Foam stabilizing composition for fluorine-free fire fighting foams

Abstract

The foam stabilizing composition comprises (A) an anionic polymer and (B) a compound of formula Z 1 -D 1 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a and a siloxane cationic surfactant comprising a cationic moiety having the formula: 1 is the siloxane moiety, and D 1 is a divalent linking group, R is H or an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the subscript a is 1 or 2, and each Y is a group of the formula -D-NR 1 3 + wherein D is a divalent linking group and each R 1 is independently an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Aqueous foams comprising the compositions and methods of using the same are also disclosed.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and the entire benefit of U.S. Application No. 63 / 295,686, filed December 31, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to foam compositions, and more specifically to foam stabilizing compositions, aqueous foam compositions containing same, and methods of preparing and using same. [Background technology]

[0003] Surfactants and surfactant compositions are known in the art and are utilized in a myriad of end uses and environments. In particular, surfactants and surfactant compositions are utilized in numerous industrial, commercial, home care, and personal care formulations. By way of example only, surfactants and surfactant compositions are commonly utilized in the preparation of a wide variety of surface treatment and coating compositions, for example, to affect the properties of the composition itself and to provide surface benefits to substrates treated with such surface treatment / coating compositions. For example, polyfluoroalkyl surfactants and compositions thereof have been widely used in industrial compositions as fume suppressants and etching additives, in surface treatments to impart water and oil repellency to surfaces of articles such as carpets, upholstery materials, clothing, and textiles, and have also been widely used in many commercial products such as cleaning compositions, waxes, sealants, and foaming agents. In addition, fluorinated surfactants are utilized in many conventional aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), which have previously enjoyed widespread use in fire prevention, containment, and / or extinguishing.

[0004] Unfortunately, however, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl surfactants have been shown to decompose or otherwise degrade under environmental conditions to produce a number of fluorochemicals, some of which have been found to persist in the environment due to many of the desirable properties such compounds possess that have resulted in their widespread use (e.g., high chemical resistance, broad chemical compatibility, high oleophobicity, etc.). Thus, fluorinated surfactants are being gradually phased out of production and use, making it difficult to continue using many widely used surfactants and surfactant compositions. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present disclosure provides a foam stabilizing composition, comprising: (A) an anionic polymer; and (B) a siloxane cationic surfactant having the general formula (I): [Z 1 -D 1 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n (I), In the formula, Z 1 is a siloxane moiety, and D 1 is a divalent linking group, R is H or an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and each Y is a group of the formula -D-NR 1 3 + where D is a divalent linking group and each R 1 are independently an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the subscript a is 1 or 2, with 1≦y≦3, X is an anion, and the subscript n is 1, 2, or 3, with 1≦x≦3, with the proviso that (x *At least one of the following conditions applies: (i) components (A) and (B) are present in the foam stabilizing composition in a weight ratio of 0.5:1 to 3.5:1 (A) / (B), and / or (ii) components (A) and (B) are present in the foam stabilizing composition to provide a molar ratio of anionic groups in component (A) to cationic groups in component (B) of 1:1 to 6.5:1.

[0006] The present disclosure further provides aqueous foams comprising the foam stabilizing compositions and related methods of preparing and using the same. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] Various advantages and aspects of the present disclosure can be understood in consideration of the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Figure 1] 1 shows a plot of flame out time (seconds) as a function of flow rate (mL / min) for certain embodiments of the present invention described in the Examples herein. [Diagram 2] 1 shows another plot of flame out time (seconds) as a function of flow rate (mL / min) for certain embodiments of the present invention described in the Examples herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0008] Foam-stabilized compositions ("compositions") are provided. The compositions may be utilized in foam compositions (i.e., foams), including aqueous foaming compositions, expanding foam compositions, concentrated foam compositions, and / or foam concentrates, etc., which may be formulated and / or utilized in a variety of end uses. For example, as will be appreciated from this disclosure, the compositions may be utilized in aqueous foams or similar foaming compositions suitable for use in extinguishing, suppressing, and / or preventing fires. The compositions have excellent performance properties even without the inclusion of polyfluoroalkyl surfactants or other fluorine sources.

[0009] The composition comprises (A) an anionic polymer and (B) a siloxane cationic surfactant. The anionic polymer (A) and the siloxane cationic surfactant (B), along with additional / optional components that may be utilized in the composition, are described in turn below and may be referred to herein individually as "component (A)," "component (B)," etc., respectively, and collectively as the "components" of the composition.

[0010] As mentioned above, component (A) of the composition is an anionic polymer. The anionic polymer (A) is not limited. In a certain embodiment, the anionic polymer (A) is water-soluble, which means that the anionic polymer (A) can form a homogeneous solution when placed in water, optionally under shear or mixing.

[0011] In certain embodiments, the anionic polymer (A) comprises or is alternatively a polyelectrolyte. As used herein, the terms "polymer" and "polyelectrolyte" with respect to component (A) include, but are not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers such as graft copolymers, random copolymers and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, and the like, as well as blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the terms "polymer" and "polyelectrolyte" are intended to include all possible geometric configurations of the molecule. These configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries. In general, the term "polyelectrolyte" as used herein refers to a polymer that has at least one permanent anionic charge when dissolved in an aqueous solution. As used herein, the term "polyelectrolyte" also refers to a polymer that can form an anionic charge when dissolved in an aqueous solution where the pH is adjusted by some means, including the addition of an acid or a suitable buffer, to form a net anionic charge on the polymer in water.

[0012] Additionally, the acidic nature of the anionic polymer (A) may be provided or imparted by natural acid moieties or may result from hydrolysis of one or more anhydride moieties, such as in the conversion of succinic anhydride moieties to succinic diacid moieties. Thus, the anionic polymer may be any having carboxylic acid moieties, maleic acid moieties, acetylacetone moieties, phosphoric acid moieties, sulfonic acid moieties, salts thereof, and half esters thereof.

[0013] Suitable anionic polymers may be exemplified by acrylate ester / methacrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers, vinyl acetate / crotonic acid / vinyl neodecanoate copolymers, methyl vinyl ether / maleate hemiesters, t-butyl acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methacrylic acid copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone / vinyl acetate / vinyl propionate copolymers, vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers, vinyl acetate / crotonic acid / vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone / acrylate copolymers, acrylate / acrylamide copolymers, vinyl acetate / butyl maleate / isobornyl acrylate copolymers, alkanolamine acrylic resins, urethane modified acrylic polymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers neutralized with sodium or zinc salts, polystyrene sulfonic acid, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, and polycarboxylate polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride or alkali metal salts. Also suitable are polymers that contain monomers that can carry an anionic charge in aqueous solution when dissolved in water adjusted to the appropriate pH using an acid, buffer, or combination thereof. Examples include acrylic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, dimethylacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, vinylsulfonic acid, cyanoacrylic acid, methylenemalonic acid, vinylacetic acid, allylacetic acid, ethylidineacetic acid, propylidineacetic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, sorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, styrylacrylic acid, citraconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, phenylacrylic acid, acryloxypropionic acid, vinylbenzoic acid, N-vinylsuccinamic acid, mesaconic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid sulfonic acid, acetylacetone, half ester, half acid, maleic anhydride, methyl vinyl ether, vinylpyrrolidone-based compounds or salts thereof, methacroylalanine, acryloylhydroxyglycine, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, and sulfoethyl acrylate.Suitable acid monomers also include styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacryloyloxy-methane-1-sulfonic acid, 3-methacryloyloxy-propane-1-sulfonic acid, 3-(vinyloxy)-propane-1-sulfonic acid, ethylene sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfuric acid, 4-vinylphenyl sulfuric acid, ethylene phosphonic acid, and vinyl phosphoric acid.

[0014] Also suitable are natural anionic polymers, including, but not limited to, saccharin gums and / or polysaccharides, including alginates, xanthates, pectins, carrageenans, guar, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethyldextran, sodium carboxymethyl dextra, scleroglucan, and combinations thereof.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the anionic polymer (A) comprises at least one anionic group selected from carboxyl, sulfonic acid, sulfato, phosphonic acid, and phosphate groups. In specific embodiments, the anionic polymer (A) comprises or is alternatively a polysaccharide having at least one of these anionic groups. It is to be understood that the term "saccharide" may be used synonymously with terms such as "carbohydrate" in general contexts and "sugar" in more specific contexts. Thus, the naming of any particular saccharide is not exclusive with respect to saccharide compounds suitable for use in or as the anionic polymer (A). Suitable saccharides may include or alternatively be any compound that comprises a moiety that can be described as a saccharide, carbohydrate, sugar, starch, cellulose, etc., or a derivative or modification thereof, or a combination thereof. Similarly, any combination of two or more saccharide moieties in a saccharide compound may be described in more descriptive terms. For example, the term "polysaccharide" may be used synonymously with the term "glycoside," and both terms generally refer to a combination of two or more saccharide moieties (e.g., a combination of saccharide moieties linked together via glycosidic bonds to collectively form a glycosidic moiety). Those of skill in the art will understand that terms such as "starch" and "cellulose" may be used to refer to such combinations of saccharide moieties under specific circumstances (e.g., when the combination of two or more saccharide moieties in a saccharide compound fits a structure known in the art as "starch" or "cellulose," etc.).

[0016] Thus, examples of polysaccharides suitable for use in or as the anionic polymer (A) can include compounds or compounds that contain two or more moieties conventionally referred to as monosaccharides and / or carbohydrates (e.g., pentoses (i.e., furanoses), such as ribose, xylose, arabinose, lyxose, fructose, and hexoses (i.e., pyranoses), such as glucose, galactose, mannose, gulose, idose, talose, allose, altrose, etc. Polysaccharides include cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycogen, hydrocolloids, starches, such as amylose, amylopectin, and derivatives and combinations thereof.

[0017] The anionic polymer (A) may contain a combination of different anionic groups. In addition, the anionic polymer (A) may comprise a blend or two or more different anionic polymers that differ in molecular weight, anionic content, anionic functionality, etc.

[0018] As introduced above, the composition further comprises (B) a siloxane cationic surfactant, i.e., a complex comprising a cationic organosilicon compound charge-balanced with a counterion. In particular, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) comprises a siloxane moiety and one or more quaternary ammonium moieties and conforms to the following general formula (I): [Z 1 -D 1 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n (I), In the formula, Z 1 is a siloxane moiety, and D 1 is a divalent linking group, R is H or an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and each Y is a group of the formula -D-NR 1 3 + where D is a divalent linking group and each R 1are independently an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the subscript a is 1 or 2, with 1≦y≦3, X is an anion, and the subscript n is 1, 2, or 3, with 1≦x≦3, with the proviso that (x * n)=y.

