Apparatus, methods and systems utilizing novel surfaces and geometries for the cryogenic separation of gases

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods, devices, and systems for efficient cryogenic separation and capture of gases from gas mixtures. In embodiments of the invention, separation of gases from the atmosphere can be achieved using a cooled surface, which separates the gas from the atmosphere. In alternative embodiments of the invention, removal of CO2 from the atmosphere can be achieved using methods, devices, and systems for efficient cryogenic separation of CO2 from air, using a surface to capture CO2 from the gas mixture, releasing "CO2-lean air" to the atmosphere, and storing the captured liquefied CO2.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 413,931, entitled "APPARATUS, METHOD AND SYSTEM UTILIZING NOVEL SURFACES AND GEOMETRIES TO CRYOGENICALLY SEPARATE GASSES" (Inventors: Atwood et al., filed October 6, 2022), which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

[0002] The present invention relates to methods, compositions and devices for the efficient cryogenic separation and capture of gases from gas mixtures. [Background technology]

[0003] The importance of addressing climate change is accelerating. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming and climate change, with carbon dioxide being the main contributor, and arising from both point sources and dispersed emissions. The 2015 Paris Agreement, as outlined by the UN Net Zero Coalition, emphasized the need for significant emission reductions within this decade to limit global warming to well below 1.5°C and protect a livable climate.

[0004] Cryogenic fractional distillation is commonly used to separate atmospheric air into its major components, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and other noble gases. These elements are necessary for high-purity semiconductor device manufacturing. Alternative methods include membrane separation, pressure swing adsorption, and vacuum swing adsorption, all of which require cryogenic distillation. The most effective source of the noble gases neon, krypton, and xenon is cryogenic fractional distillation using at least two distillation columns. Liquefaction is also a method for purifying CO2 or other condensable gases. For example, removing oxygen from gas mixtures containing CO2 is required in many beverage and food industry applications. Furthermore, CO2 sequestration often requires liquefaction of the CO2 and removal of impurities prior to pipeline and injection.

[0005] Net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a key factor in stabilizing global average temperatures, not only through demands met by energy services, transportation, land use, and agriculture, but also through industrial production. Some energy services, such as heating and cooling, can be obtained by generating electricity from renewable energy sources, whether for residential or industrial use. However, industrial processes that inevitably utilize and release CO2 into the atmosphere present problems with serious consequences. To meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, heavy industry manufacturers are rapidly ramping up operations with large investments, and technology companies are developing new solutions. However, global targets have not been met. CO2 is also a feedstock for many industrial applications and emerging technologies, such as direct air capture. The production of gaseous CO2 requires further processing to obtain CO2 in a usable state (e.g., liquid) and purity (e.g., oxygen removal). Currently, CO2 is typically delivered to industrial utilization facilities via truck, resulting in CO2 losses along the way. The logistics and losses associated with CO2 production increase the carbon intensity of product transportation and contribute to a range of emissions from industries that utilize CO2 for various uses.

[0006] Therefore, in addition to post-combustion carbon capture, negative carbon technologies can be used to reduce net CO2 emissions. These negative carbon technologies generally require complex systems of heat exchangers, condensers, gas separators, and compressors. To ensure that negative carbon technologies do not necessarily add to the problems they are designed to address, carbon capture systems must be highly efficient. Furthermore, carbon capture systems often require secondary processing to process the produced gaseous CO2 into a liquid or supercritical fluid, which requires additional energy for utilization. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In embodiments of the present invention, methods, compositions, and devices are provided for efficient cryogenic separation and capture of a gas from a gas mixture. In embodiments of the present invention, the captured and separated gas is liquefied. In various embodiments of the present invention, the liquefied carbon dioxide can be derived from any source. Liquefaction of CO from industrial processes includes fermentation, fertilizer production, and hydrogen production from methane (such as steam methane reforming processes). In embodiments of the present invention, liquefaction of the gas can be achieved using a cooled surface to separate the gas. In another embodiment of the present invention, removing the first gas from the atmosphere can be achieved by using direct air capture (DAC) to efficiently cryogenically liquefy and separate the first gas from the gas mixture, and capturing the first gas from the gas mixture using a surface, using methods, devices, and systems that either release the "first gas-depleted gas mixture" to the atmosphere, or utilize the liquefied (solidified) first gas, or store the captured liquefied (solidified) first gas. In another alternative embodiment of the invention, removing CO2 from the atmosphere uses methods, devices and systems that use DACs to efficiently cryogenically separate CO2 from air, surfaces to capture CO2 from gas mixtures, and either release "CO2-lean air" into the atmosphere, or utilize liquefied (solidified) CO2, or store captured liquefied (solidified) CO2.

[0008] The present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof. Additional aspects can be seen from the following figures. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a phase diagram of the prior art. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1 is a prior art enthalpy (and entropy) pressure diagram for CO2. [Figure 2A] 10A-10C are schematic diagrams illustrating fins with coolant chambers without corrugations according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2B]1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating fins with coolant chambers having corrugations according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2C] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating fins tapered in radial width according to various embodiments of the invention. [Figure 2D] 10A-10C are schematic diagrams showing fins with coolant chambers that are fully thermally sealed to the packing and have no corrugations, according to various embodiments of the invention. [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a top view of a gas condensation column (GCC) having a ten fin arrangement, according to various embodiments of the invention. [Figure 3B] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a separator with channel elements that direct condensate outside a condensation column, according to various embodiments of the invention. FIG. [Figure 3C] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a separator having injection inlets at multiple points within the separator, according to various embodiments of the invention. FIG. [Figure 4A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of three GCC modules with fins according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 4B] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of three columns in which the gaseous effluent from the first column is injected into the second column and the gaseous vent from the second column is injected into the third column for further purification, according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 5] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a side cross-sectional view of a GCC module with corrugated elements having radially downwardly sloping fins and channels for directing condensate outward or inward, according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 6] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating side views of GCC modules with fins and packing struts that slope downward to direct condensate toward or away from the fins, according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 7] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating multiple packing elements in various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 8]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a GCC module with a separator 380 between chambers 365, a cap 396, and a cup 398, according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 9] 1 is an artist's line drawing showing multiple packing elements according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the arrangement of fins 220 arranged in a GCC device 360 ​​with packing elements 250 between the fins and a jacket 1084 with coolant chambers 1082 and coolant channels 1082, according to various embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a top view of a GCC module having 16 wave-shaped corrugated fins, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a GCC module having 16 wave-shaped corrugated fins according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 12A] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a hybrid module 361, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 12B] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a prior art or conventional module 364. [Figure 12C] 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a hybrid device 362 comprising a conventional device 359 connected to a hybrid device 361 according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 13] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a carbon dioxide liquefaction plant incorporating a chamber 365 in a column to form a hybrid column according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 14] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a carbon dioxide liquefaction plant incorporating a chamber 365 into a column to form a hybrid column, according to an embodiment of the present invention. MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0010] definition The transitional term "comprising" is synonymous with "including," "containing," and "characterized by," which is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

[0011] The transitional phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not recited in the claim, but does not typically exclude additional ingredients or steps not directly related to the invention, such as impurities associated with the composition.

[0012] The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of" limits the scope of the claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel feature(s) of the claimed invention. Substitution of a compound of the same family for another is encompassed by the phrase "consisting essentially of."

[0013] The term "about," in the absence of an explicit range, means a range of plus or minus 10% of the nominal value.

[0014] Carbon dioxide and CO2 are used interchangeably herein.

[0015] "Metal" means lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, zirconium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium The term "metal oxide" refers to a metal oxide containing one or more of the elements: ruthenium, tin, antimony, tellurium, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, thallium, lead, bismuth, polonium, francium, and radium.

[0016] An "alloy" is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. Alloys retain the properties of the metal but may have properties different from those of the pure metal. In some cases, the mixture provides a synergistic effect on factors such as thermal conductivity. Additionally, alloys can lower the overall cost of a material while retaining important properties.

[0017] "Plastic" includes one or more of polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyphenyl ether alloyed with high impact polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, blends of polyphenylene ether and pentane impregnated polyphenylene ether, or blends of polyethylene and polypropylene.

[0018] "Polymer" means any of the following: styrene, propylene, carbonate, ethylene, acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, terephthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, bis-β-terephthalate, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, monoethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol), cyclohexylene dimethanol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, polyester, cyclohexanedimethanol, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, dimethylamine The present invention also includes materials synthesized from one or more reagents selected from the group consisting of hexane-1,6-diamine, hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine), pentamethylenediamine, methylethanolamine, trimethylamine, aziridine, piperidine, N-methylpiperidine, formaldehyde anhydride, phenol, bisphenol A, cyclohexanone, trioxane, dioxolane, ethylene oxide, adipoyl chloride, adipine, adipic acid (hexanedioic acid), sebacic acid, glycolic acid, lactide, caprolactone, aminocaproic acid, aziridine, or a mixture of two or more materials synthesized by polymerization of these reagents.

[0019] "Column" or gas condensation column (GCC) device means a device used to liquefy one or more working gases present in a mixture of gases. GCC devices use a combination of temperature and pressure to perform cryogenic distillation. "Working gas" is the gas that a GCC device is separating from a mixture of gases.

[0020] A "refrigerant" or "coolant" is a fluid used within a device to cool the device; the refrigerant can undergo repeated cycles of heating and cooling, and when cooled, can reduce the temperature of the surface of the device (resulting in an increase in the temperature of the refrigerant). The cooled surface then acts to reduce the temperature of gases in contact with the device.

[0021] When the fin is attached to the partition wall, the "fin" is in "material contact" with the partition wall. This means that the thermal conductivity coefficient between the fin and the partition wall is 20 Wm -1 K -1 and / or "The recirculating refrigerant flowing through the partition to the fins does not leak or otherwise escape between the partition and the fin."

