Solar cell preparation method, solar cell, and laminated solar cell

Abstract

To provide a solar cell preparation method, a solar cell, and a laminated solar cell.SOLUTION: A solar cell preparation method comprises: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, which are sequentially stacked; on a surface of the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, forming a perovskite absorption layer comprising a bonding substrate and a plurality of single crystal perovskite particles arranged in the bonding substrate, where the bonding substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite each other, the first surface is away from the separation auxiliary layer, at least some of the single crystal perovskite particles have a first protruding face protruding relative to the first surface and a second protruding face protruding relative to the second surface, and functional layers are formed on surfaces of the single crystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer on the perovskite absorption layer; forming a first conductive layer on the first carrier transport layer; and removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer and forming a second conductive layer on the perovskite absorption layer.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application is filed based on and claims priority from a Chinese patent application having application number 202211601215X and filing date December 13, 2022, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The embodiments of the present application relate to the field of solar cells, and in particular to a method for manufacturing a solar cell, a solar cell, and a stacked solar cell. [Background technology]

[0003] Fossil energy is characterized by air pollution and limited reserves, but solar energy has the advantages of being clean, pollution-free, and abundant in resources, etc. Therefore, solar energy is gradually becoming the core clean energy that replaces fossil energy, and solar cells, with their good photoelectric conversion efficiency, have become the most important part of clean energy utilization.

[0004] One of the key factors affecting the proportion of solar energy in energy utilization is the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Optimizing the structural design and material composition of solar cells is a fundamental solution to increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Perovskite solar cells have a long service life and relatively stable photoelectric conversion efficiency, so they have good prospects for development.

[0005] However, current perovskite solar cells suffer from limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and poor stability. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] The solar cell manufacturing method, solar cell, and stacked solar cell provided in the examples of the present application are at least advantageous in realizing the manufacture of large-area perovskite solar cells with good photoelectric conversion efficiency, and in improving the photoelectric conversion capacity and stability of perovskite solar cells. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] In an embodiment of the present application, a method for manufacturing a solar cell is provided, the method for manufacturing a solar cell includes providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer that are sequentially stacked along a first direction, and forming a perovskite absorber layer on a surface of the separation auxiliary layer that is away from the carrier plate, the perovskite absorber layer including an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate including a first surface and a second surface that are opposite to each other in the first direction, the first surface being away from the separation auxiliary layer, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface being on the first surface the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface, the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle; forming a first carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer remote from the separation auxiliary layer; forming a first conductive layer, the first conductive layer being located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer remote from the first surface; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer and forming a second conductive layer, the second conductive layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer remote from the first carrier transport layer.

[0008] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by immersing the single-crystalline perovskite particles in a functional layer growth mother liquor and forming a first functional layer on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles, covering the entire surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles.

[0009] The method further includes, after forming the perovskite absorber layer, removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface.

[0010] Furthermore, after removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface, the method further includes forming a second functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface, and forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the second functional layer away from the first surface.

[0011] The method also includes removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface after removing the separation assisting layer and the carrier plate.

[0012] Furthermore, after removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface, the method further includes forming a third functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the third functional layer away from the second surface.

[0013] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by forming the perovskite absorption layer, and then forming a fourth functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface on a surface of the perovskite absorption layer away from the separation assistance layer, and forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the fourth functional layer away from the first surface.

[0014] In addition, the functional layer can be formed by removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and then forming a fifth functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the fifth functional layer away from the second surface.

[0015] The method for manufacturing a solar cell further includes forming a second carrier transport layer after removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, wherein the second carrier transport layer is located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer, and forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the second carrier transport layer away from the second surface.

[0016] In response to the above, an embodiment of the present application further provides a solar cell, the solar cell comprising a first conductive layer, a first carrier transport layer, a perovskite absorber layer, and a second conductive layer sequentially stacked along a first direction, the perovskite absorber layer comprising an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate having opposing first and second surfaces in the first direction, the first surface facing the first conductive layer, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles having first and second convex surfaces, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles.

[0017] The functional layer also includes a first functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles.

[0018] The functional layer also includes a second functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surfaces.

[0019] The functional layer also includes a third functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the second convex surfaces.

[0020] The functional layer includes a fourth functional layer that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surface and the second convex surface.

[0021] The functional layers also include a fifth functional layer covering the first convex surface and the first surface.

[0022] The functional layers also include a sixth functional layer covering the second convex surface and the second surface.

[0023] The thickness of the functional layer is 0.1 nm to 1 μm.

[0024] Furthermore, for any of the single-crystal perovskite particles, the distance between the current single-crystal perovskite particle and an adjacent single-crystal perovskite particle is equal to or less than the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current single-crystal perovskite particle.

[0025] The maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle is 5 μm to 100 μm.

[0026] Furthermore, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer on the first conductive layer is defined as a first area, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles on the first conductive layer is defined as a second area, and the ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.9.

[0027] Furthermore, in the first direction, the distance between any one point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or the distance between any one point on the second convex surface and the second surface is not more than half the maximum length of the single-crystal perovskite particle in the first direction.

[0028] Additionally, the thickness of the adhesive substrate in the first direction is 100 nm or more.

[0029] The adhesive substrate also includes a light trapping surface facing the first carrier transport layer and / or the second conductive layer.

[0030] The light trapping surface also includes a first light trapping structure, the first light trapping structure extending out of the adhesive substrate in the first direction.

[0031] The light trapping surface also includes a second light trapping structure, the second light trapping structure being recessed into the adhesive substrate in the first direction.

[0032] The first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0033] The solar cell further includes a second carrier transport layer, which is located between the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer and is in contact with the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer, respectively.

[0034] Furthermore, when the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and when the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0035] In response to the above, the present embodiment further provides a stacked solar cell, which includes a top cell, a bonding layer and a bottom cell, which are stacked in order, and is the solar cell.

[0036] The bottom cell also includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell.

[0037] The bonding layer may also include a mechanical bonding layer made of a conductive adhesive. [Effects of the Invention]

[0038] The technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following advantages:

[0039] In a solar cell manufacturing method provided in one embodiment of the present application, a perovskite absorber layer of a solar cell is formed using an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate. Constructing the perovskite absorber layer using single-crystalline perovskite particles ensures the stability of the perovskite absorber layer. Arranging single-crystalline perovskite particles on the adhesive substrate avoids damage to the single-crystalline perovskite during the cutting process and ensures the efficiency of the solar cell. At the same time, constructing the perovskite absorber layer using the single-crystalline particle arrangement method contributes to the production of large-area single-crystalline perovskite solar cells. Among the plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate, and a perovskite absorber layer is constructed from the single-crystalline perovskite particles exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate, thereby giving the perovskite absorber layer itself a textured structure, further improving its light absorption ability and the ability to transport photogenerated carriers from the perovskite absorber layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. The formation of a functional layer on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles further reduces the probability of decomposition of the perovskite single-crystalline particles during operation, further improving the stability of the solar cell. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0040] One or more embodiments are illustratively illustrated in the accompanying drawing figures, but these illustrative illustrations are not intended to be limiting of the embodiments, and unless otherwise specified, the accompanying drawing figures are not drawn to scale. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the structure of a semi-finished battery according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the structure of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the structure of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a top view of a perovskite absorber layer according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of two types of solar cells according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 22]FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of another perovskite absorber layer according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the structure of another solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the structure of a stacked solar cell according to another embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] As can be seen from the background art, perovskite solar cells have good prospects due to their advantages of long service life and photoelectric conversion efficiency, but current perovskite solar cells have limited photoelectric conversion efficiency and poor stability.

