Pig antibody mutants

Abstract

The present invention relates generally to porcine antibody variants and uses thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to mutations in the constant regions of porcine antibodies to improve various characteristics.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 378,740, filed October 7, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to porcine antibody variants and uses thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to one or more mutations in the Fc constant region of a porcine antibody to improve various characteristics. [Background technology]

[0003] Porcine IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be effective therapeutic agents in veterinary medicine. Several years ago, six porcine IgG subclasses were identified. However, limited research has been conducted to improve the characteristics of porcine IgG.

[0004] The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) extends the half-life of IgG through a recycling mechanism, in a pH-dependent interaction with its fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Specifically, the Fc region spanning the interface of the CH2 and CH3 domains interacts with FcRn on the surface of cells to regulate IgG homeostasis. This interaction favors acidic interactions after IgG pinocytosis, thus protecting IgG from degradation. Endocytosed IgG is then recycled to the cell surface and released into the bloodstream at a slightly alkaline pH, thereby maintaining sufficient serum IgG for proper function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic profile of IgG depends on the structural and functional properties of their Fc region.

[0005] Engineering the Fc region to modulate its interaction with FcRn has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the activity of therapeutic antibodies.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for novel porcine IgG Fc region mutations to improve various characteristics of porcine IgG. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention relates to mutant porcine IgGs that exhibit desirable characteristics compared to wild-type porcine IgGs. Specifically, the inventors of the present application have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that substituting the amino acid residues at positions 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436 (numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat) with another amino acid exhibits desirable effects. In exemplary embodiments, the unexpected desirable effects include, but are not limited to, enhanced affinity for FcRn or altered effector function.

[0008] In one aspect, the invention provides a modified IgG, comprising a porcine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution compared to a wild-type porcine IgG constant domain, wherein the substitution is at amino acid residue 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436.

[0009] In one exemplary embodiment, the porcine IgG constant domains are selected from the group consisting of E233P, G234A, V234A, A235L, P235L, P235A, G236A, G236L, P238A, M252A, M252C, M252D, M252E, M252F, M252G, M252H, M252I, M252K, M252L, M252N, M252P, M252Q, M252R, M252S, M252T, M252V, M252W, M252Y, S254T, T256E, T256F, T256N, D265A, T286A, T286C, T286D, T286E, T286F, T286N, 86F, T286G, T286H, T286I, T286K, T286L, T286M, T286N, T286P, T286Q, T286R, T286S, T286V, T286W, T286Y, T289A, R290A, K292A, E293 deletion, N297G, P307Q, E311A, E311C, E311D, E311F, E311G, E311H, E311I, E311K, E311L, E311M, E3 11N, E311P, E311Q, E311R, E311S, E311T, E311V, E311W, E311Y, D312A, D312C , D312E, D312F, D312G, D312H, D312I, D312K, D312L, D312M, D312N, D312P, D 312Q, D312R, D312S, D312T, D312V, D312W, D312Y, K322A, P329G, P329S, P32 9L, A330S, P331S, P331A, D378V, A426C, A426D, A426E, A426F, A426G, A426H , A426I, A426K, A426L, A426M, A426N, A426P, A426Q, A426R, A426S, A426T, A4 26V, A426W, A426Y, M428A, M428C, M428D, M428E, M428F, M428G, M428H, M428 I, M428K, M428L, M428N, M428P, M428Q, M428R, M428S, M428T, M428V, M428W, M 428Y, N434A, N434C, N434D, N434E, N434F, N434G, N434H, N434I, N434K, N43 4L, N434M, N434P, N434Q, N434R, N434S, N434T, N434V, N434W, N434Y, Y436A,The mutations include one or more of Y436C, Y436D, Y436E, Y436F, Y436G, Y436H, Y436I, Y436K, Y436L, Y436M, Y436N, Y436P, Y436Q, Y436R, Y436S, Y436T, Y436V, and Y436W.

[0010] In another aspect, the present invention provides a polypeptide comprising a porcine IgG constant domain comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of the invention described herein.

[0011] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides an antibody or molecule comprising a porcine IgG constant domain comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of the invention described herein.

[0012] In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for generating or manufacturing an antibody or molecule, the method comprising providing a vector or host cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody, wherein the antibody comprises a porcine IgG constant domain comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of the invention as described herein.

[0013] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, examples, and drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

[0014] This patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1-1]Figure 1 shows an alignment of the amino acid sequences of human IgG1 and porcine IgG1a, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4a, IgG5a, and IgG6a. The CH1, hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains are as follows: CH1: residues 118-215, hinge: 216-230, CH2: 231-340, CH3: 341-447. Amino acid residues are numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat. [Figure 1-2] Continued from Figure 1. [Figure 1-3] Continued from Figure 1. [Figure 1-4] Continued from Figure 1. [Figure 2] Figure 1 shows the cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins. [Figure 3] Figures 3A and 3B show the cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins. [Figure 4] Figure 1 shows cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) of porcine wild-type Fc subclass CTLA4 fusion protein. [Figure 5] 5A, 5B, and 5C show the cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG6 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of that subclass. [Figure 6] 6A, 6B, and 6C show the cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG6 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and their Fc subclass variants. [Figure 7] 7A and 7B show the cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG6 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and their Fc subclass mutants. [Figure 8] Figures 8A and 8B show the cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a and 4b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of those subclasses. [Figure 9] Figure 1 shows the cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a and IgG4b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and their Fc subclass SAP mutants. [Figure 10] Figure 1 shows the cell-based antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a subclass CTLA4 fusion protein and its Fc subclass SAP and WinPG mutants. [Figure 11] 1 shows the cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG2 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of the subclasses. [Figure 12] 1 shows the cell-based antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of porcine wild-type IgG2 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of the subclasses. [Figure 13] Figures 13A and 13B show the cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG1a and 1b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of those subclasses. [Figure 14] Figure 1 shows the cell-based antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of porcine wild-type IgG1a and 1b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of those subclasses. [Figure 15] Figures 15A and 15B. Cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of porcine wild-type and corresponding mutants of the IgG6 subclass. [Figure 16] Figures 16A and 16B. Cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a and 4b subclasses, CTLA4 fusion proteins, and Fc variants of those subclasses. [Figure 17] Figures 17A and 17B. Cell-based antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a subclass mutants of their Fc subclasses. [Figure 18]Figures 18A and 18B. Cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG2 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of its subclasses. [Figure 19] Figures 19A and 19B. Cell-based antibody-dependent phagocytosis of porcine wild-type IgG2 subclass and Fc variants of that subclass. [Figure 20] Figures 20A and 20B. Cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG1a subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of these subclasses. [Figure 21] Cell-based antibody-dependent phagocytosis of porcine wild-type IgG1a proteins and Fc variants of these subclasses. [Figure 22] Cell-based antibody-dependent phagocytosis of porcine wild-type IgG1a proteins and Fc variants of these subclasses. [Figure 23] A) Overlay of protein models of porcine IgG1a and IgG1b Fc regions in ball-and-stick format showing amino acid residue positions important for effector function. B) Protein model of porcine IgG2 (2a and 2b Fc are identical) Fc region in ball-and-stick format showing amino acid residue positions important for effector function. [Figure 24] A) Overlay of protein models of porcine IgG4a and IgG4b Fc regions in ball-and-stick format showing amino acid residue positions important for effector function. B) Protein models of porcine IgG6a and IgG6b Fc regions in ball-and-stick format showing amino acid residue positions important for effector function. [Figure 25] Root mean square deviation (RMSD) comparison of wild-type constructs of porcine IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG6a, and IgG6b.

