Vascular prosthesis for leak prevention during endovascular aneurysm repair

Abstract

To provide an endovascular aneurysm repair treatment system that forms a stable thrombus to prevent endoleak formation.SOLUTION: An embodiment includes a process for treating an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) endoleak with a shape memory polymer (SMP) foam device. First, a bifurcated stent graft is placed within the aneurysm while a micro guidewire is positioned within the aneurysm for future catheter access. Second, after placing the iliac graft extension, a catheter is introduced over wire to deliver embolic foams. Third, embolic foams expand and conform to the aneurysm wall. Fourth, by isolating peripheral vessels from the aneurysm volume, embolic foams may create a stable thrombus to prevent endoleak formation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (Reference to Related Application) This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 609,268, entitled "Shape Memory Polymer Foams for Endoleak Prevention During Endovascular Aneurysm Repair," filed December 21, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention are in the field of prostheses (eg, artificial body members), such as, for example, arterial prostheses. [Background technology]

[0003] Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a technique for treating abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) by deploying a stent-graft to exclude the aneurysm from the systemic circulation. However, common complications associated with EVAR treatment include endoleaks (blood flow outside the stent-graft) and graft migration, both of which require frequent follow-up due to the risk of aneurysm growth and the possibility of rupture. If endoleaks occur, they may require reintervention with embolic material to plug the source of the endoleak. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the appended claims, the following detailed description of one or more embodiments, and the corresponding drawings. Where considered appropriate, reference labels have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0005] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates four stages of the process in one embodiment.

[0006] [Figure 2] 1 illustrates features of various embodiments.

[0007] [Figure 3] 10A-10C illustrate various expansions of foam embodiments.

[0008] [Figure 4] 1 illustrates various aneurysm shapes suitable for treatment using embodiments.

[0009] [Figure 5A] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5B] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5C] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5D] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5E] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5F] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. [Figure 5G] 1 illustrates various deployment stages and configurations in various embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Referring now to the drawings, equivalent structures are provided with equivalent suffix reference designations. To more clearly illustrate the structures of various embodiments, the drawings included herein are schematic representations of the structures. Thus, for example, the actual appearance of a manufactured structure in a photograph may appear different while still including the claimed structure of an example embodiment. Moreover, the drawings may show only structures useful for understanding the example embodiment. Additional structures known in the art may not be included to maintain clarity of the drawings. Phrases such as "an embodiment," "various embodiments," and the like indicate that the described embodiment includes certain configurations, structures, or features, but not all embodiments include those configurations, structures, or features. Some embodiments may have some, all, or none of the configurations described for other embodiments. "First," "second," "third," and the like describe a common object and indicate that different instances of equivalent objects are being referred to. Such adjectives do not imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence in time, space, order, or in any other way. "Connected" may indicate that elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, and "coupled" may indicate that elements cooperate or interact with each other, but they may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact. Phrases such as "comprising at least one of A and B" include situations comprising A, B, or A and B.

[0011] Embolic materials have previously been investigated as suitable options for aneurysm embolization and endoleak prevention. However, applicants have determined that the elastic expansion forces of such materials against the catheter wall create significant device friction during delivery. Increased device friction leads to stiffer delivery wires, less tactile feedback during deployment, and reduced volume filling. Applicants have also determined that additional materials investigated for endoleak prevention have limitations related to device surface area, volume, and thrombogenicity, which lead to a larger number of devices required to fill the aneurysm space and extended treatment times.

[0012] In contrast, embodiments described herein include polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) foams that function as effective embolization devices with relatively low friction during delivery and a favorable healing response due to the shape memory effect. These foam devices are capable of volumetric expansion of up to 70 times or more to provide efficient volumetric filling without creating significant pressure against the aneurysm wall, and can be delivered through tortuous pathways with low friction via catheter insertion. Such foam embodiments function as an embolic agent and subsequent scaffolding for a healthy healing response, making them ideal for catheter-delivered foam devices for endoleak prevention during EVAR.

[0013] Applicant has further recognized the advantages of providing visibility along the entire length of the foam. For this reason, embodiments include radiopaque SMP foam formulations designed for x-ray visibility, as well as alternative means of visualizing the entire length of the foam. These alternative visualization means include the use of radiopaque fibers or coils that extend through the core and span the entire length of the device. The termination points of the radiopaque fibers or coils correspond to the distal and / or proximal extremities of the SMP foam to indicate where one or both ends of the device are located. Alternatively, radiopaque marker bands may be used on one or both of the proximal and distal ends of the device to indicate where the ends of the device are located under x-ray.

[0014] Applicant has further confirmed that the previously known chemical properties of SMP foam are essentially oxidatively degraded during the in vivo healing process by macrophages and neutrophils. However, certain embolization indications benefit from a permanent, compliant scaffold such as SMP foam, because degradation of the embolic material before complete healing in the body can increase the risk of recanalization. Additionally, certain indications, such as AAA and endoleaks, may require the implantation of very large volumes of SMP foam to effectively treat the patient. In these large volumes, degradation byproducts may cause unknown complications due to a large concentration of the compound in one area exposed to slow clearance rates. Due to these risks of recanalization and the potential for toxic byproducts, embodiments include biosoluble or non-degradable SMP foam formulations for use in these indications requiring large volumes of permanent embolic material.

[0015] Wider impact

[0016] Applicant has identified a medical need for a technology that reduces the number of endoleaks, secondary interventions, and monitoring of patients undergoing EVAR for AAA. Embodiments of SMP foam for perigraft embolization of AAA provide a safe and effective means to mitigate the occurrence of EVAR complications. Embodiments of the embolization device described herein could save patients thousands of dollars in post-EVAR management, prevent life-threatening complications, and have an impact on the healthcare industry through reimbursement based on superior clinical outcomes.

[0017] General

[0018] Embodiments take a materials science approach to address the unmet clinical need for endoleak treatment and prevention. This is achieved through thermomechanical optimization of SMPs. Embodiments address, for example:

[0019] Optimized SMP foam morphology, expansion behavior, expanding device geometry, and delivery platform that enables consistent device delivery through 5-9F catheters and sheaths.

[0020] Validated device delivery, device expansion, and perigraft flow stagnation in an EVAR-treated AAA benchtop flow model simulating endoleak.

[0021] Device Safety and Efficacy

[0022] Thus, embodiments demonstrate the feasibility of AAA embolization foam devices in vitro and in vivo as viable adjuncts to endovascular aneurysm repair procedures, such as prophylaxis against endoleak formation.

[0023] significance

[0024] Until the past decade, the traditional method of AAA repair was open surgery. However, since 2006, EVAR has been preferred over open surgery, accounting for 74% of all AAA treatments. Open surgery and EVAR have similar long-term survival rates of 69.9% and 68.9%, respectively. However, procedural preference for EVAR is motivated by shorter hospital stays, less blood loss, shorter operative times, and lower early morbidity and mortality. Despite the benefits of EVAR, as many as 32% of the 33,000 EVAR procedures performed annually in the United States may still result in some type of endoleak. As used herein, an endoleak is defined as blood flow outside the stent graft but within the aneurysm sac, which can result in aneurysm expansion and rupture. While the cause of the leak defines the type of endoleak, all or most types are typically monitored by long-term surveillance or addressed by subsequent surgical intervention. New endoleaks may develop as long as several years after surgery, necessitating long-term patient screening.

