Residual coefficient sign prediction using an adaptive cost function for intra prediction modes

Abstract

A system, method, and means are disclosed for performing video coding using residual coefficient sign prediction with adaptive cost functions for intra-prediction modes. The adaptive cost functions for intra-prediction modes (IPM) may include multiple (e.g., selectable) cost functions, such as a default or standard cost function, a horizontal cost function, a vertical cost function, a diagonal-up-right cost function, a diagonal-down-right cost function, and / or a diagonal-down-left cost function. The cost functions may be selected based on one or more rules that may be based on the IPM and the corresponding IPM index. The adaptive cost functions for IPM may include cost functions for multiple (e.g., all) directions. The cost functions for multiple directions may include weighting factors related to the IPM and the corresponding IPM index. A weighting parameter between the top boundary continuity cost and the left boundary continuity cost may be inferred from the IPM index.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 22305522.9, filed April 11, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals to, for example, reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] A system, method, and means for performing residual coefficient sign prediction using adaptive cost functions are disclosed. A video device, which may be a video encoding and / or video decoding device, may be configured to obtain multiple cost functions for predicting residual hypotheses. Each of the multiple cost functions may be associated with a respective intra-prediction direction.

[0004] The video device may be configured to select a cost function from a plurality of cost functions to predict a residual hypothesis for a coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode may be or may include an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block (e.g., a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode, a matrix-weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode, a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) mode, etc.). The information associated with the intra-prediction mode may be or may include an intra-prediction mode index associated with the coding block.

[0005] The video device may determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on information associated with the intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block. The video device may be configured to select a cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

[0006] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates that a decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD) mode is associated with or used for the coding block. The video device may select cost functions associated with the horizontal and vertical directions based on the indication that a DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

[0007] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates that a matrix weighted intra-prediction (MIP) mode is associated with or used for the coding block. The video device may select cost functions associated with the horizontal and vertical directions based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block.

[0008] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction may be in a range of, for example, 11 to 26. The video device may select a cost function associated with the horizontal direction. The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels to the left of the coding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

[0009] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction may be in a range of 43 to 58, for example. The video device may select a cost function associated with the vertical direction. The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the coding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​of a top edge of the coding block.

[0010] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal up-right direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal up-right direction may be in a range of 2 to 10, for example. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of the pixel in the coding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

[0011] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction may be in a range of 27 to 42, for example. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of the pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge and a top edge of the coding block.

[0012] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-left direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-left direction may be in a range of 59 to 66, for example. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of the pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a top edge of the coding block.

[0013] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication associated with template-based intra-mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-prediction mode index, and a second intra-prediction mode index. The video device may determine that the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index. One of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index may be associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal up-right direction, a diagonal down-right direction, and a diagonal down-left direction.

[0014] The video device may be configured to predict the residual coefficient code based on the selected cost function. The video device may be configured to decode the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient code.

[0015] Multiple residual hypotheses for an intra-predicted coding block may be used for encoding and / or decoding. A cost function may be selected from multiple potential cost functions based on an intra-prediction mode and / or an intra-prediction mode index associated with the coding block. A residual coefficient code may be predicted based on the multiple residual hypotheses and the selected cost function. For example, a residual hypothesis, e.g., a best residual hypothesis, may be selected using the selected cost function, and a predicted code may be determined based on the best residual hypothesis.

[0016] The adaptive cost function for intra prediction mode (IPM) can be implemented using multiple cost functions, e.g., a default or standard cost function, a horizontal cost function, horiz , the vertical cost function cost vert , the diagonal upper right cost function cost diag_ur , the diagonal lower right cost function cost diag_dr , and / or the diagonal down left cost function cost diag_dfetc. The cost function may be selected based on the IPM and / or the corresponding IPM index. The adaptive cost function for IPM may include cost functions for multiple directions. The cost functions for multiple directions may include weighting factors related to the IPM and the corresponding IPM index. A weighting parameter between the top bound continuity cost and the left bound continuity cost may be inferred from the IPM index.

[0017] The systems, methods, and means described herein may involve a decoder. In some embodiments, the systems, methods, and means described herein may involve an encoder. In some embodiments, the systems, methods, and means described herein may involve a signal (e.g., from an encoder and / or received by a decoder). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, may cause the one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. [Figure 1B] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system shown in FIG. 1A, in accordance with one embodiment. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. [Figure 1D]FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating a further exemplary RAN and a further exemplary CN that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 2] 1 illustrates an exemplary video encoder. [Diagram 3] 1 illustrates an exemplary video decoder. [Figure 4] 1 illustrates an example system in which various aspects and embodiments may be implemented. [Diagram 5] 1 illustrates an example of linear prediction using reconstructed pixels surrounding the current block. [Figure 6A] 1 illustrates an example of directional intra prediction using reference neighboring samples. [Figure 6B] 1 illustrates an example of directional intra prediction using reference neighboring samples. [Figure 6C] 1 illustrates an example of directional intra prediction using reference neighboring samples. [Figure 6D] 1 illustrates an example of directional intra prediction using reference neighboring samples. [Figure 7] 3 illustrates an example of a directional intra-prediction mode. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates an example of generating a MIP prediction signal based on averaging, matrix vector multiplication, and linear interpolation. [Figure 9] Illustrates an example of TIMD mode determination. [Figure 10] An example of DIMD is illustrated below. [Figure 11A] Illustrates an example of measuring cross-boundary discontinuities in the horizontal and vertical directions. [Figure 11B] Illustrates an example of measuring cross-boundary discontinuities in the horizontal and vertical directions. [Figure 12A] Illustrate an example of measuring diagonal cross-boundary discontinuities. [Figure 12B] Illustrate an example of measuring diagonal cross-boundary discontinuities. [Figure 12C] Illustrate an example of measuring diagonal cross-boundary discontinuities. [Figure 13A]1 illustrates an example implementation for an adaptive cost function. [Figure 13B] 1 illustrates an example of an encoding / decoding implementation for an adaptive cost function. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0019] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020] 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasts, etc., to multiple wireless users. Communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications system 100 may use one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0021] 1A, communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or "STA," may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, wireless paging, mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (loT) devices, watches or other wearable head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., for remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated processing chain context), consumer electronics devices, devices operating in commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the UEs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a WTRU.

[0022] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base station transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, etc. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each illustrated as a single element, it will be understood that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0023] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide wireless service coverage for a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell, for example, using beamforming to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0024] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0025] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system, but may use one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in the RAN 104 / 113 may implement a radio technology, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communications protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0026] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0027] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0028] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, e.g., using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0029] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity, WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or the like.