[0042] In one embodiment of the present application, a method for manufacturing a solar cell is provided, in which a perovskite absorber layer of the solar cell is formed using an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate during the solar cell manufacturing process. By constructing the perovskite absorber layer using single-crystalline perovskite particles, the stability of the perovskite absorber layer is ensured. By using a form in which single-crystalline perovskite particles are arranged on the adhesive substrate, damage to the single-crystalline perovskite during the cutting process is avoided and the efficiency of the solar cell is ensured. By constructing the perovskite absorber layer using a method of arranging single-crystalline particles, it is possible to manufacture large-area single-crystalline perovskite solar cells. Among the plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles arranged in the adhesive substrate, at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate. The perovskite absorber layer is constructed from the single-crystalline perovskite particles exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate, thereby imparting a textured structure to the perovskite absorber layer itself, providing better light absorption capabilities and improving the ability of photogenerated carriers to be transported from the perovskite absorber layer to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. Forming a functional layer on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles further reduces the likelihood of the single-crystalline perovskite particles decomposing during operation, further improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0043] Hereinafter, each embodiment of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, although many technical details are proposed in each embodiment of the present application to help readers better understand the present application, the technical solution claimed for protection by the present application can be realized without these technical details and various changes and modifications based on the following embodiments.

[0044] An embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell manufacturing method that is applied to a battery manufacturing apparatus. The solar cell manufacturing process can be seen in FIG.

[0045] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, a carrier plate 201 and a separation auxiliary layer 202 are provided, which are stacked in order along a first direction. Figure 2 shows the structure of a solar cell after the first conductive layer 205 has been fabricated, and the X direction is the first direction.

[0046] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a carrier plate 201 and a separation auxiliary layer 202 may be provided, stacked along a first direction. The function of the carrier plate 201 is to serve as a temporary substrate, allowing subsequent manufacturing processes to be performed accurately on the temporary substrate. The function of the separation auxiliary layer 202 is to isolate the finished or semi-finished solar cell from the carrier plate 201 and facilitate removal of the carrier plate 201. Therefore, the material of the carrier plate 201 may be a stable and deformation-resistant polyamide, glass, or a stable metal. The separation auxiliary layer 202 not only isolates the carrier plate 201 from the cell but also facilitates removal. Therefore, the material of the separation auxiliary layer 202 may be titanium dioxide, metal, or photoresist, which are easily etched and removed. By providing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 stacked along a first direction, a stable temporary carrier is provided for solar cell manufacturing, and the temporary carrier can be easily removed, ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of solar cell manufacturing.

[0047] The carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 may be arranged in a positional relationship in which the separation auxiliary layer 202 is first manufactured, the carrier plate 201 is then manufactured on one surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202, and the manufactured separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 are stacked in the first direction in this order. Alternatively, the carrier plate 201 may be manufactured first, the separation auxiliary layer 202 is then manufactured on one surface of the carrier plate 201, and the manufactured separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 are stacked in the first direction in this order. This is not a limitation of the embodiments of the present application.

[0048] A perovskite absorber layer 203 is formed on the surface of the separation assisting layer 202 that is farther away from the carrier plate 201 .

[0049] After providing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 stacked in order along the first direction, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a perovskite absorber layer 203 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. The perovskite absorber layer 203 includes an adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, wherein in the first direction, the adhesive substrate 2031 has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, the first surface being away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032.

[0050] The perovskite absorber layer 203 of the solar cell is constructed using an adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby ensuring the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 203. By arranging the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 on the adhesive substrate 2031, damage to the single-crystal perovskite during the cutting process is avoided, ensuring the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 203 using a method of arranging single-crystal particles facilitates the formation of a large-area absorber layer and single-crystal perovskite solar cell, thereby improving production efficiency.

[0051] Among the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The perovskite absorber layer 203 is constructed from the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby imparting a textured structure to the perovskite absorber layer 203 and providing excellent light absorption capabilities. At the same time, the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 exposed from the adhesive substrate 2031 enhance the transport capability of photogenerated carriers from the perovskite absorber layer 203 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capabilities of the solar cell.

[0052] Since the functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032, the probability that the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 will decompose during operation is further reduced, further improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0053] The perovskite absorber layer 203 may be formed by forming an adhesive substrate 2031 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201 and then arranging single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 on the adhesive substrate 2031. Forming the adhesive substrate 2031 first facilitates the arrangement and fixation of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032. Alternatively, the adhesive substrate 2031 may be formed after arranging a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 on the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. Arranging the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 first facilitates the accurate formation of the first and second convex surfaces. Alternatively, the perovskite absorber layer 203 may be formed completely in advance and then directly transferred to the surface of the separation auxiliary layer 202 away from the carrier plate 201. The embodiments of the present application do not limit the specific method for forming the perovskite absorber layer 203.

[0054] In addition, the functional layer 30 may be a passivation layer obtained by a passivation process, or may be a decorative layer formed by deposition, growth, etc. In the embodiments of the present application, the specific type and formation method of the functional layer 30 are not limited.

[0055] The first carrier transport layer 204 is formed.

[0056] After forming the perovskite absorber layer 203, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a first carrier transport layer 204 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203, with the first carrier transport layer 204 located on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202. By forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, the solar cell has good collection and transport capabilities for certain types of photogenerated carriers, reduces recombination between different carriers, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell in the product.

[0057] The first conductive layer 205 is formed.

[0058] After forming the first carrier transport layer 204, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a first conductive layer 205 on the surface of the first carrier transport layer 204, and the first conductive layer 205 is located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer 204 that is remote from the first surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203. Forming the first conductive layer 205 on the surface of the first carrier transport layer 204 that is remote from the first surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 simplifies the output of electrical energy.

[0059] As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202 are removed, and the second conductive layer 206 is formed.

[0060] After forming the first conductive layer 205, the battery manufacturing apparatus can invert the semi-finished battery and then sequentially remove the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, or can directly synchronously remove the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201 along the boundary between the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the perovskite absorber layer 203. After removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203, with the second conductive layer 206 located on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. By forming the second conductive layer 206 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204, the cooperation of the first conductive layer 205 and the second conductive layer 206 can effectively output electrical energy generated by the solar cell.

[0061] As shown in Figures 2 and 4, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 can be formed by immersing single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 in a functional layer growth mother liquor and forming a first functional layer 31 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, covering the entire surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032.

[0062] 4 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus first immerses each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 in a functional layer growth mother liquor before forming the perovskite absorption layer 203. After a predetermined time has elapsed or after forming a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 is removed. Then, the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, the entire surface of which is covered with the first functional layer 31, is used to form the perovskite absorption layer 203, and the first functional layer 31 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 in the perovskite absorption layer 203.

[0063] By immersing the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 in the mother liquor for growing the functional layer and forming a first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 are ensured to have good stability at any time during operation, thereby ensuring the stability of the solar cell.

[0064] Here, the mother liquor for functional layer growth is a solution of phenethylamine X salt (PEAX, X = I, Br, or Cl) or isobutylamine X salt (BAX, X = I, Br, or Cl) in indolepropionic acid (C 11 H 11 The growth mother solution can be prepared by dissolving it in a solution of HCl, ...

[0065] The mother liquor for growing the functional layer may be a liquid mother liquor formed by dissolving a specific salt in indolepropionic acid, or a gaseous mother liquor composed of vaporized acetonitrile (C2H3N), indolepropionic acid, or water. Similarly, the functional layer 30 can be formed on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 by placing the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 in vaporized acetonitrile (C2H3N), indolepropionic acid, or water. The examples of the present application are not limited to a specific type or preparation method of the mother liquor for growing the functional layer.

[0066] As shown in Figures 2 and 5, in some embodiments, after forming the perovskite absorber layer 203, the method further includes removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface.

[0067] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, after forming the perovskite absorber layer 203, the cell manufacturing apparatus removes the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 by physical etching, chemical etching, etc. The first convex surface T1 protrudes relative to a first surface remote from the second conductive layer 206 of the adhesive substrate 2031. After removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the remaining first functional layer 31 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0068] After the perovskite absorption layer 203 is formed, the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 is removed, and the remaining first functional layer 31 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032. This ensures the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 are as stable as possible during operation, while reducing the light reflectance of the first convex surface T1 and ensuring that the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0069] In the process of removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1 may be completely removed, or may not be completely removed. The extent of removal can be adjusted according to the needs for stability and / or light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032. This is not limited in the examples of the present application.