[0025] As more patients opt for EVAR, it places strain on the healthcare system to cover the costs. Long-term surveillance, imaging studies, and reinterventions have been shown to increase the overall cost of EVAR by nearly 50%. A recent meta-analysis found that EVAR had a 56% greater mid-term reintervention rate and a 243% greater long-term reintervention rate when compared with open surgical repair. Despite more compliant stent-graft techniques and greater surgical experience, the durability of EVAR remains lower than open repair. The long-term durability of EVAR is compromised by endoleak development, graft migration, and persistent pouch compression, all of which can lead to pouch rupture. Despite new stent-graft technology, the number of people developing endoleaks has not significantly decreased, in part as a result of endografts being implanted outside of their operating instructions (IFU) and their inability to effectively prevent type II endoleaks.

[0026] Embodiments help prevent or mitigate endoleaks, freeing up IFU for stent grafts, reducing endoleak-related EVAR complications, and reducing the amount of rigorous post-EVAR imaging. The benefits of such embodiments have positive economic, physical, and psychological impacts on patients due to increased EVAR durability and reduced monitoring. Thus, embodiments that reduce the occurrence and severity of endoleaks improve the cost-effectiveness and durability of EVAR.

[0027] Type I (T1) and Type III (T3) endoleaks have been treated with coil embolization, angioplasty, additional endografts, or glue embolization. However, management of Type II (T2) endoleaks remains controversial, despite them being the most common type of endoleak. Unlike T1 and T3 endoleaks, T2 endoleaks may resolve spontaneously, and their relationship to aneurysm sac expansion and pressurization is uncertain. However, there is consensus that persistent T2 endoleaks (>6 months) are associated with aneurysm sac growth, reintervention, conversion to open repair, and rupture. Furthermore, detection and embolization of T2 endoleaks are challenging due to the size of the feeding vessels. Patients are monitored annually due to inadequate endoleak detection and recurrence, which can result in the endoleak's ability to resolve. Regardless of the type of endoleak, embodiments address the clinical need to make EVAR more durable and exclude aneurysms from the systemic circulation. Sac embolization during EVAR has been studied in an attempt to reduce the development of endoleaks. These prophylactic embodiments reduce the need for long-term surveillance, prevent endograft migration via biological fixation, and mitigate endoleak formation. Embodiments utilize SMP materials, which have advantages over more conventional materials, such as those associated with cytotoxicity, potential for colonic ischemia, poor control and predictability, difficult delivery, incomplete occlusion, and recanalization.

[0028] Expandable polyurethane foam embodiments are used in embodiments due to their excellent acute thrombogenicity, long-term biocompatibility, tunable pore size, and favorable healing response. Polyurethane SMP foam embodiments are used in catheter-based embolic devices because they can be transformed into a secondary shape for delivery purposes and subsequently actuated to their primary shape using a stimulus such as heat. Embodiments utilize the ability of polyurethane SMPs to thermally expand at body temperature after delivery via catheter insertion to treat and prevent endoleaks and mitigate complications of EVAR. Embodiments enable the development of therapeutic and preventative treatments for AAA, reducing the burden of long-term monitoring, secondary interventions, and lifetime costs of EVAR.

[0029] Embodiments include customizable glass transition temperatures. These include ultra-low-density SMP polyurethane foams with high thermal conductivity (temperature transition temperatures), 98% shape recovery, a glass storage modulus of 200–300 kPa, and recovery stresses of 5–15 kPa. These materials are synthesized from low-molecular-weight branched monomers and, through foaming, create a highly chemically crosslinked, highly porous, low-density network structure. This high crosslink density prevents "secondary shape formation" from occurring within the SMP polyurethane foam, which maintains its primary shape and reduces the potential for chain relaxation, improving the device's shelf life. The foams also have a high porosity of 98.8%, which allows the foam to function as a scaffold for tissue ingrowth and allows for greater volumetric expansion compared to neat SMP. Furthermore, the material's interconnected porous geometry enhances embolization by promoting flow stagnation and providing a large surface area to trigger the intrinsic clotting cascade.

[0030] Figure 1 shows an overview of one embodiment of a process for treating an AAA endoleak using the entire SMP foam device. In Stage 1, a branched stent graft (a) is placed within the aneurysm while a microguidewire (b) is positioned within the aneurysm for further catheter access. In Stage 2, an iliac graft extension (c) is placed, followed by a 5F catheter (d) over the wire (b) to deliver the embolization foam (e). In Stage 3, the embolization foam expands and conforms to the aneurysm wall (f). In Stage 4, the embolization foam creates a stable clot and prevents endoleak formation by isolating the peripheral vessels (g) from the aneurysm volume.

[0031] Despite the low density and lack of inherent X-ray attenuation of SMP foam, embodiments of SMP polyurethane are rendered radiopaque through the incorporation of tungsten particles into the polymer structure. By loading SMP foam with 4% tungsten by volume, radiopacity is achieved while maintaining the favorable mechanical, morphological, and chemical properties of the unloaded foam. Different geometries of solid polymer, polymer foam, and crimped foam were attached to pig heads to mimic the density of the human skull and imaged under fluoroscopy. Doped SMPs with 4% tungsten by volume were visible under fluoroscopy. More specifically, 4% tungsten-doped SMP cylinders of various mm thickness were imaged via fluoroscopy using pig skulls, which provided relative radiopacity. The cylinders were visible.

[0032] Additionally, implantation of tungsten-doped SMP foams into a venous pouch porcine aneurysm model resulted in dense cellular connective tissue infiltrating the foam with minimal inflammation. When observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tungsten particles were encapsulated within the polymer matrix, which remained intact after 90 days in vivo, suggesting non-toxic leaching. Tensile testing of unfilled foams compared to tungsten-filled foams demonstrated increased toughness and a 43% increase in modulus. SEM images showed greater cell density as a result of the tungsten particles, which contributed to the foam's increased stiffness. Finally, the glass transition temperature did not change significantly with the addition of tungsten. Results from these studies highlight the clinical feasibility of the embodiment, which can be safely delivered to the AAA pouch under fluoroscopic guidance while maintaining favorable volume expansion and biocompatibility.

[0033] Embodiments demonstrate that SMP polyurethane foams are a class of materials with unique properties well-suited for aneurysm filling. These materials may provide effective and safe prophylactic treatment against endoleak development, reducing the long-term surveillance required for EVAR. Prophylactic treatment of AAAs may improve the long-term durability of EVARs and reduce the number of major secondary interventions that many EVAR patients typically undergo as a result of endoleaks or graft migration. In addition, embodiments liberalize the operating instructions for many stent-graft procedures, allowing the ability to repair otherwise untreatable AAAs. The development and further characterization of SMP polyurethane foams may also be applied to many other embolic or vaso-occlusive devices.

[0034] Issue 1: The embodiments optimize the SMP foam morphology, expansion behavior, expanded device geometry, and delivery platform to enable consistent device delivery through a 5F catheter.