[0019] As introduced above with respect to formula (I), Z 1 represents a siloxane moiety. In general, the siloxane moiety Z 1 includes siloxanes, but is not otherwise specifically limited. As understood in the art, siloxanes include inorganic silicon-oxygen-silicon groups (i.e., -Si-O-Si-) having organosilicon and / or organic side groups bonded to the silicon atom. Thus, siloxanes can be represented by the general formula ([R x i SiO (4-i) / 2 ] h ) j (R x ) 3-j Si-, where subscript i is independently selected from 1, 2, and 3, and in each moiety designated by subscript h, subscript h is at least 1, subscript j is 1, 2, or 3, and each R x is independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups, alkoxy and / or aryloxy groups, and siloxy groups.

[0020] R xSuitable hydrocarbyl groups include monovalent hydrocarbon moieties, as well as derivatives and modifications thereof, which may be independently substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched, cyclic, or combinations thereof, and may be saturated or unsaturated. With respect to such hydrocarbyl groups, the term "unsubstituted" refers to a hydrocarbon moiety composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, i.e., without heteroatom substituents. The term "substituted" refers to a hydrocarbon moiety in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with an atom or group other than hydrogen (e.g., a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, an amine group, etc.) (i.e., as a pendant or terminal substituent), a carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain / backbone is replaced with an atom other than carbon (e.g., a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) (i.e., as part of the chain / backbone), or both. Thus, suitable hydrocarbyl groups include or can be a hydrocarbon moiety having one or more substituents in and / or on (i.e., attached and / or integral to) its carbon chain / backbone, such that the hydrocarbon moiety includes or can be an ether, ester, etc. The linear and branched hydrocarbon groups can be independently saturated or unsaturated, and if unsaturated, can be conjugated or non-conjugated. The cyclic hydrocarbyl groups can be independently monocyclic or polycyclic, and include cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, and heterocycles, which can be aromatic, saturated and non-aromatic and / or non-conjugated, and the like. Examples of combinations of linear and cyclic hydrocarbyl groups include alkaryl groups, aralkyl groups, and the like. General examples of hydrocarbon moieties suitable for use in or as hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, halocarbon groups, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., iso-propyl and / or n-propyl), butyl (e.g., isobutyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, and / or sec-butyl), pentyl (e.g., isopentyl, neopentyl, and / or tert-pentyl), hexyl, and the like (i.e., other linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon groups, e.g., having more than 6 carbon atoms).Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, benzyl, dimethylphenyl, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof, which may overlap with alkaryl groups (e.g., benzyl) and aralkyl groups (e.g., tolyl, dimethylphenyl, and the like). Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, pentenyl, heptenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl groups, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof. Common examples of halocarbon groups include halogenated derivatives of the above hydrocarbon moieties, such as halogenated alkyl groups (e.g., any of the above alkyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen atom such as F or Cl), aryl groups (e.g., any of the above aryl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen atom such as F or Cl), and combinations thereof. Examples of halogenated alkyl groups include fluoromethyl, 2-fluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 4,4,4,3,3-pentafluorobutyl, 5,5,5,4,4,3,3-heptafluoropentyl, 6,6,6,5,5,4,4,3,3-nonafluorohexyl, 8,8,8,7,7-pentafluorooctyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, 2,3-difluorocyclobutyl, 3,4-difluorocyclohexyl, and 3,4-difluoro-5-methylcycloheptyl, chloromethyl, chloropropyl, 2-dichlorocyclopropyl, 2,3-dichlorocyclopentyl, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof. Examples of halogenated aryl groups include chlorobenzyl, pentafluorophenyl, fluorobenzyl, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof.

[0021] R x Suitable alkoxy and aryloxy groups include those of the general formula: xi In particular, the formula R xi is R xExamples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, benzyloxy, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof. Examples of aryloxy groups include phenoxy, tolyloxy, pentafluorophenoxy, and the like, and derivatives and modifications thereof.

[0022] R x Examples of suitable siloxy groups suitable for include [M], [D], [T], and [Q] units, each of which, as understood in the art, represents a separate functional structural unit present in siloxanes, such as organosiloxanes and organopolysiloxanes. More specifically, [M] can be represented by the general formula R xii 3SiO 1 / 2 [D] represents a monofunctional unit of the general formula R xii 2SiO 2 / 2 [T] represents a bifunctional unit of the general formula R xii SiO 3 / 2 [Q] represents a trifunctional unit of the general formula SiO 4 / 2 These represent tetrafunctional units of the formula:

[0023] [ka]

[0024] In these general structural moieties, each R xii are independently monovalent or polyvalent substituents. As is understood in the art, each R xii Specific substituents suitable for may be, but are not limited to, monoatomic or polyatomic, organic or inorganic, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic, aliphatic, saturated or unsaturated, and combinations thereof. Typically, each R xii is independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups, alkoxy and / or aryloxy groups, and siloxy groups. Thus, each R xii are independently represented by the formula -R xi or a hydrocarbyl group of the formula -OR xiwhere R xi is a siloxy group as defined above or represented by any one or combination of [M], [D], [T], and / or [Q] units above.

[0025] Siloxane part Z 1 can be linear, branched, or a combination thereof, based on, for example, the number and arrangement of [M], [D], [T], and / or [Q] siloxy units present therein. If branched, the siloxane moiety Z 1 can be minimally branched or, alternatively, hyperbranched and / or dendritic.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the siloxane moiety Z 1 is represented by the formula -Si(R 3 ) 3, wherein at least one R 3 is -OSi(R 4 ) 3, and each other R 3 are independently 2 and -OSi(R 4 ) 3, each R 4 are independently 2 , -OSi(R 5 )3, and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 Selected from 3. R 4 For these choices of R 5 is R 2 , -OSi(R 6 )3, and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3, each R 6 is R 2 and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3. In each selection, R 2 is an independently selected substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, e.g., R xwhere each subscript m is individually selected such that 0≦m≦100 (i.e., at each selection, if applicable).

[0027] As already mentioned, each R 3 is R 2 and -OSi(R 4 ) 3, provided that at least one R 3 is represented by the formula -OSi(R 4 In certain embodiments, R 3 At least two of the formula -OSi(R 4 In certain embodiments, each R 3 is -OSi(R 4 )3. -OSi(R 4 )3 is R 3 The greater the number of siloxane moieties Z 1 It will be appreciated that the degree of branching in each R 3 -OSi(R 4 )3, then each R 3 The silicon atom to which R is bonded is a T siloxy unit. 3 Two of the formula -OSi(R 4 ) 3, each R 3 The silicon atom to which R is bonded is a [D]siloxy unit. 3 is the formula -OSi(R 4 ) 3, and R 4 is the formula -OSi(R 5 ) 3, further siloxane bonds and branches are formed in the siloxane moiety Z 1 This is furthermore present in R 5 is the formula -OSi(R 6 ) 3. Thus, a person skilled in the art would recognize that the siloxane moiety Z 1 Each subsequent R in 3+n It will be appreciated that moieties may provide additional branching depending on their particular selection. For example, R 4 is the formula -OSi(R 5 ) 3, and R 5is the formula -OSi(R 6 Depending on the selection of the respective substituents, further branching due to the [T] and / or [Q] siloxy units may therefore be present in the siloxane moiety Z 1 (i.e., beyond those other substituents / moieties mentioned above).

[0028] Each R 4 is R 2 , -OSi(R 5 )3, and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3, where 0≦m≦100. 4 and R 5 Depending on the selection of 1 For example, each R 4 R 2 If, then, each -OSi(R 4 ) 3 moieties (i.e., of the formula -OSi(R 4 )3 R 3 ) is a terminal [M] siloxy unit. In other words, each R 3 -OSi(R 4 ) 3, and each R 4 R 2 If, then, for each R 3 -OSiR 2 3 (i.e., [M]siloxy unit). In such embodiments, the siloxane moiety Z 1 comprises a [T] siloxy unit bonded to the D group of formula (I), the [T] siloxy unit being capped with three [M] siloxy units. 2 2] m OSiR 2 If it is 3, R 4 is a combination of optional [D]siloxy units (i.e., those siloxy units in each moiety denoted by subscript m) as well as [M]siloxy units (i.e., OSiR 2 3). Therefore, each R 3 is represented by the formula -OSi(R 4 ) 3, each R 4 But the formula -[OSiR2 2] m OSiR 2 If there are 3, each R 3 comprises a [Q]siloxy unit. More specifically, in such embodiments, each R 3 is expressed by the formula -OSi([OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3) 3, so that if each subscript m is 0, then each R 3 is a [Q]siloxy unit end-capped with three [M]siloxy units. Similarly, when the subscript m is greater than 0, each R 3 contains a linear portion (ie, a diorganosiloxane portion) having a degree of polymerization ascribed to the subscript m.

[0029] As mentioned above, each R 4 Also, the formula -OSi(R 5 )3. One or more R 4 is the formula -OSi(R 5 In embodiments having 3, further branches include R 5 Depending on the selection of siloxane moiety Z 1 More specifically, each R 5 is R 2 , -OSi(R 6 )3, and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3, wherein each R 6 is R 2 and -[OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 2 3, where each subscript m is as defined above.

[0030] The subscript m is 0 to 100, alternatively 0 to 80, alternatively 0 to 60, alternatively 0 to 40, alternatively 0 to 20, alternatively 0 to 19, alternatively 0 to 18, alternatively 0 to 17, alternatively 0 to 16, alternatively 0 to 15, alternatively 0 to 14, alternatively 0 to 13, alternatively 0 to 12, alternatively 0 to 11, alternatively 0 to 10, alternatively 0 to 9, alternatively 0 to 8, alternatively 0 to 7, alternatively 0 to 6, alternatively 0 to 5, alternatively 0 to 4, alternatively 0 to 3, alternatively 0 to 2, alternatively 0 to 1, alternatively 0. In certain embodiments, each subscript m is 0, and thus the siloxane moiety Z 1 does not contain D siloxy units.

[0031] Importantly, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 Each of R is independently selected. Thus, the above description of each of these substituents is not intended to mean or imply that each substituent is the same. Rather, R 4 Any of the above descriptions regarding the siloxane moiety Z 1 Only one R in 4 or any number of R 4 In addition, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 Different choices of can result in the same structure. For example, R 3 -OSi(R 4 )3, and each R 4 -OSi(R 5 )3, and each R 5 R 2 If R 3 -OSi(OSiR 2 3)3. Similarly, R 3 -OSi(R 4 )3, and each R 4 - [OSiR 2 2] m OSiR 23, if the subscript m is 0, then R 3 -OSi(OSiR 2 3)3. As shown, these particular choices can be written as R 4 Based on different choices for R 3 To this end, the siloxane moiety Z 1 Any condition of a limitation on the final structure of should be considered and satisfied by alternative choices that result in the same structure required by the condition.