[0070] As shown in Figures 2 and 6, in some embodiments, after removing the first functional layer 31 on the first convex surface T1, the method further includes forming a second functional layer 32 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surface T1, and forming the first carrier transport layer 204 includes forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on a surface of the second functional layer 32 away from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0071] After removing the first functional layer 31 from the first convex surface T1, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a second functional layer 32 on the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 away from the separation auxiliary layer 202, so that the second functional layer 32 covers the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, and the second functional layer 32 located on the first convex surface T1 and the first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 from the first convex surface T1 form the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0072] By manufacturing the second functional layer 32 located on the first convex surface T1 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, the coverage area of ​​the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 is increased, improving the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 203. In addition, the second functional layer 32 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, increasing the reflectivity of light within the adhesive substrate 2031, strengthening the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorber layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0073] The second functional layer 32 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 as a whole, covering the first convex surface T1 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 according to a predetermined pattern, without covering the first convex surfaces T1 of all single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the entire first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The second functional layer 32 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a portion of the first convex surface T1. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0074] As shown in FIGS. 2 and 7, in some embodiments, after removing the separation assisting layer 202 and the carrier plate 201, the method further includes removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2.

[0075] After removing the separation auxiliary layer 202 and the carrier plate 201, the battery manufacturing apparatus removes the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 by physical etching, chemical etching, or other methods. The second convex surface T2 protrudes toward a second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 that is remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. The first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0076] After the perovskite absorption layer 203 is formed, the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 is removed, and the remaining first functional layer 31 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, thereby ensuring the stability of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 during operation as much as possible, reducing the light reflectance of the second convex surface T2, and ensuring that the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have good light absorption ability, thereby ensuring the carrier generation ability of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0077] In the process of removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2, the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2 may be completely removed, or may not be completely removed. The extent of removal can be adjusted according to the needs for stability and / or light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032. This is not limited in the examples of the present application.

[0078] As shown in Figures 2 and 8, in some embodiments, after removing the first functional layer 31 on the second convex surface T2, the method further includes forming a third functional layer 33 covering the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surface T2, and forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on a surface of the third functional layer 33 away from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0079] After removing the first functional layer 31 from the second convex surface T2, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a third functional layer 33 on the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, so that the third functional layer 33 covers the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, and the third functional layer 33 located on the second convex surface T2 and the first functional layer 31 remaining after removing the first functional layer 31 from the second convex surface T2 form the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 2032.

[0080] By manufacturing the third functional layer 33 located on the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, the coverage area of ​​the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 is increased, improving the stability of the perovskite absorption layer 203. In addition, the third functional layer 33 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, increasing the light reflectivity inside the adhesive substrate 2031, strengthening the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0081] The third functional layer 33 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 as a whole, covering the second convex surfaces T2 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 in a certain pattern, without covering the second convex surfaces T2 of all single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the entire area of ​​the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The third functional layer 33 may completely cover the entire second convex surfaces T2, or may cover only a portion of the second convex surfaces T2. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0082] Furthermore, in the process of manufacturing the solar cell, only the third functional layer 33 or only the second functional layer 32 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203, or both the third functional layer 33 and the second functional layer 32 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203. The examples of the present application are not limited to this.

[0083] 2 and 9 , in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 can be formed by forming a perovskite absorber layer 203, and then forming a fourth functional layer 34 covering the first surface and the first convex surface T1 on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 away from the separation assisting layer 202. Forming the first carrier transport layer 204 includes forming the first carrier transport layer 204 on a surface of the fourth functional layer 34 away from the first surface.

[0084] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms the perovskite absorber layer 203, and then, regardless of whether the surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 have been subjected to a passivation treatment or decorative treatment, forms a fourth functional layer 34 directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the separation assisting layer 202, so that the fourth functional layer 34 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surfaces T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032, and the fourth functional layer 34 on the first convex surfaces T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 2032. Then, a first carrier transport layer 204 is formed on the surface of the fourth functional layer 34 remote from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0085] By manufacturing a fourth functional layer 34 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, a functional layer 30 is provided on the surface of the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, thereby improving the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 during operation. In addition, the fourth functional layer 34 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 increases the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 2031, strengthens the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improves the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0086] The fourth functional layer 34 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 as a whole, covering the first convex surface T1 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 in a certain pattern, without covering the first convex surfaces T1 of all single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the entire area of ​​the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The fourth functional layer 34 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a portion of the first convex surface T1. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0087] 2 and 10 , in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 may be formed by removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, and then forming a fifth functional layer 35 covering the second surface and the second convex surface T2 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 away from the first carrier transport layer 204. Forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on the surface of the fifth functional layer 35 away from the second surface.

[0088] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus removes the carrier plate 201 and the separation auxiliary layer 202, and then directly forms a fifth functional layer 35 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204, regardless of whether the surfaces of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 have been passivated or cosmetically treated. The fifth functional layer 35 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surfaces T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, and the fifth functional layer 35 on the second convex surfaces T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surfaces of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032. Then, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on the surface of the fifth functional layer 35 remote from the first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031.

[0089] By manufacturing a fifth functional layer 35 that covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, a functional layer 30 is provided on the surface of the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032, thereby improving the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 during operation. In addition, the fifth functional layer 35 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031, increasing the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 2031, strengthening the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 203, and improving the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0090] The fifth functional layer 35 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 as a whole, covering the second convex surfaces T2 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 2032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 in a certain pattern, without covering the second convex surfaces T2 of all single-crystal perovskite particles 2032 and the entire area of ​​the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The fifth functional layer 35 may completely cover the entire second convex surfaces T2, or may cover only a portion of the second convex surfaces T2. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0091] Furthermore, in the process of manufacturing the solar cell, only the fifth functional layer 35 or only the fourth functional layer 34 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203, or both the fifth functional layer 35 and the fourth functional layer 34 may be formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203. The examples of the present application are not limited to this.

[0092] 2 and 11 , in some embodiments, the method for manufacturing a solar cell further includes, after removing the carrier plate 201 and the separation assist layer 202, forming a second carrier transport layer 207, where the second carrier transport layer 207 is located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. Forming the second conductive layer 206 includes forming the second conductive layer 206 on a surface remote from the second surface of the second carrier transport layer 207.

[0093] During the process of manufacturing a solar cell, the battery manufacturing apparatus forms a second carrier transport layer 207 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203, with the second carrier transport layer 207 located on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204. Then, a second conductive layer 206 is formed on the surface of the second carrier transport layer 207 remote from the second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. By forming the second carrier transport layer 207 on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 203 remote from the first carrier transport layer 204, the solar cell has good accumulation and transport capabilities for different types of photo-generated carriers with the two carrier transport layers cooperating with each other, minimizing recombination between different carriers and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell product.

[0094] As described above, in the solar cell manufacturing method provided in one embodiment of the present application, the perovskite absorber layer 203 of the solar cell is formed using an adhesive substrate 2031 and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 arranged in the adhesive substrate 2031. Constructing the perovskite absorber layer 203 using single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 ensures the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 203, and arranging the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 on the adhesive substrate 2031 avoids damage to the single-crystalline perovskite during the cutting process and ensures the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 203 by arranging single-crystalline particles contributes to the production of large-area single-crystalline perovskite solar cells. Among the plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 2031, at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate 2031 and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate 2031. The perovskite absorber layer 203 is constructed using the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 2031, thereby giving the perovskite absorber layer 203 itself a textured structure, which has good light absorption ability and improves the ability to transport photogenerated carriers from the perovskite absorber layer 203 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and capacity of the solar cell. Forming the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 further reduces the probability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 2032 decomposing during operation, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0095] Correspondingly, another aspect of the present embodiment further provides a solar cell. Referring to Figures 12 to 14, Figure 12 is a diagram showing the overall structure of the solar cell, Figure 13 is a diagram showing the cross-sectional structure of the solar cell, and Figure 14 is a top view of the perovskite absorber layer 103, where the X direction is the first direction.