[0016] Brief Description of Sequence Listing SEQ ID NO: 1 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG1a wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 2 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG1b wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 3 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG2a wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 4 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG2b wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 5 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG3 wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 6 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG4a wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 7 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG4b wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 8 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG5a wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 9 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG5b wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 10 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG6a wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 11 refers to the amino acid sequence of the porcine IgG6b wild-type constant region. SEQ ID NO: 12 refers to the amino acid sequence of the human IgG1 wild-type constant region. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017]

[0052] The subject matter of the present invention may be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, which forms a part of this disclosure: It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific products, methods, conditions, or parameters described and / or illustrated herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the claimed invention.

[0018]

[0053] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with this application shall have the meanings commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0019]

[0054] As used above, and throughout this disclosure, the following terms and abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

[0020] definition

[0055] In this disclosure, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "one molecule" or "one compound" is a reference to one or more of such molecules or compounds and equivalents thereof known to those of skill in the art, and so forth. The term "plurality," as used herein, means two or more. When ranges of values ​​are expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values ​​are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it is understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. All ranges are inclusive and combinable.

[0021]

[0056] In this specification and claims, the numbering of amino acid residues in immunoglobulin heavy chains is that of the Eu index in Kabat, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). "Eu index in Kabat" refers to the residue numbering of an IgG antibody, as reflected in Figure 1 herein.

[0022]

[0057] The term "isolated," when used with reference to a nucleic acid, refers to a nucleic acid that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural source. An isolated nucleic acid is in a form or environment that is different from that in which it is found in nature. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells. Isolated nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acid molecules contained within cells that normally express the encoded polypeptide, e.g., the nucleic acid molecule is in a plasmid or chromosomal location that is different from that of natural cells. Isolated nucleic acids may exist in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When isolated nucleic acid molecules are used to express proteins, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at least the sense or coding strand, but may contain both the sense and antisense strands (i.e., may be double-stranded).

[0023]

[0058] A nucleic acid molecule is "operably linked" or "operably associated" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid molecule. For example, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence of a nucleic acid if it affects the transcription of the sequence, or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence of a nucleic acid if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant Fc region is operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous protein (i.e., the protein or functional fragment thereof does not comprise an Fc region as naturally occurring) if it is positioned so that the expressed fusion protein contains the heterologous protein or functional fragment thereof adjacent either upstream or downstream of the variant Fc region polypeptide; the heterologous protein may be immediately adjacent to the variant Fc region polypeptide or separated from it by a linker sequence of any length and composition. Similarly, a polypeptide (used interchangeably herein with "protein") molecule is "operably linked" or "operably associated" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another polypeptide.

[0024]

[0059] As used herein, the term "functional fragment," when referring to a polypeptide or protein (e.g., a variant Fc region, or a monoclonal antibody), refers to a fragment of that protein that retains at least one function of the full-length polypeptide. Fragments can range in size from six amino acids to the entire amino acid sequence of the full-length polypeptide minus one amino acid. Functional fragments of variant Fc region polypeptides of the invention retain at least one "amino acid substitution," as defined herein. Functional fragments of variant Fc region polypeptides retain at least one function known in the art to be associated with an Fc region (e.g., ADCC, CDC, Fc receptor binding, Clq binding, downregulation of a cell surface receptor, or, for example, may increase the in vivo or in vitro half-life of a polypeptide to which it is operably linked).

[0025]

[0060] The term "purified" or "to purify" refers to the substantial removal of at least one contaminant from a sample. For example, an antigen-specific antibody may be purified by the complete or substantial (at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or more preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) removal of at least one contaminating non-immunoglobulin protein, and may also be purified by the removal of immunoglobulin proteins that do not bind to the same antigen. The removal of non-immunoglobulin proteins and / or the removal of immunoglobulins that do not bind to a particular antigen results in an increase in the percentage of antigen-specific immunoglobulin in a sample. In another example, a polypeptide (e.g., an immunoglobulin) expressed in a bacterial host cell is purified by the complete or substantial removal of host cell proteins, thereby increasing the percentage of polypeptide in a sample.

[0026]

[0061] The term "native" referring to a polypeptide (e.g., an Fc region) is used herein to indicate that the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence consisting of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide commonly occurring in nature or a naturally occurring polymorphism thereof. A native polypeptide (e.g., a native Fc region) can be produced by recombinant means or isolated from a naturally occurring source.

[0027]

[0062] As used herein, the term "expression vector" refers to a recombinant DNA molecule that contains a desired coding sequence and appropriate nucleic acid sequences necessary for the expression of the operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism.