[0022] A "contactor" is a crucible used to hold or contain the adsorbent. In an embodiment of the present invention, the crucible may be the adsorbent itself. In another embodiment of the present invention, the contactor is partially transparent to radio frequencies or microwaves. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the contactor contains specific covalently bonded groups capable of absorbing specific electrical or microwave frequencies. In an embodiment of the present invention, the contactor is fabricated from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a low dielectric constant polymeric material, alumina-based ceramics, corundum, titanium-based ceramics, zeolite, fused quartz, or ferrite, which minimizes absorption at resonant cavity frequencies. In an embodiment of the present invention, the contactor is fabricated from a porous ceramic. In an embodiment of the present invention, the porous ceramic is silicate, aluminosilicate, diatomaceous earth, carbon, corundum, silicon carbide, or cordierite. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the contactor may be cellulose acetate. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the contactor may be mesoporous silica. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the contactor is made from a glass-coated ferromagnetic material. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the contactor is made from MnFeO. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the contactor is PTFE impregnated with molecules containing non-aqueous hydroxyl groups. In another alternative embodiment of the invention, the contactor is PTFE derivatized with hydroxyl groups.

[0023] "Additive manufacturing (AM)" is the automated construction of an object by adding metal. In embodiments of the present invention, AM refers to building a three-dimensional object from a model by adding metal or alloys to construct the three-dimensional object. AM can be performed in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, bonded, or solidified under controlled conditions as material is added to the object, typically layer by layer. In another embodiment of the present invention, AM is used to build an object with metal and α (where the metal and α form a mixed alloy). In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, AM is used to build an object with metal and plastic. In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, AM is used to build an object with metal and polymer. In an embodiment of the present invention, AM is used to build an object with metal and ceramic. Appendix A (attached) discloses features and limitations of the use of AM to construct GCC devices contemplated in various embodiments of the invention and is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

[0024] In embodiments of the present invention, AM enables optimization of the design of GCC devices. The GCC device design includes chambers. Chambers are added to other chambers to build a hierarchy or architecture of GCC devices. The design freedom allows for small-scale manufacturing (i.e., the scale of the gas condensation surface and associated liquefaction apparatus is tailored to the gas system requirements and technical / scientific / industrial challenges). Details of DACs are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 17,787,262, entitled "APPARATUS, METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DIRECT AIR CAPTURE UTILIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC EXCITATION RADIATION DESORPTION OF SOLID AMINE SORBENTS TO RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE" (Matthew Atwoo), filed June 17, 2022, which is expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. The effect of contact between system components is to use AM to improve thermal conductivity by ensuring physical contact of surfaces, thereby increasing material flow, thermal conductivity, and the effectiveness of separation.

[0025] The use of additive manufacturing (AM) improves heat recovery / heat integration, thereby enhancing exergy design. AM also enables the configuration / construction / manufacturing of GCC devices with complex surfaces, which reduces overall material utilization and allows for higher heat transfer rates and efficient gas condensation and gas / liquid separation, which are not possible with other manufacturing techniques. In embodiments of the invention, the refrigerant is cooled by a chiller or heat pump. In embodiments of the invention, process heat is recovered and used to provide process heat for another process that produces a gas (e.g., CO2 in DAC). Furthermore, a significant increase in temperature allows carbon dioxide to be liquefied even at ambient temperatures. This is typically achieved with a heat exchanger positioned after the compressor, which returns the carbon dioxide to ambient temperature. Furthermore, a significant increase in pressure allows carbon dioxide to be liquefied even at ambient temperatures.

[0026] A "refrigerant loop" can be a single flow loop, a closed refrigeration system. In embodiments of the invention, the refrigerant flows through the jacket of the column, which is fluidly connected to the interior volume of the fins. In embodiments of the invention, one refrigerant can be used in the jacket of the column and a second refrigerant can be used in the fins.

[0027] In an embodiment of the present invention, AM of a chamber with a refrigerant volume (jacket) and fins containing the refrigerant allows for efficient comparison of different refrigerants. The fin design maintains a constant T in the x and y axes even when the temperature or heat transfer in the z axis varies. The fins can be variable width to allow for uniform refrigerant / heat transfer in the x, y, and z axes. Longitudinal waves in the fins can control the flow rate and distribution of the refrigerant. The amplitude of the fin waves can be varied in the z axis. This allows for adjustment of the refrigerant temperature and separation of liquid products from condensed gases (e.g., CO2 from air). The number of fins can be varied depending on the heat exchange (cooling) needs of different stages of the column. The surface finish of the fins (inside and outside) can be controlled using AM, which can improve separation / heat exchange efficiency.

[0028] The phrase "packing material" or "packing element" refers to a component that provides a condensation surface along which a condensable gas can be cooled. In an embodiment of the present invention, the packing material is comprised of AM. When the surface area-to-volume ratio (SaV) increases, the surface area (SA) and heat transfer effectively increase condensation. The non-periodic nature of the packing avoids bottlenecks in liquid and gas flow during operation. The variable packing density in the z-axis allows the condensation rate to be adjusted to accommodate varying liquid / gas ratios in the z-axis. The high connectivity of the packing allows liquid to accumulate and flow down by gravity. The radially sloping fin channels creates a path for condensate to flow toward the end of the chamber. By periodically overlapping obstructions within the packing channels, the fins increase effective separation and reduce entrainment of gas molecules in the condensed liquid, thereby improving the purity of the liquefied product. Periodic, highly twisted packing surfaces (such as gyroid and helical local structures) can simultaneously increase SaV and turbulent flow, providing pathways for liquid and gas separation and resulting in better falling films. Variable packing density (x, y (radial position)) and distance to fins allows for the creation of gas and fluid flow channels and control of heat transfer / condensation rates. Packing material is in "physical contact" with the fins when the thermal conductivity coefficient between the packing material and the fins is 20 Wm -1 K -1 Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the packing elements provide an increase in the overall thermal conductivity between the gas stream and the fins due to the extremely large surface area of ​​the packing elements.

[0029] A "conventional chamber" is a gas condensation device that includes two fluid volumes sharing a common surface. The "conventional chamber" does not include packing material. The first liquid volume is configured to contain a cryogenic fluid or refrigerant with an inlet and an outlet. The second fluid volume is configured with an inlet at the bottom and multiple tubes, where the inlet is adapted to receive at least two gases and the tubes deliver the gases toward the outlet. A hermetic seal exists between the first and second fluid volumes, which can withstand the pressure differential between the first and second fluid volumes and between the fluid volumes and the outside atmosphere. The condensed gas collects on the walls of the tubes and is directed downward by gravity, while the uncondensed gas is discharged from the first fluid volume at the outlet.

[0030] As a significant unexpected effect, the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a first preset level (sensor) to a second preset level (sensor) was reduced to 40 minutes for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A and 3 hours for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B (i.e., system 361 having one chamber 365 connected to a conventional chamber 364 and non-additively manufactured device 359 having only a conventional chamber 364). As a result of the unexpected technical effect, the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a first preset level (sensor) to a second preset level (sensor) was reduced to 40 minutes for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A and 3 hours for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As a non-conventional or unexpected technical effect, the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a first preset level (sensor) to a second preset level (sensor) was reduced to 40 minutes for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A and 3 hours for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As a significant technical effect, the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a first preset level (sensor) to a second preset level (sensor) was reduced to 40 minutes for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A and 3 hours for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As a bonus effect, the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a first preset level (sensor) to a second preset level (sensor) was reduced to 40 minutes for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A and 3 hours for the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As an unexpected and significant effect, the rate of increase of liquid carbon dioxide in the distillation column in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A was increased by 92 percent compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As an unexpected technical effect, the rate of increase of liquid carbon dioxide in the distillation column in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A was increased by 92 percent compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As a significant technical effect, the rate of increase of liquid carbon dioxide in the distillation column in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A was increased by 92 percent compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. As a bonus effect, the rate of liquid carbon dioxide buildup in the distillation column in the configuration shown in Figure 12A increased by 92 percent compared to the configuration shown in Figure 12B. An unexpected and significant effect was that the configuration shown in Figure 12A produced liquid CO2 with less O2 compared to the configuration shown in Figure 12B.An unexpected technical effect was that the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A produced liquid CO with less O compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. Due to unconventional or unexpected results, the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A produced liquid CO with less O compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. A notable effect was that the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A produced liquid CO with less O compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. An unexpected notable effect was that the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A produced liquid CO with less O compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B.

[0031] The gap in the separator allows for liquid flow and gas injection at different locations. In embodiments of the present invention, the column gap separator can include geometries that allow for condensate channels to form toward the wall or toward the center of the condenser.

[0032] "Carbon capture" is a physical and / or chemical process that involves combining a fluid and a gas under any temperature and pressure. The key element of carbon capture used in air capture is "capturing" the carbon with a structured mechanical filter. In post-combustion capture, liquid amines are used without a structured filter. Air is drawn into the system through the first (i.e., direct air contact) stage. The efficiency of direct air contact filters can be optimized by filter design that allows maximum contact between the incoming air and the filter surface. Carbon capture efficiency is a function of yield divided by energy input. In one embodiment of the present invention, AM can be used to create filter designs that do not induce high levels of turbulence and mixing. In embodiments of the present invention, AM can also be used to create filters with large surface areas for maximum air contact. Increasing the surface area of ​​the filter can also improve yield without significantly increasing energy input.

[0033] The "cooler" and / or "stiller" comprise a purification column, which may include a still with integrated cooling. In one embodiment of the present invention, the carbon-rich product exiting the filter stage may be considered "dirty" and require further purification to be usable. In one embodiment of the present invention, this dirty carbon post-processing can be performed using a cooler and / or still. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cooler and / or still is located outside the self-contained system. However, coolers and / or stills located outside or separately from the self-contained system generally produce a lot of carbon dioxide. The most valuable and promising carbon capture systems perform some level of integrated post-processing of the dirty carbon product using a cooler and still, so that the output of the carbon capture system consists of a clean, usable carbon product. The by-product of liquefaction is generally a mixture of air and CO2, with CO2 being up to 40% of the total liquefied CO2, and is discharged from the top of the column. Water is typically removed before liquefying the CO2 because liquefying CO2 with water results in the formation of clathrates.