[0032] In certain embodiments, each R 2 is an independently selected alkyl group. In some such embodiments, each R 2 is an independently selected alkyl group having 1 to 10, alternatively 1 to 8, alternatively 1 to 6, alternatively 1 to 4, alternatively 1 to 3, alternatively 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

[0033] In certain embodiments, each subscript m is 0 and each R 2 is methyl, and the siloxane moiety Z 1 and having one of the following structures (i) to (iv):

[0034] [ka]

[0035] Further, as introduced above with respect to the cationic surfactant and formula (I), 1 is a divalent linking group. 1 is not particularly limited. Typically, the divalent linking group D 1 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon groups. Examples of such hydrocarbon groups include R x Examples of the divalent linking group D include divalent forms of the hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbon groups described above, such as any of those described above with respect to 1 It will be understood that the hydrocarbon groups suitable for can be substituted or unsubstituted and linear, branched and / or cyclic.

[0036] In some embodiments, the divalent linking group D 1 comprises or is alternatively a linear or branched alkyl and / or alkylene group. In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 1 is C1~C 18 Hydrocarbon moieties, such as those of the formula -(CH2) d -, where subscript d is 1 to 18. In some such embodiments, subscript d is 1 to 16, e.g., 1 to 12, alternatively 1 to 10, alternatively 1 to 8, alternatively 1 to 6, alternatively 2 to 6, alternatively 2 to 4. In certain embodiments, subscript d is 3, and thus the divalent linking group D 1 includes propylene (i.e., a chain of three carbon atoms). As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, each unit represented by the subscript d is a methylene unit, such that the linear hydrocarbon moiety may be defined or otherwise referred to as an alkylene group. It will be understood that each methylene group may be independently unsubstituted and unbranched or substituted (e.g., a hydrogen atom is replaced with a non-hydrogen atom or group) and / or branched (e.g., a hydrogen atom is replaced with an alkyl group). In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 1 In another embodiment, the divalent linking group D 1 may include or alternatively be a substituted hydrocarbon group, such as a substituted alkylene group. In such embodiments, for example, a divalent linking group D 1 Typically comprises a carbon backbone having at least two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom (eg, O, N, S, etc.), such that the backbone comprises an ether moiety, an amine moiety, and the like.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 1 comprises or is alternatively an amino-substituted hydrocarbon group (i.e., a hydrocarbon containing a nitrogen-substituted carbon chain / backbone). For example, in some such embodiments, the divalent linking group D 1 is the formula -D 3 -N(R7 )-D 3 - is an amino-substituted hydrocarbon having the formula: [Z 1 -D 3 -N(R 7 )-D 3 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each D 3 is an independently selected divalent linking group; Z 1 is as defined and explained above, and R 7 is Y or H, and each Y, R, subscript a, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined above and explained below.

[0038] As introduced above, each D of the divalent linking group of the amino-substituted hydrocarbon 3 are independently selected. Typically, each D 3 is a divalent linking group D 1 For example, in some embodiments, each D 3 is independently selected from alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., 2 to 8, alternatively 2 to 6, alternatively 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 3 is propylene (i.e., -(CH2)3-). However, if one or both of the D 3 It is understood that each D may be or include another divalent linking group (i.e., other than the alkylene groups described above). 3 can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and various combinations thereof.

[0039] As mentioned above, the amino-substituted hydrocarbon R 7 is H or a quaternary ammonium moiety Y (i.e., as described above, of the formula -D-NR 13 + For example, in certain embodiments, R 7 H, and therefore the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may be represented by the formula: [Z 1 -D 3 -NH-D 3 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each D 3 and Z 1 is as defined and explained above, and each Y, R, subscript a, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained below. In such embodiments, as will be understood from the further description below, superscript y is 1 or 2, controlled by subscript a. More specifically, the number of quaternary ammonium moieties Y is controlled by subscript a as 1 or 2, providing a total cationic charge of +1 or +2, respectively. Thus, in such embodiments, superscript x is also 1 or 2, such that the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) is charge-balanced.

[0040] In certain embodiments, the R of the amino-substituted hydrocarbon 7 is a quaternary ammonium moiety Y, and therefore the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may be represented by the formula: [Z 1 -D 3 -NY-D 3 -N(Y) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each D 3 and Z 1is as defined and explained above, and each Y, R, subscript a, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined above and explained below. In such embodiments, y=a+1, such that superscript y is 2 or 3. More specifically, the number of quaternary ammonium moieties is determined by the number of R 7 and one or two quaternary ammonium moieties Y, controlled by subscript a, to provide a total cationic charge of +2 or +3, respectively. Thus, in such embodiments, superscript x is also 1, 2, or 3, such that the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) is charge balanced.

[0041] In some embodiments, R 7 is Y and the siloxane moiety Z 1 is the branched siloxane moiety described above, and thus the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may be represented by the formula: [(R 3 )3Si-D 3 -N(-D-NR 1 3 + )-D 3 -N(-D-NR 1 3 + ) a (R) 2-a ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each D 3 and R 3 are as defined and explained above, and each D, R, R 1 , subscript a, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined above and explained below.

[0042] The subscript a is 1 or 2. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the subscript a can be used to denote the subformula -N(Y) a (R) 2-a The quaternary ammonium-substituted amino moiety of the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) represented by the formula: 13 + Similarly, for each such quaternary ammonium group Y, the subscript a also indicates the number of counteranions (i.e., the number of anions X, as described below) required to balance the cationic charge from the quaternary ammonium group Y represented by the portion a. For example, in some embodiments, the subscript a is 1 and the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) has the formula: [Z 1 -D 1 -N(R)-D-NR 1 3] +y [X -x ] n , In the formula, Z 1 and D. 1 are as defined and explained above, and each D, R, R 1 , X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined above and explained below.

[0043] While the subscript a is 1 or 2 in each cationic molecule of the siloxane cationic surfactant (B), it is understood that the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may comprise a mixture of cationic molecules corresponding to formula (I) but different from each other (e.g., with respect to the subscript a). Thus, although the subscript a is 1 or 2, a mixture comprising a siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may have an average value of a between 1 and 2, such as an average value of 1.5 (e.g., from a 50:50 mixture of cationic molecules of siloxane cationic surfactant (B) where a=1 and molecules of siloxane cationic surfactant (B) where a=2).

[0044] Each R, when present (e.g., when subscript a is 1), independently represents H or an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, R is H. In other embodiments, R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4, such as 1 to 3 carbon atoms, alternatively 1 to 2 carbon atoms. For example, R can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group (e.g., n-propyl or iso-propyl), or a butyl group (e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl). In certain embodiments, each R is methyl.

[0045] Each R 1 represents an independently selected unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. For example, in certain embodiments, each R 1 is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 4, e.g., 1 to 3, alternatively 1 to 2 carbon atoms. In such embodiments, each R 1 is typically selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and iso-propyl), and butyl (e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl) groups. Although independently selected, in certain embodiments, each R 1 is each other R in the cationic surfactant 1 For example, in certain embodiments, each R 1 is methyl or ethyl. In certain embodiments, each R 1 is methyl.

[0046] Each D represents an independently selected divalent linking group ("linking group D"). Typically, the linking group D is selected from substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups. Examples of such hydrocarbon groups include R x , D 1 , and D 3These include divalent forms of the aforementioned hydrocarbyl and hydrocarbon groups, such as any of those described above for Linking Group D. It will therefore be understood that the hydrocarbon groups suitable for use in or as Linking Group D can be linear or branched and can be the same as or different from any other divalent linking group.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the linking group D is a divalent linking group D 1 For example, in certain embodiments, linking group D includes an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 6, alternatively 2 to 6, alternatively 2 to 4 carbon atoms. In some such embodiments, the alkylene group of linking group D is unsubstituted. Examples of such alkylene groups include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, and the like.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the linking group D comprises or is alternatively a substituted hydrocarbon group, such as a substituted alkylene group. In such embodiments, for example, the linking group D typically comprises a carbon backbone having at least two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom (e.g., O) in the backbone or bonded to one of the carbon atoms. For example, in some embodiments, the linking group D has the formula -D ’ -CH(-(CH2) e -OH)-D ’ -, wherein each D ’ is independently a covalent bond or a divalent linking group, and the subscript e is 0 or 1. In such embodiments, at least one D ’ Typically, each D comprises an independently selected alkylene group, such as any of those described above. For example, in some embodiments, each D ’ is independently selected from alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 6, alternatively 1 to 4, alternatively 1 to 2 carbon atoms. ’ is methylene (i.e., -CH2-). However, if one or both of the D ’It is understood that may be or include another divalent linking group (i.e., other than the alkylene groups discussed above).

[0049] In some embodiments, each linking group D is an independently selected hydroxypropylene group (i.e., each D ’ are independently selected from a covalent bond and methylene, provided that when subscript e is 1, then at least one D ’ is a covalent bond and the subscript e is 0, then each D ’ is methylene. Thus, in some such embodiments, each linking group D is independently of the formula:

[0050] [ka] It is one of them.

[0051] In some embodiments, the siloxane moiety Z 1 is a branched siloxane moiety, and the divalent linking group D is each D 3 is propylene and R 7 is H, subscript a is 1, R is H, each linking group D is a (2-hydroxy)propylene group, and each R 1 is methyl and X is a monoanion, therefore the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) has the formula:

[0052] [ka] In the formula, each R 3 is as defined and described above, and X is as defined and described below. In another embodiment, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) is configured as immediately above, except that subscript a=2, and thus the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) has the formula:

[0053] [ka] In the formula, each R 3 is as defined and described above, and each X is as defined and described below. In another embodiment, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) is R 7 is a quaternary ammonium moiety Y, and thus the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) has the formula:

[0054] [ka] In the formula, each R 3 is as defined and described above, and each X is as defined and described below. In yet another embodiment, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) is constructed as immediately above, except that subscript a=1 and R is H, and thus the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) has the formula:

[0055] [ka] In the formula, each R 3 is as defined and described above, and each X is as defined above and described below.

[0056] Each X is an anion having a charge represented by the superscript x. Thus, as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, x is not particularly limited and can be any anion suitable for ion pairing / charge balancing of one or more cationic quaternary ammonium moieties Y. Thus, each X can be an independently selected monoanion or polyanion (e.g., a dianion, etc.) such that there may be sufficient to balance two or more cationic quaternary ammonium moieties Y. Thus, the number of anions X (i.e., the subscript n) is readily selected based on the number of cationic quaternary ammonium moieties Y and the selected charge of X (i.e., the superscript x).

[0057] Examples of suitable anions include organic anions, inorganic anions, and combinations thereof. Typically, each anion X is independently selected from monoanions that are non-reactive with other moieties of the cationic surfactant. Examples of such anions include conjugate bases of medium and strong acids, such as, for example, halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride), sulfates (e.g., alkyl sulfates, etc.), sulfonates (e.g., triflates, benzyl or other aryl sulfonates, etc.), and derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Other anions can also be utilized, such as organic anions such as phosphates, nitrates, carboxylates (e.g., acetates), and derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. It should be understood that derivatives of such anions include polyanionic compounds that contain two or more functional groups, examples of which are specified above. For example, mono- and / or polyanions of polycarboxylates (e.g., citrate, etc.) are encompassed by the above anions. Other examples of anions include tosylate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0058] In certain embodiments, each anion X is a monovalent to trivalent inorganic anion. Examples of such anions include monoanions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, arylsulfonates having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, nitrate, nitrite, and borate, dianions such as sulfate and sulfite, and trianions such as phosphate. In certain embodiments, each X is a halide anion. In some such embodiments, each X is a chloride (i.e., Cl - ).

