical components) such as a programmed computing device. The logic of the scientific instrument module 100 may be contained in a single computing device or may be distributed across multiple computing devices that communicate with each other as needed. An example of a computing device in which the scientific instrument module 100, alone or in combination, may be implemented is discussed herein with reference to the computing device 400 of FIG. 4 , and an example of a system of interconnected computing devices in which the scientific instrument module 100 may be implemented across one or more of the computing devices is discussed herein with reference to the scientific instrument system 2100 of FIG. 21 .

[0038] The scientific instrument module 100 may include first logic 102, second logic 104, third logic 106, fourth logic 108, and fifth logic 110. As used herein, the term "logic" may include an apparatus that performs a set of operations associated with the logic. For example, any of the logic elements included in module 100 may be implemented by one or more computing devices programmed with instructions to cause one or more processing devices of the computing devices to perform a set of operations associated with the computing devices. In particular embodiments, a logic element may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed by one or more processing devices of the one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform a set of operations associated with the computing devices. As used herein, the term "module" may refer to a collection of one or more logic elements that together perform a function associated with the module. Different logic elements within a module may take the same form or different forms. For example, some logic in a module may be implemented by a programmed general-purpose processing device, while other logic in the module may be implemented by an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). In another example, different ones of the logic elements in a module may be associated with different sets of instructions executed by one or more processing devices. A module may omit one or more of the logic elements depicted in the associated figure, but, for example, a module may include a subset of the logic elements depicted in the associated figure if the module performs a subset of the operations discussed herein with reference to that module.

[0039] The first logic 102 can receive, find, locate, download, request, and / or otherwise obtain signals corresponding to energy-based holograms (e.g., resulting from electronic input to a target composition), i.e., the first logic 102 can process and obtain data for later use in generating a reconstructed image of a target, such as a target composition.

[0040] The second logic 104 can direct and / or cause physical blurring of the original hologram (e.g., an energy-based hologram). In one or more embodiments, the physical blurring can be caused by vibrations of a sensor or a high-speed alternating electromagnetic field on the electron path of an electron beam of an imaging device. That is, the second logic 104 can direct and / or cause modification of pixel values ​​of pixels included in the original hologram.

[0041] The third logic 106 may direct and / or cause digital blurring, such as Gaussian blurring, of the original hologram (e.g., an energy-based hologram). As used herein, "Gaussian blurring" may refer to applying a mathematical function to data defining an image, such as pixel values, thereby blurring the image. That is, the third logic 106 may also direct and / or cause modification of pixel values ​​of pixels included in the original hologram.

[0042] In one or more embodiments, the second logic 104 and the third logic 106 may be used in combination, such as at least partially simultaneously with one another or sequentially with one another, to direct and / or cause a combined blur. The combined blur may include the effects of both a digital blur and a physical blur.

[0043] The fourth logic 108 may generate one or more result pixel values ​​based on using the digital blur, the physical blur, and / or the difference between the results of various blurs (e.g., the digital blur, the physical blur, and / or a combination of blurs). That is, the fourth logic 108 may generate pixel values ​​corresponding to the brightness and / or color values ​​of one or more pixels included in the modified image (e.g., the image acted upon by the second logic 104 and / or the third logic 106).

[0044] The fifth logic 110 may generate a notification corresponding to a determination that an image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​(e.g., resulting from the fourth logic 108) contains a reduced level of contamination compared to the original contamination level of the original EH image.

[0045] 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 200 of performing operations by a scientific instrument module 100, according to various embodiments. The operations of method 200 may be illustrated with reference to particular embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., the scientific instrument module 100 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 1 , the GUI 300 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 3 , the computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 , and / or the scientific instrument system 2100 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 21 ), but method 200 may be used in any suitable configuration to perform any suitable operations. Although the operations are illustrated in FIG. 2 once each and in a particular order, the operations may be reordered and / or repeated as desired and appropriate (e.g., different operations performed may be performed in parallel, when suitable).

[0046] A first operation may be performed at 202. For example, first logic 102 of module 100 may perform first operation 202. First operation 202 may include obtaining a signal corresponding to an energy-based hologram (e.g., resulting from an electron input to a target composition).

[0047] A second operation may be performed at 204. For example, second logic 104 of module 100 may perform second operation 204. Second operation 204 may include performing a physical blur of the original image, such as by causing physical vibrations and / or alternating electromagnetic fields on the electron path of an electron beam generated by an imaging device that generates the original hologram. In this way, image contamination may be reduced while such image contamination may already be present in the detector or device.

[0048] A third operation may be performed at 206. For example, the third logic 106 of the module 100 may perform the third operation 206. The third operation 206 may include digital blurring, which may apply a mathematical function to data defining an image, such as pixel values, thereby blurring the image.

[0049] At 208, a fourth operation may be performed. For example, the fourth logic 108 of the module 100 may perform the fourth operation 208. The fourth operation 208 may include generating a set of pixel values ​​for a set of pixels included in a modified image based on the original image. This set of pixel values ​​may be used to generate an image reconstruction and / or to generate a modified image prior to image reconstruction.

[0050] A fifth operation may be performed at 210. For example, the fifth logic 110 of the module 100 may perform the fifth operation 210. The fifth operation 210 may include generating a response to a determination that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to the original level of contamination of the original EH image.

[0051] Scientific instrument methods disclosed herein can include interactions with a user entity (e.g., via a user local computing device 2120, discussed herein with reference to Figure 21). These interactions can include providing information to the user entity (e.g., information regarding the operation of a scientific instrument such as the scientific instrument 2110 of Figure 21, information regarding a sample being analyzed or other tests or measurements performed by the scientific instrument, information obtained from a local or remote database, or other information), or providing options for the user entity to enter commands (e.g., to control the operation of a scientific instrument such as the scientific instrument 2110 of Figure 21 or to control the analysis of data generated by the scientific instrument), queries (e.g., to a local or remote database), or other information. In some embodiments, these interactions may be performed through a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes a visual display on a display device (e.g., display device 410, discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 ) that provides output to a user entity and / or prompts the user entity to provide input (e.g., via one or more input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, or touchscreen included in other I / O (Input / Output) devices 412, discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4 ). The scientific instrument system 2100 disclosed herein may include any suitable GUI for interaction with a user entity.

[0052] 3, an exemplary GUI 300 is depicted that can be used in performing one or more of the methods described herein, according to various embodiments described herein. As noted above, the GUI 300 can be provided on a display device (e.g., the display device 410 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) of a computing device (e.g., the computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) of a scientific instrument system (e.g., the scientific instrument system 2100 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 21), and a user entity can interact with the GUI 300 using any suitable input device (e.g., any of the input devices included in the other I / O devices 412 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4) and input technique (e.g., cursor movement, motion capture, facial recognition, gesture detection, voice recognition, button actuation, etc.).

[0053] GUI 300 can include a data display area 302, a data analysis area 304, a scientific instrument control area 306, and a settings area 308. The particular number and arrangement of areas depicted in Figure 3 is merely illustrative, and any number and arrangement of areas containing any desired features can be included in GUI 300.

[0054] The data display area 302 may display data generated by a scientific instrument (e.g., the scientific instrument 2110 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 21). For example, the data display area 302 may display one or more output results that may include, but are not limited to, text, graphs, notifications, charts, matrices, and / or spectra.

[0055] The data analysis area 304 can display the results of the data analysis (e.g., the results of analyzing the data illustrated in the data display area 302 and / or other data). For example, the data analysis area 304 can display one or more of the output results. In one or more cases, the data analysis area 304 can display a list, flow chart, or other schematic of captured actions taken and / or recommended for the experiment. In one or more embodiments, the data display area 302 and the data analysis area 304 can be combined in the GUI 300 (e.g., to include data output from scientific instruments and some analysis of the data in a common graph or area).

[0056] The scientific instrument control area 306 may include options that enable a user entity to control a scientific instrument (e.g., the scientific instrument 2110 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 21). For example, the scientific instrument control area 306 may include one or more controls for inputting one or more metrics of interest.

[0057] Settings area 308 may include options that enable a user entity to control features and functionality of GUI 300 (and / or other GUIs) and / or perform common computing operations related to data display area 302 and data analysis area 304 (e.g., saving data on a storage device such as storage device 404 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4, sending data to another user entity, labeling data, etc.). For example, settings area 308 may include one or more options for changing the color, fill, or format of an illustrative diagram, such as the illustrative diagrams of any of FIGS. 11-17 described below.

[0058] As noted above, the scientific instrument module 100 can be implemented by one or more computing devices. Accordingly, considering now FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a computing device 400 capable of performing some or all of the scientific instrument methods disclosed herein, according to various embodiments. In one or more embodiments, the scientific instrument module 100 can be implemented by a single computing device 400 or by multiple computing devices 400. Furthermore, as discussed below, the computing device 400 (or multiple computing devices 400) implementing the scientific instrument module 100 can be part of one or more of the scientific instrument 2110, user local computing device 2120, service local computing device 2130, or remote computing device 2140 of FIG. 21 .

[0059] 4 is illustrated as having several components, any one or more of which may be omitted or duplicated as suitable for the application and setting. As illustrated, these components may include one or more of a processor 402, a storage device 404, an interface device 406, a battery / power circuitry 408, a display device 410, and other input / output (I / O) devices 412, as described below.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the components included in computing device 400 may be mounted on one or more motherboards and housed within a housing (e.g., comprising plastic, metal, and / or other materials). In one or more embodiments, some of these components may be fabricated on a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) (e.g., an SoC may include one or more processors 402 and one or more storage devices 404). Additionally, in one or more embodiments, computing device 400 may omit one or more of the components illustrated in FIG. 4. In one or more embodiments, computing device 400 may include interface circuitry (not shown) for coupling to one or more components using any suitable interface (e.g., a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI®) interface, a Controller Area Network (CAN) interface, a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) interface, an Ethernet interface, a wireless interface, or any other suitable interface). For example, computing device 400 may omit display device 410 but may include display device interface circuitry (eg, connector and driver circuitry) to which display device 410 can be coupled.

[0061] Computing device 400 may include a processor 402 (e.g., one or more processing devices). As used herein, the term "processing device" may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and / or memory and converts the electronic data into other electronic data that can be stored in registers and / or memory. Processor 402 may include one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or other processors. ASIC, Central Processing Unit This may include a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a cryptographic processor (a dedicated processor that executes cryptographic algorithms in hardware), a server processor, or any other suitable processing device.