[0030] 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as an office, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology, such as IEEE 802.11, to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology, such as IEEE 802.15, to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may establish a picocell or a femtocell using a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.). As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0031] The RAN 104 / 113 may communicate with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have various quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as, for example, different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0032] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), and / or internet protocol (IP) of the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as the RANs 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0033] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based wireless technology, and a base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 wireless technology.

[0034] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0035] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although FIG. 1B illustrates the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0036] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit or receive signals to or from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0037] 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0038] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0039] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user-entered data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0040] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for providing power to the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0041] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may obtain location information by way of any suitable position determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0042] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0043] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio where transmission and reception of some or all of the signals associated with a particular subframe (e.g., for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., via a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In one embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for transmission and reception of either some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0044] 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106, according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also communicate with the CN 106.

[0045] The RAN 104 may include eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be understood that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNodeBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNodeB 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0046] Each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in FIG 1C, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0047] 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0048] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNodeBs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may function as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attachment of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0049] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNodeB handover, triggering paging when DL data is available to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0051] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0052] Although the WTRU is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, in certain representative embodiments, it is contemplated that such a terminal may use a wired communications interface (e.g., temporarily or permanently) with the communications network.

[0053] In an exemplary embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0054] A WLAN in infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) of the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS to the STA may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent, for example, through the AP, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP, which may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source STA and the destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0055] When using an 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, an AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width that is dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS, but may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, for example, in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented. With CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., all STAs), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0056] A High Throughput (HT) STA may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, which may be formed, for example, through a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0057] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. A 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channel may be formed by combining multiple contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining eight contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel encoding, the data may pass through a segment parser that may split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped to two 80 MHz channels and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed and the combined data may be transmitted to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0058] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including certain capabilities, for example, support for (e.g., support only for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with above-threshold battery life (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0059] WLAN systems that may support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that may be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be configured and / or limited by the STAs among all STAs operating in the BSS that support the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In an 802.11ah embodiment, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) configuration may depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is active due to a STA (that only supports the 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered active even though most of the frequency band may remain dormant and available.

[0060] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz depending on the country code.

[0061] 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115, according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology and communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also communicate with the CN 115.

[0062] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be understood that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may transmit and / or receive wireless signals to and from the WTRU 102a, for example, using multiple antennas. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0063] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of different or scalable lengths (e.g., including different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting different lengths of absolute time).

[0064] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without accessing another RAN (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c, etc.). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with and connect to a gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with and connecting to another RAN, such as an eNodeB 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0065] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0066] 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0067] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may function as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize the CN support of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service utilizing the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0068] The SMFs 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMFs 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPFs 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may select and control the UPFs 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPFs 184a, 184b. The SMFs 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0069] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0070] The CN 115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0071] 1A-1D and the corresponding description thereof, one or more or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNodeBs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0072] The emulation device may be designed to perform one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform the tests using terrestrial wireless communication.

[0073] The one or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, inclusive, while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in test scenarios in a test lab and / or in an undeployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to perform testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, for example, one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0074] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, techniques, and the like. Many of these aspects are described with specificity and often in a potentially limiting manner to at least illustrate their individual characteristics. However, this is for purposes of clarity of description and does not limit the applicability or scope of the aspects. In fact, all of the different aspects may be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Moreover, these aspects may likewise be combined and interchanged with aspects described in prior applications.

[0075] Aspects described and contemplated in this application may be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5-13 described herein may provide some examples, but other examples are contemplated. Discussion of Figures 5-13 is not intended to limit the scope of implementations. At least one of the above aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects may be implemented as a method, an apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the described methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the described methods.

[0076] In this application, the terms "reconstructed" and "decoded" may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" may be used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture", and "frame" may be used interchangeably.

[0077] Various methods are described herein, each of which includes one or more steps or acts for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or acts is required for proper operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or acts may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as "first", "second", etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decode" and "second decode". The use of such terms does not imply any ordering to the modified operations, unless specifically required. Thus, in this embodiment, the first decode need not be performed before the second decode, but may occur, for example, before, during, or during a period of overlap with the second decode.

[0078] Various implementations and other aspects described herein may be used to modify modules, such as the decoding modules, of the video encoder 200 and the decoder 300, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Moreover, the subject matter disclosed herein may apply to any type, format, or version of video coding, whether described in a standard or recommendation, whether existing or developed in the future, and to extensions of any such standards and recommendations, for example. Unless otherwise indicated or technically impossible, the aspects described herein may be used individually or in combination.

[0079] Various values ​​are used in the examples described in this application, such as the number of intra prediction modes, the number of intra prediction mode indexes, the number of cost functions, the block size dimensions, the ratio of block height to block width, prediction mode indexes, wide angle intra prediction (WAIP) modes, angle degrees, angle mode ranges, weight values, etc. These values ​​and other specific values ​​are intended to illustrate examples, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0080] 2 illustrates an exemplary video encoder. Although variations of the exemplary encoder 200 are contemplated, the encoder 200 is described below for clarity purposes without describing all possible variations.

[0081] Before encoding, a video sequence may undergo pre-encoding processing (201), such as applying a color transformation to the input color picture (e.g., converting from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0) or performing a remapping of the input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with that pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0082] In the encoder 200, a picture is coded by the encoder elements, as described below. The picture to be coded is divided (202) and processed, for example, in coding units (CUs). Each unit is coded, for example, using either intra-mode or inter-mode. When a unit is coded in intra-mode, it performs intra prediction (260). In inter-mode, motion estimation (275) and motion compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) whether to use intra-mode or inter-mode to code the unit, and indicates the decision, for example, by a prediction mode flag. A prediction residual is calculated (210), for example, by subtracting the predicted block from the original image block.

[0083] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, as well as motion vectors and other syntax elements, such as picture partition information, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is directly coded without applying a transform or quantization process.

[0084] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. To decode the prediction residual, the quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250). The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (255) to reconstruct an image block. An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / sample adaptive offset (SAO) / adaptive loop filtering (ALF) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (280).

[0085] 3 illustrates an example of a video decoder. In the exemplary decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by a decoder element as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs a decoding path that is the inverse of the encoding path described in FIG. 2. The encoder 200 also generally performs video decoding as part of the video data encoding.

[0086] In particular, the decoder input includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is entropy decoded 330 to obtain transform coefficients, prediction modes, motion vectors, and other coded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Thus, the decoder may partition the picture according to the decoded picture partition information (335). To decode the prediction residual, the transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350). The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (355) to reconstruct an image block. The predicted block may be obtained from intra prediction (360) or from motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter prediction) (375) (370). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (380). In some embodiments (eg, for a given picture), the contents of the reference picture buffer 380 on the decoder 300 side may be identical to the contents of the reference picture buffer 280 on the encoder 200 side (eg, for the same picture).