[0059] In specific embodiments, component (B) has at least one of the following formulas:

[0060] [ka]

[0061] The siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may comprise a combination or two or more different siloxane cationic surfactants represented by the above general formula (I) that differ in at least one property, such as structure, molecular weight, degree of branching, silicon and / or carbon content, number of cationic quaternary ammonium groups Y (e.g., when the subscript a represents an average value).

[0062] The siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may be utilized in any amount in the composition depending on the form of the composition prepared, its desired use, other components present therein, and the like. For example, one skilled in the art will understand that when the composition is formulated as a concentrate, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) will be present in a higher relative amount compared to a non-concentrated form (e.g., an aqueous foam composition). Thus, the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) may be present in the composition in any amount, such as an amount of 0.001 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition (i.e., weight / weight). Typically, the composition includes the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) in an amount sufficient to provide the end-use composition (i.e., any fully formulated composition, including a ready-to-use foam stabilizing composition) with 0.01 to 1% by weight of the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) (i.e., 0.01 to 1% by weight of the active amount of component (A)), based on the total weight of the end-use composition. For example, in certain embodiments, component (A) is utilized in an active amount of from 0.05 to 1 wt.%, e.g., from 0.1 to 0.9, alternatively from 0.1 to 0.7, alternatively from 0.1 to 0.5, alternatively from 0.1 to 0.4, alternatively from 0.15 to 0.4, alternatively from 0.2 to 0.4 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition or an end use composition containing it.

[0063] At least one of the following conditions is true with respect to the composition: (i) components (A) and (B) are present in the composition in a weight ratio of from 0.5:1 to 3.5:1 (A) / (B), and / or (ii) components (A) and (B) are present in the composition so as to provide a molar ratio of anionic groups in component (A) to cationic groups in component (B) of from 1:1 to 6.5:1.

[0064] In certain embodiments, condition (i) applies, i.e., components (A) and (B) are present in the foam stabilizing composition in a weight ratio of from 0.5:1 to 3.5:1 (A) / (B).

[0065] In other embodiments, condition (ii) applies, i.e., components (A) and (B) are present in the foam stabilizing composition to provide a molar ratio of anionic groups in component (A) to cationic groups in component (B) of from 1:1 to 6.5:1.

[0066] In yet other embodiments, both conditions (i) and (ii) are true.

[0067] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises (C) a stability enhancer other than component (B). The stability enhancer (C) typically comprises at least one cationic moiety and / or nonionic moiety, alternatively, component (C) is cationic or nonionic. In some embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) comprises an amphiphilic compound or alternatively is an amphiphilic compound. In certain embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) is surface active and may be referred to as an amphiphilic surfactant. In other embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) is not surface active and is not amphiphilic. In still other embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) is cationic and optionally comprises a counter anion. A combination of surface active and non-surface active compounds may be used together as component (C). In certain embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) is not a siloxane surfactant, i.e., component (C) does not comprise a siloxane bond.

[0068] When the stability enhancer (C) is cationic, one specific example of the stability enhancer (C) is an organic cationic surfactant, i.e., a complex comprising a cationic quaternary organic ammonium compound in charge balance with a counterion. In particular, the organic cationic surfactant may comprise a hydrocarbon moiety and one or more quaternary ammonium moieties and conform to the following general formula (II): [Z 2 -D 2 -N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n (II) In the formula, Z 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group or functional group, D2 is a covalent bond or a divalent linking group, subscript b is 1 or 2, and each R, Y, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x is independently selected and as defined above.

[0069] With respect to the organic cationic surfactant and formula (II), each R, Y, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x are independently selected and are as defined above with respect to the siloxane cationic surfactant (B).Thus, specific selections are exemplified below with respect to these variables in formula (II) representing the organic cationic surfactant, but such selections are not limiting, but rather R, Y, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x, and their variables (e.g., the divalent linking group D of the quaternary ammonium moiety Y, the group D ’ , and the subscript e of the divalent linking group D, etc.

[0070] Z 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group or functional group, and is otherwise not particularly limited. Examples of suitable such hydrocarbyl moieties include R x The unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon moieties are as described above with respect to Z. 2 It will be understood that Z can include, or alternatively can be, linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof. 2 Z may contain aliphatic unsaturation, including ethylenic and / or acetylenic unsaturation (i.e., C—C double and / or triple bonds, otherwise known as alkenes and alkynes, respectively). 2 may contain only one such unsaturated group, or alternatively may contain two or more unsaturated groups, which may be non-conjugated or conjugated (e.g., Z 2 may contain dienes, ene-ynes, diynes, etc.), and / or may be aromatic (e.g., Z 2 contains a phenyl group, a benzyl group, etc.

[0071] In some embodiments, Z 2 is an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl moiety having 5 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain such embodiments, Z 2 comprises or alternatively is an alkyl group. Suitable alkyl groups include saturated alkyl groups which may be linear, branched, cyclic (e.g., monocyclic or polycyclic), or combinations thereof. Examples of such alkyl groups include those of the general formula C f H 2f-2g+1 wherein the subscript f is 5 to 20 (i.e., the number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl group), the subscript g is the number of independent rings / cyclic loops, and at least one carbon atom designated by the subscript f is a group D 2 Examples of linear and branched isomers of such alkyl groups (i.e., where the alkyl group does not contain a cyclic group such that the subscript f=0) include those of the general formula C f H 2f+1 wherein the subscript f is as defined above and at least one carbon atom designated by the subscript f is a group D 2 Examples of monocyclic alkyl groups include those of the general formula C f H 2f-1 wherein the subscript f is as defined above and at least one carbon atom designated by the subscript f is a group D 2 is bound to.

[0072] Examples of such alkyl groups include pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, and eicosyl groups, including their linear, branched, and / or cyclic isomers. For example, pentyl groups include n-pentyl (i.e., straight chain isomers) and cyclopentyl (i.e., cyclic isomers), as well as branched isomers such as isopentyl (i.e., 3-methylbutyl), neopentyl (i.e., 2,2-dimethylpropyl), tert-pentyl (i.e., 2-methylbutan-2-yl), sec-pentyl (i.e., pentan-2-yl), sec-isopentyl (i.e., 3-methylbutan-2-yl), etc.), 3-pentyl (i.e., pentan-3-yl), and activated pentyl (i.e., 2-methylbutyl).

[0073] In certain embodiments, Z 2 is the formula -(CH2) f-1 In some such embodiments, Z comprises or is alternatively an unsubstituted linear alkyl group of CH3, where subscript f is 5 to 20 as described above. 2 is such an unsubstituted linear alkyl group, where the subscript f is 7 to 19, and thus Z 2 is an unsubstituted linear alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. In certain such embodiments, the subscript b is 7, 9, 11, or 13, and thus Z 2 are unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 6, 8, 10, or 12 carbon atoms, respectively.

[0074] Z 2Specific examples of suitable substituted hydrocarbyl groups are alkoxy or aryloxy groups. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, benzyloxy, etc., and derivatives and modifications thereof. Examples of aryloxy groups include phenoxy, tolyloxy, pentafluorophenoxy, etc., and derivatives and modifications thereof.

[0075] In some embodiments, Z 2 Suitable functional groups for Z are selected from acryloxy groups, acryl groups, acrylate groups, alcohol groups, benzene groups, epoxy groups, amino groups, cyano groups, thiol groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkyl groups, nitrogen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, phosphorus-containing groups, and any combination thereof. 2 is selected from an ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an acryloxy group, an acryloyl group, and combinations thereof. 2 One specific example of a suitable compound for component (C) when is an acryl group is (3-methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride.

[0076] The subscript b is 1 or 2. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art in view of the explanation of the subscript a in the siloxane cationic surfactant (B), the subscript b is a siloxane cationic surfactant having the subformula -N(Y) b (R) 2-b The quaternary ammonium-substituted amino moiety of the organic cationic surfactant represented by the formula: 1 3 + Similarly, for each such quaternary ammonium group Y, the subscript b also indicates the number of counter anions (i.e., the number of anions X, as explained below) required to balance the cationic charge from the quaternary ammonium group Y represented by moiety b.

[0077] It is to be understood that while the subscript b is 1 or 2 in each cationic molecule of the organic cationic surfactant, the organic cationic surfactant may comprise a mixture of cationic molecules corresponding to formula (II) but different from each other (e.g., with respect to the subscript b). Thus, although the subscript b is 1 or 2, a mixture comprising an organic cationic surfactant may have an average value of b from 1 to 2, such as an average value of 1.5 (e.g., from a 50:50 mixture of cationic molecules of an organic cationic surfactant where b=1 and molecules of an organic cationic surfactant where b=2).

[0078] Further, with respect to the organic cationic surfactant and formula (II), as introduced above, 2 represents a covalent bond or a divalent linking group. For clarity and ease of reference, with respect to the specific embodiments below, D 2 More specifically, for example, D 2 is a covalent bond or a divalent linking group, 2 " or "Divalent linking group D 2 " Both options are described and illustrated in certain embodiments below.

[0079] In certain embodiments, D 2 is a covalent bond (i.e., organic cationic surfactants have a covalent bond D 2 ), so Z 2 is attached directly to the amino N atom. In these embodiments, the organic cationic surfactant may be represented by the formula: [Z 2 -N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each Z 2 , Y, R, X, subscript b, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained above. In some such embodiments, Z 2is an alkyl group attached directly to the amino N atom of the organic cationic surfactant, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula: [(C f H 2f+1 )-N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n wherein subscript b, subscript f, Y, R, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained above. In some such embodiments, subscript f is 6 to 18, e.g., 6 to 14, alternatively 6 to 12.

[0080] In certain embodiments, D 2 is a divalent linking group bond (i.e., the organic cationic surfactant is a divalent linking group D 2 (including divalent linking group D 1 is not particularly limited, and is generally a divalent linking group D 1 Thus, the divalent linking group D 2 is typically selected from divalent hydrocarbon groups. Examples of such hydrocarbon groups include R x Examples of the divalent linking group D include divalent forms of the hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbon groups described above, such as any of those described above with respect to 2 It will be understood that the hydrocarbon groups suitable for may be substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched, and / or cyclic, and may be the same as or different from any other linking groups in the organic cationic surfactant and / or siloxane cationic surfactant (B).