[0062] The computing device 400 may include a storage device 404 (e.g., one or more storage devices). The storage device 404 may include random access memory (RAM) (e.g., static RAM). The storage device 404 may include one or more memory devices, such as static RAM (SRAM) devices, magnetic RAM (MRAM) devices, dynamic RAM (DRAM) devices, resistive RAM (RRAM) devices, or conductive-bridging RAM (CBRAM) devices, hard-drive-based memory devices, solid-state memory devices, network drives, cloud drives, or any combination of memory devices. In one or more embodiments, the storage device 404 may include memory sharing a die with the processor 402. In such embodiments, the memory may be used as cache memory and may include, for example, embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) or spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). In one or more embodiments, the storage device 404 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions thereon that, when executed by one or more processing devices (e.g., the processor 402), cause the computing device 400 to perform any suitable ones of the methods or portions of those methods disclosed herein.

[0063] Computing device 400 may include interface device 406 (e.g., one or more interface devices 406). Interface device 406 may include one or more communication chips, connectors, and / or other hardware and software to manage communications between computing device 400 and other computing devices. For example, interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications for transferring data to and from computing device 400. The term "wireless" and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communication channels, etc. that can communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation over a non-solid medium. This term does not imply that the associated devices do not include any wiring, although in one or more embodiments, the associated devices may not include any wiring. The circuitry included in interface device 406 for managing wireless communications may implement any of several wireless standards or protocols, including, but not limited to, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards including the IEEE 802.16 standard (e.g., the IEEE 802.16-2005 Amendment), the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) project (e.g., the Advanced LTE project, the Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB) project (also referred to as "3GPP®2"), etc.) with any amendments, updates, and / or revisions.In one or more embodiments, the circuitry included in the interface device 406 for managing wireless communications may be compatible with any of the following wireless communication standards: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (Evolved HSPA), and the like. In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may operate in accordance with a HSPA, E-HSPA, or LTE network. In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications that may operate in accordance with a GSM Evolution (EDGE) network, a GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or an Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). In one or more embodiments, the interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wireless communications that may operate in accordance with a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), or an LTE network. Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Communications (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Evolution-Data Optimization EV-DO (Echo Optimized, EV-DO), and derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may include one or more antennas (e.g., one or more antenna arrays) for receiving and / or transmitting wireless communications.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may include circuitry for managing wired communications, such as electrical, optical, or any other suitable communications protocol. For example, interface device 406 may include circuitry supporting communications according to Ethernet technology. In one or more embodiments, interface device 406 may support both wireless and wired communications and / or may support multiple wired and / or wireless communications protocols. For example, a first set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to short-range wireless communications, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, while a second set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to long-range wireless communications, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, EV-DO, or others. In one or more embodiments, a first set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to wireless communications, while a second set of circuits in interface device 406 may be dedicated to wired communications.

[0065] Computing device 400 may include battery / power circuitry 408. Battery / power circuitry 408 may include one or more energy storage devices (e.g., batteries or capacitors) and / or circuitry for coupling components of computing device 400 to an energy source (e.g., AC line power) separate from computing device 400.

[0066] Computing device 400 may include a display device 410 (e.g., multiple display devices). Display device 410 may include any visual indicator, such as a heads-up display, a computer monitor, a projector, a touchscreen display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode display, or a flat panel display.

[0067] Computing device 400 may include other input / output (I / O) devices 412, such as, for example, one or more audio output devices (e.g., speakers, headsets, earphones, alarms, etc.), one or more audio input devices (e.g., microphones or microphone arrays), location devices (e.g., a GPS device that communicates with a satellite-based system to receive the location of computing device 400, as is known in the art), audio codecs, video codecs, printers, sensors (e.g., thermocouples or other temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, vibration sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.), image data capture devices such as cameras, keyboards, cursor control devices (e.g., a mouse, stylus, trackball, or touchpad), barcode readers, Quick Response (QR) code readers, or radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) readers may be mentioned.

[0068] Computing device 400 may have any suitable form factor for its application and configuration, such as a handheld or mobile computing device (e.g., a cell phone, a smartphone, a mobile Internet device, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook computer, an ultrabook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra-mobile personal computer, etc.), a desktop or server computing device, or other network computing component.

[0069] 5-7, an imaging device (e.g., electronic application device 500) is illustrated in FIG. 5 and one or more schematic depictions (FIGS. 6 and 7) of an original image 553 that can be generated by electronic application device 500.

[0070] 5, an electron application device 500 or other imaging device can include an energy source such as an electron source 548, a sample 550 or other target or target composition, and a detector 544, such as an electron detector. Note that the distances between any of the object 550, the emitter 548 (e.g., electron source 548), and the detector 544 may be exaggerated in FIG. 5 for illustrative purposes. The electron source 548 can generate an electron projection path 549 that generates an image signal 551 as a result of the interaction of electrons from the electron source 548 at the detector 544. The generated image can include an original image 553 that includes a projected hologram image 552 of the sample 550.

[0071] As depicted schematically in FIG. 6 , which shows a virtual decomposition of an original image, original image 553 may include image contamination caused by device contamination and / or detector contamination. For example, for ease of reference, original image 553 is generally decomposed into portion 610, which includes a hologram of projected object 552, which impinges on the pixelated detector surface of detector 544. Portion 612 represents ambient signals from other sources in the environment around and / or within imaging device 500, such as within the chamber of imaging device 500. Portion 612 is not a hologram but rather background noise. Portion 614 may include a schematic representation of image contamination, including detector contamination 620 (e.g., but not limited to, contamination on the detector surface that blocks low-energy electrons from electron source 548), detector defects 622, such as malfunctioning pixels in detector 544, and / or areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity 624 (e.g., caused by an imaging system having non-uniform sensitivity to the uniform electron beam from electron source 548).

[0072] Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 7, a complete, ideal original image 700 includes only a hologram of the projected object 552 (eg, an image of the sample 550).

[0073] 8 and 9, in one or more embodiments, the non-limiting systems 800 and / or 900 illustrated in Figures 8 and 9, and / or the systems may further comprise one or more computers and / or computing-based elements described herein with reference to a computing environment, such as the computing environment 2300 illustrated in Figure 23. In one or more described embodiments, the computers and / or computing-based elements may be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, components, and / or computer-implemented operations shown and / or described in connection with Figures 8 and / or 9 and / or other figures described herein.

[0074] 8, which illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting system 800 that may include an image preparation system 802 and an electron application device (EAD) 500. The image preparation system 802 may facilitate a process for electro-holographic image background extraction of the original signal 551 / original image 553 based on the output from the electron application device 500. The non-limiting system 800 may be used in conjunction with a holography system, such as an in-line electronic or laser holography system, that includes, for example, the EAD 500.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 802 may be configured, at least in part, by the computing device 400 .

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 may comprise, at least in part, the energy application device 500, and / or vice versa.

[0077] It should be noted that image preparation system 802 is merely briefly detailed to provide an introduction to a more complex and / or more extensive image preparation system 902 as illustrated in Figure 9. That is, further details regarding processes that may be performed by one or more embodiments described herein are provided below in connection with the non-limiting system 900 of Figure 9.

[0078] 8, image preparation system 802 can include at least memory 804, bus 805, processor 806, determining component 814, and generating component 816. Processor 806 can be the same as, included in, or different from processor 402. Memory 804 can be the same as, included in, or different from storage device 404.

[0079] Using the components described above, image preparation system 802 can facilitate a process of at least partially modifying original image 553 to at least partially reduce image contamination / areas 620, 622, and / or 624 of non-uniform sensor sensitivity corresponding to original image 553. Similarly, a process can at least partially modify original signal 551 to at least partially reduce image contamination / areas 620, 622, and / or 624 of non-uniform sensor sensitivity corresponding to original signal 551.

[0080] Generally, the blur component 814 can perform a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electron holography (EH) image 553 characterized by a set of pixels 853 having an original set of pixel values ​​854. The pixel values ​​can include, but are not limited to, color values ​​and / or brightness values.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, the blur component 814 can perform a determination of whether the first set of pixel values ​​resulting from the primary blur action is modified relative to the original set of pixel values ​​854. If no, the non-limiting system 800 can proceed to re-perform the primary blur action. If yes, the non-limiting system 800 can proceed.

[0082] Based on the primary blur action and the secondary blur action, the generation component 816 may generate a modified set of pixel values ​​856 for the set of pixels 853 based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels 853 resulting from the primary blur action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels 853 resulting from the secondary blur action.

[0083] As a result of these components, image contamination reduction can be facilitated, which can occur on a pixel-by-pixel basis, as described in more detail below with respect to FIG.

[0084] The blur component 814 and the generation component 816 may be operatively coupled to a processor 806, which may be operatively coupled to the memory 804. A bus 805 may provide the operative coupling. The processor 806 may facilitate the execution of the blur component 814 and the generation component 816. The blur component 814 and the generation component 816 may be stored in the memory 804.

[0085] In general, the non-limiting system 800 can use any suitable communication method (e.g., electronic, telecommunications, internet, infrared, fiber, etc.) to provide communication between the image preparation system 802, the electronic application device 500, and / or any devices associated with the user entity.

[0086] Referring now to Figure 9, a non-limiting system 900 is illustrated that may include an image preparation system 902 and an electronic application device 500. Repetitive descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for brevity. The description regarding the embodiment of Figure 8 may be applicable to the embodiment of Figure 9. Similarly, the description regarding the embodiment of Figure 9 may be applicable to the embodiment of Figure 8.

[0087] Generally, image preparation system 902 can facilitate a process for electro-holographic image background extraction of original signal 551 / original image 553 based on the output from electronic application device 500. Non-limiting system 900 can be used in connection with a holography system, such as an in-line electronic or laser holography system, that includes electronic application device 500.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 may be configured, at least in part, by the computing device 400 .

[0089] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 may at least partially comprise the energy application device 646 .

[0090] In one or more embodiments, the energy application device 646 may be comprised by a holography system, such as an in-line electronic or laser holography system.

[0091] The energy application device 646, such as the electronic energy application device 646, may include any suitable processor or memory to facilitate one or more processes, including, but not limited to, fixation of the target 650, application of an energy flow from an energy source 648 to the target 650, generation of an initial energy-based hologram 652 from an original signal 651 resulting from the application of the energy flow, and / or detection of the original hologram 652.