[0035] Embodiments provide a method of actuation with delayed expansion using the aqueous environment of body temperature and blood. The actuation kinetics of the foam are determined by the glass transition temperature (T g ) and bulk foam hydrophobicity to control the rate of moisture plasticization. g Both hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity can be altered by varying the diisocyanate monomer ratio within the polyurethane synthesis. As shown in Figure 2 (10 minutes yields the highest reticulated foam diameter and smallest control diameter), the foam's operating profile can be further optimized by using cold plasma surface functionalization with two different approaches (Aurora 350, Plasma Technology Systems). First, hydrocarbon process gases (e.g., acetylene, ethylene, propylene) deposit an aliphatic water diffusion barrier, slowing the moisture plasticization rate and retarding passive foam expansion. Second, oxygen and tetrafluoromethane process gases create an oxidizing atmosphere that etches the polymer film, creating a highly reticulated foam structure with greater surface hydrophilicity, both of which contribute to faster foam expansion.

[0036] More specifically, Figure 2 shows that foams with different surface modifications exhibit different expansion dynamics when immersed in water at 37°C. Foams were produced with an isocyanate ratio of 70% hexamethylene diisocyanate and 30% trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate. The plasma reticulation atmosphere consisted of ionized oxygen and tetrafluoromethane at 300 W for 30 seconds. The hydrocarbon plasma atmosphere consisted of ionized acetylene and propylene at 150 W for 2 minutes.

[0037] By adjusting the bulk hydrophobicity and surface diffusion properties of the foam, the actuation profile of the foam is tailored for delayed expansion. The controlled delay prevents the device from unfolding and binding within the delivery catheter, yet still allows the foam to expand at body temperature to fill the aneurysmal anatomy without an external heating source.

[0038] Figure 3 shows the expanded and crimped morphologies of various embodiments of SMP devices. The left panel of Figure 3 shows a comparison between an expanded 10 mm diameter tungsten-doped SMP foam device and a crimped 1.3 mm diameter SMP device loaded into a 5F catheter. The SEM images show the expanded morphology of the reticulated foam along the foam axis (axial, center panel) and the orthogonal direction (transverse, right panel).

[0039] A delivery platform incorporating an introducer device and delivery wire facilitates rapid and safe delivery of the crimped SMP device through a catheter into the aneurysm site. The introducer device allows for the safe removal of air from the foam through a series of flushes and a hemostatic valve.

[0040] Question 2: Embodiments will examine device delivery, device expansion, and perigraft flow stagnation in a benchtop flow model of an EVAR-treated AAA simulating endoleak.

[0041] Silicone vascular phantoms representing idealized physiological AAA anatomy were fabricated and incorporated into a flow loop at physiological temperature. An expired EVAR graft was placed within the phantom with a secondary flow path resulting in simulated T2 endoleak flow. The graft placement was modified to simulate T1 or T3 endoleaks. Figure 4 illustrates several phantom designs. More specifically, from left to right, Figure 4 shows a large idealized AAA model with renal arteries, an idealized AAA model with collateral vessels mimicking a type II endoleak, and a CT-reconstructed AA model.

[0042] The SMP foam device was delivered to the pseudoaneurysmal sac via a 5F catheter to emulate clinical delivery. Flow stagnation may be quantified by the time it takes for the dye to clear the aneurysmal space compared to the baseline value before foam implantation. This metric helps quantify the likelihood of sufficient flow stagnation for intraaneurysmal embolization and subsequent endoleak stabilization.

[0043] Issue 3: Embodiments will demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device in pilot animal studies using a porcine AAA animal model.

[0044] Domestic pigs weighing approximately 20 kg underwent surgery to create an abdominal aortic aneurysm. A vascular stent graft was deployed to isolate the surgically created abdominal aortic aneurysm, followed by delivery of an embolization foam through a 6-8F catheter to occlude the perigraft space. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA), conventional angiography, and X-rays were performed before and after foam treatment to observe the presence of endoleaks and determine the extent of acute embolization.

[0045] Additional Embodiments

[0046] Certain embodiments provide a solution to prevent endoleaks by filling voids within the isolated area by conforming to the contours and physiological environment of the scaffold / graft, creating rapid thrombosis and occlusion of systemic blood flow, ultimately leading to scar tissue formation and permanent elimination of blood flow through the isolated area.

[0047] The foam material utilized in certain embodiments allows for compression for delivery through a small-bore delivery catheter, followed by expansion in diameter or length to fill a large volume. After expansion, the foam induces thrombosis through blood flow stasis, activation of the intrinsic clotting cascade following contact of the foam material with blood, and activation of the extrinsic clotting cascade following contact of the foam with the interior surface of a blood vessel or aneurysm. This prevents continued blood flow through or into the isolated area, leading to eventual connective tissue infiltration of the foam volume or volume previously occupied by the foam, resulting in permanent healing at the site of the vascular abnormality. This strengthens the isolated, previously susceptible area and reduces the risk of vascular injury or rupture.

[0048] The ability of foam embodiments to cause flow stagnation within the vasculature and promote significant connective tissue infiltration over time following initial thrombosis differs from conventional methods, which attempt to fill the void space within an isolated region with a substance to eliminate the void space and provide semi-rigid support for the surrounding environment. In contrast, foam embodiments conform to fill the void space within the isolated region and remain compliant throughout the life of the treatment, allowing the isolated region to heal over time rather than exerting constant pressure on susceptible areas. Embodiments use foams that are biodegradable or biodurable implants, and both types of foams remain compliant with the surrounding environment while providing a scaffold for future connective tissue infiltration.

[0049] Some embodiments of SMP foams include 100% hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) foam for the isocyanate component of the polyurethane (PU) foam. However, other embodiments include 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, or 60% HDI or less. The remainder of such foams may include isocyanate components derived from, for example, trimethylhexane diisocyanate (TMHDI) and / or isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). High HDI content promotes faster foam expansion. Some embodiments may include key ratios for the polyfunctional alcohol content of the PU foam. For example, some foams may be formed from triethanolamine (TEA) and tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED). The ratio between these two alcohols is 80:20 to further promote rapid foam expansion / actuation. However, other embodiments may include ratios of 90:10, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 between the two alcohols, and other embodiments may include the other alcohol entirely.

[0050] Embodiments may include radiopaque and / or biodurable foams. The following provide examples of radiopaque and / or biodurable foams.

[0051] Example 1a includes a system comprising a thermoset shape memory polymer (SMP) foam covalently bonded to iodine, where (a) the SMP foam is configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus, and (b) the SMP foam is a poly(urethane-urea-amide).

[0052] Example 2a includes the system of Example 1a, where the SMP foam is radiopaque.

[0053] Example 3a includes the system of Example 2a, where the iodine is contained in the triiodobenzene monomer.

[0054] Example 4a includes the system of Example 3a, wherein the triiodobenzene monomer includes at least one of (a) 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), (b) diatrizoic acid, (c) iohexol, and (d) triiodophenol.

[0055] Example 5a includes the system of Example 4a, where the triiodobenzene monomer includes ATIPA.

[0056] Example 6a includes the system of Example 5a, where ATIPA crosslinks the polymer chains of the SMP foam.