[0081] In some embodiments, the divalent linking group D 2 comprises or is alternatively a linear or branched alkyl and / or alkylene group. In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 2 is C1~C 18 Hydrocarbon moieties, e.g., D 1 As defined above for the formula -(CH2) d- (i.e., where subscript d is 1 to 18). In some such embodiments, subscript d is 1 to 16, e.g., 1 to 12, alternatively 1 to 10, alternatively 1 to 8, alternatively 1 to 6, alternatively 2 to 6, alternatively 2 to 4. In certain embodiments, subscript d is 3, and thus the divalent linking group D 2 contains propylene (i.e., a chain of three carbon atoms). D 2 It will also be understood that each alkyl and / or alkylene group suitable for may be independently unsubstituted and unbranched, or substituted and / or branched. In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 2 In another embodiment, the divalent linking group D 2 may include or alternatively be a substituted hydrocarbon group, such as a substituted alkylene group. In such embodiments, for example, a divalent linking group D 2 Typically comprises a carbon backbone having at least two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom (eg, O, N, S, etc.), such that the backbone comprises an ether moiety, an amine moiety, and the like.

[0082] In certain embodiments, the divalent linking group D 2 comprises or alternatively is an amino-substituted hydrocarbon group (i.e., a hydrocarbon containing a nitrogen-substituted carbon chain / backbone). For example, in some such embodiments, the divalent linking group D 2 is the formula -D 4 -N(R 8 )-D 4 - is an amino-substituted hydrocarbon having the formula: [Z 2 -D 4 -N(R 8 )-D 4 -N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each D 4 is an independently selected divalent linking group; R8 is Y or H, and each Z 2 , Y, R, subscript b, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained above.

[0083] As introduced above, each D of the divalent linking group of the amino-substituted hydrocarbon 4 are independently selected. Typically, each D 4 represents the divalent linking group D of the siloxane cationic surfactant (B). 3 For example, in some embodiments, each D 4 is independently selected from alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., 2 to 8, alternatively 2 to 6, alternatively 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 4 is propylene (i.e., -(CH2)3-). However, if one or both of the D 4 It will be understood that each D may be or include another divalent linking group (i.e., other than the alkylene groups described above). 4 can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and various combinations thereof.

[0084] As mentioned above, the amino-substituted hydrocarbon R 8 is H or a quaternary ammonium moiety Y (i.e., as described above, of the formula -D-NR 1 3 + For example, in certain embodiments, R 8 H, and thus the organic cationic surfactant may be represented by the formula: [Z 2 -D 4 -NH-D 4 -N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each Z 2 , D 4, Y, R, subscript b, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained above. In such embodiments, as will be understood from the further description below, superscript y is 1 or 2, as controlled by subscript b. More specifically, the number of quaternary ammonium moieties Y is controlled by subscript b as 1 or 2, providing a total cationic charge of +1 or +2, respectively. Thus, in such embodiments, superscript x is also 1 or 2, such that the organic cationic surfactant is charge balanced.

[0085] In certain embodiments, R 8 is Y, and therefore the organic cationic surfactant may be represented by the formula: [Z 2 -D 4 -NY-D 4 -N(Y) b (R) 2-b ] +y [X -x ] n In the formula, each Z 2 , D 4 , Y, R, subscript b, X, superscript y, superscript x, and subscript n are as defined and explained above. In such embodiments, y=b+1, such that superscript y is 2 or 3. More specifically, the number of quaternary ammonium moieties is determined by the number of R 8 and one or two quaternary ammonium moieties Y controlled by subscript b to provide a total cationic charge of +2 or +3, respectively. Thus, in such embodiments, superscript x is also 1, 2, or 3, such that the organic cationic surfactant is charge balanced. For example, in some such embodiments, subscript b is 1 and X is monoanionic, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0086] [ka] In the formula, each Z 2, D 4 , R, R 1 and X are as defined and explained above. In other such embodiments, the organic cationic surfactant is configured as immediately above except that b=2, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0087] [ka] In the formula, each Z 2 , D 4 , R, R 1 and X are as defined and explained above.

[0088] In certain embodiments, D 2 is a covalent bond, and Z 2 is a straight chain alkyl group, subscript b is 1, R is H, each linking group D is a (2-hydroxy)propylene group, and each R 1 is methyl and X is a monoanion, therefore the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0089] [ka] wherein subscript f is 5-17 (e.g., 5-11, alternatively 5-9), and X is as defined and explained above. In another embodiment, the organic cationic surfactant is constructed as immediately above, except that subscript b=2, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0090] [ka] wherein each X is as defined above and described below.

[0091] In certain embodiments, Z 2is a linear alkyl group having 3 to 13 carbon atoms, and D 2 is a divalent linking group, and the divalent linking group D 2 Each D 4 is an amino-substituted hydrocarbon that is propylene; R 8 is H, subscript b is 1, R is H, each linking group D is a (2-hydroxy)propylene group, and each R 1 is methyl and X is a monoanion, therefore the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0092] [ka] where the subscripts f and X are as defined and explained above. In another embodiment, the organic cationic surfactant is constructed as immediately above except that the subscript b=2, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0093] [ka] where the subscript f and each X are as defined and explained above. In another embodiment, the organic cationic surfactant is R 8 is a quaternary ammonium moiety Y, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0094] [ka] where subscript f and each X are as defined and explained above. In yet another embodiment, the organic cationic surfactant is constructed as immediately above except that subscript b=1 and R is H, and thus the organic cationic surfactant has the formula:

[0095] [ka] wherein the subscript f and each X are as defined and explained above.

[0096] In certain embodiments, each anion X of the organic cationic surfactant is an inorganic anion having a valence of 1 to 3. Examples of such anions include monoanions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, arylsulfonates having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, nitrates, nitrites, and borates, dianions such as sulfates and sulfites, and trianions such as phosphates. In certain embodiments, each X is a halide anion. In some such embodiments, each X is a chloride (i.e., Cl - ).

[0097] When the stability enhancer (C) contains a cationic moiety or is cationic, another specific example of the stability enhancer (C) is an organic cationic surfactant, i.e., a complex containing a cationic nitrogen-containing compound in charge balance with a counterion. In particular, the organic cationic surfactant may contain several substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon moieties. In a particular embodiment, the stability enhancer (C) has the general formula (III): [(Z 2 -D 2 ) c -N + (R) 4-c ] +y [X -x ] n (III), In the formula, Z 2 is as explained, D 2 is as defined above, subscript c is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x is independently selected and defined above.

[0098] With respect to general formula (III), each R, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x are independently selected and are as defined above with respect to general formula (II) of siloxane cationic surfactant (B) and component (C). Accordingly, specific choices are illustrated below with respect to these variables in formula (III), but it will be understood that such choices are not limiting, rather, all descriptions of R, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x, and their variables, are exemplary.

[0099] Z 2 is described above with respect to general formula (II) of component (C).

[0100] The subscript c is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the subscript c determines the R and Z in component (C). 2 The relative numbers of groups will be determined.

[0101] Examples of the compound represented by general formula (III) include choline chloride, ammonium chloride, [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylamfmonium chloride, benzyltriethylammonium chloride, and tributylmethylammonium chloride.

[0102] In some embodiments, the stability improver (C) comprises a cationic surfactant other than or in addition to the organic cationic surfactants described above. Examples of cationic surfactants include various fatty acid amines and amides and their derivatives, and salts of fatty acid amines and amides. Examples of fatty acid amines include dodecylamine acetate, octadecylamine acetate, and acetates of tallow fatty acid amines, homologues of aromatic amines with fatty acids such as dodecylanalin, fatty amides derived from fatty diamines such as undecyl imidazoline, fatty amides derived from fatty diamines such as undecyl imidazoline, fatty amides derived from disubstituted amines such as oleylaminodiethylamine, derivatives of ethylenediamine, quaternary ammonium compounds and their salts exemplified by tallow trimethylammonium chloride, dioctadecyl dimethylammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethylammonium chloride, dihexadecyl ammonium chloride, octyl trimethylammonium hydroxide ... ammonium hydroxide, alkyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide such as dodecyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide such as octyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide, decyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide, dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide, tallow trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, coconut oil, trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, methyl polyoxyethylene coco ammonium chloride, and dipalmityl hydroxyethyl ammonium methosulfate, amide derivatives of amino alcohols such as beta-hydroxyethyl stearylamide, amine salts of long chain fatty acids, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, component (C) may include a quaternary ammonium salt such as N-octylrimethylammonium chloride.

[0103] In these or other embodiments, the stability enhancer (C) includes or alternatively is a non-ionic surfactant. Examples of non-ionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers (such as lauryl, cetyl, stearyl, or octyl), polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers, polyoxyethylene lauryl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleates, polyoxyethylene alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, diethylene glycols, ethoxylated trimethylnonanol, polyoxyalkylene glycol modified polysiloxane surfactants, polyoxyalkylene substituted silicones (lake or ABn type), silicone alkanolamides, silicone esters, silicone glycosides, dimethicone copolyols, fatty acid esters of polyols such as sorbitol and glyceryl mono-, di-, tri-, and sesqui-oleates, and stearates, glyceryl and polyethylene glycol laurate; fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycols (such as polyethylene glycol monostearate and monolaurate), polyoxyethylated fatty acid esters of sorbitol (such as stearates and oleates), and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0104] In addition, the stability enhancer (C) can be formed in situ in the composition. For example, the stability enhancer (C) can be formed in situ by protonating an amine through an acid buffer or solution in the composition, resulting in a cationic species. For example, the amine can be a tertiary amine (e.g., N,N-diemthylhexylamine, N,N-dimethyloctylamine, and / or N,N-dimethyldecylamine), and the acid buffer can be hydrochloric acid. Those skilled in the art will readily understand how to protonate such an amine with an acid buffer to obtain a cationic species. Typically, the amine comprises an alkyl group having at least 4, alternatively at least 5, alternatively at least 6 carbon atoms, so that the cationic species formed in situ is amphiphilic.

[0105] The stability enhancer (C) surfactant may comprise a combination or two or more different compounds differing in at least one property, such as structure, molecular weight, degree of branching, silicon and / or carbon content, number of cationic quaternary ammonium groups, etc.

[0106] The stability improver (C), if utilized, may be utilized in any amount in the composition depending on the form of the composition prepared, its desired use, other ingredients present therein, and the like. For example, one skilled in the art will understand that when the composition is formulated as a concentrate, the stability improver (C) will be present in a higher relative amount compared to a non-concentrated form (e.g., an aqueous foam composition). Thus, the stability improver (C) may be present in the composition in any amount, such as an amount of 0 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition (i.e., weight / weight). In certain embodiments including a stability improver (C), the composition includes the stability improver (C) in an amount to provide a weight ratio of the stability improver (C) to the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) of greater than 0:1 to 10:1 (C) / (B).