[0092] One or more communications between one or more components of the non-limiting system 600 may be provided by wired and / or wireless means, including, but not limited to, using a cellular network, a Wide Area Network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), and / or a Local Area Network (LAN). Suitable wired or wireless technologies for supporting communications include, but are not limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global Mobile Communications (GMC), and the like. System for Mobile communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Communication System (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), WiMAX (worldwide Interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced General Packet Radio Service (enhanced GPRS), third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE), third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed ​​Packet Access (High This includes 802.XX wireless technologies and / or legacy telecommunications technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave, ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocols and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols.

[0093] Image preparation system 902 may be associated with (eg, accessible via) a cloud computing environment, such as cloud computing environment 2200 of FIG.

[0094] The image preparation system 902 may include multiple components, which may include a memory 904, a processor 906, a bus 905, an interface connection component 910, an analysis component 912, a blurring component 914, a generation component 916, a noise removal component 918, a determination component 920, and / or a notification component 922. Using these components, the image preparation system 902 can output at least a modified signal 955 having modified pixel values ​​956.

[0095] Consider now the processor 906, memory 904, and bus 905 of the image preparation system 902. For example, in one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 may comprise a processor 906 (e.g., a computer processing unit, a microprocessor, a classical processor, a quantum processor, and / or the like). In one or more embodiments, components associated with the image preparation system 902 may include one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or executable components and / or instructions, as described herein with or without reference to one or more figures of one or more embodiments, that may be executed by the processor 906 to provide for the execution of one or more processes defined by such components and / or instructions. In one or more embodiments, the processor 906 may comprise an interface component 910, an analysis component 912, a blurring component 914, a generation component 916, a noise removal component 918, a determination component 920, and / or a notification component 922.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, the image preparation system 902 can include a computer-readable memory 904, which can be operatively coupled to the processor 906. The memory 904 can store computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 906, can cause the processor 906 and / or one or more other components of the image preparation system 902 (e.g., the interfacing component 910, the analysis component 912, the blurring component 914, the generating component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determining component 920, and / or the notifying component 922) to perform one or more actions. In one or more embodiments, the memory 904 can store computer-executable components (e.g., the interfacing component 910, the analysis component 912, the blurring component 914, the generating component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determining component 920, and / or the notifying component 922).

[0097] The image preparation system 902 and / or its components described herein may be communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or otherwise coupled to one another via a bus 905. The bus 905 may include one or more of a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, an external bus, a local bus, a quantum bus, and / or another type of bus that may use one or more bus architectures. One or more of these examples of the bus 905 may be used.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, image preparation system 902 can be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or with similar functionality) to one or more external systems (e.g., an electrical output generating system not illustrated, one or more output target controllers and / or output target controllers), sources, and / or devices (e.g., classical and / or quantum computing devices, communication devices, and / or similar devices). In one or more embodiments, image preparation system 902 and / or one or more of the components of non-limiting system 600 can reside in the cloud and / or can reside locally (e.g., at a designated location) within a local computing environment.

[0099] In addition to the processor 906 and / or memory 904 described above, the image preparation system 902 may include one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or instructions that, when executed by the executable components and / or processor 906, may provide for the performance of one or more operations defined by such components and / or instructions.

[0100] Considering now the additional components of image preparation system 902 (e.g., interfacing component 910, analysis component 912, blurring component 914, generation component 916, noise removal component 918, determination component 920, and / or notification component 922), generally, image preparation system 902 can perform a set of processes that can be divided into various steps, including, but not limited to, physical blurring, digital blurring, modified pixel value generation, and / or notification using notification 980.

[0101] First, it should be noted that in one or more embodiments, the interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922 may be implemented independently without one or more other components of the interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922. Additionally and / or alternatively, the interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922 can be configured by the high-level monitoring component 903, and one or more of the below-described functions of the interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922 can be configured by the high-level monitoring component 903. and / or the interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922 can be omitted if the high-level monitoring component 903 performs one or more of the functions described below of one or more of the omitted interface connection component 910, the analysis component 912, the blur component 914, the generation component 916, the noise removal component 918, the determination component 920, and / or the notification component 922.

[0102] Turning now to original signal acquisition and original hologram expansion, details regarding interface connection component 910 are provided.

[0103] Turning first to the interfacing component 910, this component can generally obtain an original signal 551. The original signal 551 can originate from and / or be caused by the energy application device 500. That is, the original signal 551 can be the result of the application of an energy stream to the target 550 by the energy source 548, which can be an electron energy source that generates an electron beam and / or electron stream. In one or more embodiments, the target 550 can be fixed by the electron application device 500.

[0104] Now, referring once to the schematic diagram 1000 of FIG. 10 and the drawing of the original image of FIG. 11, based on the acquired original signal 551, an initial energy-based hologram 553 can be generated (e.g., a conventional hologram generation process) by an energy application device 500 or the like (e.g., by an energy source 548).

[0105] The original hologram 553 may have image contamination associated with it, as illustrated in Figure 11. This image contamination may include detector contamination 620 (e.g., but not limited to, contamination on the detector surface that blocks low-energy electrons from the electron source 548), detector defects (not shown) such as malfunctioning pixels in the detector 544, and / or areas 624 of non-uniform sensor sensitivity (e.g., caused by an imaging system having non-uniform sensitivity to the uniform electron beam from the electron source 548).

[0106] Therefore, it may be desirable to reduce and / or completely remove such image contamination, which removal can be difficult, inefficient, manually intensive, and / or inaccurate using existing techniques.

[0107] Alternatively, the image preparation system 902 may perform two or more blurring processes that can reduce and / or eliminate such image contamination.

[0108] 9 and 10 , analysis component 912 can measure, analyze, and / or otherwise evaluate original signal 551 and / or original image 553 to determine a set of original pixel values ​​954 for a set of pixels in original image 553 that correspond to pixelated detector 544. In one or more embodiments, for example, analysis component 912 can use a pixelated detector (e.g., of detector 544) that is sensitive to emitted particles (e.g., electrons). In one or more embodiments, as another example, analysis component 912 can use a scintillator and / or an optical camera, where the optical camera is sensitive to wavelengths produced by the scintillator. The set of original pixel values ​​954 can include, but is not limited to, contrast data, lightness (e.g., luminance) data, and / or color data. It should be noted that such discussion may apply to any one or more additional and / or all pixel values ​​discussed herein (e.g., the set of pixel values ​​1080, 1082, 1086, 1088, 956 and / or 696).

[0109] In one or more embodiments, based on the original pixel values ​​954 and / or based on the original image 553, the image preparation system 902 and / or a management entity (e.g., using the device 400) can trigger an image preparation process using the image preparation system 902, as described below. Additionally and / or alternatively, in one or more embodiments, the execution of the image preparation process can be automatic and / or default.

[0110] Referring now also to FIG. 12, using the acquired signal 551 / original image 553, the blur component 914 can perform a primary blur action 1002, which can be a physical blur action.

[0111] As used herein, "blurring" can refer to distortion or reduced sharpness of discontinuities, such as linear discontinuities, between aspects of a hologram. This reduced sharpness can be caused by pixel values ​​of the hologram shifting or changing to color and / or brightness values ​​that are shifted from their natural color and / or brightness values, among other factors. Depending on the ideal or default pixel values ​​that are closest to the pixel values ​​of the real-world target being imaged, the default pixel values ​​can be lighter, darker, grayer, among other factors. A set of pixels that are blurred can instead have, for example, shifted color and / or brightness values ​​that are distinctive from the color and / or brightness of the aspect of the target that corresponds to the set of pixels that are blurred.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, blurring can represent one or more aspects of the target hologram in addition to and / or in place of a shift in color and / or brightness value, by an increased number of pixels. That is, a first aspect of the target hologram can blend into a second aspect of the target hologram, e.g., the first and second aspects share pixels that belong to the first aspect, the second aspect, or neither the first nor the second aspect, without otherwise involving blurring. For example, a hologram of an unblurred cell wall may be three pixels wide at a particular magnification level. Conversely, at the same level of magnification, a blurred cell wall may be three or more pixels wide. To account for this difference in a one-pixel-wide cell wall compared to a three-pixel-wide cell wall, the three pixels can be described as having altered color and / or brightness values ​​compared to the pixels of the unblurred cell wall (e.g., a one-pixel-wide cell wall). Here, the modified color can be represented as a grayscale or black pixel coloring when compared to a white pixel coloring, or vice versa.

[0113] Additionally and / or alternatively, in one or more embodiments, the values ​​of one or more pixels may be shifted. For example, a set of three pixels corresponding to an unblurred cell wall may have unblurred color and / or brightness values ​​and be disposed at a set of corresponding pixel locations. After blurring, the sets of pixel values ​​corresponding to the three pixels may be spaced apart from one another and / or otherwise shifted across the pixel map of the image. Thus, after blurring, the same set of pixel values ​​may correspond to different pixel locations in the pixel map.

[0114] In one or more embodiments, blurring may occur on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Additionally and / or alternatively, blurring may occur for one or more groups of two or more pixels, where a pair of groups may share at least one pixel in some embodiments, or may share no pixels in other embodiments.

[0115] Additionally and / or alternatively, blurring can result in a loss of color, including a shift in pixel color values ​​closer to the background color, whether white, gray, and / or black, and thus cause increased indistinguishability between pixels corresponding to the target hologram and pixels corresponding to the background disposed around the target hologram.

[0116] As described herein, at least two types of blurring are used by image preparation system 902, and thus by non-limiting system 900. These are physical blurring and digital blurring, although in other embodiments, one or more other types of blurring may be used where appropriate. Furthermore, these blurring techniques may be used in combination with image preparation system 902, whether performed separately or concurrently with one another.

[0117] 12 (e.g., as a precursor to generating image 1200 / signal 1070), physical blurring can be used for primary blurring action 1002. As described above, physical blurring actions can include the use of vibrations, such as mechanically and / or electrically induced vibrations of the sensor of detector 544 or the chamber of imaging device 500 while an image of target sample 550 is being captured. For example, a fan, such as a cooling fan for cooling a column generating the electron beam, can be operated while detector 544 is being used to capture original image 553 / original signal 551. That is, such a fan typically is not operated during image capture to avoid such vibrations and intentional blurring. In one or more embodiments, blurring component 914 can cause and / or direct the operation of such a fan or other vibration-generating device. Additionally and / or alternatively, in one or more embodiments, a high-velocity alternating electromagnetic field can be actuated on electron path 549 of the electron beam of imaging device 500. In one or more embodiments, the blur component 914 can cause and / or direct the operation of a device that generates an alternating electromagnetic field.