[0034] A "sorbent" is a material that can form a physical or chemical bond with CO molecules present in the air. CO molecules in the feed material to be processed are absorbed or adsorbed by the sorbent. In an embodiment of the present invention, the feed material is atmospheric air. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sorbent is a polyamine sorbent. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sorbent is an amine-impregnated plastic. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sorbent is selected from linear PEI, branched PEI, linear PEI-functionalized cellulose acetate silicon dioxide, branched PEI-functionalized cellulose acetate silicon dioxide, PAA poly(allylamine), and PPI (polypropyleneimine).

[0035] The "aspect ratio" of a process chamber is the ratio of its width to its height, eg, x:z, indicating a width of x units and a height of z units.

[0036] For directional clarity, when using a GCC device, for example, when referring to the location of the first inlet and first outlet, the term "above" means that liquid flows by gravity, for example, from the first refrigerant inlet to the first refrigerant outlet, or from the second refrigerant inlet to the second refrigerant outlet. When used in relation to the location of a first chamber and a second chamber, the term "above" means that liquid flows under gravity from the first chamber to the second chamber, or from the second chamber to the third chamber. This clarification does not require gravity liquid flow, for example, from the first refrigerant inlet to the first refrigerant outlet. That is, the flow of liquid from, for example, the first refrigerant inlet to the first refrigerant may be under pressure. Furthermore, this clarification does not require liquid flow, for example, from the first chamber to the second chamber. That is, gas in the first chamber can flow to the second chamber via the first actuation outlet and the second actuation port, or gas can condense in the first chamber and flow to the second chamber via the first actuation outlet and the second actuation port.

[0037] The terms "corrugated," "wave-corrugated," or "corrugated shear wave" refer to a series of nearly parallel peaks and valleys, as shown in Figure 2B, where the amplitude of the wave is the distance from the center point of the shear wave to the peak or valley. This range refers to approximately ±10 degrees.

[0038] The phrase "surface roughness" or "roughness" refers to the surface finish or texture and is determined by the value of the change in the normal vector (δ) compared to an ideal surface (δ=0). If δ is large, the surface is rough; if δ is small, the surface is smooth. Profile roughness parameters are defined by the ISO 4287:1997 standard, with grade N1 corresponding to 0.025 micrometers and N12 corresponding to 50 micrometers.

[0039] The "periodic hollow fin radial array" is shown in Figure (2B). The geometric characteristics of the periodic hollow fin radial array allow for highly efficient cooling and also provide space for structured packing for condensation. In Appendix A, Figure 7 shows transient analysis of the cooling performance of the spiral line and periodic hollow fin radial array. The periodic hollow fin radial array meets the intended requirement of extremely low or no cooling gradient across the entire XY plane, resulting in a large cooling amplitude and cooling effect. The periodic fin array design has several key aspects, including "constant cooling capacity," "hollow core," and "periodic fins." Taking a side cross-section along the Z axis from top to bottom yields the same total cooling. This ensures planar cooling capacity regardless of the cooling capacity of the GCC device. This acceptable behavior is a compromise of manufacturability and functionality rather than an intentional design feature. Theoretically, it may be desirable for the cooling fins to converge to the center and have no dimensions (i.e., infinitely thin). In one embodiment of the present invention, the fins may have a finite thickness in the center or may not extend all the way to the center. This compromise is acceptable because the radiative cooling effect of the fin's axial surface directs cooling to the center, providing uniform and consistent cooling in the axial core. Non-periodic (i.e., flat, without waves) hollow fins can provide a very direct ground path via gravity. This is not advantageous because long residence times and mixing within the fins result in significant cooling. Periodic fins also provide radiative cooling in many directions, spreading the volumetric cooling capacity per unit of cooling surface area over a larger space. When many periodic fins are combined in a radial array, the volumetric cooling potential zones overlap. Periodic fins also provide a more intricate open area for the condensation grid. In this case, gas passing through the inter-fin grid spends a longer time in pockets, thereby promoting the formation of condensate.

[0040] "Disposed" means attached, affixed, adhered, inserted, or otherwise associated. A reservoir is a container used to hold one or more liquid, gas, or solid samples.

[0041] The term "spacer" refers to a module of a GCC device that does not have any channel elements 392. The phrase "spacer / separator" refers to a module in a GCC device that is not itself the primary location of active condensation.

[0042] The phrases "gas-lean" or "gas-lean gas mixture stream" refer to a gas in which the abundance of a particular chemical has been reduced. For example, a gas-lean carbon dioxide stream is a gas from which carbon dioxide molecules have been removed.

[0043] In the following description, various aspects of the present invention will be described. However, the present invention may be practiced using only some or all aspects of the present invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For purposes of explanation, specific values, materials, and configurations are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features have been omitted or simplified so as not to obscure the present invention.

[0044] DAC involves separating a first gas from a gas mixture. For example, DAC can involve separating CO2 from air. DAC is considered an attractive and scalable carbon reduction strategy if the CO2 is geologically sequestered or upconverted into materials such as concrete, fuels, polymers, and carbon fiber. DAC has the potential to achieve net-negative emissions at the tens of GT / year scale by 2050. However, the technology, costs, and process steps involved in DAC may limit its application to large-scale implementations that are not well suited for market adoption, requiring CO2 compression, liquefaction, storage, and transportation to commercial customers. DAC also enables sequestration, the ability to store CO2 for constructive purposes, transforming it from a threat to an opportunity. On-site production and sequestration of CO2 from DAC into existing CO2-using agricultural, building materials, fuel, plastics, and chemical industries can meet emission reduction targets / requirements while reducing CO2 costs for customers and providing a more sustainable supply. However, DAC alone generally does not produce CO2 products that can be used by industry. Typically, in order to be utilized, CO2 needs to be compressed and / or liquefied to remove contaminants.

[0045] In one embodiment of the present invention, a GCC separates CO2 molecules from air under specific pressure and temperature conditions, liquefies and collects the CO2 molecules, and releases the gaseous CO2-depleted air. This process avoids the capital and energy costs associated with CO2 desorption and, by producing liquid CO2, makes the product suitable for storage and / or transportation of the generated CO2.

[0046] CO2 is useful to industry, and DAC will make available a lower-cost, more sustainable supply of CO2 to existing and future markets. Furthermore, CO2 from DAC can replace existing CO2 sources used in industry that ultimately increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. DAC can be used to meet industry emission reduction requirements.

[0047] The top priorities when designing a GCC system are i) the energy cost of contacting the GCC device with CO under appropriate pressure and temperature conditions, and ii) the capital and maintenance costs of the system. Producing liquid CO is also a major energy cost, making it necessary to reduce the energy cost of CO liquefaction. In embodiments of the present invention, AM allows for a reduction in the cost of CO liquefaction through more efficient and lower-cost equipment. Furthermore, incorporating the heat pumps required to generate the required cooling load allows for more efficient heat recovery, which can then be used to provide heat input for DAC or other industrial processes.

[0048] In an embodiment of the invention, the GCC device takes warm / hot steam containing a carbon product (CO) as an input and produces a reformed concentrated carbon product (CO). In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the GCC device takes carbon product (CO) heated by exposure to microwaves or other energy sources as an input and produces a reformed concentrated carbon product (CO). In one embodiment of the invention, the GCC device takes CO produced by another industrial process and produces a reformed concentrated carbon product (CO). In an embodiment of the invention, the input gas can be cooled to create condensate, and the use of a GCC device provides ample surface area for the condensate to collect and create a precipitate. Additionally, it is desirable to have integrated parts that require little or no assembly. The process chamber provides an airtight structure to contain the components of a chemical process or reaction. Heat, pressure, flow, and instrumentation requirements can be applied to a single integrated process unit.

[0049] In an embodiment of the present invention, the "process chamber" can be a pill-shaped cylinder. The dimensions and aspect ratio of the cylindrical process chamber are as defined in Equation 1. SaV>2xD Equation 1 where SaV is the aspect ratio and D is the diameter of the cylindrical process chamber.

[0050] In one embodiment of the present invention, a collection "cup" or "bowl" with a port may be placed at the bottom of the GCC device.

[0051] In one embodiment of the invention, a "cap" or "dome" with a port may be placed on top of the GCC device to allow uncondensed gases to vent.

[0052] The injection port can be located at the bottom of the column, at the top of the column, or in the middle of the column to provide directional channeling of the condensed gas, which allows for more efficient condensation and reduces the inclusion of impurities from the non-condensable gas into the condensed gas liquid.

[0053] Temperature sensors may be used to control process equipment, such as the temperature or flow rate of a coolant and / or the temperature of a process gas, or pressure sensors may be used to control process equipment, such as the flow rate of a coolant and / or the pressure of a process gas.

[0054] In one embodiment of the invention, the refrigerant system includes a heat pump. In one embodiment of the invention, heat generated by the heat pump can be recovered. In one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust gases can be reinjected back into the GCC device (or another GCC or DAC device) for further separation.

[0055] The chamber can be cryogen-jacketed / insulated / vacuum-jacketed. In an embodiment of the present invention, the GCC device can be configured with a cryogen-jacketed chamber.

[0056] The actively cooled portion of the process chamber has a relatively high diameter-to-height ratio. For certain efficiency targets, the high aspect ratio allows cooler modules to be designed as AM modules spanning almost the entire height of the AM printer and then combined into a stack. Currently, commercially available 3D printers measure approximately 400 mm. However, this may become larger and wider in the future, leading to even larger implementations. However, for smaller, non-industrial commercial systems, it may be possible to AM complete chambers as a single unit in a single batch build. Furthermore, the chambers are modular, allowing multiple chambers to be combined in series. For industrial, high-power stacks, the modular approach offers advantages, allowing for modular parameter variations. For example, different modules may have different packing and cooling densities (if desired). The process modules are then coupled with simple spacer flanges. This also allows for instrumentation and inlet ports 390 to be installed at various heights.