[0096] The solar cell includes a second conductive layer 104, a perovskite absorption layer 103, a first carrier transport layer 102, and a first conductive layer 101, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction. The perovskite absorption layer 103 includes an adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031. In the first direction, the adhesive substrate 1031 has opposing first and second surfaces, the first surface facing the first conductive layer 101. At least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface. A functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032.

[0097] The adhesive substrate 1031 is used to accommodate and fix the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged in the adhesive substrate 1031. Therefore, the adhesive substrate 1031 can be made of a transparent curable adhesive or colloid. For example, the adhesive substrate 1031 can be made of a UV-curable adhesive such as an acrylic adhesive or a resin adhesive, or other types of curable transparent adhesive. Here, transparency means having good light transmittance for visible light, for example, a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 400 nm or more, or a transmittance of 75% or more for light of 450 nm or more.

[0098] The solar cell absorbs light irradiated onto the solar cell through the perovskite absorption layer 103, then generates photo-generated carriers through the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, collects different photo-generated carriers through the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104, respectively, and finally transports the electrical energy generated by the solar cell to an external module via the first conductive layer 101 and the second conductive layer 104.

[0099] During operation of a solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell is mainly affected by the photo-generated carrier generation capability and the photo-generated carrier collection and utilization capability. In the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, the perovskite absorber layer 103 is constructed using an adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, thereby ensuring the integrity of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 and avoiding damage to the single-crystalline perovskite material during the construction of the perovskite absorber layer 103, thereby ensuring the best possible photo-generated carrier generation capability of the perovskite absorber layer 103.

[0100] In addition, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103 with single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 reduces the decomposition rate of the perovskite absorber layer 103 during operation of the cell, ensuring the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the solar cell, and the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 have a longer carrier lifetime, higher carrier mobility, and longer carrier diffusion length, thereby providing the solar cell with higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life.

[0101] At the same time, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103 by arranging single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 on an adhesive substrate 1031 helps to easily and efficiently manufacture large-area perovskite absorber layers 103, breaks through the constraints imposed by the production efficiency of single-crystal perovskite raw materials on the area of ​​the perovskite absorber layer 103 and perovskite solar cell, greatly improves the production efficiency of large-area perovskite solar cells with good stability, and enhances the prospects for the application of single-crystal perovskite solar cells.

[0102] A functional layer 30 is formed on the surface of the perovskite single crystal particles 1032. The role of the functional layer 30 is to fill defects in the perovskite single crystal particles 1032 and / or to suppress decomposition of the perovskite single crystal particles 1032. Therefore, the provision of the functional layer 30 further reduces the probability that the perovskite single crystal particles 1032 will decompose during operation, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the solar cell.

[0103] 13 , in a first direction, the adhesive substrate 1031 includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, and at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, with the first convex surface protruding from the first surface and the second convex surface protruding from the second surface. During the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, it is ensured that at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface protruding from the surfaces on the two opposite surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031, respectively, i.e., at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 penetrate the adhesive substrate 1031 to contact the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104. Because at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the two opposing surfaces of the perovskite absorber layer 103 are textured, improving the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorber layer 103. At the same time, because at least some of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 penetrate the adhesive substrate 1031 and contact the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104, after photo-generated carriers are generated, it is much easier for the photo-generated carriers to move to the first carrier transport layer 102 and the second conductive layer 104, thereby improving the photo-generated carrier transport ability of the perovskite absorber layer 103. Consequently, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorber layer 103 is improved through both light absorption ability and carrier transport ability.

[0104] The shape of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 may be a sphere, a spherical approximation, a regular polyhedron including a cube, or an irregular polyhedron, and the size and shape of each single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 contained in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may or may not be the same. This is not a limitation in the present embodiment. For ease of understanding and explanation, the present embodiment will be described using an example in which the perovskite particles are spherical. During actual use, the shape of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 may be adjusted as needed. This is not a limitation in the present embodiment.

[0105] Furthermore, all of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 contained in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, or some of the particles may have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, and the remaining particles may have only a first convex surface, only a second convex surface, or one or more types of particles having no first convex surface or no second convex surface. This is not limited in the examples of the present application. A functional layer 30 may be formed on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032, or a functional layer 30 may be formed on the surface of some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032. This is not limited in the examples of the present application.

[0106] Furthermore, the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 may be arranged in a regular array at regular intervals in the adhesive substrate 1031, for example, in a rectangular, near-rectangular, circular, or elliptical shape, which can improve the uniformity of the light absorption and carrier output of the perovskite absorption layer 103. Alternatively, the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 may be arranged freely at any interval and in any order on the adhesive substrate 1031, although this is not a limitation in the present embodiment.

[0107] 13 and 15, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 comprises a first functional layer 31 covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032.

[0108] In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, before forming the perovskite absorber layer 103, a first functional layer 31 is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, covering the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032. Then, the perovskite absorber layer 103 is formed by the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 whose entire surfaces are covered with the first functional layer 31, and the first functional layer 31 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorber layer 103.

[0109] By forming the first functional layer 31 covering the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 are ensured to have good stability at any time during operation, thereby ensuring the stability of the solar cell.

[0110] As shown in Figures 13 and 16, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a second functional layer 32 that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1.

[0111] 16 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer can be first formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 to cover the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a second functional layer 32 that covers the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the first convex surface T1, and the second functional layer 32 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0112] By forming the second functional layer 32, which covers all surfaces of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1, as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 during operation can be ensured as much as possible, the optical reflectance of the first convex surface T1 can be reduced, and the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 can have good light absorption ability, which in turn can ensure the carrier generation ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0113] Although the embodiments of the present application describe an example in which the second functional layer 32 does not cover the first convex surface T1 at all, in specific applications, during the process of forming the second functional layer 32, the second functional layer 32 may not cover the first convex surface T1 at all, or the second functional layer 32 may cover only a portion of the first convex surface T1. The specific installation manner can be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032. The embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0114] As shown in Figures 13 and 17, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a third functional layer 33 that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the second convex surfaces T2.

[0115] 17 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer can be first formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 to cover the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a third functional layer 33 that covers the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the second convex surface T2, and the third functional layer 33 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0116] By forming the third functional layer 33 covering the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 except for the second convex surface T2 as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 during operation can be ensured as much as possible, the optical reflectance of the second convex surface T2 can be reduced, and the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 can have good light absorption ability, which in turn can ensure the carrier generation ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0117] Although the embodiments of the present application describe an example in which the third functional layer 33 does not cover the second convex surface T2 at all, in specific applications, during the process of forming the third functional layer 33, the third functional layer 33 may not cover the second convex surface T2 at all, or the third functional layer 33 may only cover a portion of the second convex surface T2. The specific installation manner can be adjusted according to the needs for the stability and / or light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032. The embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0118] As shown in Figures 13 and 18, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a fourth functional layer 34 that covers all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2.

[0119] 18 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell passing through the center of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing a solar cell, a functional film layer can be first formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 to cover the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. Then, the functional film layer on the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 is removed to obtain a fourth functional layer 34 that covers the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2. The fourth functional layer 34 serves as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0120] By forming the fourth functional layer 34, which covers all surfaces of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2, as the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 during operation can be ensured to a certain extent, the optical reflectance of the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2 can be reduced, and the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 can have good optical absorption ability, which in turn can ensure the carrier generation ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.

[0121] As shown in Figures 13 and 19, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a fifth functional layer 35 covering the first convex surface T1 and the first surface.

[0122] 19 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell taken through the center of a single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032. During the manufacturing process of the solar cell, regardless of whether the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 has previously been passivated or cosmetically treated, a fifth functional layer 35 is formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 facing the first conductive layer 101. The fifth functional layer 35 covers the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032, and the fifth functional layer 35 on the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032.

[0123] By using the fifth functional layer 35 covering the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 as the functional layer 30, the surface of the first convex surface T1 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 is provided with the functional layer 30, thereby improving the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 during operation.In addition, by having the fifth functional layer 35 cover the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 1031 is increased, the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 is strengthened, and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell is improved.