[0118] It should be noted that the physical blurring action is not limited to one or more of the steps described above. Rather, one or more of the steps can be omitted, modified, and / or substituted, and / or one or more additional steps can be added. That is, the physical blurring action is not limited to vibration-based actions and / or alternating electromagnetic field-based actions, if preferred.

[0119] The physical blur action 1002 may result in any one or more of the pixel-related results described above.

[0120] Also, as a result of the physical blurring action 1002, a physically blurred signal 1070 / physically blurred image 1200 may be generated. Similar to the description above, generating may include image and / or signal capture, preparation, analysis, and / or the like. As illustrated in FIG. 12 , the physically blurred image 1200 may include detector contamination 620, areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity 624, and a hologram 1252 of the sample 550, which may be nearly lost due to the physical blurring. Note that one or more processes described herein may recover this hologram 1252 of the sample 550 while also at least partially reducing and / or eliminating the image contamination.

[0121] 13 and still referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 , using the physically blurred signal 1070 / physically blurred image 1200, the blur component 914 can perform a secondary blur action 1004, which can be a digital blur action. As described above, a digital blur action, such as a Gaussian blur action or a box filter blur action, can include application of a mathematical function to the data defining the physically blurred signal 1070 / physically blurred image 1200, for example, to its pixel values ​​(e.g., to the first set of pixel values ​​1080), thereby further blurring the image. As a result of the digital blur action 1004, any one or more of the pixel-related results described above can be caused by the application of the mathematical function.

[0122] As another result, one or more of the frameworks described herein can employ at least a combined blurring approach for electro-holographic image background extraction.

[0123] That is, the digital blurring action 1004 may result in a combined blurred signal 1072 / combined blurred image 1300. Stated differently, the image 1300 may be a digitally blurred physically blurred image 1300 (e.g., a digital blur of a physical blur, or, stated differently, a mathematical function-based blur of a vibration-based or electromagnetic field-based blur).

[0124] It should be noted that the digital blur action is not limited to one or more of the steps described above. Rather, one or more of the steps can be omitted, modified, and / or substituted, and / or one or more additional steps can be added. That is, the digital blur action is not limited to using only Gaussian-based mathematical functions, if suitable.

[0125] Similar to the above description, generating can include image and / or signal capture, preparation, analysis, and / or the like. As illustrated in Figure 13, the combined blurred image 1300 can be blurred to an extent that most of the sensor contamination (including, for example, areas of detector contamination 620 and / or uneven sensor sensitivity 624) can be removed, while hologram 1252 of sample 550 can be further removed and / or eliminated, resulting in hologram 1352, which can be further eliminated by a combination of physical blurring and digital blurring of the physical blurring.

[0126] 14 and still referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 , using the acquired signal 551 / original image 553, the blur component 914 can perform an additional secondary blur action 1005, which can again be a digital blur action. The above description regarding the secondary blur action 1004 is also applicable to the additional secondary blur action 1005. However, this additional digital blur action 1005 can be performed on the acquired original signal 551 / original image 553, thus resulting in a digitally blurred signal 1076 / digitally blurred original image 1400. Briefly, it should be noted that, as illustrated in FIG. 10 , this second parallel operational path is used to generate the final image 1700 / final signal 694 and / or to perform the final pixel value generation 1010.

[0127] Referring again now to the analysis component 912, this component may generally measure, analyze, and / or otherwise evaluate the digitally blurred signal 1076 / digitally blurred original image 1400 to determine a third set of pixel values ​​1086 for a set of pixels of the digitally blurred signal 1076 / digitally blurred original image 1400.

[0128] Next, the generation component 916 may generate a set of intermediate pixel values ​​1088 for the set of pixels 953 based on the difference between the set of original pixel values ​​954 for the set of pixels 953 and a third set of pixel values ​​1086 for the set of pixels 953 that result from the additional, secondary blurring action 1005. In one or more embodiments, this intermediate pixel value generation 1008 may include subtracting the third set of pixel values ​​1086 from the original set of pixel values ​​954 (e.g., using path D of FIG. 10 ), thereby removing the overall effect of the additional digital blurring action 1004. Very generally, this step may include subtracting the digitally blurred image 1400 ( FIG. 14 ) from the original (raw) image 553 ( FIG. 11 ).

[0129] Note that performing and removing digital blur is not simply equivalent to adding pixel values ​​of X and removing those same pixel values ​​of X. Rather, due to the effect of digital blur, the pixel values ​​removed in intermediate pixel value generation 1008 are different from, and therefore not the same as, the pixel value difference caused by the additional digital blur action 1005.

[0130] 15 and still referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 , intermediate image 1500 / intermediate signal 1078 can be generated by generation component 916 as a result of intermediate pixel value generation 1008. As illustrated, intermediate image 1500 can be based on removing digital blurring effects and can compromise detector contamination 620, areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity 624, and hologram 1552 of sample 550, which can have a higher visibility level than hologram 1252 due to the physical blurring corresponding to FIG. 12 and hologram 1252 ( FIG. 12 ). However, an additional step based on additional blurring can also reduce and / or remove image contamination / areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity (620, 624) while allowing the hologram of sample 550 to be restored.

[0131] Again referring only to Figures 13 and 15 for quick visual reference, and now also to Figure 16, the modified signal 955 / modified image 1600 can be generated by the generation component 916 based on the combined blurred signal 1072 / combined blurred image 1300 and the intermediate signal 1078 / intermediate image 1500.

[0132] That is, more specifically, referring again to analysis component 912, this component may generally measure, analyze, and / or otherwise evaluate physically blurred signal 1070 / physically blurred original image 1200 to determine a first set of pixel values ​​1080 for set of pixels 953 corresponding to Figure 12. Similarly, analysis component 912 may also generally measure, analyze, and / or otherwise evaluate combined blurred signal 1072 / combined blurred original image 1300 to determine a second (combined, blurred) set of pixel values ​​1082 for set of pixels 953 corresponding to Figure 13.

[0133] Based on these steps, the generation component 916 may perform a first pixel value generation 1006 ( FIG. 10 ) to generate a modified set of pixel values ​​956 for the set of pixels 953 based on the difference between a first set of pixel values ​​1080 resulting from the primary (physical) blur action 1002 and a second set of pixel values ​​1082 resulting from the secondary (digital) blur action 1004. For example, the first set of pixel values ​​1080 may be subtracted from the second set of pixel values ​​1082, thereby providing the effect of removing the digital blur effect. Very generally, this step may include subtracting a physically blurred image 1300 ( FIG. 13 ) from a physically blurred image 1200 ( FIG. 12 ).

[0134] 16, a modified image 1600 / modified signal 654 can be generated by generation component 916. One or more frameworks discussed herein can thereby employ both physical blur and combined blur (digitally blurred and physical blur) to at least partially achieve extraction of electro-holographic image background contamination / noise.

[0135] As illustrated, the corrected image 1600 can be based on the removal of digital blurring effects, compromising detector contamination 620, areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity 624, and the hologram 1652 of sample 550, which can still be nearly lost due to the physical and / or combined blurring performed. However, an additional step based on additional blurring can also reduce and / or remove the image contamination / areas of non-uniform sensor sensitivity (620, 624) while allowing the hologram of sample 550 to return.

[0136] Referring again now to the analysis component 912, and still referring to Figures 10 and 16, this component may generally measure, analyze, and / or otherwise evaluate the modified signal 955 / modified image 1600 to determine the set of modified pixel values ​​956. Additionally and / or alternatively, the set of modified pixel values ​​956 may be obtained from the generation component 916, as being the set of pixels generated by the first pixel value generation 1006 on which the generation of the modified signal 955 / modified image 1600 was based.

[0137] Attention is now directed to Figure 17, still in addition to Figure 10. Figure 17 illustrates a final image 1700 corresponding to the final signal 694 and the final set of pixel values ​​696 that allows a reconstruction of the hologram 552 (e.g., a reconstructed image 1099) to be generated / reconstructed with higher quality than is possible with existing frameworks.

[0138] That is, the generation component 916 may perform the final pixel value generation 1010 to generate the set of final pixel values ​​696 for the set of pixels 953 based on the difference between the set of intermediate pixel values ​​1088 resulting from the intermediate pixel value generation 1008 and the set of modified pixel values ​​956 resulting from the first pixel value generation 1006. For example, the set of modified pixel values ​​956 may be subtracted from the set of intermediate pixel values ​​1088, thereby providing the effect of removing the physical blur effect. (Note that the effect of the digital blur effect is already provided by both the first pixel value generation 1006 and the intermediate pixel value generation 1008.)

[0139] Stated very generally, this step may involve subtracting an image produced by processing the physically and digitally blurred image (e.g., modified image 1600) from an image produced by processing only the digitally blurred image (e.g., intermediate image 1500). Stated even more generally, this step may involve using a first result of the combined physical and digital image blurring and a second result of the digital-only image blurring. One or more frameworks discussed herein may thereby employ three sets of blurs: physical blurring, digital blurring, and combined blurring (digitally blurred physical blurring) to at least partially accomplish the extraction of electro-holographic image background contamination / noise from the original / raw hologram image.

[0140] As a result, looking at FIG. 17, a final image 1700 / final signal 694 can be generated by the generation component 916 based on the set of final pixel values ​​696 resulting from the final pixel value generation 1010 .

[0141] As illustrated, the final image 1700 can be based on the removal of both digital and physical blur effects, potentially compromising the reduction and / or absence of detector contamination 620 and / or areas of uneven sensor sensitivity 624. Furthermore, the final image 1700 can include a final hologram 1752 of the sample 550 that is nearly invisible and has higher quality than could result from the existing framework, from physical blur alone, from digital blur alone, or from a basic combination of digital blur with physical blur.

[0142] In fact, higher quality may instead result from the specific aggregation of digital-only blur, physical-only blur, and digital blur combined with physical blur, all of which are discussed herein.

[0143] Furthermore, it should be noted that the illumination patterns for different images or different blurs may be different. This is yet another effect that cannot be overcome by existing approaches, and is overcome by the subject matter discussed herein through the specific aggregations discussed herein of digital-only blur, physical-only blur, and digital blur combined with physical blur.