[0087] The decoded picture may further undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color conversion (e.g., from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or inverse remapping that performs the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In an embodiment, the decoded image (e.g., after application of an in-loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be sent to a display device for rendering to a user.

[0088] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a system in which various aspects and embodiments described herein may be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to implement one or more of the aspects described herein. Examples of such devices include various electronic devices, such as, but not limited to, personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400, singly or in combination, may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or separate components. For example, in at least one embodiment, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or separate components. In various embodiments, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices, for example, via a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various embodiments, system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described herein.

[0089] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein to perform various aspects described herein, for example. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuits known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Flash, magnetic disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. Storage device(s) 440 may include, by way of non-limiting example, internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0090] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to process data to provide, for example, encoded or decoded video, which may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included within a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. It is noted that the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400 or may be incorporated within the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0091] Program code to be loaded into the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to implement various aspects described herein may be stored in the storage device 440 and then loaded into the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various embodiments, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during performance of the processes described herein. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, expressions, operations, and computational logic.

[0092] Memory internal to the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other embodiments, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device can be either the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be the memory 420 and / or the storage device 440, e.g., dynamic volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In some embodiments, an external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the television's operating system. In at least one embodiment, a high-speed external dynamic volatile memory, such as a RAM, is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0093] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices, as shown in block 445. Such input devices may include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, RF signals transmitted over the air by a broadcast station, (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal, and / or (iv) a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples include composite video, not shown in FIG. 4.

[0094] The input devices of block 445 have associated respective input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal or band-limiting a signal to a band of frequencies), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower frequency band to select a signal frequency band, which in certain embodiments may be referred to as a channel (for example), (iv) demodulating the down-converted band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. The RF section of various embodiments includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF section may include a tuner to perform various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In one set-top box embodiment, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted over a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band. Various embodiments rearrange the order of the above-described (and other) elements, remove some of these elements, and / or add other elements to perform similar or different functions. Adding elements can include inserting elements between existing elements, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. In various embodiments, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0095] The USB and / or HDMI terminals may include respective interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices via USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be appreciated that various aspects of the input processing, e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction, may be implemented, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410, as desired. Similarly, aspects of the USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented, for example, in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410, as desired. The demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and an encoder / decoder 430 operating in combination with memory and storage elements, to process the data streams necessary for presentation to an output device.

[0096] The various elements of system 400 may be provided within an integrated housing in which the various elements may be interconnected and transmit data between them using a suitable connection arrangement 425, such as an internal bus known in the art, including an Inter-IC (I2C) bus, hardwired, and printed circuit boards.

[0097] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices over a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data over communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented in a wired and / or wireless medium, for example.

[0098] Data is streamed or otherwise provided to system 400 in various embodiments using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network, e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signal in these embodiments is received via communication channel 460 and communication interface 450 adapted for Wi-Fi communication. Communication channel 460 in these embodiments is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to enable streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other embodiments provide streamed data to system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection in input block 445. Still other embodiments provide streamed data to system 400 using an RF connection in input block 445. As noted above, various embodiments provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various embodiments use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, e.g., cellular networks or Bluetooth networks.

[0099] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, speakers 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Display 475 in various embodiments includes one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display, for example. Display 475 can be for a television, a tablet, a laptop, a mobile phone, or other device. Display 475 can be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone) or can be separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop). Other peripheral devices 495 in various embodiments include one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various embodiments use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0100] Control signals are communicated between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that allow control between devices with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Output devices may be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. Display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various embodiments, display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0101] Display 475 and speakers 485 may be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, when the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various embodiments where display 475 and speakers 485 are external components, output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0102] These embodiments may be performed by the processor 410, or by computer software implemented by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these embodiments may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. The memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technology environment, and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, as non-limiting examples, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memories, and removable memories. The processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technology environment, and may include, as non-limiting examples, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0103] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" can encompass all or a portion of the processes performed on a received encoded sequence to provide a final output suitable for, for example, a display. In various embodiments, such processes include processes typically performed by a decoder, such as one or more of entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various embodiments, such processes also or alternatively include processes performed by a decoder of various implementations described herein, such as obtaining multiple residual hypotheses for a coding block, obtaining a cost function from an adaptive cost function based on at least one of an intra-prediction mode and an intra-prediction mode index selected to predict the coding block, selecting a residual hypothesis from the multiple residual hypotheses based on the cost function, etc.

[0104] As a further example, in one embodiment, "decoding" refers to only entropy decoding, while in another embodiment, "decoding" refers to only differential decoding, while in another embodiment, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or to the broader decoding process as a whole will be clear based on the context of the specific description and will be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0105] Various implementations involve encoding. Similar to the above discussion regarding "decoding," "encoding" as used herein can encompass, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various embodiments, such processes include one or more of processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforming, quantizing, and entropy encoding. In various embodiments, such processes also or alternatively include processes performed by an encoder in various implementations described herein, such as obtaining multiple residual hypotheses for a coding block, obtaining a cost function from an adaptive cost function based on at least one of an intra-prediction mode and an intra-prediction mode index selected to predict the coding block, selecting a residual hypothesis from the multiple residual hypotheses based on the cost function, etc.

[0106] As a further example, in one embodiment, "encoding" refers to only entropy encoding, while in another embodiment, "encoding" refers to only differential encoding, while in another embodiment, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or to the broader encoding process as a whole will be clear based on the context of the specific description and will be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0107] It should be noted that the syntax elements used herein, e.g., dimd_flag, mip_flag, timd_flag, etc., are descriptive terms and therefore do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0108] Where a figure is presented as a flow diagram, it should be understood that the figure also provides a block diagram of the corresponding apparatus. Similarly, where a figure is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that the figure also provides a flow diagram of the corresponding method / process.

[0109] The implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented, for example, in a method or process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if discussed in the context of only a single implementation form (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the discussed features may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., an apparatus or a program). An apparatus may be implemented, for example, in appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. A method may be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device and includes, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cellular phones, portable / personal digital assistants ("PDAs"), and other devices that facilitate communication of information between end users.