[0028]

[0063] As used herein, the term "host cell" refers to any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell (e.g., bacterial cells such as E. coli, CHO cells, yeast cells, mammalian cells, avian cells, amphibian cells, plant cells, fish cells, and insect cells), whether located in vitro, in situ, or in vivo.

[0029]

[0064] As used herein, the term "Fc region" refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The "Fc region" may be a native sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region. While the generally accepted boundaries of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain can vary, the porcine IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined, for example, to extend from residue 231 to the C-terminus in Figure 1. In some embodiments, variants include only a portion of the Fc region, which may or may not include the carboxy terminus. The Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally includes two constant domains, CH2 and CH3. In some embodiments, variants having one or more constant domains are contemplated. In other embodiments, variants having no such constant domains (or only portions of such constant domains) are contemplated.

[0030]

[0065] The "CH2 domain" of the porcine IgG Fc region, for example, refers to residues beginning at residue 231 in Figure 1 and extending to residue 340. The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not tightly paired with another domain.

[0031]

[0066] The "CH3 domain" of a porcine IgG Fc region is generally the stretch of residues from the C-terminus of the Fc region to the CH2 domain, eg, from residue 341 to the C-terminus in FIG.

[0032]

[0067] A "functional Fc region" possesses the "effector functions" of a native sequence Fc region. Examples of effector functions include, but are not limited to, C1q binding; complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), Fc receptor binding, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), down-regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptors; BCR), and the like. Such effector functions may require that the Fc region be operably linked to a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) and may be assessed using various assays (e.g., Fc binding assays, ADCC assays, CDC assays, ADCP assays, target cell depletion from whole blood samples or fractionated blood samples, etc.).

[0033]

[0068] A "native sequence Fc region" or "wild-type Fc region" refers to an amino acid sequence identical to that of an Fc region typically found in nature. An exemplary native sequence porcine Fc region is from residue 231 to the c-terminus of Figure 1.

[0034]

[0069] A "variant Fc region" comprises an amino acid sequence that differs from that of a native sequence Fc region (or fragment thereof) by virtue of at least one "amino acid substitution," as defined herein. In preferred embodiments, the variant Fc region has at least one amino acid substitution compared to a native sequence Fc region or the Fc region of a parent polypeptide, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions in the native sequence Fc region or the Fc region of a parent polypeptide. In alternative embodiments, variant Fc regions may be generated according to the methods disclosed herein, and the variant Fc region may be fused to a heterologous polypeptide of choice, such as an antibody variable domain or a non-antibody polypeptide, e.g., a receptor or ligand binding domain.

[0035]

[0070] As used herein, the term "derivative" in the context of a polypeptide refers to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has been altered by the introduction of amino acid residue substitutions. As used herein, the term "derivative" also refers to a polypeptide that has been modified by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the polypeptide. For example, but not limited to, antibodies can be modified by, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization with known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to cellular ligands or other proteins, and the like. Derivative polypeptides can be generated by chemical modification using techniques known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, and the like. Furthermore, derivative polypeptides possess similar or identical functions to the polypeptide from which they were derived. It is understood that polypeptides comprising the variant Fc regions of the present invention can be derivatives as defined herein, and preferably, the derivatization occurs within the Fc region.

[0036]

[0071] As used herein with respect to a polypeptide (e.g., an Fc region or a monoclonal antibody), "substantially of porcine origin" indicates that the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, or even more preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homologous to that of a naturally occurring porcine amino acid polypeptide.

[0037]

[0072] The terms "Fc receptor" or "FcR" are used to describe receptors that bind to an Fc region (e.g., the Fc region of an antibody). A preferred FcR is a native sequence FcR. Further preferred FcRs are those that bind to an IgG antibody Fc region, Fc gamma receptors or "FcgRs," including receptors of the Fc gamma RI (FcgR1), Fc gamma RII (FcgR2), Fc gamma RIII (FcgR3) subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced ​​forms of these receptors, as well as the novel porcine Fc gamma 2R. Another preferred FcR includes the neonatal receptor FcRn, responsible for the transfer of maternal IgG to the fetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol. 24:249 (1994)). Other FcRs, including those identified in the future, are encompassed by the term "FcR" herein.

[0038]

[0073] The phrases "antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity" and "ADCC" refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells (e.g., nonspecific) that express FcgR (e.g., natural killer ("NK") cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on target cells and subsequently cause lysis of the target cells. NK cells, the primary cells for mediating ADCC in humans, express only FcgR3, while monocytes express FcgR1, FcgR2, and FcgR3.

[0039]

[0074] The terms "antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis" and "ADCP" refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which phagocytes (e.g., macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells) expressing FcgRs (e.g., FcgR1, FcgR2a, and FcgR3) recognize the bound IgG antibody Fc region on target cells and subsequently trigger a signaling cascade that leads to the phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles (e.g., bacteria, dead tissue cells).

[0040]

[0075] As used herein, the phrase "effector cell" refers to a (preferably porcine) leukocyte that expresses one or more FcRs and performs effector function. Preferably, the cell expresses at least FcgR3 and performs ADCC effector function. Examples of leukocytes that mediate ADCC include PBMCs, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and neutrophils. Effector cells can be isolated from natural sources (e.g., blood or PBMCs). In one example, the leukocyte expresses FcgR1, or other related Fc gamma receptors, and induces ADCC function.

[0041]

[0076] A variant polypeptide with "altered" Fc receptor binding affinity is one that has either enhanced (i.e., increased, greater, or higher) or decreased (i.e., reduced, decreased, or lower) Fc receptor binding affinity relative to the variant's parent polypeptide or a native Fc-containing polypeptide. A variant polypeptide that exhibits increased binding or increased binding affinity to an Fc receptor binds to an Fc receptor with greater affinity than the parent polypeptide. A variant polypeptide that exhibits decreased binding or decreased binding affinity to an Fc receptor binds to an Fc receptor with lower affinity than the parent polypeptide. Such variants that exhibit decreased binding to an Fc receptor may have little or no appreciable binding to an Fc receptor, e.g., 0-20% binding to an Fc receptor compared to the parent polypeptide. A variant polypeptide that binds to an Fc receptor with "enhanced affinity" relative to its parent polypeptide is one that binds to an Fc receptor with higher binding affinity than the parent polypeptide, when the amounts of the variant and parent polypeptides in a binding assay are essentially the same and all other conditions are identical. For example, when Fc receptor binding affinity is determined in an ELISA assay or other method available to one of skill in the art, a variant polypeptide with enhanced Fc receptor binding affinity may exhibit an increase in Fc receptor binding affinity of about 1.10-fold to about 100-fold (more typically, about 1.2-fold to about 50-fold) compared to the parent polypeptide.