[0144] Also, note that it is not necessary to generate an image as illustrated in any one or more of Figures 11-16. Rather, the processes described above can be based solely on sets of signals and / or pixel values ​​resulting from the various blurring actions and / or pixel value generation described above.

[0145] Referring again to FIG. 9 , the noise removal component 918, in one or more embodiments, generates a set of noise-reduced pixel values ​​for a set of pixels based on the difference between a set of noisy pixel values ​​for the set of pixels obtained from image capture without the generation of any electron beam, other illumination, and / or physical blurring action, and a set of surrounding pixel values ​​for the set of pixels. Thus, the surrounding pixel values ​​represent a level of environmental noise (e.g., in the environment surrounding the EAD 500). That is, in any one or more of the image preparation processes described above in connection with FIGS. 11-17 , the blurred set of pixel values ​​(whether digitally blurred, physically blurred, or both) for each process may be noisy pixel values, and the set of surrounding pixel values ​​may be removed (e.g., subtracted) from the noisy pixel values ​​before other processes related to the pixel values ​​are performed. This results in a set of noise-reduced pixel values ​​from which the environmental noise has been removed.

[0146] Still referring to FIG. 9 and determination component 920, this component may perform a determination that a resulting image based on a set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced contamination level compared to the original contamination level of the original EH image 553. The modified pixel values ​​may be any pixel values ​​different from the original pixel values ​​954. The resulting image may be any one or more of the images of FIGS. 11-17.

[0147] 9 and notification component 922, this component can generate a notification 980 corresponding to a determination that an image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​(e.g., a resultant image) includes a reduced contamination level compared to the original contamination level of the original EH image 553. Notification 980 can be sent to, made available by, obtained by, and / or received by, for example, display device 410.

[0148] With the above-described components and their functionality now summarized, reference is now made to Figure 18, which illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1800 that can facilitate a process for electro-holographic image background extraction (e.g., image contamination reduction and / or removal) according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as non-limiting system 900 of Figure 9. Although non-limiting method 1800 is described with respect to non-limiting system 900 of Figure 9, non-limiting method 1800 may also be applicable to other systems described herein, such as non-limiting system 800 of Figure 8. Repeated descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0149] At 1802, non-limiting method 1800 may include performing, by a system (e.g., a blur component 914 operably coupled to a processor (e.g., processor 906)), a primary blur action (e.g., primary blur action 1002) and a secondary blur action (e.g., secondary blur action 1004) on an original electro-holographic (EH) image (e.g., original image 553) characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values ​​(e.g., original pixel value set 954).

[0150] At 1804, the non-limiting method 1800 may include determining, by the system (e.g., blur component 914), whether the first set of pixel values ​​resulting from the primary blur action has been modified relative to the original set of pixel values. If no, the non-limiting method 1800 may return to step 1802 to re-perform the primary blur action. If yes, the non-limiting method 1800 may proceed to step 1806.

[0151] At 1806, the non-limiting method 1800 may include generating, by the system (e.g., generating component 916), a set of modified pixel values ​​(e.g., modified pixel values ​​956) for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels that results from using the distortion technique and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels that results from applying the secondary blurring action.

[0152] As another overview of the components and their functionality described above, reference is now made to Figures 19 and 20, which illustrate a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1900 that can facilitate a process for electro-holographic image background extraction (e.g., image contamination reduction and / or removal) according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as non-limiting system 900 of Figure 9. Although non-limiting method 1900 is described with respect to non-limiting system 900 of Figure 9, non-limiting method 1900 may also be applicable to other systems described herein, such as non-limiting system 800 of Figure 8. Repeated descriptions of similar elements and / or processes used in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0153] At 1902, the non-limiting method 1900 may include analyzing an original electro-holographic (EH) image (e.g., original image 553) by a system (e.g., interface connection component 910) operably coupled to a processor (e.g., processor 906).

[0154] At 1904, the non-limiting method 1900 can include outputting, by a system (e.g., interface connection component 910), a set of original pixel values ​​(e.g., set of original pixel values ​​954) for the set of pixels, where the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

[0155] At 1906, the non-limiting method 1900 may include performing, by a system (e.g., blur component 914), a modification of a set of original pixel values ​​of a set of pixels characterizing the original EH image.

[0156] At 1908, the non-limiting method 1900 may include performing, by a system (e.g., blur component 914), an execution that includes using a distortion technique in an imaging device (e.g., EAD 500) that captures the EH image.

[0157] At 1910, the non-limiting method 1900 may include using a distortion technique including causing physical vibration of a detector (e.g., detector 544) of the imaging device by a system (e.g., blur component 914) or applying an alternating electromagnetic field upstream of the detector.

[0158] At 1912, non-limiting method 1900 may include determining, by a system (e.g., analysis component 912), whether the first set of pixel values ​​(e.g., first set of pixel values ​​1080) resulting from using the distortion technique are modified relative to the original set of pixel values. If no, non-limiting method 1900 may return to step 1908 to reapply the distortion technique. If yes, non-limiting method 1900 may proceed to step 1914.

[0159] At 1914, the non-limiting method 1900 can include performing, by a system (e.g., blur component 914), an execution that includes subsequently applying a digital blur to the set of original pixel values.

[0160] At 1916, the non-limiting method 1900 can include applying, by a system (eg, blur component 914), a digital blur subsequently after using the distortion technique.

[0161] At 1918, the non-limiting method 1900 may include generating, by the system (e.g., generating component 916), a set of final pixel values ​​(e.g., final set of pixel values ​​696) for the set of pixels based on differences between a set of modified pixel values ​​(e.g., modified pixel values ​​956) for the set of pixels and a set of intermediate pixel values ​​(e.g., set of intermediate pixel values ​​1088) resulting from performing a digital blur or applying another digital blur to the original EH image without prior performance using a distortion technique.

[0162] At 1920, non-limiting method 1900 may include generating, by the system (e.g., notification component 922), a notification (e.g., notification 980) corresponding to a determination that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced contamination level compared to the original contamination level of the original EH image.

[0163] Additional Overview For ease of explanation, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies provided herein are depicted and / or described as a series of acts. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the illustrated acts and / or by the order of the acts; for example, acts may occur in one or more orders and / or simultaneously, as well as with other acts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts may be utilized to implement computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with the described subject matter. Additionally, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methodologies may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via state diagrams or events. Additionally, the computer-implemented methodologies described below and throughout this specification may be stored on an article of manufacture for transmission and transfer to a computer. The term article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storage medium.

[0164] Systems and / or devices are described (and / or further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include components or subcomponents specified herein, one or more of the specified components and / or subcomponents, and / or additional components. Subcomponents may be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides aggregate functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those skilled in the art.

[0165] In summary, one or more systems, computer program products, and / or computer-implemented methods provided herein relate to a process for electro-holographic image background extraction. The system may include a memory that stores computer-executable components and a processor that executes the computer-executable components. The computer-executable components may include a blur component that performs a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values, and a generation component that generates a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the primary blur action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blur action.

[0166] One or more embodiments disclosed herein can achieve improved performance compared to existing techniques. For example, based at least on the application of a pair of blurring implementations to an original image (also referred to herein as a raw image) output from an energy-based holographic imaging device, image contamination can be reduced to a level much lower than is possible using existing techniques. This image contamination reduction can include the reduction of detector imperfections, sensor contamination, ambient noise, malfunctioning pixels, and / or other detector imperfection effects. Thus, preparation of the electro-holographic (EH) signal on which the reconstructed image is based can be more efficient and more aggressively reduce such image contamination compared to existing techniques.

[0167] One or more embodiments described herein may be implemented within, in association with, and / or coupled to an electro-holographic (EH) imaging device, such as imaging system 500 illustrated schematically in FIG. 5.

[0168] As a result of the use of one or more embodiments described herein, image contamination can be removed from the background of a hologram, thus improving the quality of subsequent hologram reconstructions based on the output of one or more embodiments described herein.

[0169] Indeed, in view of one or more embodiments described herein, a practical application of one or more systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products described herein may result in the ability to provide both noise subtraction and radiation pattern subtraction without interfering with each other and / or eliminating the other. That is, compared to existing frameworks that cannot provide this capability, one or more embodiments described herein may provide new results (e.g., a final set of pixel values ​​696) that were previously unavailable.

[0170] Another practical application may be mitigating the effects of corrupted pixel data. For example, an EH image after background subtraction (e.g., by noise removal component 918) may be all zero except for the hologram signal. Corrupted pixels may generate strong phantom signals. One or more methods described herein can produce a resulting zero value for corrupted pixels regardless of the pixel value, as long as the corrupted pixels always return the same value. As noted, corrupted pixels may still adversely affect the reconstructed image, but this effect can be reduced by several orders of magnitude using one or more embodiments described herein.

[0171] These are useful and practical applications of computers, thus providing enhanced (e.g., improved and / or optimized) material analysis and pixel value data output. Overall, such computerized tools can constitute concrete and tangible technological improvements in the field of materials analysis, and more specifically, in materials analysis using electro-holographic techniques.

[0172] Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein can be used in real-world systems based on the disclosed teachings. For example, as noted above, in the case of illumination interferometry, one or more embodiments described herein can successfully prepare pixel values ​​prior to hologram reconstruction, resulting in a reconstruction with reduced artifacts and / or distortions compared to existing techniques. Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can provide improvements to scientific instrument technology (e.g., improvements to the computer technology supporting such scientific instrumentation, among other improvements).

[0173] Systems and / or devices are described (and / or further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include components or subcomponents specified herein, one or more of the specified components and / or subcomponents, and / or additional components. Subcomponents may be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides aggregate functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those skilled in the art.

[0174] One or more embodiments described herein may, in one or more embodiments, be inherently and / or inseparably linked to computer technology and cannot be implemented outside of a computing environment. For example, one or more processes performed by one or more embodiments described herein may provide for more efficient and even more viable execution of programs and / or program instructions, such as for materials analysis using holograms, compared to existing systems and / or techniques that use holograms. Systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products that provide the performance of these processes are highly useful in the field of materials analysis, such as involving the use of electron energy holograms, and cannot be equally practically implemented, in a reasonable manner, outside of a computing environment.