[0110] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation," as well as other variations thereof, mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" in various places throughout this application, as well as any other variations, are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

[0111] Additionally, the application may refer to "determining" various information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0112] Additionally, the application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0113] Additionally, the application may refer to "receiving" various information. Receiving, like "accessing," is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves in some manner an operation, such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0114] For example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," it should be understood that the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass the selection of only the first enumerated alternative (A), or the selection of only the second enumerated alternative (B), or the selection of both alternatives (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such language is intended to encompass the selection of only the first enumerated alternative (A), or the selection of only the second enumerated alternative (B), or the selection of only the third enumerated alternative (C), or the selection of only the first and second enumerated alternatives (A and B), or the selection of only the first and third enumerated alternatives (A and C), or the selection of only the second and third enumerated alternatives (B and C), or the selection of all three alternatives (A and B and C). This can be expanded as many times as the items listed, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0115] Also, as used herein, the term "signaling" specifically means to indicate something to a corresponding decoder. Encoder signals may include, for example, MIP matrix index, dimd_flag, mip_flag, timd_flag, etc. In this way, in an embodiment, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder may transmit a specific parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameter (explicit signaling). Conversely, if the decoder already has the specific parameter as well as other parameters, it may use signaling without transmitting, simply to allow the decoder to know and select the specific parameter (implicit signaling). By avoiding transmitting any actual function, bit savings are realized in various embodiments. It should be understood that signaling may be achieved in various ways. For example, in various embodiments, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to a corresponding decoder. Although the above relates to the verb form of the term "signal", the term "signal" may also be used as a noun in this specification.

[0116] As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, implementations may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted. Information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the described embodiments. Such a signal may be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or as a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information that the signal carries may be, for example, analog information or digital information. The signal may be transmitted by a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is well known. The signal may be stored in, accessed from, or received from a processor-readable medium.

[0117] Many examples are described herein. Features of the examples may be provided alone or in any combination across various claim categories and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, alone or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, features described herein may be embodied in a bitstream or signal that includes information generated as described herein. The information may enable a decoder to decode the bitstream, encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder according to any of the described embodiments. For example, features described herein may be implemented by generating and / or transmitting and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented as a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet, or other electronic device that performs decoding. A TV, set-top box, mobile phone, tablet, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image from the residual reconstruction of the video bitstream). A TV, set-top box, mobile phone, tablet, or other electronic device may receive a signal that includes the encoded image and perform decoding.

[0118] Systems, methods, and means for residual coefficient code prediction using adaptive cost functions are disclosed. A video device may be configured to select a cost function from a plurality of cost functions to predict a residual hypothesis for a coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode may include at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes or an intra-prediction mode index. The video device may determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra-prediction mode, and may select a cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode. The video device may determine an intra-prediction mode index associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra-prediction mode, and may select a cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode index. The video device may be configured to predict a residual coefficient code based on the selected cost function, and decode the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient code.

[0119] Residual coefficient code prediction using an adaptive cost function to an intra-prediction mode may be implemented in the context of video compression. The residual coefficient code prediction using an adaptive cost function to an intra-prediction mode may adapt a boundary discontinuity measure to the intra-prediction mode, which may be used to calculate a cost function for the residual coefficient code prediction.

[0120] Compression efficiency may be improved, for example, by reducing the bit rate while maintaining quality, or (eg, equivalently) by improving quality while maintaining the bit rate.

[0121] Residual coefficient code prediction may be implemented in a video codec. For example, a residual coding process may be implemented in video coding. Residual coefficient code prediction is a coding tool that may be used to compress the code of some of the residual coefficients using a prediction system. The predicted code may or may not be EP signaled in the bitstream. The code may be replaced by a "residual" that indicates whether the prediction is correct. The residual may be signaled using an associated CABAC context.

[0122] The coefficient sign prediction implementation may include transform coefficients that may be used (e.g., may be applicable) to calculate reconstructed residuals for combinations of negative and positive signs and / or to select a hypothesis that minimizes a cost function. For example, two signs may be predicted. There may be four (4) possible combinations, such as (+,+), (+,-), (-,+), (-,-). A cost function may be calculated for the four combinations. The combination with the minimum cost may be selected as the sign predictor combination.

[0123] A cost function may be defined to derive a (e.g., best) sign prediction hypothesis from among (e.g., all) possible combinations. In some embodiments, the cost function may be defined as a discontinuity measure across block boundaries. The cost function may be measured for one or more (e.g., some or all) hypotheses. The hypothesis with the smallest cost may be selected as the predictor for the coefficient signs.

[0124] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of linear prediction using reconstructed pixels around the current block. For each predicted pixel P 0,y A (simple) linear prediction, for example, according to equation (1), gives the predicted residual Resi 0,y To obtain the predicted pixel P 0,y This can be performed using the two reconstructed pixels to the left of Resi 0,y =(2R -1,y-R -2,y -P 0,y ) (1) Predicted residuals and Resi 0,y Residual hypothesis r 0,y The absolute difference between can be added to the cost of the hypothesis.

[0125] Similar processing may be performed for pixels in the top row of the current block, eg, according to equation (2). Resi x,0 =(2R x,-1 -R x,-2 -P x,0 ) (2) (e.g., each) predicted residual Resi x,0 and the residual hypothesis r x,0 The absolute difference between can be added to the cost of the hypothesis.

[0126] The cost function may be mathematically modeled, for example, according to equation (3).

[0127]

number

[0128] Intra prediction modes may be implemented in video codecs. Intra prediction may be used to remove correlation within local regions of a picture. The texture of a picture region may be similar to the texture within a local neighborhood, which may support prediction. Neighboring samples may be used for prediction (e.g., samples from the sample line above the current block and samples from the last column of the reconstructed block to the left of the current block).

[0129] The reference adjacent samples used to predict the current block can vary depending on the direction indicated by the intra prediction angle of each intra prediction mode. FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate an example of directional intra prediction using reference adjacent samples. For example, the reference adjacent samples from the left column can be used (e.g., for horizontal prediction), and the reference adjacent samples from the top row can be used (e.g., for vertical prediction). The reference adjacent samples from the upper left can be applied (e.g., for bottom right diagonal prediction), and the reference adjacent samples from the upper right can be applied (e.g., for bottom left diagonal prediction).

[0130] Intra mode coding can be performed using a plurality (e.g., 67) of intra prediction modes. FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary directional intra prediction modes. FIG. 7 shows an example of capturing any edge direction presented in natural video using a plurality of directional intra modes (e.g., 33, 65 direction intra prediction modes). Intra prediction can perform a planar mode and a DC mode. Higher density directional intra prediction modes can be applied to one or more (e.g., all) block sizes, including, for example, luma and / or chroma intra prediction.

[0131] The angular intra prediction modes (e.g., modes 2-66) can be used for square CUs. The angular intra prediction modes (e.g., modes 2-66) can correspond to an angular intra prediction direction defined from 45 degrees to -135 degrees in a clockwise direction.