[0057] In embodiments of the present invention, the chiller can provide temperature control to rapidly cool hot gases. This chiller can also be used as part of a heat pump, and the heat, for example, some or all of the heat required for the DAC, can be used for additional processes in the overall system design.

[0058] In embodiments of the present invention, the structured packing, as a superstructured packing (SSP), can provide a high surface area for thermal coupling to a cooling mechanism. In embodiments of the present invention, the SSP can increase the surface area for condensate formation. The SA or open space dimension at packing density can be obtained by Equation 1. The SA dimension of the open space at packing density is listed in Appendix A.

[0059] The binary separation process between air (composed of 70% nitrogen) and CO can be approximated by the phase diagram of a different CO-N gas mixture. A typical phase diagram is shown in Figure 1A, where 110 indicates the solid phase boundary, 114 indicates the liquid phase boundary, 116 indicates the supercritical fluid phase boundary, 112 indicates the gas phase boundary, 118 indicates the critical point, and 119 indicates the triple point where gas, liquid, and solid phases can coexist. Figure 1B is a Ph diagram for CO, where 120 indicates the critical point pressure of 72.8 MPa (31 °C).

[0060] In an embodiment of the present invention, the polyamine adsorbent is linear polyethyleneimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethylenatetriaminoorganosilane, and aminopropylorganosilane. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the polyamine adsorbent can be a linear PEI-functionalized cellulose acetate silicon dioxide adsorbent, a branched PEI-functionalized cellulose acetate silicon dioxide adsorbent, a linear PEI incorporated into a metal-organic framework, a branched PEI incorporated into a metal-organic framework, and an amine incorporated into a metal-organic framework. In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the polyamine adsorbent can be a mesoporous material selected from the group consisting of amino-modified M41S, FSM-16, and SBA-15, including, for example, polyethylene MCM-41 or 3-trimethoxysiloxypropyldiethylenetriamine SBA-15. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, alternative high-capacity adsorbents and alternative contact materials can be used with the MWSD. For example, amine-silica adsorbent materials known to decompose to some extent in the presence of steam may be useful in the present invention where desorption is carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions.

[0061] In various embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, the fins 220, 230, and 240 comprising the coolant chamber can be flat (i.e., planar) 230, periodic (i.e., wave-corrugated) 220 (oriented toward the center of the chamber 365, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 11), and tapered 240 (thickness decreases to a point and oriented toward the center of the chamber 365, as shown in FIG. 11). FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram showing a top view of a GCC module having 16 wave-corrugated fins. FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a GCC module having 16 wave-corrugated fins. In embodiments of the invention, the packing element and / or packing elements 250 (shown in FIGS. 7, 9, and 10) can be fins and / or multiple packing elements, as shown for the cube fin 230 shown in FIG. 2D. The packing elements may be attached to multiple fins. One or more packing elements are formed as a structured strut lattice with a perturbed periodic node arrangement. In an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3A, fin 230 and / or multiple fins 370 are present in chamber 365. In an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 4A, multiple fans 370 are present in multiple chambers 365 that make up GCC device 360. In an embodiment of the present invention, chamber 365 may be positioned adjacent to one or more conventional chambers 364 (not shown). In an embodiment of the present invention, spacers 379 (not including any channel elements 392) may be positioned between chambers 365, as shown in FIG. 4B. In an embodiment of the present invention, spacers 379 may be positioned between chamber 365 and conventional chamber 364 (not shown).

[0062] In an embodiment of the present invention, multiple channel elements 392 are present in a spacer / separator 380, which may be between chambers 365, as shown in FIG. 3B. In another embodiment of the present invention, multiple channel elements 392 are present in a spacer / separator 380, which may be disposed between chamber 365 and a conventional chamber 364 (not shown). In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, multiple channel elements 392 are present in a spacer / separator 380, which may be disposed between conventional chambers 364 (not shown). In an embodiment of the present invention, multiple introduction ports 390 are present in a spacer / separator 380, which may be disposed between chambers 365, as shown in FIG. 3C. In an embodiment of the present invention, an actuation port / outlet 482 may be disposed in the spacer / separator 380 (not shown). In another embodiment of the present invention, an actuation port / outlet 482 may be disposed in a cap 396 (not shown). In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, an actuation port / outlet 482 may be disposed in a cup 398 (not shown). In an embodiment of the present invention, the cap 396 may be connected to a spacer / separator 380 having one or more inlet ports 390 positioned between one or more chambers 365 that make up the GCC device 360, as shown in FIG. 8 . In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more of a plurality of spacers / separators 380, a plurality of chambers 365, a cap 396, and a cup 398 having outlet ports 395 and 399 may each be present in the GCC device 360, and the spacer / separator 380 may be positioned between the chambers 365, as shown in FIG. 8 . In an embodiment of the present invention, the cap 396 may be connected to a spacer (not shown) having one or more inlet ports 390 positioned between one or more chambers 365 that make up the GCC device 360. In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more of a plurality of spacers, a plurality of chambers 365, a cap 396, and a cup 398 having outlet ports 395 and 399 may be present in the GCC device 360, where the spacer may be positioned between the chambers 365 (not shown). In an embodiment of the present invention, outlet ports 395 and 399 may be used to remove cryogenically separated gases.In various embodiments, the spacer / separator 380 can include one or more channel elements 392. In various embodiments, the spacer / separator 380 can include one or more introduction ports 390. In various embodiments, the spacer 380 can include one or more introduction ports 390. In one embodiment of the present invention, a GCC device having two or more chambers 365 can include a spacer / separator (380). In another embodiment of the present invention, a GCC device having two or more chambers 365 can include a spacer.

[0063] Various embodiments of the present invention include hybrid condensing devices 361, 362. FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram showing a hybrid module 361. FIG. 12B is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a traditional device 359. In a specific embodiment, Table 1 provides a comparison showing the time it takes for liquid carbon dioxide to accumulate from a preset level (sensor) to a higher set level (transmitter) in the configuration shown in FIG. 12A compared to the configuration shown in FIG. 12B. Table 1 also compares the liquid carbon dioxide increase rate in the column, the liquid CO2 production rate (0.226 kg = 1 inch = 25.4 mm), and the amount of O2 in the produced liquid CO2. In Table 1, conditions such as column pressure and coolant temperature were kept as close as possible when comparing the two configurations. In the configuration shown in FIG. 12B, it was observed that the compressor shut down frequently to avoid overpressurizing the column. In the configuration shown in FIG. 12A, the compressor was able to operate continuously. Without being bound to any particular theory or explanation, this may be due to more rapid condensation in the column with the configuration shown in FIG. 12A. The arrangement shown in FIG. 12A utilized a pumping speed similar to that of the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B, but the production with the arrangement shown in FIG. 12A was found to be much higher (specifically, 92% higher) than the arrangement shown in FIG. 12B. FIG. 12C is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a hybrid device 362 comprising a conventional device 359 connected to a hybrid device 361. In an embodiment of the invention, the hybrid condensing device 361 can be configured by attaching a cap 396 comprising one or more chambers 365 to one or more conventional chambers 364 connected to a cup 398, as shown in FIG. 12A. In another embodiment of the invention, the hybrid condensing device 362 can include a conventional condensing device 359 in fluid communication with the hybrid condensing device 361, the conventional condensing device 359 comprising a cap 396, multiple conventional chambers 364, and a cup 398, and the hybrid condensing device 361 comprising a cap 396, one or more chambers 365, one or more conventional chambers 364, and a cup 398, as shown in FIG. 12C.In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, hybrid condensing device 362 may comprise a conventional condensing device 359 in liquid communication 482 with GCC 360, where conventional condensing device 359 comprises cap 396, a plurality of conventional chambers 364, and cup 398, and GCC 360 comprises cap 396, one or more chambers 365, and cup 398 (not shown).

[0064] 13 is a schematic diagram of a carbon dioxide liquefaction plant 500. A carbon dioxide supply reservoir 510 directs carbon dioxide toward a scrubber 520, then into a heat exchanger 530, and finally into a regeneration column 550. In one embodiment of the present invention, regeneration column 550 is a GCC device that incorporates chamber 365 to form a hybrid regeneration column 590. A reboiler 560 is used to purify the carbon dioxide in regeneration column 590. The effluent 595 from regeneration column 590 is collected in a liquid storage tank 580.

[0065] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative carbon dioxide liquefaction plant 600. A carbon dioxide source 610 and / or carbon dioxide gas storage balloon 600 is fed to a scrubber 620, then into a compressor 625, from which it passes through an intercooler 630 and into a first separator 635. The flow from the first separator 635 is directed back to the compressor 625 and then through an aftercooler 640 to a second separator 650. In an embodiment of the invention, the second separator 650 includes a GCC device incorporating a chamber 365 to form a hybrid separator 690. Carbon dioxide exhaust 695 from the hybrid separator 690 is sent to a dryer 645 and then to a reboiler 660. The reboiler 660 further liquefies the carbon dioxide using a refrigerant compressor 670, a condenser 675, and a liquefier 665. The liquid from the reboiler is ultimately fed to a carbon dioxide liquid storage tank 680.

[0066] Other embodiments Embodiments contemplated herein include the following embodiments P1 to P53 and Q1 to Q49.

[0067] Embodiment P1. A GCC device having a height H for cryogenically separating a first gas from a gas mixture, the device comprising: a first chamber, a plurality of fins, and a refrigerant supply; the first chamber comprising a diameter (D), a first volume, and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates the first volume from V2, the first volume being in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet; V2 comprising a first actuation port and a first actuation outlet; a plurality of fins having a width (W) disposed within V2, at least one of the plurality of fins physically contacting the first partition; at least one of the plurality of fins comprising a first passage, a first passage inlet, and a first passage outlet; the first passage connecting the first passage inlet to the first passage outlet, the first passage inlet, and the first passage outlet passing through the first partition, thereby a first passageway in liquid contact with a first volume and a refrigerant supply, the refrigerant supply adapted to connect with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, allowing a cryogenic refrigerant to enter the first volume at a first temperature (T1); the refrigerant supply adapted to flow from the first volume to the first passageway inlet and discharge from the first passageway through the first passageway outlet; the cryogenic refrigerant in liquid contact with at least the first volume; the cryogenic refrigerant in liquid contact with at least the first passageway; and a plurality of packing elements constructed using additive manufacturing (AM); the plurality of packing elements are arranged in V2, at least one of the plurality of packing elements being in material contact with one or more of the plurality of fins; the first gas is discharged from the first working outlet; and a first gas-lean gas mixture is discharged from the first working port.