[0042]

[0077] As used herein, an "amino acid substitution" refers to the replacement of at least one existing amino acid residue in a given amino acid sequence with another, different, "replacement" amino acid residue. The replacement residue or residues may be a "naturally occurring amino acid residue" (i.e., encoded by the genetic code) selected from alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), asparagine (Asn), aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine ​​(Cys), glutamine (Gln), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), and valine (Val). Substitution with one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues is also encompassed within the definition of an amino acid substitution herein. A "non-naturally occurring amino acid residue" refers to a residue other than the naturally occurring amino acid residues listed above, which is capable of being covalently linked to an adjacent amino acid residue(s) in a polypeptide chain. Examples of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues include norleucine, ornithine, norvaline, homoserine, and other amino acid residue analogs such as those described in Ellman et al. Meth. Enzym. 202:301-336 (1991).

[0043]

[0078] The term "assay signal" refers to the output from any method of detecting protein-protein interactions, including, but not limited to, absorbance measurements from colorimetric assays, fluorescence intensity, or decays per minute. Assay formats can include ELISA, FACS, or other methods. A change in "assay signal" can reflect a change in cell viability and / or a change in dynamic off-rate, dynamic on-rate, or both. A "higher assay signal" refers to a measured output number that is greater than another number (e.g., a variant can have a higher (larger) measured number in an ELISA assay compared to the parent polypeptide). A "lower" assay signal refers to a measured output number that is less than another number (e.g., a variant can have a lower (smaller) measured number in an ELISA assay compared to the parent polypeptide).

[0044]

[0079] The term "binding affinity" refers to the equilibrium dissociation constant (expressed in units of concentration) associated with each Fc receptor-Fc binding interaction. Binding affinity can also be measured by the kinetic off-rate (generally expressed in units of the reciprocal of time, e.g., seconds). -1 The equilibrium dissociation constant (K) is directly related to the ratio of the kinetic on-rate (generally reported in units of concentration per unit time, e.g., moles / second) to the equilibrium dissociation constant (K) unless each of these parameters is experimentally determined (e.g., by BIACORE or SAPIDYNE measurements). D It is not possible to state definitively whether the changes in KD are due to differences in on-rate, off-rate, or both.

[0045]

[0080] As used herein, the term "hinge region" refers to the stretch of amino acids that connects the Fab antigen-binding region to the Fc region of an antibody. Hinge regions of IgG subclasses can be aligned by placing the first and last cysteine ​​residues that form inter-heavy chain disulfide (SS) bonds in the same positions. For example, as shown in Figure 1, the hinge region in a porcine IgG constant region begins at residue 216 and extends to residue 230.

[0046]

[0081] "C1q" is a polypeptide that contains the binding site for the Fc region of immunoglobulins. C1q, together with two serine proteases, C1r and C1s, forms the complex C1, the first component of the CDC pathway.

[0047]

[0082] As used herein, the term "antibody" is used interchangeably with "immunoglobulin" or "Ig" and is used in the broadest sense to specifically encompass monoclonal antibodies (including full-length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit the desired biological or functional activity. Single-chain antibodies, and chimeric, porcine, or porcine antibodies, including portions derived from different species, as well as chimeric or CDR-grafted single-chain antibodies, are also encompassed by the present invention and the term "antibody." The various portions of these antibodies can be joined together chemically or synthetically by conventional techniques, or prepared as a contiguous protein using genetic engineering techniques. For example, a nucleic acid encoding a chimeric or porcine chain can be expressed to produce a contiguous protein. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567, U.S. Patent No. 4,816,397, WO 86 / 01533, U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,585,089 and 5,698,762. See also, Newman, R. et al., BioTechnology, 10:1455-1460, 1993 regarding primatized antibodies, and Ladner et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778 and Bird, R. E. et al., Science, 242:423-426, 1988 regarding single-chain antibodies. It is understood that all forms of antibodies that contain an Fc region (or a portion thereof) are encompassed within the term "antibody" herein. Furthermore, the antibodies can be labeled with a detectable label, immobilized on a solid phase, and / or conjugated to a heterologous compound (e.g., an enzyme or a toxin) according to methods known in the art.

[0048]

[0083] As used herein, the term "antibody fragment" refers to a portion of an intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; Fc or Fc' peptides, Fab and Fab fragments, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Antibody fragments preferably retain at least a portion of the hinge and, optionally, the CH1 region of an IgG heavy chain. In other preferred embodiments, the antibody fragment includes at least a portion of the CH2 region or the entire CH2 region.

[0049]

[0084] As used herein, the term "functional fragment," when used in reference to a monoclonal antibody, is intended to refer to a portion of a monoclonal antibody that still retains functional activity. Functional activity can be, for example, antigen-binding activity or specificity, receptor-binding activity or specificity, effector function activity, etc. Monoclonal antibody functional fragments include, for example, individual heavy or light chains and fragments thereof, such as VL, VH, and Fd; monovalent fragments, such as Fv, Fab, and Fab'; bivalent fragments, such as F(ab')2; single-chain Fv (scFv); and Fc fragments. Such terms are described, for example, in Harlowe and Lane, *Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual*, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989), *Molec. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference* (Myers, RA (ed.), New York: VCH Publishers, Inc.), *Huston et al., *Cell Biophysics*, 22:189-224 (1993), *Pluckthun and Skerra, *Meth. Enzymol.*, 178:497-515 (1989), and *Day, ED, *Advanced Immunochemistry*, Second Ed., *Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, NY (1990). The term functional fragment is intended to include fragments produced, for example, by protease digestion or reduction of monoclonal antibodies and by recombinant DNA methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0050]

[0085] As used herein, the term "fragment" refers to a polypeptide that contains an amino acid sequence of at least 5, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 70, 90, 100, or more consecutive amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of another polypeptide. In preferred embodiments, a fragment of a polypeptide retains at least one function of the full-length polypeptide.