[0057] Another version of Example 6a includes the system of Example 5a in which (a) ATIPA crosslinks the polymer chains of the SMP foam, and (b) another crosslinker crosslinks the polymer chains of the SMP foam.

[0058] Example 7a includes the system of Example 3a, wherein the SMP foam includes at least one of platinum, tungsten, and tantalum, and wherein the at least one of platinum, tungsten, and tantalum is physically bound within the SMP foam.

[0059] Example 8a includes the system of Example 7a, where at least one of platinum, tungsten, and tantalum is not chemically bonded to the SMP foam.

[0060] Example 9a includes the system of Example 3a, including a backbone that traverses the SMP foam, the backbone including at least one of a polymer filament and a metal.

[0061] Example 10a includes the system of Example 9a, where the backbone includes polymer filaments and is metal-free.

[0062] In another version of Example 10a, the backbone includes a polymer but no metal. In another version of Example 10a, the backbone includes a majority percent polymer and a minority percent metal.

[0063] Example 11a includes a method including providing a triiodobenzene monomer; providing an aliphatic monomer including at least one of (a)(i) a plurality of amine functional groups, (a)(ii) a plurality of alcohol functional groups, and (a)(iii) a plurality of carboxylic acid functional groups; providing a diisocyanate; mixing the triiodobenzene monomer, the aliphatic monomer, and the diisocyanate in a solution; and forming a thermoset memory polymer (SMP) foam from the solution.

[0064] Example 12a is a compound in which the triiodobenzene monomer is a first member selected from the group consisting of 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), diatrizoic acid, iohexol, or triiodophenol. and the aliphatic monomer is selected from the group consisting of 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 2-butyl-2-ethyl-propanediol (BEP), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), triethanolamine (TEA), tetrakis-hydroxypropylethylenediamine (HPED), glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolmethane, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,8-diaminooctane, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, or aspartic acid. and the diisocyanate comprises a third member selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), isophorone diisocyanate, 1,3,4-triisocyanato-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, toluene diisocyanate, or methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.

[0065] Example 13a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the second member is selected from the group consisting of HT, BEP, MPD, DEG, TEG, TEA, HPED, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolmethane, or 1,2,4-butanetriol.

[0066] Example 14a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the second member is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-diaminopropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,8-diaminooctane, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, or 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol.

[0067] Example 15a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the third member is selected from the group consisting of HDI, TMHDI, and isophorone diisocyanate.

[0068] Example 16a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the third member is selected from the group consisting of 1,3,4-triisocyanato-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, toluene diisocyanate, or methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.

[0069] Example 17a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the first member is ATIPA.

[0070] Another version of Example 17a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the first member is ATIPA, and the ATIPA comprises 20-30% of the MW of the first and second members.

[0071] Example 18a includes the method of Example 12a, including crosslinking the second and third members to the first member.

[0072] Example 19a includes the method of Example 18a, wherein forming the SMP foam from the solution includes utilizing the first member as a chemical blowing agent.

[0073] Example 20a includes the method of Example 12a, wherein the aliphatic monomer comprises a fourth selected from the group consisting of HT, BEP, MPD, DEG, TEG, TEA, HPED, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolmethane, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,8-diaminooctane, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, or aspartic acid.

[0074] Example 21a includes a system comprising an x-ray visible, iodine-containing thermoset open-cell shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, (a) the SMP foam configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus, and (b) the SMP foam is a poly(urethane-urea-amide).

[0075] Whether something is "x-ray visible" or "radiopaque" is determined by those skilled in the art, such as neurosurgeons or interventional neuroradiologists who routinely treat aneurysms using imaging such as fluoroscopy or angiography. Although x-ray power may vary depending on the imaging machine used, one skilled in the art would still understand whether a form is visible under normal clinical conditions such that the form is distinguishable from the surrounding anatomical structures.

[0076] Example 22a includes the system of Example 21a, where the iodine is contained in the triiodobenzene monomer and the iodine is covalently bound within the polymer network of the SMP foam.

[0077] Another version of Example 22a includes the system of Example 21a, where the iodine is contained in the triiodobenzene monomer and the iodine is physically incorporated within the SMP foam.

[0078] Another version of Example 22a includes the system of Example 21a, in which iodine is contained in at least one triiodobenzene monomer, and the iodine is both (a) covalently bound within the polymer network of the SMP foam and (b) physically bound but not chemically bound within the SMP foam.

[0079] Example 23a includes the system of Example 22a, where the secondary state SMP foam contains 50-500 mg / ml iodine.

[0080] However, in other embodiments, the secondary state SMT foam may contain between 50-100 mg / ml, between 100-200 mg / ml, between 200-300 mg / ml, between 300-400 mg / ml, or more iodine.

[0081] Example 24a includes the system of Example 23a, where the SMP foam in the primary state has a density of less than 0.1 g / cc and the SMP foam has a dry glass transition temperature (Tg) between 30 and 100°C.

[0082] Another version of Example 24a includes the system of Example 23a, in which the SMP foam in the primary state has a density of less than 0.1 g / cc, the SMP foam has a dry glass transition temperature (Tg) between 30 and 100°C, and the SMP foam lacks a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) urea peak at 1650 cm-1.

[0083] Other versions of Example 24a include densities less than 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, or 0.05 g / cc.

[0084] Example 25a includes the system of Example 22a, where the SMP foam includes polycaprolactone (PCL).

[0085] Another version of Example 25a includes the system of Example 22a, where the SMP foam contains hydrolyzable ester bonds.

[0086] Another version of Example 25a includes the system of Example 22a, where the SMP foam includes at least one of polycaprolactone (PCL) or a different hydrolyzable ester bond.

[0087] In some embodiments, the graft is deployed in the area followed by implantation of the foam, although the foam may be deployed first and then maintained in place by placement of the graft. Other methods include the method of FIG.

[0088] For example, different embodiments may vary the order in which the foam may be deployed (i.e., the foam may be deployed before or after a stent graft (or similar scaffolding) is deployed across the aneurysm or cavity). One order may be to deploy the scaffold first, and then deploy the foam so that the scaffold holds the volume in place. However, in low flow regions (for example), some embodiments may have the foam deployed first, followed by the scaffold.

[0089] An alternative use of embodiments may be to impart a particular shape to a graft or biological structure by applying external or internal pressure to the wall of the graft or biological structure.

[0090] For example, some embodiments may include a specific shape of foam or neat polymer. The shape may be, for example, the shape of a replacement bone, such as a jawbone or cheekbone. The SMP can be set into a shape (e.g., cylindrical) that is easy to deliver. Then, a physician can make a small incision in the skin and place the polymer into the small opening, placing it into the cavity in the tissue. The SMP then expands to the full shape of the jawbone or cheekbone. Thus, embodiments may be used for cosmetic or plastic surgery spaces (and many others) that require a scaffold to support the skin in a specific way, but that must also maintain compliance (i.e., be able to adapt to the environment and remain compliant), which can be achieved with the SMP embodiments described herein. Additionally, SMPs with greater radial force allow such SMPs to be implanted to deflect a graft or tissue piece in a desired manner as the foam expands from a crimped state to an expanded state.