[0068] Embodiment P2. The GCC device of embodiment P1, which is made of an alloy.

[0069] Embodiment P3. The plurality of packing elements are in material contact with the plurality of fins, and the thermal conductivity coefficient between the plurality of packing elements and the plurality of fins is within a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x102 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein

[0070] Embodiment P4. The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein the first refrigerant inlet is disposed above the first refrigerant outlet, and wherein the cryogenic refrigerant enters the first volume through the first refrigerant inlet at T1.

[0071] Embodiment P5. The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein the plurality of fins are constructed using AM such that at least one of the plurality of fins is in material contact with the first partition wall.

[0072] Embodiment P6. The plurality of fins are in material contact with the first partition wall, and the thermal conductivity coefficient between at least one of the plurality of fins and the first partition wall is greater than or equal to a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment P5, wherein

[0073] Embodiment P7. The GCC device of embodiment P1, further including one or more passages within one or more of the plurality of fins, at least one of the one or more passages directing gas condensing on a surface of the one or more of the plurality of fins in a direction from the first actuation port toward the first actuation outlet.

[0074] Embodiment P8: The plurality of fins are arranged in a range of about 5 to about 1×10. 2 The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein

[0075] Embodiment P9. W has a lower limit of about Dx10 -2 ~Upper limit approx. Dx10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein

[0076] Embodiment P10. W increases from the center toward the partition, and W has a lower limit of about Dx10 -2~Upper limit approx. Dx10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein

[0077] Embodiment P11. The GCC device of embodiment P1, wherein the plurality of fins are corrugated.

[0078] Embodiment P12. W has a lower limit of about Dx10 -2 ~Upper limit approx. Dx10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P11, wherein

[0079] Embodiment P13. The amplitude of the corrugated wave is lower than about Dx10 -3 ~Maximum Dx10 -2 The GCC device of embodiment P11, wherein

[0080] Embodiment P14. The GCC device of embodiment P11, wherein the plurality of fins have a roughness ranging from a lower limit of about N1 to an upper limit of about N12.

[0081] Embodiment P15. The GCC device of embodiment P1, further comprising a second chamber comprising a third volume and a fourth volume (V4), wherein the diameter of the second chamber is D, and wherein a second partition at least partially separates the third volume from V4.

[0082] Embodiment P16. The GCC device of embodiment P15, wherein the second chamber is disposed on the first chamber and the first chamber is above the second chamber.

[0083] Embodiment P17. The GCC device of embodiment P16, wherein the third volume is in fluid contact with the second refrigerant inlet and the second refrigerant outlet, V4 includes a second working port and a second working outlet, the GCC device is adapted to connect to the second refrigerant inlet and the second refrigerant outlet for recirculating the cryogenic refrigerant, and the first working outlet is in gas-tight contact with the second working port.

[0084] Embodiment P18. V4 / V2 is within the first lower limit of about 8x10-1 ~ First upper limit approx. 9x10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P17, wherein

[0085] Embodiment P19. The GCC device of embodiment P18, wherein the first refrigerant inlet is disposed on the first refrigerant outlet and the second refrigerant inlet is disposed on the second refrigerant outlet, wherein the cryogenic refrigerant enters the first volume through the first refrigerant inlet at T1, and the cryogenic refrigerant enters the third volume through the second refrigerant inlet at a second temperature (T2).

[0086] Embodiment P20. wherein T1=T2 and V4 / V2 is within a first lower limit of about 8x10 -1 ~ First upper limit approx. 9x10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P19, wherein

[0087] Embodiment P21. H is between a second lower limit of about 2xD and a second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P20, in xD.

[0088] Embodiment P22. H is between a second lower limit of about 3xD and a second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P20, in xD.

[0089] Embodiment P23. A GCC device as described in embodiment P19, wherein T1=T2 and V2=V4.

[0090] Embodiment P24. H is a value between a lower limit of about 2xD and an upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P23, wherein the GCC device is xD.

[0091] Embodiment P25. H is a value between a lower limit of about 3xD and an upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P23, wherein the GCC device is xD.

[0092] Embodiment P26. When T1 is greater than T2, the ratio of V4 to V2 is greater than or equal to a first lower limit of about 8×10 -1 ~ First upper limit approx. 9 x 10-1 The GCC device of embodiment P19, wherein

[0093] Embodiment P27. H is between the second lower limit of about 2xD and the second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P26, in xD.

[0094] Embodiment P28. H is between the second lower limit of about 3xD and the second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P26, in xD.

[0095] Embodiment P29. The GCC device of embodiment P19, wherein T1 is greater than T2 and V2 is equal to V4.

[0096] Embodiment P30. H is between a second lower limit of about 2xD and a second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P29, in xD.

[0097] Embodiment P31. H is between the second lower limit of about 3xD and the second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P29, in xD.

[0098] Embodiment P32. wherein T2>T1 and V4 / V2 is within a first lower limit of about 8x10 -1 ~ First upper limit approx. 9x10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P19, wherein

[0099] Embodiment P33. H is between the second lower limit of about 2xD and the second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P32, in xD.

[0100] Embodiment P34. H is between the second lower limit of about 3xD and the second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P32, in xD.

[0101] Embodiment P35. A GCC device according to embodiment P19, wherein T2>T1 and V2=V4.

[0102] Embodiment P36. H is between the second lower limit of about 2xD and the second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P29, in xD.

[0103] Embodiment P37. H is between the second lower limit of about 3xD and the second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P35, in xD. Embodiment P38. The GCC device of embodiment P19, further comprising a cap, the cap disposed in gas-tight contact with the first actuation port.

[0104] Embodiment P39. The GCC device of embodiment P19, further comprising a cup, the cup being disposed in gas-sealable contact with the second actuation outlet.

[0105] Embodiment P40. The GCC device of embodiment P19, further comprising a separator disposed between the first chamber and the second chamber.

[0106] Embodiment P41. The GCC device of embodiment P40, wherein the separator is disposed in gas-sealable contact with the first chamber, and the separator is disposed in gas-sealable contact with the second chamber.

[0107] Embodiment P42. The GCC device of embodiment P40, wherein the separator comprises one or more channels. Embodiment P43. A GCC device of embodiment P42, wherein the one or more channels are adapted to carry condensate away from a central point of the GCC device.

[0108] Embodiment P44. The GCC device of embodiment P40, wherein the separator includes one or more introduction ports.

[0109] Embodiment P45. The GCC device of embodiment P40, wherein the one or more introduction ports are adapted to introduce the first gas-lean gas mixture directly into the GCC device.

[0110] Embodiment P46. The GCC device of embodiment P38, further comprising a valve in the cap and the GCC device of claim 44, wherein the first gas-lean gas mixture exhausted from the GCC device of embodiment P38 through the valve is directed into one or more introduction ports of the GCC device of claim 44.

[0111] Embodiment P47. The GCC device of embodiment P46, wherein a separator is disposed between the first chamber and the second chamber.

[0112] Embodiment P48. A GCC device for cryogenically separating a first gas from a gas mixture, the device comprising a first chamber including a diameter (D), a first volume, and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates the first volume from V2, the first volume being in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, V2 including a first actuation port and a first actuation outlet, the first chamber constructed using additive manufacturing (AM), and the plurality of fins , V2, at least one of the plurality of fins in physical contact with the first partition wall, at least one of the plurality of fins including a first passage, a first passage inlet, and a first passage outlet, the first passage connecting the first passage inlet to the first passage outlet, the first passage inlet and the first passage outlet passing through the first partition wall, such that the first passage is in liquid contact with the first volume, the plurality of cooling fins constructed using AM, and a coolant supply a first refrigerant inlet adapted to connect with the first refrigerant inlet and the first refrigerant outlet, thereby allowing a cryogenic refrigerant to enter the first volume at a first temperature (T1); a refrigerant supply adapted to flow from the first volume to the first passage inlet and discharge from the first passage through the first passage outlet, the cryogenic refrigerant in liquid contact with at least the first volume; when the cryogenic refrigerant is in liquid contact with at least the first passage, a plurality of packing elements are disposed within V2, at least one of the plurality of packing elements in material contact with one or more of the plurality of fins, the plurality of packing elements being constructed using AM; a first gas is discharged from the first working outlet; and a first gas-lean gas mixture is discharged from the first working port, the cap, the cup, and the one or more inlet ports, the cap being disposed in gas-sealable contact with the first working port and the cup being disposed in gas-sealable contact with the second working outlet.

[0113] Embodiment P49. The plurality of packing elements are in material contact with the plurality of fins, and the thermal conductivity coefficient between the plurality of packing elements and the plurality of fins is within a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment P48, wherein

[0114] Embodiment P50. The GCC device of embodiment P48, wherein at least one of the plurality of fins is in material contact with the first partition wall.

[0115] Embodiment P51. The plurality of fins are in material contact with the first partition wall, and the thermal conductivity coefficient between at least one of the plurality of fins and the first partition wall is greater than or equal to a lower limit of about 1x10. 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment P50, wherein

[0116] Embodiment P52. The GCC device of embodiment P48, wherein the second chamber further comprises a second chamber comprising a third volume and a fourth volume (V4), wherein the diameter of the second chamber is equal to D.

[0117] Embodiment P53. The GCC device of embodiment P50, wherein the second chamber is disposed in the first chamber.

[0118] Embodiment P54. The GCC device of embodiment P53, wherein a second partition at least partially separates the third volume from V4.