[0051]

[0086] As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" includes monovalent, divalent, or polyvalent immunoglobulins. A monovalent chimeric antibody is a dimer formed by a chimeric heavy chain associated through a disulfide bridge with a chimeric light chain. A divalent chimeric antibody is a tetramer formed by two heavy-light chain dimers associated through at least one disulfide bridge. The chimeric heavy chain of an antibody for use in pigs comprises an antigen-binding region derived from a heavy chain of a non-pig antibody linked to at least a portion of a pig heavy chain constant region, such as CH1 or CH2. The chimeric light chain of an antibody for use in pigs comprises an antigen-binding region derived from a light chain of a non-pig antibody linked to at least a portion of a pig light chain constant region (CL). Antibodies, fragments, or derivatives having chimeric heavy and light chains of the same or different variable region binding specificities can also be prepared by appropriate association of the individual polypeptide chains according to known method steps. Using this approach, hosts expressing the chimeric light chain and hosts expressing the chimeric heavy chain are cultured separately, and the immunoglobulin chains are recovered separately and then associated. Alternatively, the hosts can be co-cultured, the chains allowed to associate spontaneously in the culture medium, and the assembled immunoglobulin or fragment then recovered, or both the heavy and light chains can be expressed in the same host cell. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,284,471, 5,807,715, 4,816,567, and 4,816,397).

[0052]

[0087] As used herein, a "pigated" form of a non-pig (e.g., murine) antibody (i.e., a porcine antibody) is an antibody that contains minimal or no sequence derived from a non-pig immunoglobulin. In most cases, porcine antibodies are porcine immunoglobulins (recipient antibodies) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-pig species (donor antibody), such as mouse, rat, rabbit, human, or non-human primate, having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, framework region (FR) residues of the porcine immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-porcine residues. Furthermore, porcine antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or the donor antibody. These modifications are generally made to further refine antibody performance. Generally, porcine antibodies will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-pig immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR residues are those of a porcine immunoglobulin sequence. The porcine antibody can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a porcine immunoglobulin.

[0053]

[0088] As used herein, the term "immunoadhesin" refers to antibody-like molecules that combine the binding domain of a heterologous "adhesin" protein (e.g., receptor, ligand, or enzyme) with an immunoglobulin constant domain. Structurally, immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of an adhesin amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity, which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site (antigen binding site) of an antibody (i.e., is "heterologous"), with an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence.

[0054]

[0089] As used herein, the term "ligand-binding domain" refers to any naturally occurring receptor, or any region or derivative thereof, that retains at least qualitative ligand-binding ability of the corresponding naturally occurring receptor. In certain embodiments, the receptor is derived from a cell surface polypeptide having an extracellular domain that is homologous to a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. Other receptors that are not members of the immunoglobulin supergene family but are nevertheless specifically encompassed by this definition are receptors for cytokines, particularly receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (receptor tyrosine kinases), members of the hematopoietin and nerve growth factor receptor superfamilies, and cell adhesion molecules (e.g., E-, L-, and P-selectin).

[0055]

[0090] As used herein, the term "receptor binding domain" refers to any natural ligand of a receptor, including, for example, a cell adhesion molecule, or any region or derivative of such a natural ligand that retains at least qualitative receptor binding ability of the corresponding natural ligand.

[0056]

[0091] As used herein, an "isolated" polypeptide is one that has been identified and separated and / or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminating components of its natural environment are substances that may interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses of the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In certain embodiments, an isolated polypeptide is purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight, preferably greater than 99% by weight, of the polypeptide as determined by the Lowry method; (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator; or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-page under reducing or non-reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or silver staining. Since at least one component of the polypeptide's natural environment is absent, an isolated polypeptide includes the polypeptide in situ within recombinant cells. Ordinarily, however, an isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one purification step.

[0057]

[0092] As used herein, the terms "disorder" and "disease" are used interchangeably to refer to any condition that would benefit from treatment with a variant polypeptide (a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the invention), including chronic and acute disorders or diseases (e.g., pathological conditions that predispose a patient to a particular disorder).

[0058]

[0093] As used herein, the term "receptor" refers to a polypeptide capable of binding at least one ligand. Preferred receptors are cell-surface or soluble receptors having an extracellular ligand-binding domain and, optionally, other domains (e.g., a transmembrane domain, an intracellular domain, and / or a membrane anchor). The receptor evaluated in the assays described herein can be an intact receptor, or a fragment or derivative thereof (e.g., a fusion protein comprising the binding domain of the receptor fused to one or more heterologous polypeptides). Furthermore, the receptor evaluated for its binding properties can be present intracellularly or isolated, and optionally coated onto an assay plate or some other solid phase, or directly labeled and used as a probe.

[0059]

[0094] As used herein, a variant polypeptide that knocks out or knocks down antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the presence of porcine effector cells compared to the parent antibody is one that is substantially less active in mediating ADCC, ADCP, and / or CDC in vitro or in vivo when essentially the same amounts of variant polypeptide and parent antibody are used in the assay. For example, such a variant causes a lower, preferably negligible, amount of target cell lysis or phagocytosis in a given ADCC, ADCP, or CDC assay than the parent polypeptide in the same ADCC assay. Such variants may be identified, for example, using an ADCC, ADCP, or CDC assay, although other assays or methods for determining ADCC, ADCP, or CDC activity may also be used (e.g., animal models). In preferred embodiments, the variant polypeptide is about 100, 75, 50, or 25 percent less active in mediating ADCC, ADCP, and CDC than the parent polypeptide.