[0091] Some embodiments include single or multiple crimped foams, with or without a core element running centrally through the crimped foam, that are loaded into an introducer that allows the crimped foam to be delivered directly into a guide catheter using a guidewire or pusher wire / rod.

[0092] Figures 5A-5G show frames from a video that show the SMP foam when utilized with a graft or scaffold.

[0093] Specifically, Figures 5A-5B address a benchtop aneurysm model. Figure 5A shows at least three foams deployed from a catheter. The foams are not attached to one another. Each foam has a radiopaque cap on one end of the foam. A pusher rod, or more generally, a pushing element, is shown emanating from the delivery conduit. The pushing element is used to push the foams out of the delivery conduit. Figure 5B shows an actuated / actuated foam.

[0094] Figures 5C-5G address a porcine aneurysm model. Figure 5C shows two foams pushed out of a delivery conduit. The conduit is visible. Undeployed foams are still shown within the conduit. Each foam has a radiopaque cap. The foams are not attached to one another. Figure 5D shows at least four foams deployed with a pusher element residing within the delivery conduit. Figure 5E shows more than ten foams deployed. For example, in one embodiment, a single delivery conduit is provided pre-loaded with five foams. To deploy ten foams, a user might utilize a two-delivery conduit foam system. Figure 5F shows many deployed foams, as well as an AAA stent graft. Figure 5G illustrates how the AAA stent graft does not collide with the relatively gradual expansion of the foams. Notably, the diameter of the graft remains generally unchanged between the before and after foam deployment images.

[0095] Images 5A-F demonstrate the ability of the embodiments to be delivered using minimally invasive techniques, the low density of the material so as not to add weight to weakened areas, and the material's ability to conform to the surrounding environment to minimize damage to surrounding tissue and structures.

[0096] This contrasts with some conventional systems, where the material used to fill the void space adds substantial mass to the stent-graft system, resulting in graft migration due to the gravitational effects of the material mass. Embolic material migration from the "endobag," which contains the material due to breakage within the endobag, has also been problematic. Observations have resulted in reported deaths and adverse events. Furthermore, the use of such conventional techniques (e.g., embolic coils or adhesives) achieves less success because a substantial number of coils are required to fill the space, resulting in a significant increase in procedure costs and the same risk of burdensome mass on vulnerable areas in vivo.

[0097] Embodiments include foam devices in which each foam device includes a proximal marker band (e.g., a radiopaque band adhered to the proximal end of the foam using an adhesive). Such foams may not include a filament or wire traversing the length of the foam. This includes 2-10 foam plugs loaded into the introducer (delivery conduit). Embodiments include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more plugs within the delivery conduit. The plugs or foam sections may not be permanently attached to each other (e.g., they are simply adjacent to each other within the delivery conduit, but there is nothing to anchor or attach them to each other once they are deployed from the conduit). However, in other embodiments, the foam may be crimped onto a wire (which may or may not be coiled), such as a wire made from platinum and / or iridium. In other embodiments, the foam is crimped over the length of a suture, such as a polypropylene suture. Other embodiments may include foam crimped onto a length of shape memory material such as Nitinol (e.g., about 0.0065 inches in diameter).

[0098] In one embodiment, the polymer backbone of the SMP foam is modified with bonds that degrade over time in the presence of water or oxidizing species, creating small molecules that can be removed by the body. This creates a biodegradable implant that leaves only native scar tissue within the patient's body, which is not possible with current endoleak treatments.

[0099] One embodiment includes SMP foams synthesized using polyfunctional alcohols (triethanolamine and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine), diisocyanate monomers (trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate), blowing agents, surfactants, and catalysts. Polyfunctional alcohols containing water-labile linkages, such as anhydride or ester linkages, may also be included in the foam to promote hydrolytic biodegradation. Alternatively, the monomers may contain tertiary amine or ether linkages to promote oxidative biodegradation. The foam is doped with radiopaque particles during the foaming process to facilitate visualization under fluoroscopy during intravascular placement. The foam components are mixed uniformly and cured in an oven. After polymerization, the foam is post-processed into the appropriate device shape.

[0100] In one embodiment, the SMP foam is crimped and attached to a delivery system. Some foam devices are inserted into the AAA sac via a delivery system that navigates the foam through a catheter that is placed in the aneurysm sac during stent-graft placement. Once the implant is properly positioned, the delivery system provides a stimulus to expand the foam. This stimulus can be heated saline or a solvent that plasticizes and expands the foam. The heated saline or solvent can be pumped through the delivery catheter. Alternatively, natural body temperature can serve as the stimulus for foam activation. The expanded foam device fills the aneurysmal volume between the stent-graft and the aneurysm wall.

[0101] Another embodiment utilizes foams manufactured as described above as reinforcement for existing stent grafts. In this case, the SMP foam is wrapped and crimped around the stent graft. The foam is secured to the graft material with an adhesive or woven into the mesh of the stent. The foam geometry can be a single, annular-shaped bulk foam or a segmented "scale" geometry that facilitates a small cross-section after device crimping. The segmented foam sections also help minimize folding and strain of the foam during stent delivery and deployment prior to SMP foam activation.

[0102] Example 1b. A system including a flexible conduit, first, second, and third open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape-memory polymer (SMP) foams simultaneously contained within the flexible conduit, and a flexible rod.

[0103] Although this embodiment includes at least three SMP foams, other embodiments may include a single SMP foam. For example, one embodiment includes a single foam plug for biopsy occlusion. A physician excises a piece of tissue (e.g., a kidney, liver, or lung biopsy) and then pushes a crimped SMP foam (e.g., shaped like a rod) through the biopsy needle and into the biopsy tissue track. Such a foam may include a marker band at its proximal end that lies flush with the organ surface once implanted.

[0104] Another embodiment may omit the flexible rod. For example, the conduit SMP foam may be included in the kit, and the kit may not include a flexible rod. Instead, the physician may use some other rod from outside the kit to advance the SMP foam from the conduit.

[0105] Although this embodiment includes at least three SMP foams, other embodiments may include one, two, four, five or more SMP foams within the conduit.

[0106] Such a "flexible conduit" may include an introducer.

[0107] Example 2b. The system of Example 1b, wherein the flexible conduit comprises a proximal third, a middle third, and a distal third, and the first, second, and third SMP foams are simultaneously contained within the distal third of the flexible conduit.

[0108] Example 3b. The system of Example 2b, wherein the first, second, and third SMP foams are not fixedly coupled to one another.

[0109] Example 4b. The system of Example 2b, wherein the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the flexible conduit such that they are not fixedly secured to one another immediately after they are collectively deployed from the flexible conduit.

[0110] Example 5b. The system of Example 2b, wherein in a first orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are contained in a distal third of the flexible conduit, and in the first orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are coupled to each other via the flexible conduit but are not fixedly coupled to each other, and in a second orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are not coupled to each other after they are deployed from the flexible conduit.

[0111] Another version of Example 5b: The system of Example 1b, wherein in a first orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are substantially evenly spaced throughout the proximal, middle, and distal thirds of the flexible conduit, and in the first orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are coupled to each other via the flexible conduit but are not fixedly coupled to each other, and in a second orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are not coupled to each other after they are deployed from the flexible conduit.