[0124] The fifth functional layer 35 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 as a whole, covering the first convex surface T1 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 in a certain pattern, without covering the first convex surfaces T1 of all single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 and the entire area of ​​the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The fifth functional layer 35 may completely cover the entire first convex surface T1, or may cover only a portion of the first convex surface T1. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0125] As shown in Figures 13 and 20, in some embodiments, the functional layer 30 includes a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface.

[0126] 20 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell taken through the center of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032. In the process of manufacturing the solar cell, regardless of whether the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 has previously been passivated or cosmetically treated, a sixth functional layer 36 is formed directly on the second surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103, which faces the first surface toward the first conductive layer 101 along the first direction. The sixth functional layer 36 covers the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032, and the sixth functional layer 36 on the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 becomes the functional layer 30 on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032.

[0127] By using the sixth functional layer 36 covering the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 as the functional layer 30, the surface of the second convex surface T2 of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 is provided with the functional layer 30, thereby improving the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 during operation.In addition, by having the sixth functional layer 36 cover the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, the reflectance of light within the adhesive substrate 1031 is increased, the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 is strengthened, and the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell is improved.

[0128] The sixth functional layer 36 may be formed directly on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 as a whole, covering the second convex surface T2 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032, or may be selectively formed on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer 103 in a certain pattern, without covering the entire second convex surface T2 of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The sixth functional layer 36 may completely cover the entire second convex surface T2, or may cover only a portion of the second convex surface T2. This is not a limitation in the embodiments of the present application.

[0129] 13 to 21, Fig. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the functional layer 30 is composed of a fourth functional layer 34 covering only the surface of the perovskite single crystal particle except for the first convex surface T1 and the second convex surface T2, a fifth functional layer 35 covering the first convex surface T1 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, and a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031, as well as a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the functional layer 30 is composed of a second functional layer 32 covering all surfaces of the perovskite single crystal particle except for the first convex surface T1, and a sixth functional layer 36 covering the second convex surface T2 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The functional layer 30 can be constructed in any of the following ways: by including only one of the first functional layer 31 to the sixth functional layer 36; by including the first functional layer 31 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; by including the second functional layer 32 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; by including the third functional layer 33 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; by including the fourth functional layer 34 and the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36; or by including the fifth functional layer 35 and the sixth functional layer 36. Cross-sectional views of solar cells employing other construction methods for the functional layer 30 are not shown here.

[0130] In addition, in the process of constructing the first functional layer 31 to the sixth functional layer 36, the selected construction materials can be adjusted depending on the specific type of carrier transport layer with the largest contact area. The carrier transport layers include an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer. When the carrier transport layer with the largest contact area is an electron transport layer, lithium fluoride (LiF) or magnesium fluoride (MgF) can be selected as the construction material. When the carrier transport layer with the largest contact area is a hole transport layer, poly[(9,9-bis(3'-((N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammonium)-propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] dibromide (PFN-Br) or poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (TPD) can be selected as the construction material. When the contact areas with the two different carrier transport layers are not significantly different, 2,4,6-trimercapto-s-triazine trisodium salt (TTTS) can be selected as the construction material. Selecting an appropriate material for the construction of the functional layer 30 depending on the contact areas with the different carrier transport layers can improve the construction accuracy and effectiveness of the functional layer 30. The examples of this application do not limit the specific construction method.

[0131] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer 30 is between 0.1 nm and 1 μm.

[0132] 15 to 21, the thickness of the functional layer 30 correlates with the configuration of the functional layer 30. When the functional layer 30 includes a fifth functional layer 35 and / or a sixth functional layer 36, the thickness of the functional layer 30 can be represented by the average pitch or maximum pitch between two opposing points in the first direction of the fifth functional layer 35 and / or the sixth functional layer 36. When the functional layer 30 includes any of the first functional layer 31 to the fourth functional layer 34, the thickness of the functional layer 30 can be represented by the average distance or maximum distance between any one point on the surface of the included first functional layer 31, second functional layer 32, third functional layer 33, or fourth functional layer 34 away from the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 and the surface of the perovskite single-crystal particle close to the functional layer 30.

[0133] If the functional layer 30 is too thick, it can effectively increase the stability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, but it will reduce the light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, ultimately reducing the photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell.If the functional layer 30 is too thin, it will ensure the light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, but it will be more likely to decompose, making it impossible to ensure the stability of the solar cell and not contributing much to improving the light absorption ability of the solar cell.

[0134] Therefore, the thickness of the functional layer 30 is set within the range of 0.1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 750 nm, or 900 nm. Setting the thickness of the functional layer 30 ensures that the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 and the solar cell have good light absorption capabilities, ensures the photoelectric conversion capabilities of the solar cell, and maximizes the stability of solar energy.

[0135] In some embodiments, for any single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032, the spacing between the current single-crystalline perovskite particle and an adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 is less than or equal to the maximum spacing between any two points on the surface of the current single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032.

[0136] 14, the two largest circles in the figure are circles formed through the centers of two horizontally adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032. The maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the current single-crystalline perovskite particle is d, and the distance between the current single-crystalline perovskite particle and the adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 is D, where D represents the minimum distance between any one point on the surface of the current single-crystalline perovskite particle and any one point on the surface of the adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032. If the distance between two adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 is too large, the perovskite absorption layer 103 will have a very poor absorption ability for light irradiated into the region between the two adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032. This will reduce the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 and affect the photoelectric conversion ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0137] Since the light absorption ability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 gradually decreases as the distance between them and the light increases, it is necessary to limit the distance D between two adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103. The distance D between the current single-crystalline perovskite particle and the adjacent single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 is set to a range smaller than the size of the current single-crystalline perovskite particle, i.e., a range smaller than the maximum distance d between any two points on the surface of the current single-crystalline perovskite particle. For example, D may be set to 0.1d, 0.2d, 0.35d, 0.45d, 0.5d, 0.75d, or 0.9d. By setting the distance between the current single-crystal perovskite particle and the adjacent single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 to a range equal to or smaller than the size of the current single-crystal perovskite particle, the perovskite absorption layer 103 has good light absorption ability, and the problem of a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell due to a decrease in light absorption ability can be avoided.

[0138] In some embodiments, the distance in the first direction between any point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or the distance in the second convex surface between any point on the second convex surface and the second surface is less than or equal to half the maximum length in the first direction of the single-crystal perovskite grain 1032.

[0139] 13 and 22, FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a perovskite absorber layer 103 formed along the vertical direction through the spherical centers of three identically sized single-crystal perovskite particles 1032. In the perovskite absorber layer 103, in a first direction, the maximum distance between any one point on a first convex surface of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 is the distance a between the first surface and point A on the first convex surface that is farthest from the first surface; similarly, the maximum distance between any one point on a second convex surface of a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 is the distance b between the second surface and point B on the second convex surface that is farthest from the second surface; and the maximum length of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 is L.

[0140] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, the role of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to fix the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, and to ensure the fixing effect, the adhesive substrate 1031 has a certain thickness. In addition, in the process of carrier generation in the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, different carriers are collected and moved at both ends of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, respectively. If the distance a between point A on the first convex surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface is equal to or greater than 1 / 2 of L, and / or the distance b between point B on the second convex surface of the single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface is equal to or greater than 1 / 2 of L, the carriers collected in the first carrier transport layer 102 or the second conductive layer 104 may recombine with anisotropic carriers, which may result in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103.

[0141] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, for a single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 including a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the distance between any one point on the first convex surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface and / or the distance between any one point on the second convex surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface in the first direction is ensured to be equal to or less than half the maximum length of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the first direction. For example, the distance a and / or the distance b is set to 0.1L, 0.15L, 0.2L, 0.25L, 0.35L, 0.45L, or 0.49L. By limiting the distance between any one point on the first convex surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the first surface and / or the distance between any one point on the second convex surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the second surface, the probability of anisotropic carrier recombination is reduced as much as possible, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0142] In some embodiments, the maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 is between 5 μm and 100 μm.