[0175] One or more embodiments described herein may employ hardware and / or software to solve problems that are highly technical, not abstract, and cannot be performed as a series of mental acts by a human. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may provide a process that one or more humans, or even thousands of humans, cannot efficiently, accurately, and / or effectively analyze electronic energy holograms and associated digital pixel data. Furthermore, neither the human mind nor humans using pen and paper can perform one or more of these processes as performed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0176] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes described herein may be executed by one or more special-purpose computers (e.g., a special-purpose processing unit, a special-purpose classical computer, a special-purpose quantum computer, a special-purpose classical / quantum hybrid system, and / or another type of special-purpose computer) to perform defined tasks associated with one or more of the techniques described above. One or more embodiments described herein and / or components thereof may be used to solve new problems that arise through the use of the above-referenced technological advancements, quantum computing systems, cloud computing systems, computer architectures, and / or other techniques.

[0177] One or more embodiments described herein may be fully operational to perform one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on, fully running, and / or another function) while performing one or more of the operations described herein.

[0178] To provide a further overview, a list of embodiments and their features is provided below.

[0179] A system comprising: a memory that stores computer-executable components; and a processor that executes the computer-executable components stored in the memory, the computer-executable components including: a blur component that performs a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values; and a generation component that generates a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the primary blur action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blur action.

[0180] The system of the preceding paragraph, wherein the generating component further generates a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and the set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performing the secondary blur action on the original EH image without a prior performance of the primary blur action.

[0181] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the primary blurring action includes distortion of the original EH image caused by physical vibration of the imaging device that generates the original EH image.

[0182] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the second blurring action includes using a Gaussian blur.

[0183] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the computer-executable component further includes a notification component that generates a notification corresponding to a determination that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to the original level of contamination of the original EH image.

[0184] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the computer-executable component further comprises an analysis component that analyzes the original EH image and outputs, for a set of pixels, a set of original pixel values, the set of original pixel values ​​being based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

[0185] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the blur component performs a secondary blur action consecutively after completing the performance of the primary blur action.

[0186] The system of any preceding paragraph, wherein the computer-executable components further include a denoising component that generates a set of noise-reduced pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between a set of noisy pixel values ​​for the set of pixels and a set of surrounding pixel values ​​for the set of pixels obtained from image capture without generating an electron beam.

[0187] A computer-implemented method comprising: performing, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, a primary blurring action and a secondary blurring action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values; and generating, by the system, a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the primary blurring action and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blurring action.

[0188] The computer-implemented method of the preceding paragraph, further comprising: generating, by the system, a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and the set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the performance of the secondary blur action on the original EH image without the prior performance of the primary blur action.

[0189] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising: the primary blurring action comprises distortion of the original EH image caused by physical vibration of the imaging device that generates the original EH image; and the secondary blurring action comprises use of a Gaussian blur.

[0190] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising generating, by the system, a notification corresponding to a determination that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​contains a reduced level of contamination compared to the original level of contamination of the original EH image.

[0191] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising: analyzing, by the system, the original EH image; and outputting, by the system, a set of original pixel values ​​for the set of pixels, wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

[0192] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the secondary blur action is performed consecutively after the primary blur action has completed execution.

[0193] 1. A computer program product that facilitates a process for electro-holographic image background extraction, the computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied thereon, the program instructions being executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a primary blurring action and a secondary blurring action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values, and to generate, for the set of pixels, a set of modified pixel values ​​based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the primary blurring action and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blurring action.

[0194] The computer program product of the preceding paragraph, wherein the program instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the processor to further generate, by the processor, a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and the set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performance of the secondary blur action on the original EH image without the prior performance of the primary blur action.

[0195] The computer program product of any preceding paragraph, wherein the primary blurring action comprises distortion of the original EH image caused by physical vibration of an imaging device generating the original EH image, and the second blurring action comprises use of a Gaussian blur.

[0196] The computer program product of any preceding paragraph, wherein the program instructions are further executable by a processor to cause the processor to generate a notification corresponding to a determination by the processor that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to the original level of contamination of the original EH image.

[0197] 10. The computer program product of any preceding paragraph, wherein the program instructions are further executable by a processor to cause the processor to analyze the original EH image and, for the set of pixels, output a set of original pixel values ​​by the processor, wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

[0198] The computer program product of any preceding paragraph, wherein the secondary blur action is performed sequentially after the primary blur action has completed execution.

[0199] A computer-implemented method comprising: performing, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, a modification of a set of original pixel values ​​of a set of pixels characterizing an original electro-holographic (EH) image, the performing including using a distortion technique in an imaging device that captures the EH image and then applying a digital blur to the set of original pixel values; and generating, by the system, a modified set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels that results from using the distortion technique and a second set of pixel values ​​of the set of pixels that results from applying the digital blur.

[0200] The computer-implemented method of the preceding paragraph further includes generating, by the system, a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and the set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performing a digital blur or applying another digital blur to the original EH image without prior performance using a distortion technique.

[0201] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, wherein using the distortion technique further comprises causing physical vibration of a detector of the imaging device or applying an alternating electromagnetic field upstream of the detector.

[0202] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising generating, by the system, a notification corresponding to a determination that the image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​contains a reduced level of contamination compared to the original level of contamination of the original EH image.

[0203] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising: analyzing, by the system, the original EH image; and outputting, by the system, a set of original pixel values ​​for the set of pixels, wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

[0204] The computer-implemented method of any preceding paragraph, wherein applying a digital blur is performed sequentially after using a distortion technique.

[0205] Scientific Instrument System Description Referring now to Figure 21, a detailed description of additional context for one or more embodiments described herein in Figures 1-20 is provided. One or more computing devices implementing any of the scientific instrument modules or methods disclosed herein may be part of a scientific instrument system. Figure 21 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary scientific instrument system 2100 capable of performing one or more of the scientific instrument methods or other methods disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments described herein. The scientific instrument modules and methods disclosed herein (e.g., scientific instrument module 100 of Figure 1 and method 200 of Figure 2) may be implemented by one or more of the scientific instrument 2110, user local computing device 2120, service local computing device 2130, and / or remote computing device 2140 of the scientific instrument system 2100.

[0206] Any of the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, the service local computing device 2130, and / or the remote computing device 2140 may include any of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4, and any of the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, the service local computing device 2130, and / or the remote computing device 2140 may take the form of any suitable one or more of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4.

[0207] One or more of the scientific instruments 2110, user local computing devices 2120, service local computing devices 2130, and / or remote computing devices 2140 may include a processing device 2102, a storage device 2104, and / or an interface device 2106. The processing device 2102 may take any suitable form, including any form of processor 402 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4. The processing devices 2102 included in different ones of the scientific instruments 2110, user local computing devices 2120, service local computing devices 2130, and / or remote computing devices 2140 may take the same form or different forms. The storage device 2104 may take any suitable form, including any form of storage device 404 discussed herein with reference to FIG. 4. The storage devices 2104 included in different ones of the scientific instruments 2110, user local computing devices 2120, service local computing devices 2130, and / or remote computing devices 2140 may take the same form or different forms. The interface devices 2106 may take any suitable form, including any of the forms of the interface devices 406 discussed herein with reference to Figure 4. The interface devices 2106 included in different ones of the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, the service local computing device 2130, and / or the remote computing device 2140 may take the same or different forms.

[0208] The scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, the service local computing device 2130, and the remote computing device 2140 can communicate with other elements of the scientific instrument system 2100 via communication paths 2108. As shown, the communication paths 2108 can communicatively couple the interface devices 2106 of different elements of the scientific instrument system 2100 (e.g., in accordance with any of the communication techniques discussed herein with reference to the interface device 406 of the computing device 400 of FIG. 4 ) and can be wired or wireless communication paths. While the particular scientific instrument system 2100 depicted in FIG. 21 includes communication paths between each pair of the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, the service local computing device 2130, and the remote computing device 2140, this “fully connected” implementation is merely illustrative, and various embodiments can omit various ones of the communication paths 2108. For example, in one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 2130 may omit the direct communication path 2108 between its interface device 2106 and the interface device 2106 of the scientific instrument 2110, and instead may communicate with the scientific instrument 2110 via the communication path 2108 between the service local computing device 2130 and the user local computing device 2120, and / or the communication path 2108 between the user local computing device 2120 and the scientific instrument 2110.

[0209] Scientific instrument 2110 may include any suitable scientific instrument, such as a separation or MS instrument, or other instrument that facilitates material analysis.

[0210] The user local computing device 2120 may be a computing device that is near a user of the scientific instrument 2110 (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of the computing device 400 discussed herein). In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 2120 may also be near the scientific instrument 2110, but need not be. For example, a user local computing device 2120 associated with a home, office, or other building associated with a user entity may be remote from but in communication with the scientific instrument 2110 such that the user entity can control and / or access data from the scientific instrument 2110 using the user local computing device 2120. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 2120 may be a laptop, smartphone, or tablet device. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 2120 may be a portable computing device. In one or more embodiments, the user local computing device 2120 may be deployed in the field.

[0211] The service local computing device 2130 may be a computing device (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of computing device 400 discussed herein) that is proximate to an entity that provides services to the scientific instrument 2110. For example, the service local computing device 2130 may be proximate to the manufacturer of the scientific instrument 2110 or a third-party service company. In one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 2130 may communicate with the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, and / or the remote computing device 2140 (e.g., via a direct communication path 2108 or via multiple “indirect” communication paths 2108, as discussed above) to receive data regarding the operation of the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, and / or the remote computing device 2140 (e.g., results of self-diagnostic tests of the scientific instrument 2110, calibration coefficients used by the scientific instrument 2110, measurements of sensors associated with the scientific instrument 2110, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the service local computing device 2130 can communicate with the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, and / or the remote computing device 2140 (e.g., via a direct communication path 2108 or via multiple “indirect” communication paths 2108, as discussed above) and transmit data to the scientific instrument 2110, the user local computing device 2120, and / or the remote computing device 2140 (e.g., to update programmed instructions such as firmware in the scientific instrument 2110, to initiate the performance of a test or calibration sequence in the scientific instrument 2110, to update programmed instructions such as software in the user local computing device 2120 or the remote computing device 2140, etc.).A user entity of the scientific instrument 2110 can communicate with the service local computing device 2130 to utilize the scientific instrument 2110 or the user local computing device 2120 to report problems with the scientific instrument 2110 or the user local computing device 2120, to request a technician visit to improve the operation of the scientific instrument 2110, to order consumables or replacement parts associated with the scientific instrument 2110, or for other purposes.