[0112] Example 6b. The system of Example 2b, wherein the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the flexible conduits in series, such that the first SMP foam deploys from the flexible conduit before the second SMP foam and the second SMP foam deploys from the flexible conduit before the third SMP foam.

[0113] Example 7b. A system according to any of Examples 1b-6b, wherein the first, second, and third SMP foams comprise first, second, and third metal portions, respectively, each of the first, second, and third SMP foams comprising a major axis, the first SMP foam comprising a proximal third, a middle third, and a distal third, and comprising a first plane orthogonal to the major axis of the first SMP foam that intersects the first metal portion and the proximal third of the first SMP foam, and wherein the first metal portion does not extend into the middle third or distal third of the first SMP foam.

[0114] Example 8b. The system of Example 7b, wherein the first SMP foam includes a second plane perpendicular to the long axis of the first SMP foam that intersects the middle third of the first SMP foam but does not intersect any portion of the first metal portion, and the first SMP foam does not include a backbone that extends beyond the first metal portion.

[0115] Another version of Example 8b: The system of Example 7b, wherein the first SMP foam includes a second plane perpendicular to the long axis of the first SMP foam that intersects a middle third of the first SMP foam but does not intersect any portion of the first metal portion, and the periphery of the first SMP foam intersects the second plane to form a single closed perimeter, and only the SMP foam is contained within the single closed perimeter.

[0116] Another version of Example 8b: The system of Example 7b, wherein the first SMP foam includes a second plane perpendicular to the long axis of the first SMP foam that intersects the middle third of the first SMP foam but does not intersect any portion of the first metal portion, and the first SMP foam may include a radiopaque backbone that extends beyond the first metal portion.

[0117] The radiopaque backbone may be composed of, for example, one or more of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, polyurethane doped with metal nanoparticles.

[0118] Another version of Example 8b: The system of Example 7b, wherein the first SMP foam includes a second plane perpendicular to the long axis of the first SMP foam that intersects the middle third of the first SMP foam but does not intersect any portion of the first metal portion, and the periphery of the first SMP foam intersects the second plane to form a single closed perimeter, and the SMP foam and radiopaque backbone are contained within the single closed perimeter.

[0119] Example 9b. The system of Example 2b, wherein the first, second, and third SMP foams are fixedly bonded to one another.

[0120] Example 10b. The system of Example 9b, wherein a monolithic length of material extends through the first, second, and third SMP foams to bond the first, second, and third SMP foams to one another.

[0121] Example 11b. The system of Example 10b, wherein the monolithic length of material comprises at least one of a polymer and a metal.

[0122] Another version of Example 11b: The system of Example 11b, wherein the monolithic length of material comprises a filament.

[0123] As used herein, a filament includes a slender thread-like body or fiber. For example, a filament may include a thin metal wire or a thread made from a polymer.

[0124] Another version of Example 11b. The system of Example 1b, wherein each of the first, second, and third SMP forms (a) is crimped and (b) is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter when crimped and between 8 and 30 mm in diameter when actuated to their primary state.

[0125] Another version of Example 11b. The system of Example 1b, wherein each of the first, second, and third SMP forms (a) is crimped and (b) is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter when crimped and between 3 and 30 mm in diameter when actuated to their primary state.

[0126] In other embodiments, the crimped diameter is between 0 and 2 mm, between 0 and 4 mm, between 0 and 5 mm, or more. In other embodiments, the actuated diameter is between 2 and 30 mm, between 2 and 40 mm, between 2 and 50 mm, or more.

[0127] Another version of Example 11b: The system of Example 1, wherein the first SMP foam is covalently bonded to iodine, the first SMP foam is configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus, and the first SMP foam is a poly(urethane-urea-amide).

[0128] Example 11c. The system of Example 11b, wherein the SMP foam is radiopaque.

[0129] Coll. 11d. The system of any of Examples 11b-11c, wherein iodine is included in the triiodobenzene monomer.

[0130] Example 11e. The system of Example 11d, wherein the triiodobenzene monomer comprises at least one of (a) 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), (b) diatrizoic acid, (c) iohexol, and (d) triiodophenol.

[0131] Example 12b. A method comprising reacting a polyol with an isocyanate to form a reaction product, mixing the reaction product with a blowing agent to form an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, forming first, second, and third SMP foams from the SMP foams, bonding a radiopaque material to a proximal portion of each of the first, second, and third SMP foams, simultaneously containing the first, second, and third SMP foams within a distal third of a flexible conduit, and sealing the flexible conduit and the first, second, and third SMP foams in a sealed storage container after simultaneously containing the first, second, and third SMP foams within the distal third of the flexible conduit.

[0132] Example 13b. The method of Example 12b, wherein the polyol comprises at least one of triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine, butanediol, butynediol, N,N',N' tetrakis(hydroxylpropylene)ethylenediamine (HPED), and combinations thereof, and the isocyanate comprises at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and combinations thereof.

[0133] Another version of Example 13b: The method of Example 12, wherein the polyol comprises at least one of triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine, butanediol, N,N',N'-tetrakis(hydroxylpropylene)ethylenediamine (HPED), and combinations thereof, and the isocyanate comprises at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and combinations thereof.

[0134] Example 14b. The method of Example 13b, wherein the isocyanate comprises at least 85% HDI.

[0135] Example 15b. The method of Example 14b, wherein the isocyanate comprises at least 95% HDI.

[0136] Example 16b The method of any of Examples 13b-15b, wherein the polyol comprises at least 70% TEA.

[0137] Example 17b. The method of Example 16b, wherein the polyol comprises at least 80% TEA.

[0138] Example 18b. The method of any of Examples 12b-17b, wherein the first SMP foam comprises metal nanoparticles.

[0139] The embodiments of Examples 1b-11e include a flexible conduit. However, other embodiments are not so limited. For example, another version of Example 1 includes:

[0140] Example 19b. A system comprising a conduit and first, second, and third open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape-memory polymer (SMP) foams simultaneously contained within the flexible conduit.

[0141] The conduit may be rigid, such as a needle. For example, the first, second, and third SMP foams (as well as fourth, fifth, or more SMP foams) can be preloaded into such a needle and then delivered to the aneurysm sac via a translumbar puncture with the needle. A rod can be pushed through the needle to deploy the foams. Thus, embodiments allow Examples 1-11g to have such rigid conduits replaced with flexible conduits.

[0142] One embodiment includes a flexible conduit and a rigid needle, where the flexible conduit is pushed through the needle, and the flexible conduit includes one or more SMP foams that may be deployed from the needle using a pushing element.

[0143] Embodiments may include SMP foams that are subjected to plasma surface treatment, monomer alterations, and the incorporation of water-labile bonds into the polymer backbone that biodegrades by hydrolysis. Tissue ingrowth can be stimulated by the bulk or surface chemistry of the implant, or by an initial thermal or chemical stimulus to the endothelium from a foam actuation mechanism.