[0143] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorption layer 103, if the size of the selected single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too large, i.e., if the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface is too large, after the perovskite absorption layer is constructed using the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, the distance required for the carriers to travel from the absorption of light energy to the first carrier transport layer 102 or the second conductive layer 104 will be too long, making it difficult to complete the carrier movement and resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the size of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 is too small, i.e., if the maximum distance d between any two points on the particle surface is too small, the pitch between different carriers will be small during the carrier movement process, making carrier recombination more likely to occur, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, if the size of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 is too small, the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer 103 will also be small, which will significantly increase the probability of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 being decomposed due to the potential difference between the two sides, resulting in a decrease in the stability of the solar cell.

[0144] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 in which the maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface is 5 μm to 100 μm are selected for construction, for example, single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 in which the maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface is 5 μm, 7.5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 25 μm, 60 μm, 80 μm, 85 μm, or 95 μm are selected to construct the perovskite absorber layer 103. This ensures that carriers in the perovskite absorber layer 103 can easily move, while reducing the probability of recombination between different carriers and the probability of decomposition of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0145] In some embodiments, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorber layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 is defined as a first area, the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 on the first conductive layer 101 is defined as a second area, and the ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.9.

[0146] In the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, the light absorption area of ​​the perovskite absorber layer 103 when it performs photoelectric conversion can be considered to be the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of all the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 on the first conductive layer 101, i.e., the second area. Meanwhile, the area of ​​the perovskite absorber layer 103 receiving light can be considered to be the orthogonal projection area of ​​the perovskite absorber layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101, i.e., the first area. If the ratio of the second area to the first area is too small, the absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorber layer 103 for light irradiated onto the perovskite absorber layer 103 will be low, resulting in weak photoelectric conversion ability of the solar cell and making it difficult to perform photoelectric conversion effectively. Due to limitations in the photoelectric conversion capacity of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 themselves, there is an upper limit to the absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorption layer 103 for light irradiated onto the perovskite absorption layer 103. If the ratio of the second area to the first area is too large, the perovskite absorption layer 103 will contain single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 whose photoelectric conversion capacity is not fully utilized, resulting in poor cost performance between the manufacturing cost of the solar cell and its photoelectric conversion capacity.

[0147] Therefore, in the process of constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, it is necessary to limit the ratio between the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorber layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 and the area of ​​the orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorber layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101. The ratio of the second area to the first area is set within a range of 0.3 to 0.9, for example, 0.3, 0.35, 0.45, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, or 0.85. By limiting the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 on the first conductive layer 101 and the orthogonal projection area of ​​the perovskite absorber layer 103 on the first conductive layer 101 within a certain range, the light absorption utilization rate of the perovskite absorber layer 103 is ensured and the manufacturing cost of the solar cell is reduced as much as possible.

[0148] In addition, when constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103, the light transmittance requirements for the top cell can also be considered when constructing a stacked solar cell using a perovskite cell as the top cell. Based on the type of bottom cell and the optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell, the ratio of the light-irradiated area of ​​the bottom cell to the area of ​​the light-receiving surface of the bottom cell required for the stacked solar cell to have optimal or good photoelectric conversion efficiency is determined. Based on the determined area ratio, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorber layer 103 is set. For example, if the light-receiving surfaces of the bottom cell and the top cell are the same, the bottom cell needs to transmit 30%, 50%, or 70% of the light from the top cell to reach the bottom cell, and the stacked solar cell will have optimal photoelectric conversion efficiency. In this case, the ratio of the second area to the first area in the perovskite absorber layer 103 can be set to 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3, respectively.

[0149] Furthermore, to ensure the photoelectric conversion capacity of the solar cell, a perovskite solar cell can be constructed by selecting single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 with a bandgap of 1 eV to 2 eV. When a stacked solar cell is constructed using a perovskite cell as the top cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell is also related to the bandgap of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 in the top cell. In the process of constructing the stacked solar cell, single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 with a bandgap of 1.4 eV to 1.8 eV can be selected depending on the type of bottom cell. In the process of selecting the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, it is sufficient to ensure that the stacked solar cell has good photoelectric conversion efficiency. In the present embodiment, the specific bandgap of the selected single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 is not limited.

[0150] Therefore, in the process of constructing the stacked solar cell, the ratio between the second area and the first area in the perovskite absorber layer 103 in the perovskite solar cell and the band gap of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 can be controlled according to the need for good photoelectric conversion efficiency achieved by the stacked solar cell, thereby making it possible to maximize the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the stacked solar cell.

[0151] It should be noted that the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 may include perovskite particles that do not have a first convex surface and / or a second convex surface, and photogenerated carriers generated in single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 that do not have both a first convex surface and a second convex surface have difficulty in completing carrier migration due to the limitations of the adhesive substrate 1031. To further ensure the light utilization efficiency of the perovskite absorption layer 103, in the process of calculating the second area, only the sum of the orthogonal projection areas of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032, including the first convex surface and the second convex surface, on the first conductive layer 101 may be calculated. Alternatively, the orthogonal projections of all single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 that have a first convex surface and / or a second convex surface on the first conductive layer 101 may be calculated. This is not a limitation in the present embodiment.

[0152] In some embodiments, the thickness of adhesive substrate 1031 is 100 nm or greater.

[0153] As shown in Figures 13 and 22, the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 can be expressed as the distance between two opposing points on the first and second surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031 along a first direction. One of the important functions of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to fix the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 contained and fixedly arranged in the adhesive substrate 1031. Therefore, if the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction is too small, it becomes difficult to stably fix the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, and hidden cracks may occur, resulting in a decrease in the stability of the solar cell. At the same time, if the pitch between different carriers is too small, recombination between different carriers may occur, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0154] Therefore, in the manufacturing process of the adhesive substrate 1031, the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction needs to be 100 nm or more, and may be, for example, 100 nm, 200 nm, 350 nm, 500 nm, 800 nm, 1 μm, 5 μm, 20 μm, or 50 μm. Setting the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction to be sufficiently large ensures that the adhesive substrate 1031 can stably fix the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, avoids breakdown of the perovskite absorber layer 103, improves the stability of the solar cell, and also ensures a sufficiently large spacing between different carriers, prevents recombination of different carriers, and ensures the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0155] Furthermore, if the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction is too large, the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 can have a first convex surface and a second convex surface, which increases the size of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, i.e., the maximum distance between any two points on the particle surface, making it more difficult for photogenerated carriers in the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 to move, resulting in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0156] Therefore, in the process of installing the adhesive substrate 1031, it is necessary to take into consideration not only the fixing effect and carrier blocking effect of the adhesive substrate 1031 on the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, but also the influence of the adhesive substrate 1031 on the photoelectric conversion ability of the selected single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032, and to set the thickness h of the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction within a range smaller than the size of the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 with good photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby ensuring that the perovskite absorption layer 103 has as good a photoelectric conversion efficiency as possible.

[0157] As shown in FIGS. 13 and 23-25, in some embodiments, the adhesive substrate 1031 includes a light trapping surface 1033 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104.

[0158] 23 to 25 are all cross-sectional views of a solar cell along the vertical direction. In FIG. 23, the light trapping surface 1033 includes only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102. In FIG. 24, the light trapping surface 1033 includes only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104. In FIG. 25, the light trapping surface 1033 includes both the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104. Another important function of the adhesive substrate 1031 is to ensure the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103. Therefore, in the process of manufacturing the adhesive substrate 1031, a light trapping surface 1033 that enhances the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorption layer 103 can also be manufactured on the adhesive substrate 1031. During the manufacturing process, the light trapping surface 1033 may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102, or may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104, or may simultaneously include both the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104.

[0159] By forming a light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031 that faces the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104, the optical path length of the light irradiated onto the perovskite absorber layer 103 is increased, improving the light absorption ability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and ultimately increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the solar cell.

[0160] As shown in Figures 13 and 26, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface 1033 includes a first light trapping structure 311, which extends outside the adhesive substrate 1031 in a first direction.