[0107] It is to be understood that each of the above-mentioned siloxane cationic surfactants (B) and organic cationic surfactants is independently selected when an organic cationic surfactant is utilized, and thus each variable in formulas (I) and (II) is independently selected even if they represent the same groups / moieties and / or have the same definitions.

[0108] The composition may include (D) a carrier vehicle (e.g., a solvent, diluent, dispersant, etc.). In such embodiments, the carrier vehicle (D) is selected based on the particular components (A) and (B) selected, as well as on any other components utilized in the composition (i.e., in the end-use composition) and / or combined with the composition. Carrier vehicles are known in the art and generally include solvents, fluids, oils, etc., as well as combinations thereof. The carrier vehicle (D) may facilitate the introduction of certain components into the composition, the mixing and / or homogenization of the components, etc. Similarly, a particular carrier vehicle (D) is selected based on the solubility of components (A) and (B) and / or other components utilized in the composition, the volatility (i.e., vapor pressure) of the solvent, the end use of the composition, etc. Solubility refers to sufficient carrier vehicle (D) to dissolve and / or disperse components (A) and (B) to form a homogenous composition. Thus, a solvent for use in the composition may generally be selected to fluidize and / or dissolve components (A) and (B), or another component of the composition. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, organic solvents may be utilized in the composition, but such organic solvents are typically removed prior to utilizing the composition or an end-use composition containing it, especially if the organic solvent is flammable.

[0109] Examples of solvents include aqueous solvents, organic solvents, and combinations thereof. Examples of aqueous solvents include water and polar and / or charged (i.e., ionic) solvents that are compatible with water. Examples of organic solvents include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, and n-propanol; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or methyl isobutyl ketone; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as heptane, hexane, and octane; glycol ethers such as propylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, and ethylene glycol n-butyl ether; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chloroform; dimethylsulfoxide; dimethylformamide, acetonitrile; tetrahydrofuran, white spirits; mineral spirits, naphtha, n-methylpyrrolidone, and the like, including derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Specific examples of such polar organic solvents that are generally miscible with water include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-butanone, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and combinations thereof.

[0110] Examples of fluids include organic fluids, silicone fluids, and combinations thereof. Organic fluids typically include organic oils, including volatile and / or semi-volatile hydrocarbons, esters, and / or ethers. Common examples of such organic fluids include C6-C8 16 Alkanes, C8-C 16 Isoalkanes (e.g., isodecane, isododecane, isohexadecane, etc.), C8 to C 16Volatile hydrocarbon oils such as branched esters (e.g., isohexyl neopentanoate, isodecyl neopentanoate, etc.), as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Additional examples of organic fluids include aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols with more than three carbon atoms, aldehydes, ketones, amines, esters, ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, alkyl halides, aromatic halides, and combinations thereof. Hydrocarbons include isododecane, isohexadecane, Isopar L (C 11 ~C 13 ), Isopar H(C 11 ~C 12 ), hydrogenated polydecene. Ethers and esters include isodecyl neopentanoate, neopentyl glycol heptanoate, glycol distearate, dicaprylyl carbonate, diethylhexyl carbonate, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethyl-3 ethoxypropionate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, tridecyl neopentanoate, propylene glycol methylether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol methylether (PGME), octyldodecyl neopentanoate, diisobutyl adipate, diisopropyl adipate, propylene glycol dicaprylate / dicaprate, octyl ether, octyl palmitate, and combinations thereof. Silicone fluids typically contain low viscosity and / or volatile siloxanes. Examples of such silicone fluids include low viscosity organopolysiloxanes, volatile methyl siloxanes, volatile ethyl siloxanes, volatile methylethyl siloxanes, and the like, or combinations thereof. Typically, the silicone fluid has a viscosity of 1 to 1,000 mm at 25° C. 2Specific examples of silicone fluids include hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, hexadecamethylheptasiloxane, heptamethyl-3-{(trimethylsilyl)oxy)}trisiloxane, hexamethyl-3,3, Bis{(trimethylsilyl)oxy}trisiloxane pentamethyl{(trimethylsilyl)oxy}cyclotrisiloxane, as well as polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylsiloxane, polymethylethylsiloxane, polymethylphenylsiloxane, polydiphenylsiloxane, caprylyl methicone, hexamethyldisiloxane, heptamethyloctyltrisiloxane, hexyltrimethicone, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Additional examples of silicone fluids include 5×10 -7 ~1.5×10 -6 m 2 Examples of suitable polyorganosiloxanes include those with a vapor pressure of 100 / s.

[0111] Other carrier vehicles can also be utilized. For example, in some embodiments, the carrier vehicle comprises an ionic liquid. Examples of ionic liquids include combinations of anions and cations. In general, the anions are selected from alkyl sulfate-based anions, tosylates, sulfonic acid-based anions, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anions, hexafluorophosphate anions, tetrafluoroborate anions, and the like, and the cations are selected from imidazolium-based cations, pyrrolidinium-based cations, pyridinium-based cations, lithium cations, and the like. However, combinations of multiple cations and anions can also be utilized. Specific examples of ionic liquids include, typically, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 3-methyl-1-propylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-methyl-1-propylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and methyltrioctylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-allylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0112] In certain embodiments, the carrier vehicle (D) is an aqueous solvent, and includes water, alternatively consists essentially of water, or alternatively is water. Water is not particularly limited. For example, purified water, such as distilled water and ion-exchanged water, physiological saline, phosphate buffered water, and the like, or combinations and / or modifications thereof can be used. In some such embodiments, the carrier vehicle (D) includes water and at least one other solvent, such as a water-miscible solvent (i.e., a co-solvent). Examples of such co-solvents may include any of the water-miscible carrier vehicles described above. Specific examples of co-solvents include glycerol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethers of diethylene and dipropylene glycol (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl ethers, and the like), and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0113] The amount of carrier vehicle (D) utilized is not limited and will depend on a variety of factors, such as the type of solvent selected, the amounts and types of components (A) and (B) utilized, the form of the composition (i.e., whether it is a concentrate, an intermediate composition, or an end-use composition), etc. Typically, the amount of carrier vehicle (D) utilized can range from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, or the combined weight of components (A), (B), and (C) (if utilized). In some embodiments, the carrier vehicle (D) is utilized in an amount of 50-99.9 weight percent, e.g., 60-99.9, alternatively 70-99.9, alternatively 80-99.9, alternatively 90-99.9, alternatively 95-99.9, alternatively 98-99.9, alternatively 98.5-99.9, alternatively 98.5-99.7, alternatively 98.7-99.7 weight percent, based on the combined weight of components (A), (B), and optionally (C). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the upper limits of these ranges generally reflect the active amounts of components (A) and (B) (i.e., in the end-use composition) utilized. Thus, amounts outside these ranges may also be utilized. In a specific embodiment, the weight ratio of water to component (A) is 90:1 to 600:1.

[0114] In the composition, the anionic polymer (A) and the siloxane cationic surfactant (B) can be used alone (i.e., neat or in combination with a carrier vehicle (D)), with at least one auxiliary component, or as an auxiliary to at least one other component, optionally in the presence of one or more additives (e.g., drugs, adjuvants, ingredients, modifiers, etc.). Thus, in certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more additional components, such as one or more additives. It should be understood that such additives may be classified under different terms in the art, and that just because an additive is classified under such a term does not mean that it is so limited in its function. Furthermore, some of these additives may be present in a particular component of the composition, or may instead be incorporated when forming the composition. Typically, the composition may comprise any number of additives, depending, for example, on the particular type and / or function in the composition.

[0115] For example, in certain embodiments, the composition may include one or more additive components including, alternatively consisting essentially of, or alternatively consisting of: (E) a rheology modifier, (F) a pH control agent, and (G) a foam enhancer.

[0116] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a rheology modifier (E). The rheology modifier (E) is not particularly limited and is generally selected to modify the viscosity, flow properties, and / or foaming properties (i.e., foam forming ability and / or foam stability) of the composition or end-use composition comprising it. Thus, the rheology modifier (E) is not particularly limited and may include thickeners, stabilizers, viscosity modifiers, thixotropic agents, etc., or combinations thereof, which are generally selected from natural or synthetic thickening compounds. In some embodiments, the rheology modifier (E) comprises one or more water-soluble and / or water-compatible thickening compounds (e.g., water-soluble organic polymers, etc.). When utilized, the rheology modifier (E) is different from the anionic polymer (A).

[0117] Examples of compounds suitable for use in or as the rheology modifier (E) include acrylamide copolymers, acrylate copolymers and salts thereof (e.g., sodium polyacrylate, etc.), celluloses (e.g., methyl cellulose, methylhydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polypropylhydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.), starches (e.g., starch, hydroxyethyl starch, etc.), polyoxyalkylenes (e.g., PEG, PPG, PEG / PPG copolymers, etc.), Included are carbomers, azinates (e.g., sodium azinate), various gums (e.g., gum arabic, cassia gum, carob gum, scleroglucan gum, xanthan gum, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, karaya gum, carrageenan gum, guar gum, etc.), cocamide derivatives (e.g., cocamidopropyl betaine, etc.), medium to long chain alkyl and / or fatty alcohols (e.g., cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, etc.), gelatin, saccharides (e.g., fructose, glucose, PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate, etc.), and derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0118] In certain embodiments, the composition includes a pH regulator (F). The pH regulator (F) is not particularly limited and may include or be any compound suitable for modifying or adjusting the pH of the composition and / or maintaining (e.g., adjusting) the pH of the composition within a particular range. Thus, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, the pH regulator (F) may include or alternatively be a pH adjuster (e.g., an acid and / or a base), a pH buffer, or a combination thereof, such as any one or more of those described below.

[0119] Examples of acids generally include mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.), organic acids (e.g., citric acid, etc.), and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Examples of bases generally include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), carbonates (e.g., alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate), phosphates, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0120] In certain embodiments, the pH control agent (F) comprises or is alternatively a pH buffer. Suitable pH buffers are not particularly limited and may comprise or be any buffer compound capable of adjusting the pH of the composition and / or maintaining (e.g., adjusting) the pH of the composition in a particular range. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, examples of suitable buffers and buffer compounds may overlap with certain pH control agents, including those mentioned above, due to the overlap of functions between additives. Thus, when both are utilized in or as the pH control agent (F), the pH buffer and the pH control agent may be selected independently or collectively from each other.