[0132] The wide-angle intra prediction mode can be used for non-square blocks. One or more (e.g., some) of the angular intra prediction modes can be adaptively replaced with the wide-angle intra prediction mode for non-square blocks. FIG. 7 shows a dotted arrow indicating a wide-angle mode beyond the bottom left direction mode indexed from -14 to -1. FIG. 7 shows a wide-angle mode beyond the upper right direction indexed from 67 to 80. The wide-angle mode can be replaced with an equal number of angular modes in the opposite direction for, for example, flat blocks (W > H) and / or tall blocks (W < H).

[0133] Matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) is an intra prediction technique. MIP can be used to predict samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H. MIP takes as input H lines (e.g., one line) of reconstructed adjacent boundary samples to the left of the block and W lines (e.g., one line) of reconstructed adjacent boundary samples above the block. The unavailable reconstructed samples can be generated by other forms of intra prediction. Figure 8 illustrates an example of generating a MIP prediction signal based on averaging, matrix-vector multiplication, and linear interpolation.

[0134] A flag (eg, mip_flag) may be signaled (eg, for each intra-coding block) to indicate whether MIP mode should be applied.

[0135] Fusion for template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) may be performed. An intra mode used to code a CU may be derived using fusion for TIMD. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of TIMD mode determination. As shown in FIG. 9, the Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD) between the predicted samples of the template and the reconstructed samples may be calculated for each intra prediction mode in the most probable mode (MPM). The TIMD mode may be selected, for example, as the first two intra prediction modes with the smallest SATD. The TIMD modes may be fused with weights. The weighted intra prediction may be used to code the current CU.

[0136] The costs of the two selected intra-prediction modes (IPM) may be compared to a threshold. For example, the condition costIPM 2nd <2 * costIPM 1stIf the condition is true, then fusion may be applied. The first IPM (eg, only the first IPM) may be used, for example, if the condition is false.

[0137] A flag (eg, timd_flag) may be signaled to indicate (eg, for each intra-coding block) whether TIMD mode should be applied.

[0138] Decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) may be implemented. DIMD may be used to derive an intra mode used to code a CU. Multiple (e.g., two) intra modes may be derived from reconstructed neighboring samples, for example, when DIMD is applied. Figure 10 illustrates an example of DIMD. For example, as shown in Figure 10, a (e.g., two) predictor may be combined with a planar mode predictor with weights derived or selected from a histogram of gradients calculated from neighboring pixels of the current block.

[0139] A flag (eg, dimd_flag) may be signaled (eg, for each intra-coding block) to indicate whether DIMD mode should be applied.

[0140] The coding efficiency of residual coefficient sign prediction in intra blocks may be improved by, for example, adapting a cost function to the intra prediction mode, e.g., a discontinuity measure across blocks may be adapted to the intra prediction mode.

[0141] In some embodiments, the cost function of residual coefficient sign prediction may use a fixed boundary discontinuity measure. The reconstructed neighbors may be from both the horizontal and vertical directions relative to the current pixel. In some embodiments, more diverse boundary discontinuity measures may be applied to intra prediction modes.

[0142] Some regions in a picture may have strong edge direction and may be predicted using directional intra modes. The texture of a coding block may be similar to the texture in its top-left immediate neighborhood. There may be less visible or no discontinuity between the coding block and the top-left neighbor.

[0143] The cost function used for residual coefficient sign prediction may be adapted to the intra prediction mode. The cost function process may be based on one or more of the following cost functions, for example: horiz , the vertical cost function cost vert , the diagonal upper right cost function cost diag_ur , the diagonal lower right cost function cost diag_dr , and / or the diagonal down left cost function cost diag_df The one or more rules for selecting the cost function may be based on the intra-prediction mode and / or the corresponding intra-prediction mode index (IPM). IPM may be used interchangeably to refer to the intra-prediction mode and the intra-prediction mode index. In some embodiments, the cost function (e.g., for multiple directions) may include a weighting factor associated with the intra-prediction mode and the corresponding IPM.

[0144] As described herein, the discontinuity measure across the boundary may be adapted to the intra prediction mode. The discontinuity measure across the boundary may be used to calculate a cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction. Examples of possible cost functions for residual coefficient sign prediction in intra predicted blocks are provided. Examples of rules that may be used to select cost functions for different intra prediction modes are provided. Examples of adaptive cost function encoding / decoding processes for residual coefficient sign prediction are provided.

[0145] A boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the intra prediction mode. A cost function of residual coefficient code prediction (e.g., as described herein) may be fixed. There may be more than one cost function for an intra predicted block. In an embodiment, an indication of which cost function is applied may be signaled in the video data via a syntax element. In an embodiment, which cost function is applied may be derived based on intra prediction information. A cost function selection of residual coefficient code prediction for an intra predicted block may be determined based on the intra prediction mode and / or a corresponding intra prediction mode index (IPM).

[0146] A boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be applied to non-angular modes. In some embodiments (e.g., for non-angular modes such as Planar (IPM is 0) and DC (IPM is 1)), the neighboring reconstructed samples above and to the left of the current block may be used to measure boundary discontinuity.

[0147] 11A and 11B illustrate an example of measuring cross-boundary discontinuities in the horizontal and vertical directions.

[0148] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the horizontal mode. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of horizontal mode (e.g., IPM is 18) and other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the horizontal direction, the left neighboring reconstructed sample and / or the predicted sample in the first left column of the current block (e.g., only that) may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity, for example, as shown in FIG. 11A. The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction may be modeled according to, for example, Equation (4).

[0149]

number

[0150] In some embodiments, the horizontal mode may include multiple (eg, 16) modes around IPM 18 (eg, IPMs 11-26).

[0151] A boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the vertical mode. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of vertical mode (e.g., IPM is 50) and other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the vertical direction, the upper neighboring reconstructed samples and / or the predicted samples in the first top row of the current block (e.g., only those) may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity, for example, as shown in FIG. 11B. The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction may be modeled according to, for example, Equation (5).

[0152]

number

[0153] In some embodiments, the vertical mode may include multiple (eg, 16) modes around IPM 50 (eg, IPMs 43-58).

[0154] A boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the diagonal mode. The diagonal mode may represent angles that are multiples of 45 degrees. The neighboring samples to be used in the cost function for the horizontal and vertical modes may be selected (e.g., directly) from the close upper or left neighbors, for example, without any position shift to the current predicted sample. The selection of neighboring samples for the diagonal mode cost function may involve adaptation. For example, neighbors with only a one-pixel and / or two-pixel position shift relative to the current predicted sample may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity.

[0155] Diagonal modes may be classified into categories for selecting neighboring samples. In some embodiments, for example, for 45° mode (e.g., IPM is 2), the neighboring reconstructed sample from the bottom left block may have a large influence on the prediction, which may be referred to as the diagonal upper right. In some embodiments, for example, for −45° mode (e.g., IPM is 34), the neighboring reconstructed sample from the top left block may have a large influence on the prediction, which may be referred to as the diagonal lower right. In some embodiments, for example, for −135° mode (IPM is 66), the neighboring reconstructed sample from the top right block may have a large influence on the prediction, which may be referred to as the diagonal lower left.