[0060] Porcine wild-type IgG

[0095] Porcine IgG is well known in the art and is fully described, for example, in Butler et al., 2009, Immunogenetics, vol. 61(3): pages 209-30, and Paudyal et al., 2022, Front Immunol, vol. 13, pages 903755. In one embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG1. In another embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG2. In another embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG3. In another embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG4. In another embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG5. In another embodiment, the porcine IgG is IgG6.

[0061]

[0096] The allotypes of porcine IgG subclasses shown in Table 1 below are also well known in the art. IgG1 described herein can be, for example, IgG1a or 1b. IgG2 described herein can be, for example, IgG2a or 2b. IgG4 described herein can be, for example, IgG4a or 4b. IgG5 described herein can be, for example, IgG5a or 5b. IgG6 described herein can be, for example, IgG6a or 6b. In a particular example, the porcine IgG is IgG6a.

[0062]

[0097] The amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of IgG are also well known in the art.

[0063]

[0098] In one example, an IgG of the invention comprises a constant domain, e.g., a CH1, CH2, or CH3 domain, or a combination thereof. In another example, a constant domain of the invention comprises an Fc region, e.g., comprising a CH2 domain or a CH3 domain, or a combination thereof.

[0064]

[0099] In particular examples, the wild-type constant domain comprises any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-11. In particular embodiments, the wild-type constant domains of IgG1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, and 6b comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, respectively. In some embodiments, the wild-type IgG constant domain is a homolog, variant, isomer, or functional fragment of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-11, but does not have any of the mutations described herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

[0065] [000100] IgG constant domains also include polypeptides having amino acid sequences substantially similar to those of the heavy and / or light chains, where substantially the same amino acid sequence is defined herein as a sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% identity to the amino acid sequence being compared, as determined by the FASTA search method according to Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444-2448 (1988).

[0066] [000101] The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules encoding the IgGs described herein or portions thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid can encode an antibody heavy chain, for example, comprising a CH1, CH2, or CH3 region, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid can encode an antibody heavy chain, for example, comprising any one of a VH region or a portion thereof, or any one of a VH CDR, including any variant thereof. The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules encoding an antibody light chain, for example, comprising any one of a CL region or a portion thereof, a VL region or a portion thereof, or any one of a VL CDR, including any variant thereof. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes both a heavy chain and a light chain, or portions thereof.

[0067] [000102] The amino acid sequence of the wild-type constant domain set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 is encoded by its corresponding nucleic acid sequence.

[0068] Modified porcine IgG [000103] The inventors of the present application have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that substituting an amino acid residue at position 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436 with another amino acid exhibited the desired effect. As used herein, the term "position" refers to a position numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). In one embodiment, the desired effect is higher affinity for FcRn compared to an IgG having a wild-type porcine IgG constant domain. In another embodiment, the desired effect is to eliminate or reduce complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) compared to IgGs having wild-type porcine IgG constant domains. In another embodiment, the desired effect is to eliminate or reduce antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared to IgGs having wild-type porcine IgG constant domains. In another embodiment, the desired effect is to eliminate or reduce antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) compared to IgGs having wild-type porcine IgG constant domains. In yet another embodiment, the desired effect is to eliminate or reduce binding of IgG to Fc gamma receptors (pFcgR).

[0069] [000104] In one embodiment, the invention provides a modified IgG comprising a porcine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution compared to a wild-type porcine IgG constant domain, wherein the substitution is at amino acid residue 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436, numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat. The amino acids at these positions can be substituted with any other amino acid. Examples of substituted amino acids include, but are not limited to, asparagine, histidine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, glutamine, arginine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline. In some embodiments, the substituted amino acid is an unnatural amino acid.

[0070] [000105] The modified porcine IgG of the present invention can be any suitable porcine IgG known to those skilled in the art. Examples of modified porcine IgG include modified variants of IgG1 (e.g., IgG1a or 1b), IgG2 (e.g., IgG2a or 2b), IgG3, IgG4 (e.g., IgG4a or 4b), IgG5 (e.g., IgG5a or 5b), or IgG6 (e.g., IgG6a or 6b).

[0071] [000106] In another exemplary embodiment, the porcine IgG constant domain comprises the substitution mutations E233P, G234A, V234A, A235L, P235L, P235A, G236A, G236L, P238A, M252A, M252C, M252D, M252E, M252F, M252G, M252H, M252I, M252K, M252L, M252N, M252P, M252Q, M252R, M252S, M252T, M252V, M252W, M252Y, S254T, T256E, T256F, T256N, D265A, T286A, T286C, T 286D, T286E, T286F, T286G, T286H, T286I, T286K, T286L, T286M, T286N, T286P, T286Q, T286R, T286S, T286V, T286W, T286Y, T289A, R290A, K292A, E293 deletion , N297G, P307Q, E311A, E311C, E311D, E311F, E311G, E311H, E311I, E311K, E 311L, E311M, E311N, E311P, E311Q, E311R, E311S, E311T, E311V, E311W, E311 Y, D312A, D312C, D312E, D312F, D312G, D312H, D312I, D312K, D312L, D312M, D312N, D312P, D312Q, D312R, D312S, D312T, D312V, D312W, D312Y, K322A, P32 9G, P329S, P329L, A330S, P331S, P331A, D378V, A426C, A426D, A426E, A426F , A426G, A426H, A426I, A426K, A426L, A426M, A426N, A426P, A426Q, A426R, A4 26S, A426T, A426V, A426W, A426Y, M428A, M428C, M428D, M428E, M428F, M428 G, M428H, M428I, M428K, M428L, M428N, M428P, M428Q, M428R, M428S, M428T, M 428V, M428W, M428Y, N434A, N434C, N434D, N434E, N434F, N434G, N434H, N43 4I, N434K, N434L, N434M, N434P, N434Q, N434R, N434S, N434T, N434V, N434W,One or more of N434Y, Y436A, Y436C, Y436D, Y436E, Y436F, Y436G, Y436H, Y436I, Y436K, Y436L, Y436M, Y436N, Y436P, Y436Q, Y436R, Y436S, Y436T, Y436V, and Y436W.