[0121] Generally, suitable pH buffers are selected from buffer compounds that contain acids, bases, or salts (e.g., conjugate bases / acids of acids / bases). Examples of buffer compounds generally include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.), carbonates (e.g., alkali metal carbonates such as sesquicarbonates, sodium carbonate, etc.), borates, silicates, phosphates, imidazole, citric acid, sodium citrate, etc., and derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof. Some examples of pH buffers include citrate buffers, glycerol buffers, borate buffers, phosphate buffers, and combinations thereof (e.g., citrate-phosphate buffers, etc.). Thus, some examples of specific buffer compounds suitable for use in or as a pH buffer of the pH control agent (F) include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (e.g., disodium EDTA, etc.), triethanolamine (e.g., tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, etc.), citrate and other polycarboxylic acid compounds, and the like, as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0122] In some embodiments, the composition includes a foam improver (G). Specific compounds / compositions suitable for use in or as a foam improver (G) include, but are not limited to, those that can generally impart, enhance, and modify foaming properties (e.g., foamability, foam stability, foam drainage, foam spreadability, foam density, etc.) of the composition or end-use compositions containing it. Thus, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that compounds / compositions suitable for use in or as a foam improver (G) may overlap with those described herein with respect to other additives / ingredients of the composition. When utilized, the foam improver (G) is distinct from the anionic polymer (A).

[0123] For example, in certain embodiments, the foam enhancer (G) comprises a stabilizer selected from electrolytes (e.g., alkali metal and / or alkaline earth salts of various anions, such as chloride, borate, citrate, and / or sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and / or magnesium, aluminum chlorohydrate, etc.), polyelectrolytes (e.g., hyaluronate salts, such as sodium hyaluronate), polyols (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, sorbitol), hydrocolloids, etc., as well as derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0124] Other examples of foam improvers suitable for use in or as the foam improver (G) are known in the art. For example, the foam improver (G) may include those that include a polymeric stabilizer, such as polyacrylates, modified starches, partially hydrolyzed proteins, polyethyleneimines, polyvinyl resins, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylamides, carboxyvinyl polymers, or combinations thereof. In these or other embodiments, the foam improver (G) may include those that include a thickener, such as one or more gums (e.g., xanthan gum), collagen, galactomannans, starches, starch derivatives and / or hydrolysates, cellulose derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, etc.), colloidal silicic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, etc., or derivatives, modifications, or combinations thereof.

[0125] The composition may include one or more additional components / additives, i.e., other than those mentioned above, that are known in the art and are selected based on the particular components utilized in the composition and its desired end use. For example, the composition may include fillers, filler treatments, surface modifiers, binders, compatibilizers, colorants (e.g., pigments, dyes, etc.), anti-aging additives, flame retardants, corrosion inhibitors, UV absorbers, antioxidants, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, and derivatives, modifications, and combinations thereof.

[0126] The composition may be prepared by combining components (A) and (B), and any optional components (e.g., components (C) through (G) described above), in any order of addition, optionally in a masterbatch, and optionally with mixing.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the composition is prepared by premixing component (A) with water to prepare an intermediate composition, which is then combined with component (B) to prepare the composition. Similarly, in these or other embodiments, the composition is prepared by premixing component (B) with optional components to prepare an intermediate composition, which is then combined with component (A) to prepare the composition. For example, in certain embodiments, component (B) is combined with a pH control agent (F) to prepare a siloxane cationic surfactant composition, which is then combined with component (B) to prepare the composition. In some such embodiments, the pH control agent (F) is a mineral acid (e.g., HCl) and is utilized in an amount sufficient to protonate some but not all of the amine groups of the siloxane cationic surfactant (B), thereby preparing the siloxane cationic surfactant composition as a buffered solution. In view of the above embodiments, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the pH control agent (F) may comprise multiple functions, such as to adjust the pH of one or more individual components of the composition, to buffer one or more intermediate compositions, and / or to modify, control, and / or buffer the pH of the composition by itself or in combination with one or more other components.

[0128] The composition may be prepared as a concentrate, for example, via combining components (A) and (B), optionally with any of components (C)-(G). Alternatively, when formulated for dilution, the composition may contain a predominant amount of component (D) (e.g., >50, alternatively >75, alternatively >90% by weight based on the total weight of the composition) and still be defined as a concentrate.

[0129] The foam stabilizing composition may be formulated as a foam-forming composition (via dilution of a concentrate of the composition, as described above) or may be utilized as an additive to prepare a foam-forming composition (e.g., via combining the foam stabilizing composition with a base formulation, i.e., a formulation including foaming agent, solvent / carrier, additives, etc.). For example, a foaming composition may be prepared by providing water (e.g., from a hose, pipe, etc., or as an active stream from a reaction vessel / reactor), optionally in combination with one or more foam additives, and combining the foam stabilizing composition with the water (e.g., as a preformed mixture, via addition of individual components (A), (B), and optionally (C), etc.). In any of such cases, the foam-forming composition including the foam stabilizing composition, once prepared, may be aerated or otherwise expanded (e.g., application to a stream / flow of aerated water through a foaming device, etc.) to form a foam composition (i.e., a "foam").

[0130] The foams prepared with the foam-stabilizing composition are suitable for use in a variety of applications. For example, as introduced above, the composition may be utilized in aqueous foams, or similar such foams, which may be utilized to extinguish, suppress, and / or prevent fires. In particular, due to the increased stability provided by the composition, the foams prepared with the composition may be used to extinguish fires involving chemicals with low boiling points, high vapor pressures, and / or limited water solubility that are typically highly flammable and / or difficult to maintain / extinguish (e.g., gasoline, organic solvents, etc.). For example, such fires may be extinguished by contacting the fire with a foam (e.g., spraying the foam on the fire, spraying the foam-forming composition on the fire to prepare a foam thereon, etc.). Similarly, the foam may be utilized to immobilize chemicals (e.g., from the spill or spill) to limit vapor escape and / or ignition by applying the foam to the top of the spill / spill or otherwise forming the foam thereon.

[0131] The following examples illustrating embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to illustrate, but not limit, the present invention.

[0132] Certain components utilized in the examples are set forth in Table 1 below, followed by a brief summary including information regarding certain abbreviations, shorthand expressions, structural / chemical descriptions, etc. of certain components utilized in the examples. With respect to chemical structures, it will be understood that each terminal pendant group not explicitly shown is a methyl group (-CH3), unless otherwise indicated.

[0133] [Table 1-1]

[0134] [Table 1-2]

[0135] Preparation Example 1: Preparation of siloxane cationic surfactant (B1)

[0136] [ka]

[0137] 3-Aminopropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (601.64 g), Solvent 2 (434.55 g), and Acid Solution 2 (1.25 g) were mixed in a 2 L glass reactor. The reactor contents were stirred and heated to 60° C. Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (381.4 g; 72.7% aqueous solution) was then metered into the reactor over 30 minutes. The reactor contents were held at 60° C. for 3-3.5 hours, after which the heat was removed and Acid Solution 2 (80.50 g) was added when the reactor contents had cooled to 30° C. The reactor contents were mixed, cooled, and packaged to produce a reaction product in the form of a solution comprising a siloxane cationic surfactant (Siloxane Cationic Surfactant (B1); 58.78 wt. % concentration).

[0138] Preparation Example 2: Preparation of siloxane cationic surfactant (B2)

[0139] [ka]

[0140] 3-Aminopropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (3.31 g), glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (7.42 g; 72.7% solution in water), solvent 2 (4.32 g), and acid solution 2 (0.05 g) were mixed in a 2 ounce vial. The contents of the vial were stirred on a 60° C. heating block to obtain a mixture. The mixture became clear within about 30 minutes. The mixture was stirred for about 2 hours and then the heat was removed. Acid solution 2 (0.67 g) was then added to the vial and the contents of the vial were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain a reaction product in the form of a solution containing a siloxane cationic surfactant (Siloxane Cationic Surfactant (B2); 55.20% concentration by weight).

[0141] Preparation Example 3: Preparation of Stability Enhancer (C1)

[0142] [ka]

[0143] 1-Hexylamine (391.99 g) and Solvent 2 (227.46 g) were mixed in a 2 L glass reactor. The reactor contents were stirred and heated to 60° C. Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (854.57 g; 72.7% aqueous solution) was then metered into the reactor over 30 minutes. The reactor contents were held at 60° C. for 3-3.5 hours, after which the heat was removed and Acid Solution 2 (225.94 g) was added when the reactor contents had cooled to 30° C. The reactor contents were mixed, cooled, and packaged to produce the reaction product in the form of a solution containing a cationic compound (stability enhancer (C1); 59.96 wt. % concentration).

[0144] Examples 1 to 29 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 Foam stabilizing compositions were prepared for Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10. Tables 2-6 below detail the components and amounts utilized in each of the foam stabilizing compositions of Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10. The values ​​in Tables 2-6 are weight percent based on the total weight of each particular foam stabilizing composition. The weight ratios (A) / (B) in each of Tables 2-6 are on a weight basis. The molar ratios (A) / (B) in Tables 2-4 and 6 are based on the moles of ionic groups in component (A) relative to the moles of ionic groups in component (B). CE in Table 6 indicates a comparative example. The foam stabilizing compositions of Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10 were prepared by first dispersing the particular anionic polymer (A) in solvent 1 (if utilized) to obtain a slurry. The diluent is then combined with the slurry until the polymer (A) is solubilized in the diluent to obtain a solution. The siloxane cationic surfactant (B), along with any other surfactants and ingredients utilized, are then combined with the solution to provide the particular foam stabilizing composition.

[0145] [Table 2]

[0146] [Table 3]

[0147] [Table 4]

[0148] [Table 5]

[0149] [Table 6]

[0150] Foam Stability Test Procedure: A Parker Eight 10 oz. handheld foaming soap dispense was used to generate foams using the foam stabilizing compositions of Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10. A flat-bottom crystallizing dish with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 50 mm was used to contain the heptane. A digital camera (Canon Rebel T3i) with an 18-55 mm lens was used to capture images of the foam from the side of the dish at regular time intervals to visualize the kinetics of foam collapse. The light source, focus, aperture, and shutter speed were manually adjusted as necessary. 40 mL of heptane was first poured into the dish. The dish was heated on a hot plate to allow the heptane to reach and remain at 60° C. Then, 100 mL of foam formed with each of the foam stabilizing compositions of Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10 was dispensed on top of the hot heptane. The hot plate was then turned off and a timer was started. The timer was stopped when a hole formed in the foam blanket, exposing the heptane underneath. The foam stabilization time was recorded.

[0151] Tables 7-9 below detail the foam stability times associated with foams formed using the foam stabilizing compositions of Examples 1-29 and Comparative Examples 1-10 according to the Foam Stability Test Procedure described above.

[0152] [Table 7]

[0153] [Table 8]

[0154] [Table 9]

[0155] [Table 10] n.d. * means that it was not detected due to the high viscosity of the particular composition of Comparative Example 10.