[0144] Example 1c. A flexible conduit comprising: (a) a first open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam; (b) a second open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, SMP foam; and (c) a third open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, SMP foam; wherein (a) the first SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; (b) the second SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; and (c) the third SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; (a) the first SMP foam includes a first backbone extending from a first end of the first SMP foam to a second end of the first SMP foam; (b) the second SMP foam includes a second backbone extending from a first end of the second SMP foam to a second end of the second SMP foam; (a) the third SMP foam includes a third backbone extending from a first end of the third SMP foam to a second end of the third SMP foam; (a) the first, second, and third SMP foams are not fixedly attached to one another; and (b) the first, (c) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the flexible conduit such that they are not fixedly secured to one another immediately after their collective deployment from the flexible conduit; (b) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy in series from the flexible conduit such that the first SMP foam deploys from the flexible conduit before the second SMP foam and the second SMP foam deploys from the flexible conduit before the third SMP foam; and (c) the first backbone is selected from the group consisting of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, and the like. (b) the second backbone comprises at least one of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, or polyurethane; (c) the third backbone comprises at least one of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, or polyurethane; and (a) the first SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter; (b) the second SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter; and (c) the third SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter.

[0145] As used herein, a "flexible conduit" may have the flexibility of an introducer made from a polymer such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), whereas a "rigid conduit" may have the flexibility of a 15-19 gauge metal biopsy needle.

[0146] Example 2c. The system of Example 1c, wherein (a) the first backbone comprises a monolithic length of material extending from a first end of the first SMP foam to a second end of the first SMP foam, (b) the second backbone comprises a monolithic length of material extending from a first end of the second SMP foam to a second end of the second SMP foam, and (c) the third backbone comprises a monolithic length of material extending from a first end of the third SMP foam to a second end of the third SMP foam.

[0147] Example 3c. The system of Example 2c, wherein the first backbone monolithic length of material comprises at least one of a filament and a coil.

[0148] Example 4c. The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED) or triethanolamine (TEA).

[0149] Such foams may be degradable.

[0150] Another version of Example 4c: The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises the reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED) or triethanolamine (TEA).

[0151] Example 5c. The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP).

[0152] For example, a foam may be formed from HDI and HT monomers, which react before polymerization is complete, however, as used herein, such polymer foams are said to include HDI and HT.

[0153] Such foams may be non-degradable and mechanically more robust than the foam of Example 4c.

[0154] Another version of Example 5c: The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises the reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP).

[0155] Example 6c. The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP), and (c) at least one of 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), iohexol, or triiodophenol.

[0156] Another version of Example 6c: The system of Example 3c, wherein the first SMP foam comprises the reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP), and (c) at least one of 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), iohexol, or triiodophenol.

[0157] Such foams may be X-ray visible, non-degradable, and mechanically more robust than the foam of Example 4c.

[0158] Example 6c'. A method comprising reacting a polyol with an isocyanate to form a reaction product, mixing the reaction product with a blowing agent according to any of Examples 4c, 5c, or 6c to form an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, forming first, second, and third SMP foams from the SMP foams, simultaneously containing the first, second, and third SMP foams in a conduit, and after simultaneously containing the first, second, and third SMP foams in the conduit, sealing the conduit and the first, second, and third SMP foams in a sealed storage container.

[0159] Example 7c. The system of Example 3c, wherein (a) the first SMP foam has a length between 7 mm and 25 mm, (b) the second SMP foam has a length between 7 mm and 25 mm, and (c) the third SMP foam has a length between 7 mm and 25 mm.

[0160] Applicant has determined that this is a critical range for some embodiments: foams shorter than 7 mm exhibit undesirable occlusion, and foams longer than 25 mm are excessively stiff and difficult to maneuver through tortuous vasculature.

[0161] Example 8c. The system of Example 7c, wherein the flexible conduit comprises a length and the first, second, and third SMP foams are collectively distributed over a length that is greater than one-third of the length of the flexible conduit.

[0162] Example 9c. The system of Example 1c, wherein the first SMP foam is covalently bonded to iodine, the first SMP foam is configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus, and the first SMP foam is a poly(urethane-urea-amide).

[0163] Another version of Example 9c: The system of Example 1c, wherein the first SMP foam is covalently bonded to iodine, and the first SMP foam is configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus.

[0164] Collar 10c. The system of Example 9c, wherein the SMP foam is radiopaque.

[0165] Example 11c. The system of Example 9c, wherein iodine is included in the triiodobenzene monomer.

[0166] Another version of Example 11c: The system of Example 9c, wherein the iodine is the reaction product of triiodobenzene monomer.

[0167] Example 12c. The system of Example 11c, wherein the triiodobenzene monomer comprises at least one of (a) 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), (b) diatrizoic acid, (c) iohexol, or (d) triiodophenol.

[0168] Example 13c. The system of Example 1c, wherein in a first orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are coupled to one another via the flexible conduit but are not fixedly coupled to one another, and in a second orientation, the first, second, and third SMP foams are not coupled to one another after they are deployed from the flexible conduit.

[0169] Example 14c. A system comprising a flexible conduit comprising an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, the SMP foam being between 0 and 3 mm in diameter.

[0170] For example, for certain embodiments, the 0 mm and 3 mm ranges are important in that the foam must have a structure that allows for such compression so that the foam can be deployed through a catheter (e.g., 5F) and through tortuous vasculature, which separates the foams described herein from many conventional embolic materials.

[0171] Another version of Example 14c. A flexible conduit comprising an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, the SMP foam being between 0 and 3 mm in diameter, the SMP foam comprising first and second cells in direct contact with one another, (a)(i) the first and second cells share and are in direct contact with a ring of struts that provide structural support for the first and second cells, (a)(ii) a membrane in direct contact with the ring of struts, (a)(iii) the membrane is partially reticulated but not fully reticulated, the partially reticulated membrane being (b)(i) a ... that allows fluid to flow between the first and second cells. and (b) (ii) a rough, non-uniform, partially reticulated membrane and void forming a pathway configured to allow for the formation of a foam having a plurality of voids, wherein the foam comprises cells anisotropic in shape and having non-uniform major and minor axes, including first cells and second cells, wherein (a) the ring of struts defines an outer periphery of the membrane and the void defines an inner periphery of the membrane, (b) an outer membrane area for the membrane is the area bounded by the outer periphery that defines the area of ​​the membrane before reticulation, (c) the void area is the area bounded by the inner periphery that defines the area of ​​the void, and (d) the void area is between 25% and 75% of the outer membrane area.

[0172] Example 15c. The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam comprises (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP).

[0173] Another version of Example 15c: The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam comprises the reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP).

[0174] Example 16c. The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam comprises (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP), and (c) at least one of 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), iohexol, or triiodophenol.

[0175] Another version of Example 16c: The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam comprises the reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), (b) at least one of glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP), and (c) at least one of 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), iohexol, or triiodophenol.

[0176] Example 17c. The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam is covalently bonded to iodine and configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus, and is a poly(urethane-urea-amide).

[0177] Example 18c. The system of Example 17c, wherein the SMP foam is radiopaque.

[0178] Example 19c The system of Example 17c, wherein iodine is included in the triiodobenzene monomer.

[0179] Example 20c. The system of Example 19c, wherein the triiodobenzene monomer comprises at least one of (a) 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (ATIPA), (b) diatrizoic acid, (c) iohexol, or (d) triiodophenol.