[0119] Embodiment P55. The GCC device of embodiment P54, wherein the third volume is in fluid contact with the second refrigerant inlet and the second refrigerant outlet, V4 includes a second working port and a second working outlet, a refrigerant supply is connected to the second refrigerant inlet, the second refrigerant outlet is adapted to recirculate the cryogenic refrigerant, the first working outlet is in gas-tight contact with the second refrigerant inlet, and V2 is equal to V4.

[0120] Embodiment P56. H is a value between a lower limit of about 2xD and an upper limit of about 1x10 1The GCC device of embodiment P55, wherein the GCC device is xD.

[0121] Embodiment P57. H is a value between a lower limit of about 3xD and an upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P55, wherein the GCC device is xD.

[0122] Embodiment P58. The third volume is in fluid contact with the second refrigerant inlet and the second refrigerant outlet, V4 includes a second working port and a second working outlet, a refrigerant supply is connected to the second refrigerant inlet, the second refrigerant outlet is adapted to recirculate a cryogenic refrigerant, the first working outlet is in gas-sealable contact with the second refrigerant inlet, a second chamber is positioned below the first chamber, and V4 / V2 is within a first lower limit of about 8x10 -1 ~ First upper limit approx. 9x10 -1 The GCC device of embodiment P48, wherein

[0123] Embodiment P59. H is between the second lower limit of about 2xD and the second upper limit of about 1x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P58, in xD.

[0124] Embodiment P60. H is between a second lower limit of about 3xD and a second upper limit of about 2x10 1 The GCC device of embodiment P58, in xD.

[0125] Embodiment P61. A method for cryogenically separating a first gas from a gas mixture, comprising: introducing a working gas into a first GCC device, the first GCC device being as disclosed in embodiment 17; and directing an output of a second working outlet of the first GCC device to a second GCC device.

[0126] Embodiment P62. A method of manufacturing a GCC device, the method comprising using additive manufacturing (AM) to produce at least a first bulkhead, a second bulkhead, a plurality of fins, and a plurality of packing elements of the GCC device described in embodiment P38, wherein at least the first bulkhead, the second bulkhead, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements comprise the AM-produced alloy of embodiment P2.

[0127] Embodiment P63. A GCC device for cryogenically separating a first gas from a gas mixture, the device comprising: a first chamber, a plurality of packing elements, a cap, a cup, and one or more inlet ports, the first chamber including a diameter (D), a first volume, and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates the first volume from the second volume, the dimensions of the first chamber having a surface area to volume ratio (SaV), the first volume in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, and the second volume having a first refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet. a first chamber including an actuation port, a first actuation outlet, and a refrigerant supply, the refrigerant supply adapted to connect with the first refrigerant inlet and the first refrigerant outlet, thereby enabling a recirculating supply of cryogenic refrigerant, the cryogenic refrigerant from the refrigerant supply in liquid contact with at least a first volume, a plurality of fins configured using additive manufacturing (AM), the plurality of fins being disposed in a second volume, at least one of the plurality of fins in contact with the first bulkhead, and at least one of the plurality of fins in liquid contact with the first volume; a plurality of packing elements are disposed in the second volume, at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in contact with one or more of the plurality of fins, the first gas is discharged from the first actuation outlet, and a first gas-lean gas mixture is discharged from the first actuation port; The device, wherein the cap is disposed in gas-tight contact with the first actuation port and the cup is disposed in gas-tight contact with the first actuation outlet.

[0128] Embodiment Q1. A GCC device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a solvent supply, wherein: (a) the first chamber includes an inlet port, an actuation port, an actuation outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, the first partition including an inner wall and an outer wall, the inner wall in contact with V1 and the outer wall in contact with V2, and V (b) a plurality of fins are disposed on V2, at least one of the plurality of fins being in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins including a passageway, a passageway inlet, and a passageway outlet; a first partition wall extending relative to the passageway, V1 being connected to the passageway inlet by the passageway, and the passageway outlet being connected to V1 by the passageway; and (c) a plurality of packing elements are disposed on V2, at least one of the plurality of fins being in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins including a passageway, a passageway inlet, and a passageway outlet; at least one of the packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; (c) a refrigerant supply is adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through a first refrigerant inlet, where the refrigerant is in physical contact with the inner wall, and where the refrigerant is discharged through a first refrigerant outlet; the refrigerant supply is also adapted to supply refrigerant from V1 through the passage inlet, where the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet and into V1, where in the absence of refrigerant the outer wall is at a first temperature, and where the refrigerant flowing through V1 reduces the first temperature of the outer wall; the GCC device is adapted to direct a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to V2, where one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, where the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules collect at a bottom of the GCC device; and the GCC device is adapted to direct a stream of gas-lean gas mixture to the working outlet.

[0129] Embodiment Q2. The GCC device of embodiment Q1, which is made of an alloy.

[0130] Embodiment Q3. The GCC device of embodiment Q1, wherein the plurality of packing elements are configured using AM.

[0131] Embodiment Q4. The GCC device of embodiment Q3, wherein the plurality of packing elements are disposed throughout V2.

[0132] Embodiment Q5. The GCC device of embodiment Q4, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with one or both of the outer walls and the plurality of packing elements.

[0133] Embodiment Q6. The thermal conductivity coefficient between one or more of the plurality of fins and either or both of the exterior wall and / or the plurality of packing elements is within a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment Q5, wherein:

[0134] Embodiment Q7. The GCC device of embodiment Q1, wherein the passage directs a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the actuation port toward the actuation outlet.

[0135] Embodiment Q8. The plurality of fins has a lower limit of about 5 to an upper limit of about 2 × 10 1 The GCC device of embodiment Q1, wherein: In this range, about means ±1 significant digit.

[0136] Embodiment Q9. The GCC device of embodiment Q1, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

[0137] Embodiment Q10. The GCC device of embodiment Q1, wherein the roughness of one or more of the plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit of about N1 to an upper limit of about N12, where about means ±10%.

[0138] Embodiment Q11. A method of using a GCC device to liquefy a gas stream comprising a plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, the method comprising: introducing the gas stream into the GCC device, wherein the GCC device comprises: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber including an actuation outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, and the partition wall includes an inner wall and an outer wall, the inner wall is in contact with V1, the outer wall is in contact with V2, V1 is in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, the working outlet, and a plurality of packing elements are disposed on V2; (b) a plurality of fins are disposed on V2, at least one of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins includes a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet; the first partition wall extends relative to the passage, and the passage allows V1 is connected to the passage inlet, and the passage outlet is connected by a passage to V1, at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall, (c) a refrigerant supply is adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through the first refrigerant inlet, where the refrigerant is in physical contact with the inner wall, and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply is also adapted to supply refrigerant from V1 through the passage inlet, where the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet and into V1, and in the absence of refrigerant, the outer wall is at a first temperature, and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the outer wall, directing a gas stream to V2; introducing a gaseous mixture stream into V2; condensing one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules on one or both of the one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; directing the gas-lean gas mixture stream to the working outlet; and collecting the one or more liquefied carbon dioxide molecules in a GCC device.

[0139] Embodiment Q12. The method of embodiment Q11, wherein the gas-lean gas mixture comprises one or more gaseous impurities.

[0140] Embodiment Q13. The method of embodiment Q12, wherein one or more gaseous impurities are exhausted from the GCC device.

[0141] Embodiment Q14. A method of using a GCC device to liquefy a gas stream comprising a plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, the method comprising: introducing the gas stream into a GCC device, wherein the GCC device comprises: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber including an inlet port, an actuation outlet, an actuation port, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2; (b) a first partition wall includes an inner wall and an outer wall, the inner wall being in contact with V1 and the outer wall being in contact with V2, V1 being in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, the working outlet, and a plurality of packing elements being disposed in V2; (b) a plurality of fins being disposed in V2, at least one of the plurality of fins being in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins including a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet; and the first partition wall extending relative to the passage, the passage connecting V1 to the passage inlet. and (c) a refrigerant supply is adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through a first refrigerant inlet, wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with one or both of the one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall, and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, and the refrigerant supply is also adapted to supply refrigerant from V1 through the passage inlet, wherein the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet and into V1, and in the absence of refrigerant, the outer wall is at a first temperature, and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the outer wall.

[0142] Embodiment Q15. The method of embodiment Q14, wherein the gas-lean gas mixture comprises one or more gaseous impurities.

[0143] Embodiment Q16. The method of embodiment Q15, wherein the one or more gaseous impurities are exhausted from the GCC device through an actuation port.

[0144] Embodiment Q17. A hybrid GCC device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a second chamber; (c) a plurality of fins; and (d) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber including a first inlet port, a first working port, a first working outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, the first partition including an inner wall and an outer wall, the inner wall in contact with V1 and the outer wall in contact with V2, and V1 , in fluid contact with the first refrigerant inlet and the first refrigerant outlet, a first inlet port, a first working port, a first working outlet, and a plurality of packing elements are disposed within V2; (b) a second chamber includes a second inlet port, a second working port, and a second working outlet, wherein the second chamber is a distillation column, the second chamber does not include packing elements, the first chamber is adapted to be fluidly connected to the second chamber, and the second working port is adapted to be fluidly connected to the first inlet port; (c) a plurality of fins are disposed in V2, and a plurality of at least one of the fins is in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins includes a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet, the first partition wall extends to the passage, the passage connecting V1 to the passage inlet and the passage outlet connecting V1 to the passage, at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of the one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall, and (d) a refrigerant supply is adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through the first refrigerant inlet, wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the inner wall. and a refrigerant supply is also adapted to supply refrigerant from V1 through the passage inlet, the refrigerant being discharged from the passage through the passage outlet and into V1, the outer wall being at a first temperature in the absence of the refrigerant, and the refrigerant reducing the first temperature of the outer wall; and a GCC device adapted to direct a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules into V2, wherein one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, and the liquefied carbon dioxide moleculesA hybrid GCC device, wherein the gas-lean gas mixture is collected at a bottom of the GCC device, the GCC device being adapted to direct the gas-lean gas mixture stream to a first actuation outlet.