[0161] 26 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the light trapping surface 1033 simultaneously includes both a surface facing the first carrier transport layer of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, and the light trapping surface 1033 includes a first light trapping structure 311. In the process of manufacturing the light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031, the first light trapping structure 311 can be formed on the surface facing the first carrier transport layer 102 of the adhesive substrate 1031 and / or the surface facing the second conductive layer 104 of the adhesive substrate 1031, i.e., one or more protrusions extending away from the adhesive substrate 1031 can be formed on the first surface or the second surface. The first light trapping structure 311 is located on the first surface and / or the second surface, and the positional relationship between either surface of the first light trapping structure 31 and the first convex surface and / or the second convex surface of each single-crystalline perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 is contact or separation, and the first light trapping structure 311 does not affect the contact area between the first convex surface and the first carrier transport layer 102 and the contact area between the second convex surface and the second conductive layer 104.

[0162] By forming one or more protrusions on the first surface and / or second surface as first light trapping structures 311 extending away from the adhesive substrate 1031, the first surface and / or second surface is transformed into a light trapping surface 1033 capable of extending the optical path length of incident light in the perovskite absorber layer 103, improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 for the incident light, and ultimately increasing the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorber layer 103.

[0163] The shapes and sizes of the first light trapping structures 311 may be the same or different, but are not limited to these in the embodiments of the present application.

[0164] As shown in Figures 13 and 27, in some embodiments, the light trapping surface 1033 includes a second light trapping structure 312, which is recessed into the adhesive substrate 1031 in the first direction.

[0165] 27 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell in which the light trapping surface 1033 simultaneously includes both the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer and the surface facing the second conductive layer 104, and the light trapping surface 1033 includes a second light trapping structure 312. In the process of manufacturing the light trapping surface 1033 on the adhesive substrate 1031, the second light trapping structure 312 can be formed on the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and / or the second conductive layer 104, i.e., one or more recesses extending into the adhesive substrate 1031 can be formed on the first surface or the second surface. The second light trapping structure 312 is located on the first surface and / or the second surface, and the positional relationship between either surface of the second light trapping structure 312 and the surface located inside the adhesive substrate 1031 of each single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 in the perovskite absorption layer 103 is contact or separation, and the second light trapping structure 312 does not affect the contact area between the single-crystal perovskite particle 1032 and the adhesive substrate 1031.

[0166] By forming one or more recesses extending into the adhesive substrate 1031 on the first or second surface as the second light trapping structures 312, the first and / or second surface is transformed into a light trapping surface 1033 capable of extending the optical path length of incident light in the perovskite absorber layer 103, thereby improving the absorption and utilization ability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 for the incident light, and ultimately increasing the photoelectric conversion ability and efficiency of the perovskite absorber layer 103.

[0167] The light trapping surface 1033 may include only one or more first light trapping structures 311, or only one or more second light trapping structures 312, or may include both one or more first light trapping structures 311 and one or more second light trapping structures 312. The light trapping surface 1033 may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102, or may include only the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104, or may include both the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the first carrier transport layer 102 and the surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 facing the second conductive layer 104. The present embodiment does not limit the specific configuration of the light trapping surface 1033 or the type and number of light trapping structures included in the light trapping surface 1033.

[0168] The shapes and sizes of the second light trapping structures 312 may be the same or different, but are not limited to these in the present embodiment.

[0169] In some embodiments, the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0170] The role of the first carrier transport layer 102 is to collect and transport carriers generated in the perovskite absorber layer 103. Depending on the operating mechanism of the solar cell, the first carrier transport layer 102 may be either a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. When the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer 102 includes collecting electrons, transporting the collected electrons to the first conductive layer 101, outputting electrical energy from the first conductive layer 101, and blocking holes from flowing directly into the first conductive layer 101. When the first carrier transport layer 102 is a hole transport layer, the function of the first carrier transport layer 102 includes blocking electrons from entering the first conductive layer 101, enhancing hole transport, and preventing direct contact between the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the first conductive layer 101. This ensures the photoelectric conversion capacity and electrical energy output of the solar cell.

[0171] The electron transport layer is made of tin oxide (SnOx), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and C 60 The hole transport layer can be composed of materials such as fullerenes and their derivatives, including PCBM, and poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-triphenylmethyl)amine] (PTAA), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), nickel oxide (NiOx), or cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN).

[0172] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is in the range of 1 nm to 1 μm.

[0173] The core role of the first carrier transport layer 102 is to improve the collection and transport capability of one type of carrier while blocking contact between other carriers and the first conductive layer 101. Therefore, if the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is too large, the distance traveled by carriers during transport to the first conductive layer 101 will be too long, leading to carrier recombination, resulting in significant carrier loss and potentially reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is too small, the carrier collection and transport capability of the first carrier transport layer 102 will be limited, preventing it from timely collecting and transporting all of the carriers of a certain type generated in the perovskite absorber layer 103, resulting in significant carrier loss and affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. At the same time, if the thickness is too small, the blocking capability of other carriers will also be somewhat reduced, leading to recombination of different types of carriers and potentially affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0174] Therefore, in the process of constructing the first carrier transport layer 102, the thickness of the first carrier transport layer 102 in the first direction is set to 1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 650 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, or 950 nm, etc. This ensures that the first carrier transport layer 102 has a sufficiently high collection and transport ability for one type of carrier and a sufficiently high blocking ability for other carriers, thereby reducing carrier loss due to carrier recombination and migration and ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0175] As shown in FIG. 28, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second carrier transport layer 105, which is located between the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the second conductive layer 104 and in contact with the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the second conductive layer 104, respectively.

[0176] The second carrier transport layer 105 is similar to the first carrier transport layer 102, and its role is to collect and transport one type of carrier generated in the perovskite absorber layer 103. Depending on the operating mechanism of the solar cell, the second carrier transport layer 105 may be a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. When the second carrier transport layer 105 is an electron transport layer, its function includes collecting electrons and transporting them to the first conductive layer 101 to output electrical energy from the first conductive layer 101, while blocking holes from flowing directly into the first conductive layer 101. When the second carrier transport layer 105 is a hole transport layer, its function includes blocking electrons from entering the first conductive layer 101, enhancing hole transport, and preventing direct contact between the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the first conductive layer 101. This ensures the photoelectric conversion capacity and electrical energy output of the solar cell.

[0177] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is comprised between 1 nm and 1 μm.

[0178] The core role of the second carrier transport layer 105 is to improve the collection and transport capability of one type of carrier while blocking contact between other carriers and the first conductive layer 101. Therefore, if the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is too large, the distance traveled by the carriers during transport to the second conductive layer 104 will be too long, causing carrier recombination and resulting in significant carrier loss, which may result in a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. If the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is too small, the second carrier transport layer 105 will have limited carrier collection and transport capability and will not be able to timely collect and transport all of the carriers of a certain type generated in the perovskite absorber layer 103, resulting in significant carrier loss and affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. At the same time, if the thickness is too small, the blocking capability of other carriers will also be reduced to a certain extent, causing recombination of different types of carriers, which may affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0179] Therefore, in the process of constructing the second carrier transport layer 105, the thickness of the second carrier transport layer 105 in the first direction is set to 1 nm to 1 μm, for example, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 650 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, or 950 nm, etc. This ensures that the second carrier transport layer 105 has a sufficiently high collection and transport ability for one type of carrier and a sufficiently high blocking ability for other carriers, thereby reducing carrier loss due to carrier recombination and migration and ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0180] In some embodiments, when the first carrier transport layer 102 is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer 105 is an electron transport layer, and when the first carrier transport layer 102 is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer 105 is a hole transport layer.