[0156] 12A-12C illustrate an example of measuring diagonal boundary crossing discontinuities.

[0157] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure can be applied to the diagonal up-right mode. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of the diagonal up-right mode (e.g., 45° mode, IPM is 2) and other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal up-right mode, the left neighbor reconstructed sample and the predicted sample in the first left column of the current block can be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. The left neighbor can be shifted down by one pixel and / or two pixel positions with respect to the current predicted sample, for example, as shown in FIG. 12A.

[0158] For example, for each predicted pixel P 0,y , the two left adjacent reconstructed pixels R -1,y+1 and R -2,y+2 is the predicted residual Resi according to equation (6). 0,y can be used to obtain Resi 0,y =(2R -1,y+1 -R -2,y+2 -P 0,y ) (6) Diagonal upper right cost function cost diag_urThe residual coefficient sign prediction may be modeled, for example, according to equation (7).

[0159]

number

[0160] In some embodiments, the diagonal up right mode may be multiple (eg, nine) modes that may start from an IPM, such as IPM2 (eg, IPM2-10).

[0161] In some embodiments, multiple (e.g., two) left neighboring reconstructed pixels from the bottom left may be unavailable, and the unavailable neighboring reconstructed pixels may be replaced by the left neighboring reconstructed pixels without any position shift.

[0162] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the diagonal down-right mode. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of the diagonal down-right mode (e.g., -45° mode, IPM is 34) and / or other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal down-right mode, the left adjacent reconstructed sample and the upper adjacent reconstructed sample may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. For example, as shown in FIG. 12B, for example, the left adjacent reconstructed sample arranged by shifting up by 1 pixel and / or 2 pixels with respect to the current predicted sample, and the upper adjacent reconstructed sample arranged by shifting left by 1 pixel and 2 pixel positions with respect to the current predicted sample may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity.

[0163] For example, for each predicted pixel P 0,y The two left reconstructed pixels R -1,y-1 and R -2,y-2 According to equation (8), the predicted residual Resi 0,y can be used to obtain Resi 0,y =(2R-1,y-1 -R -2,y-2 -P 0,y ) (8) A similar process is performed for each pixel P x,0 , which are the two upper reconstructed pixels R shifted left by one pixel and two pixel positions. x-1,-1 and R x-2,-2 According to equation (9), each predicted residual Resi x,0 can be used to obtain Resi x,0 =(2R x-1,-1 -R x-2,-2 -P x,0 ) (9) A cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction may be modeled, for example, according to equation (10).

[0164]

number

[0165] In some embodiments, the diagonal down right mode may include multiple (eg, 16) possible modes around an IPM, such as IPM 34 (eg, IPMs 27-42).

[0166] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to the diagonal down left mode. In some embodiments, for example, in the case of the diagonal down left mode (e.g., -135° mode, IPM is 66) and / or other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal down left mode, the upper neighbor reconstructed sample and the predicted sample in the first top row of the current block may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. The upper neighbor may be, for example, a right shift of 1 pixel and 2 pixel positions with respect to the current predicted sample, as shown in FIG. 12C.

[0167] For example, for each predicted pixel P x,0 , the two upper adjacent reconstructed pixels R x+1,-1 and Rx+2,-2 is the predicted residual Resi according to equation (11). x,0 can be used to obtain Resi x,0 =(2R x+1,-1 -R x+2,-2 -P x,0 ) (11) The cost function used for residual coefficient sign prediction may be modeled, for example, according to equation (12).

[0168]

number

[0169] In some embodiments, the diagonal down left mode may be multiple (eg, eight) modes that may end in an IPM, such as IPM66 (eg, IPM59-66).

[0170] In some embodiments, the two upper neighboring reconstructed pixels from the top right may be unavailable, and the unavailable neighboring reconstructed pixels may be replaced by the upper neighboring reconstructed pixels without any position shift.

[0171] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be adapted to wide-angle intra prediction modes. In some embodiments, for example, for wide-angle modes beyond the bottom-left direction (e.g., indexes from -14 to -1), the cost function cost diag_ur may be applied.

[0172] In some embodiments, for example, for wide-angle modes beyond the top right (e.g., indexes 67 to 80), the cost function cost used for the diagonal bottom left mode is calculated as follows: diag_df may be applied.

[0173] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be applied to the TIMD mode. For example, if the first best IPM mode (IPM 1st) (e.g., only if) applies (e.g., costIPM 2nd ≧2 * costIPM 1st Under the above conditions, the selection of the cost function (e.g., in the TIMD mode) is based on the first best IPM mode (IPM 1st The choice of cost function may be determined by, for example, the weighting of two TIMD modes, i.e., the weighting of two IPMs (e.g., IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ) may be based on the difference between two IPMs (e.g., IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ), for example, |IPM 1st -IPM 2nd If |≧TH, the IPMs are compared with a predefined threshold TH, which may indicate that the two IPMs are far from each other, and a cost function may be applied, as in equation (3). Or, alternatively, the cost function may be applied to the first best IPM mode (IPM 1st ) In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold value TH may be two (2).

[0174] The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may be applied to MIP and / or DIMD modes. In some embodiments (e.g., for MIP and DIMD modes), a cost function may be used to measure boundary discontinuity, such as equation (3) using the upper and left neighboring reconstructed samples of the current block. The boundary crossing discontinuity measure may also be applied to other modes, such as combined inter-intra prediction (CIIP) and geometric partitioning mode (GPM).

[0175] In some embodiments (e.g., for a MIP variant), the cost function may be signaled in the bitstream and coded in a look up table (LUT) relative to (e.g., each) MIP matrix index (e.g., fixed).

[0176] In some embodiments, a cost function may be performed for one or more (eg, all) directions, for example according to equation (13).

[0177]

number

[0178] As shown in equation (13), w may be a weighting parameter between the top and left boundary continuity costs inferred from the IPM. In some embodiments, the parameter may have one or more of the following values: w=0.5 (e.g., for the plane or DC direction), w=0 (e.g., for the horizontal direction), w=1 (e.g., for the vertical direction), w=0 (e.g., for directions below 18), w=1 (e.g., for directions above 50), and / or w=IPM / 32-18 / 32 (e.g., for directions between 18 and 50). In some embodiments, the value w may be inferred from a (e.g., fixed) LUT mapping between the IPM and the value of w.