[0145] Embodiment Q18. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein the GCC device is made of an alloy.

[0146] Embodiment Q19. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein the plurality of packing elements are configured using AM.

[0147] Embodiment Q20. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q19, wherein the plurality of packing elements are disposed throughout V2.

[0148] Embodiment Q21. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q20, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with one or both of the outer walls and the plurality of packing elements.

[0149] Embodiment Q22. The thermal conductivity coefficient between one or more of the plurality of fins and either or both of the outer wall and / or the plurality of packing elements is within a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q21, wherein: In this range, about means ±10%.

[0150] Embodiment Q23. The GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein the passage directs a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the first actuation port toward the first actuation outlet.

[0151] Embodiment Q24: The plurality of fins are arranged in a range of about 5 to about 2 × 10. 1 The GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein: In this range, about means ±1 significant digit.

[0152] Embodiment Q25. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

[0153] Embodiment Q26. The hybrid GCC device of embodiment Q17, wherein the roughness of one or more of the plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit of about N1 to an upper limit of about N12. In this range, about means ±10%.

[0154] Embodiment Q27. A GCC system for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a second chamber; (c) a first plurality of fins; (c) a second plurality of fins; and (d) a solvent supply; (a) the first chamber including a first inlet port, a first actuation port, a first actuation outlet, a first plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, the first partition including a first interior wall and a first exterior wall, the first interior wall being in contact with V1. (b) a second chamber including a second inlet port, a second actuation port, a second actuation outlet, a second plurality of packing elements, a third volume (V3), and a fourth volume (V4), wherein a second partition at least partially separates V3 from V4, the second partition including a second inner wall and a second outer wall, the second inner wall being in contact with V3; (c) the first chamber is adapted to fluidly connect to the second chamber, and the first working outlet is adapted to fluidly connect to the second inlet port; (d) the second outer wall is in contact with V4; V3 is in fluid contact with the second refrigerant inlet and the second refrigerant outlet; the second inlet port, the second working port, the second working outlet and the second plurality of packing elements are disposed on V4; the first chamber is adapted to fluidly connect to the second chamber; the first working outlet is adapted to fluidly connect to the second inlet port; (c) the first plurality of fins are disposed on V2; at least one of the first plurality of fins is in physical contact with the first outer wall; and at least one of the first plurality of fins is (c) a first passage, a first passage inlet, and a first passage outlet, the first passage connecting the first passage inlet to the first passage outlet, the first partition extending relative to the first passage, the first passage connecting V1 to the first passage inlet, the first passage connecting the first passage outlet to V1, at least one of the first plurality of packing elements in physical contact with one or both of one or more first fins of the first plurality of fins and the first outer wall; (d) a second plurality of fins disposed in V4, at least one of the second plurality of fins beinga second bulkhead extending to the second passage; a second bulkhead physically contacting the second outer wall; at least one of the second plurality of fins including a second passage, a second passage inlet, and a second passage outlet; the second passage connecting the second passage inlet to the second passage outlet; the second passage connecting the second passage inlet to the second passage outlet; the second bulkhead extending to the second passage; the second passage connecting V1 to the second passage inlet; the second passage connecting the second passage outlet to V1; and at least one of the second plurality of packing elements connecting one or more of the second fins and and a second outer wall, (d) a refrigerant supply adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through a first refrigerant inlet, where the refrigerant is in physical contact with the first inner wall and the refrigerant is discharged through a first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply also adapted to supply refrigerant from V1 through the first passage inlet, where the refrigerant is discharged from the first passage through the first passage outlet and into V1, where in the absence of refrigerant the first outer wall is at a first temperature, where the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the first outer wall, whereby the GCC device the first working port; a GCC device adapted to direct a stream of the gas-lean gas mixture to V2, wherein one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the first outer wall, the first plurality of fins, and the first plurality of packing elements, and the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected in the first working port; the GCC device adapted to direct a stream of the gas-lean gas mixture to the first working outlet; a refrigerant supply adapted to supply refrigerant to V3 through the second passage inlet, wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the second inner wall and is discharged through the second passage outlet, free of refrigerant. When the second outer wall is at a second temperature and the refrigerant reduces the second temperature of the second outer wall, the GCC device is adapted to direct the stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules toward V4, one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the second outer wall, the second plurality of fins, and the second plurality of packing elements, the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected in the second working port, and the GCC device is adapted to discharge the stream of gas-lean gas mixture at the second working outlet.

[0155] Embodiment Q28. The GCC device of embodiment Q27, which is made of an alloy.

[0156] Embodiment Q29. The GCC device of embodiment Q27, wherein the first plurality of packing elements are constructed using AM.

[0157] Embodiment Q30. The GCC device of embodiment Q29, wherein the first plurality of packing elements is disposed across V2.

[0158] Embodiment Q31. The GCC device of embodiment Q30, wherein one or more of the first plurality of fins is in physical contact with one or both of the first outer walls and the first plurality of packing elements.

[0159] Embodiment Q32. The thermal conductivity coefficient between one or more of the first plurality of fins and either or both of the first exterior wall and / or the first plurality of packing elements is in the range of a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment Q31, wherein: In this range, about means ±10%.

[0160] Embodiment Q33. A GCC device as described in embodiment Q27, wherein the first passageway directs a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the first actuation port toward the first actuation outlet.

[0161] Embodiment Q34. The first plurality of fins has a lower limit of about 5 to an upper limit of about 2 × 10 1 The GCC device of embodiment Q27, wherein: In this range, about means ±1 significant digit.

[0162] Embodiment Q35. The GCC device of embodiment Q27, wherein one or more of the first plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

[0163] Embodiment Q36. The GCC device of embodiment Q27, wherein the roughness of one or more of the first plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit of about N1 to an upper limit of about N12. In this range, about means ±10%. Embodiment Q37. A GCC device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a solvent supply; (a) the first chamber including an inlet port, an actuation port, an actuation outlet, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, the first partition including an inner wall and an outer wall, the inner wall in contact with V1, the outer wall in contact with V2, V1 in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, the actuation port and the actuation outlet being disposed in V2; (b) a plurality of fins disposed in V2, at least one of the plurality of fins being in physical contact with the outer wall, at least one of the plurality of fins including a passageway, a passageway inlet, and a passageway outlet; and the first partition extending relative to the passageway, wherein the passageway connects V1 to the passageway inlet and the passageway connects V1 to the passageway outlet. a GCC device adapted to direct a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to V2, wherein one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, and the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected at a bottom of the GCC device; and the GCC device adapted to direct a stream of gas-lean gas mixture to the working outlet.

[0164] Embodiment Q38. The GCC device of embodiment Q37, which is made of an alloy.

[0165] Embodiment Q39. The GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with the outer wall.

[0166] Embodiment Q40. The thermal conductivity coefficient between one or more of the plurality of fins and the exterior wall is greater than or equal to a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1 ~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein: In this range, about means ±10%.

[0167] Embodiment Q41. A GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein the passage directs a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the actuation port toward the actuation outlet.

[0168] Embodiment Q42. The plurality of fins has a lower limit of about 5 to an upper limit of about 2 × 10 1 The GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein: In this range, about means ±1 significant digit.

[0169] Embodiment Q43. The GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

[0170] Embodiment Q44. The GCC device of embodiment Q37, wherein the roughness of one or more of the plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit of about N1 to an upper limit of about N12. In this range, about means ±10%. Embodiment Q45. A GCC device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; and (b) a refrigerant supply, wherein: (a) the first chamber includes an inlet port, an actuation port, an actuation outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V1) and a second volume (V2), wherein a first partition at least partially separates V1 from V2, the first partition includes an inner wall and an outer wall, wherein the inner wall is in contact with V1 and the outer wall is in contact with V2, V1 is in fluid contact with the first refrigerant inlet and the first refrigerant outlet, the actuation port, the actuation outlet, and the plurality of packing elements are disposed in V2, and at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with the outer wall; and (b) a refrigerant supply adapted to supply refrigerant to V1 through a first refrigerant inlet, where the refrigerant is in physical contact with the inner wall; the refrigerant being discharged through a first refrigerant outlet, where in the absence of the refrigerant the outer wall is at a first temperature and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the outer wall; and a GCC device adapted to direct a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to V2, where one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, and the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected at a bottom of the GCC device; and the GCC device adapted to direct a stream of gas-lean gas mixture to a working outlet of the device.

[0171] Embodiment Q46. The GCC device of embodiment Q45, which is made of an alloy.

[0172] Embodiment Q47. The GCC device of embodiment Q45, wherein the plurality of packing elements are configured using AM.

[0173] Embodiment Q48. The GCC device of embodiment Q45, wherein a plurality of packing elements are disposed throughout V2.

[0174] Embodiment Q49. The thermal conductivity coefficient between the outer wall and the plurality of packing elements is within a lower limit of about 1x10 1 Wm -1 K -1~Upper limit approx. 5x10 2 Wm -1 K -1 The GCC device of embodiment Q45, wherein: In this range, about means ±10%.

[0175] While the systems, methods, and devices have been described by way of example, it is not the applicant's intention to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such details. It is, of course, not possible to describe every possible combination of components or methodologies for describing the systems, methods, and devices provided herein. Additional advantages and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative systems and methods, or devices shown and described. Accordingly, departures from such details may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept. This application is therefore intended to embrace changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the foregoing description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is determined by the appended claims and their equivalents. [Table 1]

Claims

1. 1. A GCC (gas condensation column) device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, the device comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber includes an inlet port, an actuation port, an actuation outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V １ ) and a second volume (V ２ ), wherein the first partition wall is at least partially V １ V ２ The first partition wall includes an inner wall and an outer wall, and the inner wall is separated from the V １ and the outer wall is in contact with V ２ In contact with V １ is in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, and the working port, the working outlet, and the plurality of packing elements are ２ It is located in (b) the plurality of fins are V ２ at least one of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with the outer wall, the at least one of the plurality of fins includes a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet, the first partition wall extends relative to the passage, and the passage defines a V １ is connected to the passage inlet, and the passage outlet is connected to V １ wherein at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; (c) the refrigerant supply is configured to supply refrigerant through the first refrigerant inlet to a V １ wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the interior wall and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply also being adapted to supply V １ and adapted to supply the refrigerant through the passage inlet from the passage, and the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet to V １ , and in the absence of refrigerant, the outer wall is at a first temperature, and the refrigerant enters V １ The first temperature of the outer wall is reduced by flowing through the gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, and the GCC device ２ wherein the one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, and liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected at a bottom of the GCC device, and the GCC device is adapted to direct a gas-lean gas mixture stream to the working outlet.