[0181] To further improve the efficiency of the solar cell, carrier transport layers for collecting and transporting different carriers are provided on opposite sides of the perovskite absorber layer 103 in the first direction, thereby maximizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0182] As described above, in the solar cell provided in one embodiment of the present application, the perovskite absorber layer 103 of the solar cell is formed using an adhesive substrate 1031 and a plurality of single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031. Constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103 using single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 ensures the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 103. Arranging the single-crystalline perovskite particles 1032 on the adhesive substrate 1031 avoids damage to the single-crystalline perovskite during the cutting process and ensures the efficiency of the solar cell. At the same time, constructing the perovskite absorber layer 103 using a single-crystalline particle arrangement contributes to the production of large-area single-crystalline perovskite solar cells. Among the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 arranged on the adhesive substrate 1031, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 each have a first convex surface protruding from a first surface of the adhesive substrate 1031 and a second convex surface protruding from a second surface of the adhesive substrate 1031. The perovskite absorber layer 103 is constructed from the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 exposed on both opposing surfaces of the adhesive substrate 1031, thereby imparting a textured structure to the perovskite absorber layer 103 itself, improving its light absorption ability and the ability to transport photogenerated carriers from the perovskite absorber layer 103 to the conductive layer or carrier transport layer, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and performance of the solar cell. The functional layer 30 formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles 1032 enhances the stability of the perovskite absorber layer 103 and the solar cell.

[0183] As can be seen from the above, this embodiment is an embodiment of the structure of a solar cell corresponding to an embodiment of the method for manufacturing a solar cell, and the details of this embodiment can also be applied to the embodiment of the method for manufacturing a solar cell, and similarly, the details of the embodiment of the method for manufacturing a solar cell can also be applied to this embodiment.

[0184] In response to the above, another embodiment of the present application further provides a stacked solar cell, the structure of which can be seen in FIG. 29, in which the stacked solar cell includes a top cell 1001, a bonding layer 1002 and a bottom cell 1003 stacked in order, where the top cell 1001 is the above solar cell.

[0185] In some embodiments, the type of bottom cell 1003 includes a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell, where the narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell may be a narrow bandgap monocrystalline perovskite thin film solar cell or a narrow bandgap polycrystalline perovskite thin film solar cell.

[0186] In some embodiments, the bonding layer 1002 includes a mechanical bonding layer made of a conductive adhesive. The conductive adhesive may be formed by adding conductive particles to a transparent adhesive having good light transmittance, such as an adhesive having a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 400 nm or more, or an adhesive having a transmittance of 80% or more for light of 450 nm or more. The conductive adhesive may be a thin transparent adhesive containing particles with a certain conductive energy, and its transparency may be similar to that of the adhesive, and further description is omitted here. The embodiments of the present application are not limited to a specific type of conductive adhesive.

[0187] Although the present application has been disclosed as above in preferred embodiments, it does not limit the scope of the claims, and any person skilled in the art may make some possible variations and modifications without departing from the idea of ​​the present application, so the protection scope of the present application should be based on the scope limited by the claims of the present application.

[0188] Those skilled in the art will understand that the above embodiments are specific examples of realizing the present application, but that various changes in form and details are possible in practice without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Since anyone skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application, the scope of protection of the present application should be based on the scope limited by the claims.

Claims

1. providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer stacked in sequence along a first direction; forming a perovskite absorption layer on a surface of the separation assisting layer away from the carrier plate, the perovskite absorption layer comprising an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other in the first direction, the first surface being away from the separation assisting layer, at least some of the single-crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer being formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles, the functional layer being a passivation layer obtained by a passivation treatment or a decorative layer formed by deposition, growth, etc.; Forming a first carrier transport layer, the first carrier transport layer being located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the separation assisting layer; forming a first conductive layer, the first conductive layer being located on a surface of the first carrier transport layer remote from the first surface; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer and forming a second conductive layer, wherein the second conductive layer is located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer; A method for manufacturing a solar cell comprising the steps of:

2. The functional layer is The single-crystal perovskite particles may be immersed in a mother liquor for growing a functional layer, and a first functional layer covering the entire surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles may be formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

3. After forming the perovskite absorption layer, removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 2 .

4. After removing the first functional layer on the first convex surface, forming a second functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface; forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the second functional layer away from the first surface; The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 3 .

5. After removing the separation assisting layer and the carrier plate, removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 2 .

6. After removing the first functional layer on the second convex surface, forming a third functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface; forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the third functional layer away from the second surface; The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 5 .

7. The functional layer is After forming the perovskite absorber layer, a fourth functional layer covering the first surface and the first convex surface may be formed on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the separation assisting layer; forming the first carrier transport layer includes forming the first carrier transport layer on a surface of the fourth functional layer away from the first surface; The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

8. The functional layer is After removing the carrier plate and the separation assisting layer, a fifth functional layer covering the second surface and the second convex surface may be formed on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer, forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the fifth functional layer away from the second surface; The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1 .

9. After removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, forming a second carrier transport layer, wherein the second carrier transport layer is located on a surface of the perovskite absorber layer away from the first carrier transport layer; forming the second conductive layer includes forming the second conductive layer on a surface of the second carrier transport layer away from the second surface; The method for producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. a first conductive layer, a first carrier transport layer, a perovskite absorber layer, and a second conductive layer, which are sequentially stacked along a first direction; the perovskite absorber layer comprises an adhesive substrate and a plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles arranged on the adhesive substrate, the adhesive substrate having a first surface and a second surface facing each other in the first direction, the first surface facing the first conductive layer, at least a portion of the single-crystal perovskite particles having a first convex surface and a second convex surface, the first convex surface protruding relative to the first surface, and the second convex surface protruding relative to the second surface, and a functional layer is formed on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particles, the functional layer being a passivation layer obtained by a passivation treatment or a decorative layer formed by deposition, growth, or the like; A solar cell characterized by:

11. The functional layer includes a first functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

12. the functional layer includes a second functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surfaces; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

13. the functional layer includes a third functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the second convex surfaces; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

14. the functional layer includes a fourth functional layer covering all surfaces of the single-crystal perovskite particles except for the first convex surface and the second convex surface; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

15. the functional layer includes a fifth functional layer covering the first convex surface and the first surface; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

16. the functional layer includes a sixth functional layer covering the second convex surface and the second surface; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

17. The thickness of the functional layer is 0.1 nm to 1 μm. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

18. When any of the single-crystal perovskite particles is a first single-crystal perovskite particle and the single-crystal perovskite particle closest to the first single-crystal perovskite particle is a second single-crystal perovskite particle, the distance between the first single-crystal perovskite particle and the second single-crystal perovskite particle is equal to or less than the maximum width dimension of the first single-crystal perovskite particle. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

19. The maximum distance between any two points on the surface of the single-crystal perovskite particle is 5 μm to 100 μm. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

20. an area of ​​an orthogonal projection of the perovskite absorption layer in the first conductive layer is defined as a first area; a sum of areas of orthogonal projections of all the plurality of single-crystal perovskite particles in the first conductive layer is defined as a second area; and a ratio of the second area to the first area is 0.3 to 0.

9. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

21. a distance between any one point on the first convex surface and the first surface and / or a distance between any one point on the second convex surface and the second surface in the first direction is equal to or less than half of a maximum length of the single-crystal perovskite particle in the first direction; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

22. In the first direction, the thickness of the adhesive substrate is 100 nm or more. The solar cell according to claim 10 .

23. the adhesive substrate includes a light trapping surface facing the first carrier transport layer and / or the second conductive layer; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

24. the light trapping surface includes a first light trapping structure, the first light trapping structure extending outward from the adhesive substrate in the first direction; 24. The solar cell according to claim 23.

25. the light trapping surface includes a second light trapping structure, and in the first direction, the second light trapping structure is recessed into the adhesive substrate; 24. The solar cell according to claim 23.

26. the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

27. a second carrier transport layer located between the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer and in contact with the perovskite absorber layer and the second conductive layer, respectively; The solar cell according to claim 10 .

28. when the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer; When the first carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer.

28. The solar cell according to claim 27.

29. The battery includes a top battery, a lamination layer, and a bottom battery, which are stacked in this order; wherein the top cell is a solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 28. A stacked solar cell characterized by:

30. the bottom cell comprises a crystalline silicon solar cell, a CIGS thin film solar cell, a cadmium telluride thin film solar cell, a III-V thin film solar cell, or a narrow bandgap perovskite thin film solar cell; 30. The stacked solar cell according to claim 29.

31. The bonding layer includes a mechanical bonding layer made of a conductive adhesive.

30. The stacked solar cell according to claim 29.

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