[0180] Example 21c. The system of Example 14c, wherein the SMP foam includes a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the SMP foam and intersecting the middle third of the SMP foam, and the periphery of the SMP foam intersects a second plane to form a single closed perimeter, and wherein only the SMP foam is contained within the single closed perimeter.

[0181] Such a system does not include a backbone.

[0182] Example 22c. A rigid conduit comprising an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, the SMP foam being between 0 and 3 mm in diameter, the SMP foam comprising first and second cells in direct contact with one another, (a)(i) the first and second cells share and are in direct contact with a ring of struts that provide structural support for the first and second cells, (a)(ii) a membrane in direct contact with the ring of struts, (a)(iii) the membrane is partially reticulated but not fully reticulated, and the partially reticulated membrane (b)(i) allows fluid to flow between the first and second cells. and (b) (ii) a rough, non-uniform, partially reticulated membrane and void forming a pathway configured to allow for the membrane to be reticulated. The foam includes cells, including first and second cells, that are anisotropic in shape and have non-uniform major and minor axes, wherein (a) the ring of struts defines an outer periphery of the membrane and the void defines an inner periphery of the membrane, (b) an outer membrane area for the membrane is the area bounded by the outer periphery that defines the area of ​​the membrane before reticulation, (c) the void area is the area bounded by the inner periphery that defines the area of ​​the void, and (d) the void area is between 25% and 75% of the outer membrane area.

[0183] The rigid conduit may be used as a biopsy needle.

[0184] Example 23c. A rigid conduit simultaneously comprising: (a) a first open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam; (b) a second open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, SMP foam; and (c) a third open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, SMP foam, wherein (a) the first SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; (b) the second SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; and (c) the third SMP foam has first and second opposite ends; (b) the second SMP foam includes a second backbone extending from the first end of the second SMP foam to the second end of the second SMP foam; and (c) the third SMP foam includes a third backbone extending from the first end of the third SMP foam to the second end of the third SMP foam, wherein (a) the first, second, and third SMP foams are not fixedly attached to one another; and (b) the first SMP foam includes a second backbone extending from the first end of the second SMP foam to the second end of the second SMP foam. (a) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the rigid conduit such that they are not fixedly secured to one another immediately after their collective deployment from the rigid conduit; (c) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy sequentially from the rigid conduit such that the first SMP foam deploys from the rigid conduit before the second SMP foam and the second SMP foam deploys from the rigid conduit before the third SMP foam; and (a) the first backbone is selected from platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, or (b) the second backbone comprises at least one of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, or polyurethane; and (c) the third backbone comprises at least one of platinum, tantalum, iridium, tungsten, or polyurethane; and (a) the first SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter, (b) the second SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter, and (c) the third SMP foam is between 0 and 3 mm in diameter.

[0185] The rigid conduit may be used as a biopsy needle.

[0186] Example 24c. A method comprising the steps of implanting a stent and a wire within an aneurysm, placing a conduit over the wire, delivering an SMP foam via a catheter, the SMP via including the first SMP foam of Example 1c, and expanding the SMP foam to conform to the aneurysm wall.

[0187] Example 25c. A method comprising the steps of implanting a stent and a wire within an aneurysm, placing a conduit over the wire, delivering SMP foam via a catheter, the SMP via containing the SMP foam of Example 14c, and expanding the SMP foam to conform to the aneurysm wall.

[0188] Example 26c. A method comprising the steps of implanting a stent and a wire within an aneurysm, placing a conduit over the wire, delivering an SMP foam via a catheter, the SMP via including a first SMP foam according to any of Examples 4c, 5c, or 6c, and expanding the SMP foam to conform to the aneurysm wall.

[0189] Example 27c. A method comprising the steps of implanting a stent and a wire within an aneurysm, placing a conduit over the wire, delivering SMP foam via a catheter, the SMP via comprising an SMP foam according to any of Examples 15c, 16c, 17c, 18c, 19c, or 20c, and expanding the SMP foam to conform to the aneurysm wall.

[0190] Example 28c. A method comprising reacting a polyol with an isocyanate to form a reaction product, mixing the reaction product with a blowing agent to form an open-cell, polyurethane, thermoset, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam according to any of Examples 15c, 16c, 17c, 18c, 19c, and 20c, containing the SMP foam in a conduit, and after containing the SMP foam in the conduit, sealing the conduit and the SMP foam in a sealed storage container.

[0191] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. Those skilled in the art will recognize various equivalent combinations and substitutions for the various components shown in the figures. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1. A container having (a) a first open-cell, polyurethane, thermosetting, shape memory polymer (SMP) foam, (b) a second open-cell, polyurethane, thermosetting, SMP foam, and (c) a third open-cell, polyurethane, thermosetting, SMP foam simultaneously disposed within the container; first, second, and third radiopaque caps or radiopaque marker bands; the first SMP foam, the second SMP foam, and the third SMP foam are an embolization device; the first radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band surrounds the first SMP foam in a first plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first SMP foam, the second radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band surrounds the second SMP foam in a second plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the second SMP foam, and the third radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band surrounds the third SMP foam in a third plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first SMP foam; (a)(i) the first plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first SMP foam intersects both the proximal third of the first SMP foam and the first radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band; (a)(ii) an additional first plane parallel to the first plane intersects the middle third of the first SMP foam but does not intersect the first radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band; and (b)(i) the second plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the second SMP foam intersects both the proximal third of the second SMP foam and the second radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band. (b)(ii) an additional second plane parallel to the second plane intersects the middle third of the second SMP foam but does not intersect the second radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band; (c)(i) the third plane perpendicular to the major axis of the third SMP foam intersects both the proximal third of the third SMP foam and the third radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band; (c)(ii) an additional third plane parallel to the third plane intersects the middle third of the third SMP foam but does not intersect the third radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band; (a) (i) the first, second, and third SMP foams are not fixedly attached to one another; (b) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the container such that they are not fixedly secured to one another immediately after their collective deployment from the container; and (c) the first, second, and third SMP foams are configured to deploy from the container in a sequential manner, such that the first SMP foam deploys from the container before the second SMP foam and the second SMP foam deploys from the container before the third SMP foam; the additional first plane intersects only the first SMP foam and does not intersect any backbone contained within the first SMP foam; system.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first SMP foam comprises a reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED) or triethanolamine (TEA).

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first SMP foam comprises a reaction product of (a) at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMHDI), and (b) at least one of 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HT), 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (MPD), or 2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol (BEP).

4. The first SMP foam is covalently bonded to iodine; the first SMP foam is configured to expand from a compressed secondary state to an expanded primary state in response to a thermal stimulus; the first SMP foam is a poly(urethane-urea-amide); The system of claim 1 .

5. A system described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first radiopaque cap or radiopaque marker band does not extend into the middle third of the first SMP form.

6. A system described in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first SMP form does not include a backbone extending throughout the entire length of the first SMP form.

7. A system described in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the container includes a conduit.

8. The system described in claim 7, wherein the conduit includes the first, second, and third SMP forms.

9. The periphery of the first SMP form intersects with the additional first plane to form a single closed perimeter; only the first SMP form is contained within the single closed perimeter; A system according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A system described in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first SMP form includes a backbone.

11. A system described in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first SMP form does not include any backbone.

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