[0072] [000107] In one embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG1a constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) P329S and A330S, (ii) D265A, P329G, and A330S, (iii) V234A, A235L, G236A, P329L, and A330S, (iv) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G, (v) E233P, A330S, and P331S, (vi) K322A and P331A, and (vii) P329S.

[0073] [000108] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG1b constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, and (v) K322A and P331A.

[0074] [000109] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG2a constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, (v) K322A and P331A, and (vi) P329S.

[0075] [000110] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG2b constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, (v) K322A and P331A, and (vi) P329S.

[0076] [000111] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG4a constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, (v) K322A and P331A, and (vi) P329S.

[0077] [000112] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG4b constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, (v) K322A and P331A, and (vi) P329S.

[0078] [000113] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG6a constant domain containing one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) D265A, N297G, P329G, and A330S, (ii) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G, (iii) E233P, A330S, and P331S, (iv) P2 35A, G236L, and P238A, (v) D265A and N297G, (vi) P329G, (vii) P331A, (viii) K322A, (ix) E233P, (x) P329S and A330S, (xi) G234A, P235L, G236A, P329L, and A330S, (xii) K322A and P331A, and (xiii) P329S.

[0079] [000114] In another embodiment, the modified porcine IgG is an IgG6b constant domain comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G, (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S, (iii) P329G and A330S, (iv) E233P and P331S, (v) K322A and P331A, and (vi) P329S.

[0080] [000115] In another example, a mutated IgG constant domain of the invention comprises one or more mutations described herein. In some embodiments, the mutated IgG constant domain is a homolog, variant, isomer, or functional fragment, but has a mutation of the invention described herein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.

[0081] [000116] The amino acid sequence of the variant constant domain is encoded by its corresponding variant nucleic acid sequence.

[0082] Methods for producing antibody molecules of the invention [000117] Methods for generating antibody molecules are well known in the art and are fully described in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,394,925, 8,088,376, 8,546,543, 10,336,818, and 9,803,023, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060067930, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Any suitable method, process, or technique known to those of skill in the art can be used. Antibody molecules with variant Fc regions of the present invention can be produced according to methods well known in the art. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region can be fused to a selected heterologous polypeptide, such as an antibody variable domain or binding domain of a receptor or ligand.

[0083] [000118] With the advent of molecular biology methods and recombinant technology, those skilled in the art can produce antibodies and antibody-like molecules by recombinant means, thereby generating gene sequences that encode the specific amino acid sequences found in the polypeptide structure of an antibody. Such antibodies can be produced either by cloning the gene sequences encoding the antibody polypeptide chains or by directly synthesizing the polypeptide chains and assembling the synthesized chains to form active tetrameric (H2L2) structures with affinity for specific epitopes and antigenic determinants. This has allowed the ready production of antibodies with sequences characterized by neutralizing antibodies from different species and sources.

[0084] [000119] Regardless of the source of antibodies or how they are recombinantly constructed or synthesized—in vitro or in vivo, using transgenic animals, laboratory- or commercial-sized large cell cultures, transgenic plants, or by direct chemical synthesis without using living organisms at any stage of the process—all antibodies have a similar overall three-dimensional structure. This structure is often provided as H2L2, referring to the fact that antibodies generally contain two light (L) chain amino acids and two heavy (H) chain amino acids. Both chains have regions capable of interacting with structurally complementary antigen targets. The target-interacting regions are referred to as "variable" or "V" regions and are characterized by differences in amino acid sequence between antibodies of different antigen specificities. The variable region of either the H or L chain contains amino acid sequences capable of specifically binding to antigen targets.

[0085] [000120] As used herein, the term "antigen-binding region" refers to a portion of an antibody molecule containing amino acid residues that interact with an antigen and confer on the antibody its specificity and affinity for the antigen. The antibody-binding region includes "framework" amino acid residues necessary to maintain the proper conformation of the antigen-binding residues. Within the variable regions of the heavy or light chains that provide the antigen-binding region, there are smaller sequences called "hypervariable" that account for the extreme variability between antibodies of different specificities. Such hypervariable regions are also called "complementarity-determining regions" or "CDR regions." These CDR regions are responsible for the basic specificity of an antibody for a particular antigenic determinant structure.

[0086] [000121] Although CDRs represent non-contiguous stretches of amino acids within the variable region, the locations of these important amino acid sequences within the variable heavy and light chain regions have been found to have similar positions within the amino acid sequences of the variable chains, regardless of species. The variable heavy and light chains of all antibodies each have three CDR regions, each non-contiguous with the others. In all mammalian species, antibody peptides contain constant (i.e., highly conserved) regions and variable regions, within the latter of which there are CDRs and so-called "framework regions" composed of amino acid sequences within the variable region of the heavy or light chain but outside the CDRs.

[0087] [000122] The present invention further provides vectors containing at least one of the above-described nucleic acids. Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon may be used to encode a particular amino acid. Using the genetic code, one or more different nucleotide sequences may be identified, each of which may be capable of encoding the amino acid. The probability that a particular oligonucleotide will actually constitute an actual coding sequence can be estimated by considering unusual base-pairing relationships and the frequency with which a particular codon is actually used (to encode a particular amino acid) in the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell expressing the antibody or portion. Such "codon usage rules" are disclosed by Lathe, et al., 183 J. Molec. Biol. 1-12 (1985). Lathe's "codon usage rules" can be used to identify a single nucleotide sequence or set of nucleotide sequences that comprise a theoretical "most likely" nucleotide sequence capable of encoding a porcine IgG sequence. It is also contemplated that antibody coding regions for use in the present invention may also be provided by modifying existing antibody genes using standard molecular biology techniques to generate variants of the antibodies and peptides described herein. Such variants include, but are not limited to, deletions, additions, and substitutions in the amino acid sequences of the antibody or peptide.

[0088] For example, one type of substitution is a conservative amino acid substitution. Such a substitution replaces a given amino acid in a porcine antibody peptide with another amino acid with similar characteristics. Conservative substitutions typically include the substitution of aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and Lie for each other, the exchange of hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, the exchange of acidic residues Asp and Glu, the exchange of amide residues Asn and Gin, the exchange of basic residues Lys and Arg, and the exchange of aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Guidance regarding which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent can be found in Bowie et al., 247 Science 1306-10 (1990).