[0156] Pool Testing General Procedure: A 19 cm diameter, 11 cm deep borosilicate glass container with an outlet at the bottom was used to contain the fuel pool. A heptane fuel layer (1 cm thick) was formed on top of a water layer (9 cm deep) with a 1 cm lip above the fuel layer to contain the foam. Foam was generated and applied to the center of the pool at a constant foam flow rate. A constant foam flow rate was achieved by maintaining a constant air flow and by a liquid leveling system that continuously transferred additional foam stabilizing composition from the leveling tank to the foam generation tank. This liquid level was maintained 3 cm above the sparger disk. The flame extinction experiment consisted of pre-igniting the heptane pool for 60 seconds, followed by application of foam at a constant flow rate until the fire was extinguished, which is measured as the flame extinction time as a function of flow rate. If no flame extinction event was observed at low foam flow rates, the foam flow was stopped after 180 seconds to prevent foam overflow. When the foam had discharged the liquid into the fuel, the Tygon tubing connected to the bottom of the quench tank was lowered to a specified height to prevent overflow of the fuel from the quench tank. The same general procedure was repeated using gasoline instead of heptane.

[0157] Tables 11 and 13 show the flame out times for foams made using Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3 for gasoline and heptane, respectively, as measured according to the Pool Test General Procedure. The data from Table 11 is included herein as FIG. 1, and the data from Table 13 is included herein as FIG. 2.

[0158] [Table 11]

[0159] [Table 12]

[0160] [Table 13]

[0161] Form Collection: A stainless steel foam slider with dimensions specified by UL-162 and EN 1568 standards was used to collect the foam. A stainless steel collection tank (100 mm diameter, 200 mm height) was placed at the base of the slider to collect the foam. The collection tank has a 0.25 inch orifice at its base that is fitted with a brass barbed hose fitting for 0.25 inch ID hose (McMaster-Carr, catalog number 5346K42). Tygon tubing (ID=0.25 inch, wall thickness=1 / 16 inch) was attached to the barbed hose fitting. A needle valve was attached to the opposite end of the Tygon tubing with approximately 40 mm of tubing between the hose fitting and the needle valve. After priming the nozzle, the foam was sprayed onto the foam slider so that it flowed into the collection tank (the needle valve was closed during foam collection). When the foam reached the top of the collection tank, a stopwatch was started to track the life of the foam for subsequent drainage time evaluation.

[0162] Expansion ratio: The expansion ratio of a foam is the ratio of the foam volume to the volume of the liquid foam solution. Assuming that the liquid foam solution has a density similar to water, and approximating the density to 1 g / mL, the volume of the liquid foam solution can be approximated by the mass of the foam. The formula for the expansion ratio is:

[0163]

number

[0164] Ejection time: The drainage time measurements were based on UL 162 and EN 1568 standards. In particular, with the needle valve closed, the collection tank was filled with foam using the foam slider as described above (see foam collection). When the foam reached the top of the tank, a stopwatch was started and the outside of the tank was wiped clean using a paper towel. After weighing the tank for expansion ratio calculation, the tank was clamped to a ring stand and placed on a 500 mL glass graduated cylinder. The graduated cylinder was on a balance connected to a computer to automatically record the mass as a function of time. Before starting the drainage experiment, the graduated cylinder was tared on the balance.

[0165] To measure the foam drainage time, the needle valve was opened slowly (one measurement every 2 seconds) at the same time that the balance began to record the mass. The stopwatch time was also recorded and the time recorded by the computer was later corrected to reflect the foam's life. The needle valve was only opened far enough to allow liquid (not foam) to drain into the graduated cylinder as it drained from the foam.

[0166] A camera (Canon EOS Rebel T3i) was mounted on a tripod to image the graduated cylinder. A piece of black cardboard was placed behind the graduated cylinder. The camera was connected to a computer and remotely controlled using Canon EOS Utility software.

[0167] The mass discharged was plotted as a function of foam lifetime. A short script was written in MATLAB to determine the time when the first collected mass exceeded 25% of the mass of foam in the collection tank at the start of the experiment. This was recorded as the 25% discharge time. The 25% discharge time is reported to the minute, so small errors associated with starting the stopwatch and synchronizing the stopwatch to the start of the computer recording are not significant.

[0168] MILSPEC MIL-F-24385 Testing: A 6-foot diameter pool fire test was performed as outlined in MIL-F-24385. However, the same test was performed using gasoline, heptane, and Jet A fuel as fuel. Unlike the general pool test procedure, active duty firefighters were involved in spraying the foam onto the pool surface. The foam was allowed to burn for 10 seconds (preburn) before application began. 2 Flame-out times were measured from the time foam deposition began on the fuel pool fire to the time of extinguishing. Burn-back testing involved reignition of an extinguished pool fire 90 seconds after total foam application (including the time to extinguish the fire). Foam-covered pools were reignited by lowering a 30.5 cm diameter pan of burning fuel into the center of the pool and recording the time for the fire to re-engulf 25% of the pool surface. Film and seal tests were performed by covering the fuel surface in a small container with foam, then inserting a wire screen to skim off any remaining foam, waiting 60 seconds, and then placing a small butane lighter flame approximately 1.27 cm above the surface to ignite fuel vapors that permeate the water-surfactant film on the fuel surface. If the fuel did not ignite, it was considered a pass. Table 14 below shows the results of the MILSPEC MIL-F-24385 test for Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2.

[0169] [Table 14]

[0170] UL 162 Type II Test: Fifty-five gallons of fuel were initially dispensed into a 50-square-foot metal pan. A torch was used to ignite the fuel, which was allowed to burn for one minute. After one minute, the valve on the foam premix tank was opened and the foam was dispensed by firing directly at the back board secured to the rear of the metal pan. The target on the rear wall of the pan was 12 to 18 inches above the fuel along the centerline of the pan. Flame-out times were recorded directly by firefighters observing the pool fire. Foam was dispensed for a full five minutes, even if the fire was extinguished before that. However, if the fire persisted beyond five minutes, additional foam was dispensed until complete extinguishing was achieved. One minute after foam dispensing had stopped, an ignited propane torch with an extension rod was waved slowly across the top of the foam near the surface. A pass or fail of the torch test was defined by the presence of a sustained flame 30 seconds after the torch was waved across the surface of the foam blanket. Burn-back tests were performed 10 minutes after foam application to the pan had stopped. The test involved inserting a 12 inch diameter steel cylinder (approximately 18 inches long) into the pan and manually removing the foam within the pipe using a ladle. At the designated time, a torch was used to reignite the fuel within the cylinder. After the fire was allowed to burn for one minute, the pipe was lifted straight up, out of the pan, and set aside. The fire was observed for five minutes or until extinguished. A pass, as defined by the UL 162 standard, is <20% area of ​​the pan reignited after five minutes. Table 15 below shows the UL 162 Type II test results for Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.

[0171] [Table 15]

[0172] 1 and 2 show that Examples 1 and 2 extinguish gasoline and heptane fires much faster than Comparative Example 2 (which does not contain component (A)) at all foam flow rates tested. Furthermore, the extinguishing times of Examples 1 and 2 are even shorter than that of the fluorine-containing Comparative Example 1 at foam flow rates below 200 mL / min for both gasoline and heptane. Comparative Examples 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in Table 10 show that in the absence of any one or more of components (A) and (B), the foam stability is much lower compared to that of the Examples.

Claims

1. 1. A foam stabilizing composition comprising: (A) an anionic polymer; (B) a siloxane cationic surfactant having the general formula (I): [Z １ -D １ -N(Y) ａ (R) ２－ａ ] ＋ｙ [X －ｘ ] ｎ (I)、 During the ceremony, Z １ is a siloxane moiety, and D １ is a divalent linking group, R is H or an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and each Y is a group of the formula -D-NR １ ３ ＋ wherein D is a divalent linking group and each R １ are independently an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the subscript a is 1 or 2, 1≦y≦3, X is an anion, the subscript n is 1, 2, or 3, 1≦x≦3, with the proviso that (x ＊ n)=y; and a siloxane cationic surfactant, The following conditions: (i) components (A) and (B) are present in said foam stabilizing composition in a weight ratio of from 0.5:1 to 3.5:1 (A) / (B); and / or (ii) components (A) and (B) are present in said foam stabilizing composition to provide a molar ratio of anionic groups in component (A) to cationic groups in component (B) of from 1:1 to 6.5:

1.

2. 2. The foam stabilizing composition of claim 1, wherein condition (i) applies.

3. 3. The foam stabilised composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein condition (ii) is true and the foam stabilised composition further comprises water, the weight ratio of water to component (A) being from 90:1 to 600:

1.

4. 4. The foam stabilised composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein (i) the anionic polymer (A) comprises a polyelectrolyte polymer, (ii) the anionic polymer is water soluble, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

5. The siloxane moiety Z １ has the formula: 【Chemistry 1】 In the formula, each R ３ But, R ２ and -OSi(R ４ ) ３ Independently selected from, with the proviso that at least one R ３ is -OSi(R ４ ) ３ and each R ４ But, R ２ , -OSi(R ５ ) ３ , and -[OSiR ２ ２ ] ｍ OSI R ２ ３ and each R ５ But, R ２ , -OSi(R ６ ) ３ , and -[OSiR ２ ２ ] ｍ OSI R ２ ３ and each R ６ But, R ２ and -[OSiR ２ ２ ] ｍ OSI R ２ ３ where 0≦m≦100, and each R ２ The foam stabilised composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein is independently a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group.

6. The siloxane moiety Z １ has the following structures (i) to (iv): 【Chemistry 2】 The foam stabilizing composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein

7. (i) D １ is a branched or linear alkylene group, or (ii) D １ But, formula -D ３ -N(R ７ ) -D ３ -, wherein each D ３ is an independently selected divalent linking group; R ７ The foam stabilised composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: is H or Y, where Y is independently selected and as defined above.

8. Component (B) is a compound represented by the following formula: 【Chemistry 3】 The foam stabilizing composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising at least one of:

9. The foam stabilized composition of any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising (C) a stability improver other than component (B).

10. 10. The foam stabilized composition of claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of component (C) to component (B) is from greater than 0:1 to 10:

1.

11. The stability enhancer (C) has one of the general formulas (II) or (III): [] ２ . ２ () ｂ () ２－ｂ ] ＋ｙ [︸ －ｘ ] ｎ (......)、 [(Z ２ -D ２ ) ｃ -N ＋ (R) ４－ｃ ] ＋ｙ [X －ｘ ] ｎ (III)、 During the ceremony, Z ２ is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group or functional group, D ２ 11. The foam stabilized composition of claim 9 or 10, wherein: is a covalent bond or a divalent linking group; subscript b is 1 or 2; subscript c is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each R, Y, superscript y, X, subscript n, and superscript x is independently selected and as defined above.

12. Component (C) has the formula (II) and Z ２ The foam stabilizing composition of claim 11, wherein is an alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms.

13. (i) Each D １ But -CH ２ CH(OH)CH ２ - and -HC(CH ２ OH)CH ２ -, or (ii) each R １ is methyl; (iii) each X is Cl and superscript x is 1; or (iv) any combination of (i)-(iii).

14. An aqueous foam comprising water and the foam stabilizing composition of any one of claims 1 to 13.

15. 15. A method of extinguishing a fire comprising contacting said fire with the aqueous foam of claim 14.

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