[0212] The remote computing device 2140 may be a computing device that is remote from the scientific instrument 2110 and / or the user local computing device 2120 (e.g., according to any of the embodiments of the computing device 400 discussed herein). In one or more embodiments, the remote computing device 2140 may be included in a data center or other large-scale server environment. In one or more embodiments, the remote computing device 2140 may include network-attached storage (e.g., as part of the storage device 2104). The remote computing device 2140 may store data generated by the scientific instrument 2110, perform analysis of the data generated by the scientific instrument 2110 (e.g., according to programmed instructions), facilitate communications between the user local computing device 2120 and the scientific instrument 2110, and / or facilitate communications between the service local computing device 2130 and the scientific instrument 2110.

[0213] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the elements of the scientific instrument system 2100 illustrated in Figure 21 may be omitted. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, multiples of various ones of the elements of the scientific instrument system 2100 of Figure 21 may be present. For example, the scientific instrument system 2100 may include multiple user local computing devices 2120 (e.g., different user local computing devices 2120 associated with different user entities or different locations). In another example, the scientific instrument system 2100 may include multiple scientific instruments 2110 that are all in communication with a servicing local computing device 2130 and / or a remote computing device 2140. In such an embodiment, the servicing local computing device 2130 may monitor these multiple scientific instruments 2110, and the servicing local computing device 2130 may cause updates or other information to be "broadcast" to the multiple scientific instruments 2110 simultaneously. Different scientific instruments 2110 in the scientific instrument system 2100 can be located near each other (e.g., in the same room) or far from each other (e.g., on different floors of a building, in different buildings, in different cities, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the scientific instruments 2110 can be connected to an Internet-of-Things (IoT) stack that enables command and control of the scientific instruments 2110 through web-based applications, virtual or augmented reality applications, mobile applications, and / or desktop applications. Any of these applications can be accessed by a user entity operating a user local computing device 2120 that is in communication with the scientific instruments 2110 through an intervening remote computing device 2140. In one or more embodiments, the scientific instruments 2110 can be sold by a manufacturer together with one or more associated user local computing devices 2120 as part of a local scientific instrument computing unit 2112.

[0214] In one or more embodiments, different ones of the scientific instruments 2110 included in the scientific instrument system 2100 may be different types of scientific instruments 2110. For example, one scientific instrument 2110 may be an EDS instrument and another scientific instrument 2110 may be an analytical instrument that analyzes the results of the EDS instrument. In some such embodiments, the remote computing device 2140 and / or the user local computing device 2120 may combine data from different types of scientific instruments 2110 included in the scientific instrument system 2100.

[0215] Example Operating Environment 22 is a schematic block diagram of an operating environment 2200 with which the described subject matter can interact. The operating environment 2200 includes one or more remote components 2210. The remote components 2210 can be hardware and / or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). In one or more embodiments, the remote components 2210 can be a distributed computer system connected via a communications framework 2240 to local autoscaling components and / or programs that use resources of the distributed computer system. The communications framework 2240 can include wired network devices, wireless network devices, mobile devices, wearable devices, radio access network devices, gateway devices, femtocell devices, servers, etc.

[0216] The operating environment 2200 also includes one or more local components 2220. The local components 2220 can be hardware and / or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). In one or more embodiments, the local components 2220 can include auto-scaling components and / or programs that communicate with / use remote resources such as 2210 and 2220 connected to a remotely located distributed computing system via a communications framework 2240.

[0217] Possible communication between the remote component 2210 and the local component 2220 can be in the form of data packets adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes. Another possible communication between the remote component 2210 and the local component 2220 can be in the form of circuit-switched data adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes in radio time slots. The operating environment 2200 includes a communication framework 2240 that can be used to facilitate communication between the remote component 2210 and the local component 2220, and can include an air interface, e.g., an interface for a UMTS network over an LTE network, etc. The remote component 2210 can include a hard drive, solid-state drive, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, electronic SIM card, or other storage device that can be used to store information on the remote component 2210 side of the communication framework 2240. The local component 2220 may be operably connected to one or more remote data storage devices 2250, such as a SIM, eSIM, device memory, etc. Similarly, the local component 2220 may be operably connected to one or more local storage devices 2230 that can be employed to store information on the local component 2220 side of the communications framework 2240.

[0218] Exemplary Computing Environment To provide additional context for the various embodiments described herein, Figure 15 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment 1500 in which various embodiments of the embodiments discussed herein may be implemented. While the embodiments have been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may be executed on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments may also be implemented in combination with other program modules and / or as a combination of hardware and software.

[0219] Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform tasks or implement abstract data types. Furthermore, the methods may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, and personal computers, handheld computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, etc., each of which may be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

[0220] The illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0221] Although a computing device typically includes a variety of media, which may include a computer-readable storage medium, a machine-readable storage medium, and / or a communication medium, these two terms are used differently herein as follows. A computer-readable storage medium or a machine-readable storage medium may be any available storage medium that can be accessed by a computer, and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example and not limitation, a computer-readable storage medium or a machine-readable storage medium may be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storing information, such as computer-readable or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.

[0222] A computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray Disc (BD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassette, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage device, solid state drive or other solid state storage device, or other tangible and / or non-transitory medium that can be used to store the desired information. In this regard, the terms "tangible" or "non-transitory" as applied to storage, memory, or computer-readable medium herein exclude only the propagating transitory signal itself as a modifier, and do not disclaim any right to all standard storage, memory, or computer-readable medium that do not merely propagate the transitory signal itself.

[0223] The computer-readable storage medium can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices for various operations on the information stored by the medium, for example, via access requests, queries, or other data retrieval protocols.

[0224] Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal, such as a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transmission media. The term "modulated data signal" or signal refers to a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

[0225] 23, an exemplary computing environment 2300 in which one or more embodiments described herein can be implemented includes a computer 2302, which includes a processing unit 2304, a system memory 2306, and a system bus 2308. The system bus 2308 couples system components, including but not limited to the system memory 2306, to the processing unit 2304. The processing unit 2304 can be any of a variety of commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also be used as the processing unit 2304.

[0226] The system bus 2308 can be any of several types of bus structures that can be further interconnected to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 2306 includes a ROM 2310 and a RAM 2312. The basic input / output system (BIOS) can be stored in non-volatile memory such as a ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or EEPROM, and contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 2302, such as during start-up. The RAM 2312 can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

[0227] The computer 2302 also includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 2314 (e.g., EIDE, SATA) and may include one or more external storage devices 2316 (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 2316, a memory stick or flash drive reader, a memory card reader, etc.). While the internal HDD 2314 is illustrated as being located within the computer 2302, the internal HDD 2314 may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, although not shown in the computing environment 2300, a solid state drive (SSD) may be used in addition to or in place of the HDD 2314.

[0228] Other internal or external storage devices may include at least one other storage device 2320 having a storage medium 2322 (e.g., a solid-state storage device, a non-volatile memory device, and / or an optical disk drive readable from removable media such as CD-ROM disks, DVDs, BDs, etc.). The external storage device 2316 may be facilitated by a networked virtual machine. The HDD 2314, the external storage device 2316, and the storage device (e.g., drive) 2320 may be connectable to the system bus 2308 by an HDD interface 2324, an external storage interface 2326, and a drive interface 2328, respectively.

[0229] The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide non-volatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, etc. In the case of computer 2302, the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the above description of computer-readable storage media refers to each type of storage device, other types of storage media readable by a computer, whether currently existing or developed in the future, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, and further, any such storage media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein.

[0230] Several program modules may be stored in the drives and RAM 2312, including an operating system 2330, one or more application programs 2332, other program modules 2334, and program data 2336. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and / or data may also be cached in RAM 2312. The systems and methods described herein may be implemented using various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0231] Computer 2302 may optionally include emulation technology. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary may emulate the hardware environment of operating system 2330, and the emulated hardware may optionally differ from the hardware illustrated in FIG. 23 . In such an embodiment, operating system 2330 may include one of multiple virtual machines (VMs) hosted on computer 2302. Additionally, operating system 2330 may provide a runtime environment, such as the Java Runtime Environment or the .NET Framework, for application 2332. A runtime environment is a consistent execution environment that allows application 2332 to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operating system 2330 may support containers, and application 2332 may be in the form of a container, which is a lightweight, standalone executable package of software that includes, for example, code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings for the application.

[0232] Additionally, computer 2302 can be enabled with a security module such as a trusted processing module (TPM). For example, in a TPM, a boot component can then hash the boot component in time and wait for the result to match a secure value before loading the next boot component. This process can occur at any layer within the code execution stack of computer 2302, and can be applied at the application execution level or the operating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution.

[0233] A user entity can enter commands and information into the computer 2302 via one or more wired / wireless input devices, such as a keyboard 2338, a touch screen 2340, and a pointing device such as a mouse 2342. Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control, or other remote controls, a joystick, a virtual reality controller and / or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image input device such as a camera, a gesture sensor input device, a visual motion sensor input device, an emotion or face detection device, a biometric input device such as a fingerprint or iris scanner, etc. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 2304 via an input device interface 2344, which can be coupled to the system bus 2308, but can also be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH interface, etc.

[0234] A monitor 2346 or other type of display device can also be connected to the system bus 2308 via an interface, such as a video adapter 2348. In addition to the monitor 2346, computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

[0235] The computer 2302 can operate in a networked environment using wired and / or wireless logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 2350. The remote computer 2350 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, a portable computer, a microprocessor-based entertainment device, a peer device, or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 2302, although for simplicity, only a memory / storage device 2352 is illustrated. The depicted logical connections include wired / wireless connections to a local area network (LAN) 2354 and / or a wide area network (e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 2356). Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and businesses and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.

[0236] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 2302 can be connected to the local network 2354 via a wired and / or wireless communication network interface or adapter 2358. The adapter 2358 can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 2354, and the LAN 2354 can also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 2358 in a wireless mode.

[0237] When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 2302 may include a modem 2360 or may be connected to a communications server on the WAN 2356 via other means for establishing communications over the WAN 2356, such as via the Internet. The modem 2360 may be internal or external, and a wired or wireless device, and may be connected to the system bus 2308 via the input device interface 2344. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 2302, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory / storage device 2352. The network connections shown are examples, and other means of establishing a communications link between computers may be used.