2. 10. The GCC device of claim 1, made from an alloy.

3. 10. The GCC device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of packing elements are constructed using additive manufacturing.

4. The plurality of packing elements are V ２ The GCC device of claim 3 , wherein the GCC device is disposed throughout.

5. 5. The GCC device of claim 4, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are in physical contact with one or both of the outer wall and the plurality of packing elements.

6. a thermal conductivity coefficient between the one or more of the plurality of fins and either or both of the outer wall and / or the plurality of packing elements having a lower limit of about 1×10 １ Wm －１ K －１ ~Upper limit approximately 5x10 ２ Wm －１ K －１ 6. The GCC device of claim 5, wherein:

7. 10. The GCC device of claim 1, wherein the passage directs the stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the actuation port toward the actuation outlet.

8. The plurality of fins have a lower limit of about 5 to an upper limit of about 2×10 １ 2. The GCC device of claim 1, wherein:

9. The GCC device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

10. 10. The GCC device of claim 1, wherein the roughness of one or more of the plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit rating of about N1 to an upper limit rating of about N12.

11. 1. A method of using a GCC (gas condensation column) device to liquefy a gas stream comprising a plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, said method comprising: introducing the gas stream into the GCC device, the GCC device comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a plurality of fins; and (c) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber includes an inlet port, an actuation outlet, an actuation port, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V １ ) and a second volume (V ２ ), wherein the first partition wall is at least partially V １ V ２ The first partition wall includes an inner wall and an outer wall, and the inner wall is separated from the V １ and the outer wall is in contact with V ２ In contact with V １ is in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, and the working outlet and the plurality of packing elements are ２ placed in (b) the plurality of fins are V ２ at least one of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with the outer wall, the at least one of the plurality of fins includes a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet, the first partition wall extends relative to the passage, and the passage defines a V １ is connected to the passage inlet, and the passage outlet is connected to V １ wherein at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; (c) a refrigerant supply is provided through the first refrigerant inlet to V １ wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the interior wall and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply also being adapted to supply V １ and adapted to supply the refrigerant through the passage inlet from the passage, and the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet to V １ wherein the outer wall is at a first temperature in the absence of the refrigerant, and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the outer wall; The stream of gas passing through the inlet port is designated as V ２ and orienting the condensing one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules on one or both of the one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; directing a stream of the gas-lean gas mixture toward the working outlet; collecting one or more liquefied carbon dioxide molecules discharged from the GCC device through the working outlet.

12. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the gas-lean gas mixture comprises one or more gas impurities.

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more gaseous impurities are exhausted from the GCC device through the actuation port.

14. 1. A hybrid GCC (gas condensation column) device for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a second chamber; (c) a plurality of fins; and (d) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber includes a first inlet port, a first actuation port, a first actuation outlet, a plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V １ ) and a second volume (V ２ ), wherein the first partition wall is at least partially V １ V ２ The first partition wall includes an inner wall and an outer wall, and the inner wall is separated from the V １ and the outer wall is in contact with V ２ In contact with V １ is in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, and the first inlet port, the first working port, the first working outlet, and the plurality of packing elements are ２ Located inside, (b) a second chamber comprising a second inlet port, a second working port, and a second working outlet, wherein the second chamber is a distillation column, the second chamber does not comprise a packing element, the first chamber is adapted to be fluidly connected to the second chamber, and the second working port is adapted to be fluidly connected to the first inlet port; (c) the plurality of fins are V ２ at least one of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with the outer wall, the at least one of the plurality of fins includes a passage, a passage inlet, and a passage outlet, the first partition wall extends relative to the passage, and the passage defines a V １ is connected to the passage inlet, and the passage outlet is connected to V １ wherein at least one of the plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more fins of the plurality of fins and the outer wall; (d) the refrigerant supply is configured to supply refrigerant through the first refrigerant inlet to a V １ wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the interior wall and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply also being adapted to supply V １ the refrigerant is discharged from the passage through the passage outlet to V １ wherein the outer wall is at a first temperature in the absence of the refrigerant, and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the outer wall; and the GCC device introduces the stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules into V ２ wherein the one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the outer wall, the plurality of fins, and the plurality of packing elements, and liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected at a bottom of the GCC device, and the GCC device is adapted to direct a gas-lean gas mixture stream to the first working outlet.

15. 15. The hybrid GCC device of claim 14, wherein the GCC device is made of an alloy.

16. 15. The hybrid GCC device of claim 14, wherein the plurality of packing elements are constructed using additive manufacturing.

17. The plurality of packing elements are V ２ 17. The hybrid GCC device of claim 16, wherein the hybrid GCC device is disposed throughout.

18. 20. The hybrid GCC device of claim 17, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins is in physical contact with one or both of the outer wall and the plurality of packing elements.

19. a thermal conductivity coefficient between the one or more of the plurality of fins and either or both of the outer wall and / or the plurality of packing elements having a lower limit of about 1×10 １ Wm －１ K －１ ~Upper limit approximately 5x10 ２ Wm －１ K －１ 20. The hybrid GCC device of claim 18, wherein:

20. 15. The GCC device of claim 14, wherein the passage directs a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules in a direction from the first actuation port toward the first actuation outlet.

21. The plurality of fins have a lower limit of about 5 to an upper limit of about 2×10 １ 15. The GCC device of claim 14, wherein:

22. 15. The hybrid GCC device of claim 14, wherein one or more of the plurality of fins are formed with wave corrugations.

23. 15. The hybrid GCC device of claim 14, wherein the roughness of one or more of the plurality of fins ranges from a lower limit rating of about N1 to an upper limit rating of about N12.

24. 1. A GCC (gas condensation column) system for liquefying a stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules, the system comprising: (a) a first chamber; (b) a second chamber; (c) a first plurality of fins; (d) a second plurality of fins; and (d) a refrigerant supply; (a) the first chamber includes a first inlet port, a first actuation port, a first actuation outlet, a first plurality of packing elements, a first volume (V １ ) and a second volume (V ２ ), wherein the first partition wall is at least partially V １ V ２ and the first partition wall includes a first inner wall and a first outer wall, the first inner wall being separated from the V １ and the first outer wall is in contact with V ２ In contact with V １ is in fluid contact with a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet, and the first inlet port, the first working port, the first working outlet, and the first plurality of packing elements are ２ Located inside, (b) the second chamber includes a second inlet port, a second actuation port, a second actuation outlet, a second plurality of packing elements, a third volume (V ３ ), and a fourth volume (V ４ ), wherein the second partition wall is at least partially V ３ V ４ and the second partition wall includes a second inner wall and a second outer wall, the second inner wall being separated from the V ３ and the second outer wall is in contact with V ４ In contact with V ３ is in fluid contact with a second refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet, and the second inlet port, the second working port, the second working outlet, and the second plurality of packing elements are ４ wherein the first chamber is adapted to be fluidly connected to the second chamber and the first actuation outlet is adapted to be fluidly connected to the second inlet port; (c) the first plurality of fins are V ２ at least one of the first plurality of fins physically contacts the first outer wall, at least one of the first plurality of fins includes a first passage, a first passage inlet, and a first passage outlet, the first passage connecting the first passage inlet to the first passage outlet, the first partition wall extending relative to the first passage, the first passage providing a V １ is connected to the first passage inlet, and the first passage allows the first passage outlet to be V １ wherein at least one of the first plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more first fins of the first plurality of fins and the first outer wall; (c) the second plurality of fins are V ４ at least one of the second plurality of fins physically contacts the second outer wall, at least one of the second plurality of fins includes a second passage, a second passage inlet, and a second passage outlet, the second passage connecting the second passage inlet to the second passage outlet, the second passage connecting the second passage inlet to the second passage outlet, the second partition wall extending to the second passage, the second passage １ is connected to the second passage inlet, and the second passage outlet is connected to V １ wherein at least one of the second plurality of packing elements is in physical contact with one or both of one or more second fins of the second plurality of fins and the second outer wall; (d) the refrigerant supply is through the first refrigerant inlet and supplies the refrigerant to a V １ wherein the refrigerant is in physical contact with the first interior wall and the refrigerant is discharged through the first refrigerant outlet, the refrigerant supply also being adapted to supply V １ the refrigerant is discharged from the first passage through the first passage outlet to V １ and in the absence of the refrigerant, the first outer wall is at a first temperature, and the refrigerant reduces the first temperature of the first outer wall, and the GCC device converts the stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules into V ２ the one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on one or more of the first exterior wall, the first plurality of fins, and the first plurality of packing elements, and liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected in the first working port; the GCC device is adapted to direct a gas-lean gas mixture stream to the first working outlet; and the refrigerant supply directs the refrigerant through the second passage inlet to a V ３ the coolant is in physical contact with the second inner wall and is discharged through the second passageway outlet, the second outer wall is at a second temperature in the absence of the coolant, the coolant reduces the second temperature of the second outer wall, and the GCC device converts the stream of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules into a V ４ wherein the one or more of the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules condense on the second exterior wall, the liquefied carbon dioxide molecules are collected in the second working port, and the GCC device is adapted to discharge a gas-lean gas mixture stream at the second working outlet.

25. 25. The GCC device of claim 24, made from an alloy.

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