[0179] The encoding / decoding process may be implemented for an adaptive cost function. Figure 13A illustrates an example implementation for residual coefficient code prediction using an adaptive cost function. For example, a video coding device, which may be a video encoding and / or video decoding device, may be configured to determine (1210) information associated with an intra-prediction mode for a coding block. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode may include, for example, information specifying an intra-prediction mode and / or an intra-prediction mode index.

[0180] The video coding device may determine (1212) an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block from the information. For example, the video coding device may determine from the information that a DIMD mode or a MIP mode may be associated with the coding block.

[0181] The video coding device may determine (1214), for an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block, whether the cost function depends on the intra-prediction mode index. If, for an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block, the cost function does not depend on the associated intra-prediction mode index, the video coding device may determine (1216) to employ a cost function associated with the intra-prediction mode to select a residual hypothesis. For example, if the video coding device determines that a DIMD or MIP is associated with the coding block, the video coding device may determine to employ a standard cost function. The cost function cost may be applied, for example, according to, for example, Equation (3):

[0182] If the video coding device determines (1214) that, for an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block, the cost function depends on the intra-prediction mode index, the video coding device may determine (1218) an intra-prediction mode index from information associated with the coding block. The intra-prediction mode index may be associated with a direction, which may include, for example, horizontal, vertical, diagonal up right, diagonal down right, or diagonal down left. The video coding device may determine (1220) at least one direction based on the intra-prediction mode index and may determine and use (1222) a cost function associated with the determined at least one direction to select a residual hypothesis. The cost function cost may be applied, for example, according to one of equations (4), (5), (7), (10), or (12), for example:

[0183] The video coding device may predict (1224) the residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function and may decode the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

[0184] 13B illustrates an example of a TU-level encoding / decoding process for an adaptive cost function. The encoding / decoding process may be performed during encoding / decoding of an intra-coding block. The input to the encoding / decoding process may be a current TU for predicting the residual coefficient code.

[0185] For example, as shown in the example operations of FIG. 13B, example residual hypotheses for negative and / or positive sign combinations may be calculated 1301. A cost function for deriving the best residual hypothesis may be obtained (e.g., selected, determined, determined) based on (e.g., all) possible (e.g., proposed) candidates.

[0186] A determination may be made whether the prediction mode of the current CU is intra 1302. A cost function cost may be applied 1303, e.g., according to equation (3), e.g., if the prediction mode of the current CU is not intra-coded (e.g., the determination at 1302 is FALSE).

[0187] If the current CU is intra-coded (e.g., the determination in 1302 is true), the intra mode of the current CU may be checked (1304) to determine whether a DIMD / MIP prediction process is applied (e.g., whether at least one of dimd_flag or mip_flag is equal to 1). A cost function cost may be applied (1303), e.g., according to equation (3), e.g., if at least one of dimd_flag or mip_flag is equal to 1. For example, if neither dimd_flag nor mip_flag is equal to 1, a determination may be made (1305) whether timd_flag is equal to 1.

[0188] The cost function cost may be, for example, when timd_flag is equal to 1 and (at 1306) two IPMs (IPM 1st and IPM 2nd) are available and may be applied (1303), for example, according to equation (3), if timd_flag is equal to 1 and (at 1306) the two IPMs (IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ) is available and it is determined that the difference between the two IPMs is less than a threshold, one of the two IPMs (e.g., the first best IPM mode IPM 1st ) may be selected (1307) for comparison to a predetermined range (at 1308-1315) to select a cost function. For example, a first of the two IPMs may be used for comparison to the predetermined range.

[0189] For example, as shown in FIG. 13B, if the intra prediction mode selected to predict the current CU is neither DIMD nor MIP (e.g., determined in 1304) and does not implement TIMD (e.g., determined in 1305), the value of the intra prediction mode index IPM of IPM (e.g., one of 67+28 IPMs) may be compared with a predetermined range (e.g., 1308 to 1315) to select a cost function.

[0190] A (e.g., default, normal, standard) cost function cost (e.g., as shown by equation (3)) may be applied (1303), for example, if IPM is equal to 0 or 1 (1308), which may indicate non-angle modes (e.g., planar and DC modes). Otherwise, IPM is not equal to 0 or 1 (1308), and a determination is made (1309) whether IPM is less than or equal to 10.

[0191] Diagonal upper right cost function cost diag_ur (e.g., as shown by equation (7)) may be applied (1310), for example, if IPM is less than or equal to 10 (1309). Otherwise, if IPM is greater than 10 (1309), a determination is made (1311) as to whether it belongs to the IPM horizontal mode range [11,26].

[0192] Horizontal cost function horiz (e.g., as shown by equation (4)) may be applied 1312, for example, if IPM belongs 1311 to the horizontal mode range [11,26]. Otherwise, if IPM does not belong 1311 to the IPM horizontal mode range [11,26], a determination 1313 is made as to whether IPM belongs to the diagonal down-right mode range [27,42].

[0193] Diagonal lower right cost function cost diag_dr (e.g., as shown by equation (10)) may be applied 1314, for example, if the IPM belongs 1313 to the diagonal down-right mode range [27, 42]. Otherwise, if the IPM does not belong 1313 to the diagonal down-right mode range [27, 42], a determination 1315 is made as to whether the IPM belongs to the vertical mode range [43, 58].

[0194] Vertical cost function vert (e.g., as shown by equation (5)) may be applied 1316, for example, if the IPM belongs 1315 to the vertical mode range [43, 58]. Otherwise, if the IPM does not belong 1315 to the vertical mode range [43, 58], this may indicate that the IPM is greater than or equal to 59, and the diagonal down-left cost function cost diag_df (e.g., as shown by equation (12)) may be applied (1317).

[0195] A predicted sign may be obtained 1318 from the (e.g., best) residual hypothesis that minimizes the selected cost function. The process (e.g., algorithm) may proceed to the next step, for example, if / when the residual coefficient sign of the current TU is predicted.

[0196] Although the features and elements are described above in certain combinations, one skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. 1. A video decoding device, comprising: a processor, the processor comprising: selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function; and decoding the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient sign.

2. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes or an intra-prediction mode index.

3. The processor, and further configured to determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; 2. The video decoding device of claim 1, wherein the processor configured to select the cost function from the plurality of cost functions is configured to select the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

4. The processor, 2. The video decoding device of claim 1, further configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses, each of the plurality of cost functions associated with a respective intra-prediction direction.

5. 5. The video decoding device of claim 4, wherein the processor configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses is configured to infer one or more weighting factors using intra prediction values ​​to generate one or more of the plurality of cost functions.

6. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD) mode is used for the coding block; The processor, 2. The video decoding device of claim 1, further configured to select cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

7. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a matrix weighted intra-prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and the processor is further configured to: The video decoding device of claim 1 , further configured to select a cost function associated with one or more directions based on a MIP mode used for the coding block.

8. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication associated with template-based intra-mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-prediction mode index, and a second intra-prediction mode index; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

9. 9. The video decoding device of claim 8, wherein the one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal up-right direction, a diagonal down-right direction, and a diagonal down-left direction.

10. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes a horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

11. The video decoding device of claim 10 , wherein the horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index is in the range of 11-26.

12. 11. The video decoding device of claim 10, wherein the selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels to the left of the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

13. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

14. The video decoding device of claim 13 , wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in a range of 43-58.

15. 14. The video decoding device of claim 13, wherein the selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed adjacent pixels located above the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​of a top edge of the coding block.

16. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated in a diagonal, upper right direction; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal upper-right direction.

17. The video decoding device of claim 16 , wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper-right direction is in the range of 2-10.

18. 17. The video decoding device of claim 16, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

19. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal, down and to the right; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction.

20. The video decoding device of claim 19 , wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction is in the range of 27-42.

21. 20. The video decoding device of claim 19, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at the left and top ends of the coding block.

22. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal downward and left direction; The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal downward and left direction.

23. The video decoding device of claim 22 , wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal downward-left direction is in the range of 59-66.

24. 23. The video decoding device of claim 22, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of the pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a top edge of the coding block.

25. 1. A method for video decoding, comprising: selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for a coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function; and decoding the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient sign.

26. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

27. The method comprises: determining an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; 26. The method of claim 25, wherein selecting the cost function from the plurality of cost functions comprises selecting the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

28. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses, each of the plurality of cost functions being associated with a respective intra-prediction direction.

29. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses comprises inferring one or more weighting factors using intra prediction values ​​to generate one or more of the plurality of cost functions.

30. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD) mode is used for the coding block; The method comprises:

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising selecting cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

31. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a matrix weighted intra-prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block; The method comprises:

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising selecting a cost function associated with one or more directions based on a MIP mode being used for the coding block.

32. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication associated with template-based intra-mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-prediction mode index, and a second intra-prediction mode index; 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

33. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal up-right direction, a diagonal down-right direction, and a diagonal down-left direction.

34. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes a horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index; The method of claim 25 , wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index is in the range of 11-26.

36. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels to the left of the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

37. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; The method of claim 25, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43-58.

39. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​of a top edge of the coding block.

40. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated in a diagonal, upper right direction; The method of claim 25, wherein the selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2-10.

42. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

43. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal, down and to the right; The method of claim 25, wherein the selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal down and to the right.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction is in the range of 27-42.

45. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge and a top edge of the coding block.

46. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal downward and left direction; The method of claim 25, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal downward-left direction is in the range of 59-66.

48. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a top edge of the coding block.

49. 1. A video encoding device comprising: a processor, the processor comprising: selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function; and decoding the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient sign.

50. 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

51. The processor, and further configured to determine an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the processor configured to select the cost function from the plurality of cost functions is configured to select the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

52. The processor, 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, further configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses, each of the plurality of cost functions associated with a respective intra-prediction direction.

53. 53. The video encoding device of claim 52, wherein the processor configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses is configured to infer one or more weighting factors using intra prediction values ​​to generate one or more of the plurality of cost functions.

54. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD) mode is used for the coding block; The processor, 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, further configured to select cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on the indication which DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

55. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a matrix weighted intra-prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and the processor is further configured to:

50. The video encoding device of claim 49, further configured to select cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on a MIP mode used for the coding block.

56. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication associated with template-based intra-mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-prediction mode index, and a second intra-prediction mode index; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

57. 57. The video encoding device of claim 56, wherein the one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal up-right direction, a diagonal down-right direction, and a diagonal down-left direction.

58. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes a horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

59. 59. The video encoding device of claim 58, wherein the horizontally associated intra-prediction mode indexes are in the range of 11-26.

60. 59. The video encoding device of claim 58, wherein the selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels to the left of the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

61. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

62. The video encoding device of claim 61 , wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43-58.

63. 62. The video encoding device of claim 61 , wherein the selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​of a top edge of the coding block.

64. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated in a diagonal, upper right direction; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal upper-right direction.

65. 65. The video encoding device of claim 64, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper-right direction is in the range of 2-10.

66. 65. The video encoding device of claim 64, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

67. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal, down and to the right; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction.

68. 68. The video encoding device of claim 67, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction is in the range of 27-42.

69. 68. The video encoding device of claim 67, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at the left and top ends of the coding block.

70. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal downward and left direction; 50. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction.

71. 71. The video encoding device of claim 70, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal downward-left direction is in the range of 59-66.

72. 71. The video encoding device of claim 70, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of the pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a top edge of the coding block.

73. 1. A method for video encoding, comprising: selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for a coding block based on information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function; and decoding the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient sign.

74. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

75. The method comprises: determining an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein selecting the cost function from the plurality of cost functions comprises selecting the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

76. 74. The method of claim 73, further comprising obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses, each of the plurality of cost functions being associated with a respective intra prediction direction.

77. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypotheses comprises inferring one or more weighting factors using intra prediction values ​​to generate one or more of the plurality of cost functions.

78. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a decoder-side intra-mode derivation (DIMD) mode is used for the coding block; The method comprises:

74. The method of claim 73, further comprising selecting cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

79. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication that a matrix weighted intra-prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block; The method comprises:

74. The method of claim 73, further comprising selecting cost functions associated with horizontal and vertical directions based on a MIP mode being used for the coding block.

80. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an indication associated with template-based intra-mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-prediction mode index, and a second intra-prediction mode index; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

81. 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal up-right direction, a diagonal down-right direction, and a diagonal down-left direction.

82. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes a horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

83. 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the horizontally associated intra-prediction mode index is in the range of 11-26.

84. 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels to the left of the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

85. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43-58.

87. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​of a top edge of the coding block.

88. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated in a diagonal, upper right direction; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

89. 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2-10.

90. 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal up-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at a left edge of the coding block.

91. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal, down and to the right; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down and to the right.

92. 92. The method of claim 91, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-right direction is in the range of 27-42.

93. 92. The method of claim 91 , wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-right direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted sample values ​​at the left and top edges of the coding block.

94. the information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal downward and left direction; 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the selected cost function is a cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction.

95. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal down-left direction is in the range of 59-66.

96. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the selected cost function associated with the diagonal down-left direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a number of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of the pixel in the coding block, and a number of predicted samples and values ​​at a top edge of the coding block.

97. A computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 25 to 48 and 73 to 96.

98. A signal comprising data generated according to the method of any one of claims 25 to 48 and 73 to 96.

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