[0238] When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, computer 2302 can access a cloud storage system or other network-based storage system in addition to, or in place of, external storage device 2316, as described above. Generally, the connection between computer 2302 and the cloud storage system can be established via LAN 2354 or WAN 2356, respectively, by, for example, adapter 2358 or modem 2360. Upon connecting computer 2302 to an associated cloud storage system, external storage interface 2326, with the aid of adapter 2358 and / or modem 2360, can manage the storage provided by the cloud storage system in the same way as other types of external storage. For example, external storage interface 2326 can be configured to provide access to cloud storage sources as if those sources were physically connected to computer 2302.

[0239] The computer 2302 may be operable to communicate with any wireless device or entity operably disposed in wireless communication, such as a printer, a scanner, a desktop and / or portable computer, a portable data assistant, a communications satellite, any equipment or location associated with a radio-detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, a newsstand, a store shelf, etc.), and a telephone. This may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, communication may be in a defined structure similar to an existing network, or simply ad-hoc communication between at least two devices.

[0240] Additional Information The embodiments described herein may be directed to one or more of a system, a method, an apparatus, and / or a computer program product at any possible level of technical detail of integration. The computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program instructions for causing a processor to execute aspects of one or more embodiments described herein. The computer-readable storage medium may be a tangible device capable of holding and storing instructions for use by an instruction-execution device. The computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a superconducting storage device, and / or any suitable combination thereof. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of computer-readable storage media can also include: portable computer diskettes, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, mechanically encoded devices such as punch cards or ridge-in-groove structures having instructions recorded thereon, and / or any suitable combination of the foregoing. As used herein, computer-readable storage media should not be construed as being ephemeral signals per se, such as radio waves and / or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides and / or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through fiber optic cables), and / or electrical signals transmitted over wires.

[0241] The computer-readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded from a computer-readable storage medium to each computing / processing device and / or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and / or a wireless network. The network may include copper transmission cables, optical fiber transmissions, wireless transmissions, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing / processing device receives the computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer-readable program instructions for storage in a computer-readable storage medium in the respective computing / processing device. The computer-readable program instructions for carrying out the operations of one or more embodiments described herein may be source code and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including assembler instructions, Instruction-Set-Architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, integrated circuit configuration data, and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Smalltalk, C++, etc., and / or procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language and / or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program instructions may execute entirely on the computer, partially on the computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the computer, and / or partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer and / or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the computer via any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) and / or a wide area network (WAN), and / or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In one or more embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), can execute computer-readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer-readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry to perform aspects of one or more embodiments described herein.

[0242] Aspects of one or more embodiments described herein will be described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions. These computer-readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and / or other programmable data processing apparatus to generate a machine such that the instructions, executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the function(s) / act(s) specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram. These computer-readable program instructions can be stored on a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to function in a particular manner, whereby the computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored therein can include an article of manufacture containing instructions that can implement aspects of the function(s) / act(s) specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram. The computer-readable program instructions may also be loaded into a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be executed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device to generate a computer-implemented process, whereby the instructions executing on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device implement the functions / acts specified in one or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams.

[0243] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and / or operation of possible implementations of systems, computer-implementable methods, and / or computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, and / or portion of an instruction, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In one or more alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may be executed substantially concurrently and / or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending on the functionality involved. It should also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, and / or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by a special-purpose hardware-based system capable of performing the specified functions and / or acts and / or executing one or more combinations of special-purpose hardware and / or computer instructions.

[0244] While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions for a computer program product executed on one and / or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments herein can also be implemented, at least in part, in parallel with one or more other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, and / or data structures that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types. Furthermore, the computer-implemented methods described above can be practiced with single-processor and / or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputing devices, mainframe computers, and other computer system configurations, including computers, handheld computing devices (e.g., PDAs, phones), and / or microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and / or industrial electronic devices. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network. However, one or more, if not all, aspects of one or more embodiments described herein can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0245] As used herein, the terms “component,” “system,” “platform,” and / or “interface” can refer to and / or include computer-related entities or entities associated with an operating machine having one or more particular functions. The entities described herein can be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and / or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and / or thread of execution, but a component can also be localized on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, each component can execute from various computer-readable media having various data structures stored thereon. Components may communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to signals comprising one or more data packets (e.g., data from a local system, another component in a distributed system, and / or one component interacting across a network such as the Internet with other systems via signals). As another example, a component may be a device having specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuits operated by software and / or firmware applications executed by a processor. In such cases, the processor may be internal and / or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software and / or firmware applications.As yet another example, a component may be a device that provides a particular functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, but the electronic component may include a processor and / or other means for executing software and / or firmware that at least partially provides the functionality of the electronic component. In one aspect, a component may emulate the electronic component, for example, via a virtual machine in a cloud computing system.

[0246] Additionally, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or." That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from context, "X employs A or B" is intended to mean all natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A, then X employs B, or if X employs both A and B, then "X employs A or B" is satisfied under any of the foregoing cases. Furthermore, the articles "a" and "an" as used in this specification and the accompanying drawings should generally be interpreted to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clear from context to refer to the singular form. As used herein, the terms "example" and / or "exemplary" are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter described herein is not limited by such examples. Additionally, any aspect or design described herein as "example" and / or "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, and is not meant to exclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0247] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to substantially any computing processing unit and / or device, including, but not limited to, a single-core processor, a single processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor, a multi-core processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading techniques, a parallel platform, and / or a parallel platform with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, and / or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Furthermore, a processor may utilize nanoscale architectures, such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum dot-based transistors, switches, and / or gates, to optimize space usage and / or enhance the performance of associated equipment. A processor may be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

[0248] As used herein, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component associated with the operation and functionality of a component are used to refer to a “memory component,” an entity embodied in a “memory,” or a component that includes a memory. The memory and / or memory components described herein may be either volatile or nonvolatile memory, or may include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of example and not limitation, nonvolatile memory may include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, and / or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM)). Volatile memory may include, for example, RAM, which may function as external cache memory. By way of example and not limitation, RAM may be synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), or the like. Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), Direct Rambus RAM Rambus RAM, DRRAM, Direct Rambus Dynamic RAM Memory components of the systems and / or computer-implemented methods described herein are intended to include, but are not limited to, these and / or any other suitable types of memory.

[0249] What has been described above includes merely example systems and computer-implemented methods. Of course, it is not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and / or computer-implemented methods for purposes of describing one or more embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and / or permutations of one or more embodiments are possible. Furthermore, to the extent that terms such as "includes," "has," "possesses," and the like are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices, and / or drawings, such terms are intended to be as inclusive as the term "comprising," as "comprising" is interpreted when used as a transitional term in a patent claim.

[0250] Descriptions of various embodiments may be referred to as "an embodiment," "various embodiments," "one or more embodiments," and / or "some embodiments." The phrases "(identified)" and "(identified)" may be used, each of which may refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments.

[0251] The descriptions of various embodiments are presented for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments described herein. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein has been selected to best explain the principles of the embodiments, practical applications and / or technical improvements over technology found in the market, and / or to enable those skilled in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.

Claims

1. 1. A system comprising: a memory for storing computer-executable components; a processor for executing the computer-executable components stored in the memory, wherein the computer-executable components include: a blur component that performs a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values; a generation component that generates a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the primary blurring action and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blurring action.

2. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the generation component further generates a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and a set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performing the secondary blur action on the original EH image without a previous performance of the primary blur action.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the primary blurring action comprises distortion of the original EH image caused by physical vibration of an imaging device that generates the original EH image.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the secondary blurring action comprises the use of a Gaussian blur.

5. the computer-executable components:

10. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a notification component that generates a notification corresponding to a determination that an image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to an original level of contamination of the original EH image.

6. the computer-executable components: an analysis component that analyzes the original EH image and outputs, for the set of pixels, the set of original pixel values; The system of claim 1 , wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the blur component performs the secondary blur action consecutively after completing the execution of the primary blur action.

8. the computer-executable components:

10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a denoising component that generates a set of noise-reduced pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between a set of noisy pixel values ​​for the set of pixels and a set of surrounding pixel values ​​for the set of pixels obtained from image capture without generating an electron beam.

9. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: a system operatively coupled to a processor, performing a modification of a set of original pixel values ​​of a set of pixels characterizing an original electro-holographic (EH) image, the modification comprising: said performing including using a distortion technique in an imaging device that captures the EH image and then applying a digital blur to the original set of pixel values; generating a set of modified pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels that results from using the distortion technique and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels that results from applying the digital blur.

10. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising the system generating a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and a set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performing the digital blur or applying another digital blur to the original EH image without a previous performance using the distortion technique.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , wherein using the distortion technique further comprises inducing physical vibration of a detector of the imaging device or applying an alternating electromagnetic field upstream of the detector.

12. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising the system generating a notification corresponding to a determination that an image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to an original level of contamination of the original EH image.

13. the system analyzing the original EH image; the system further comprising: for the set of pixels, outputting the set of original pixel values; The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

14. The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , wherein the applying the digital blur is performed consecutively after using the distortion technique.

15. 1. A computer program product that facilitates a process for electro-holographic image background extraction, the computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied thereon, the program instructions being executable by a processor, the computer program product comprising: performing, by the processor, a primary blur action and a secondary blur action on an original electro-holographic (EH) image characterized by a set of pixels having an original set of pixel values; and causing the processor to generate, for the set of pixels, a set of modified pixel values ​​based on a difference between a first set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the primary blurring action and a second set of pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from the secondary blurring action.

16. The program instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the processor to:

16. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising causing the processor to generate a set of final pixel values ​​for the set of pixels based on differences between the set of modified pixel values ​​and a set of intermediate pixel values ​​for the set of pixels resulting from performing the secondary blur action on the original EH image without a previous performance of the primary blur action.

17. the primary blurring action includes distortion of the original EH image caused by physical vibration of an imaging device that generates the original EH image; The computer program product of claim 15 , wherein the secondary blurring action comprises using a Gaussian blur.

18. The program instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the processor to:

16. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising: causing the processor to generate a notification corresponding to a determination that an image based on the set of modified pixel values ​​includes a reduced level of contamination compared to an original level of contamination in the original EH image.

19. The program instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the processor to: causing said processor to analyze said original EH image; causing the processor to output, for the set of pixels, the set of original pixel values; The computer program product of claim 15 , wherein the set of original pixel values ​​is based on at least one of pixel color values ​​or pixel brightness values.

20. The computer program product of claim 15 , wherein the secondary blurring action is performed consecutively after the primary blurring action has completed execution.

Images