[0089] [000124] Variant porcine antibodies or peptides may be fully functional or may lack function in one or more activities. Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative mutations or mutations in non-critical residues or non-critical regions. Functional variants may also contain substitutions of similar amino acids that do not change or only slightly change function. Alternatively, such substitutions may have a positive or negative effect to some extent. Non-functional variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, or truncations, or substitutions, insertions, inversions, or deletions in critical residues or critical regions.

[0090] [000125] Amino acids essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine scanning mutagenesis. Cunningham et al., 244 Science 1081-85 (1989). The latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule. The resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity, such as epitope binding or in vitro ADCC activity. Sites important for ligand-receptor binding can also be determined by structural analysis, such as epitope mapping (e.g., HDX), crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, or photoaffinity labeling. Smith et al., 224 J. Mol. Biol. 899-904 (1992); de Vos et al., 255 Science 306-12 (1992).

[0091] [000126] Additionally, polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the 20 "naturally occurring" amino acids. Moreover, many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques that are well known in the art. Known modifications include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA-mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and are well described in the scientific literature. Some particularly common modifications, such as glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation, and ADP-ribosylation, are described in most basic textbooks, such as Proteins - Structure and Molecular Properties (2nd ed., TECreighton, W.H. Freeman & Co., NY, 1993). Many detailed reviews on this subject are available, such as those by Wold, Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, 1-12 (Johnson, ed., Academic Press, NY, 1983), Seifter et al. Meth. Enzymol. 626-46 (1990), and Rattan et al. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 48-62 (1992).

[0092] [000127] In another aspect, the present invention provides antibody derivatives. A "derivative" of an antibody contains additional chemical moieties that are not normally a part of the protein. Covalent modifications of proteins are included within the scope of the present invention. Such modifications can be introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody with organic derivatizing agents capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. For example, derivatization with bifunctional agents well known in the art is useful for crosslinking antibodies or fragments to water-insoluble support matrices or other macromolecular carriers.

[0093] [000128] Derivatives also include radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies that are labeled with, for example, radioactive iodine (251,1311), carbon (C), sulfur (S), indium, tritium (H 3 ); conjugates of monoclonal antibodies containing biotin or avidin with enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-D-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, glucoamylase, carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, lysozyme, malate dehydrogenase, or glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; and also conjugates of monoclonal antibodies with bioluminescent agents (such as luciferase), chemiluminescent agents (such as acridine esters), or fluorescent agents (such as phycobyl proteins) are used.

[0094] [000129] Another derivative bifunctional antibody of the present invention is a bispecific antibody, generated by combining portions of two separate antibodies that recognize two different antigenic groups. This can be achieved by crosslinking or recombinant techniques. Additionally, moieties can be added to the antibody or portions thereof to increase its half-life in vivo (e.g., by extending the time until clearance from the bloodstream). Such techniques include, for example, the addition of PEG moieties (also called pegylation), and are well known in the art. See U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030031671.

[0095] [000130] In some embodiments, nucleic acids encoding the subject antibodies are directly introduced into host cells, and the cells are incubated under conditions sufficient to induce expression of the encoded antibody. After the subject nucleic acids are introduced into the cells, the cells are typically incubated, usually at 37°C, for a period of about 1 to 24 hours, sometimes with selection, to allow for antibody expression. In one embodiment, the antibody is secreted into the supernatant of the culture medium in which the cells are growing. Traditionally, monoclonal antibodies are produced as natural molecules in murine hybridoma lines. In addition to that technology, the present invention provides for recombinant DNA expression of antibodies. This allows for the production of a broad range of antibodies in a selected host species, as well as the production of antibody derivatives and fusion proteins.

[0096] [000131] Nucleic acid sequences encoding at least one antibody, portion, or polypeptide of the present invention can be recombined with vector DNA according to conventional techniques, including restriction enzyme digestion to provide blunt or cohesive ends for ligation, suitable termini, appropriate filling of sticky ends, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesired ligation, and ligation with an appropriate ligase. Techniques for such manipulations are disclosed, for example, by Maniatis et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, LAB. MANUAL, (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, NY, 1982 and 1989), and Ausubel et al. 1993 (supra), and can be used to construct nucleic acid sequences encoding antibody molecules or antigen-binding regions thereof.

[0097] [000132] A nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, comprises a nucleotide sequence containing transcriptional and translational regulatory information, and is said to be "capable of expressing" a polypeptide when such a sequence is "operably linked" to a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. An operable linkage is one in which the regulatory DNA sequence and the DNA sequence to be expressed are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression as a peptide or antibody moiety in recoverable amounts. The precise nature of the regulatory regions required for gene expression can vary from organism to organism, as is well known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., 2001 (supra); Ausubel et al., 1993 (supra).

[0098] [000133] Thus, the present invention encompasses expression of antibodies or peptides in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Suitable hosts include bacterial or eukaryotic hosts, including bacterial, yeast, insect, fungal, avian, and mammalian cells, either in vivo or in situ, or in host cells of mammalian, insect, avian, or yeast origin. Mammalian cells or tissues can be of human, primate, hamster, rabbit, rodent, bovine, porcine, ovine, equine, caprine, canine, or feline origin. Any other suitable mammalian cells known in the art can also be used.

[0099] [000134] In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequences of the present invention will be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Any of a wide variety of vectors can be used for this purpose. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., 1993 (supra). Factors important in selecting a particular plasmid or viral vector include the ease with which vector-containing recipient cells can be recognized and selected from vector-free recipient cells; the number of vector copies desired in a particular host; and whether it is desirable to be able to "shuttle" the vector between host cells of different species.

[0100] [000135] Examples of prokaryotic vectors known in the art include plasmids such as those capable of replicating in E. coli (e.g., pBR322, CoIE1, pSC101, pACYC184, .pi.vX, etc.). Such plasmids are disclosed, for example, by Maniatis et al., 1989 (supra); Ausubel et al., 1993 (supra). Bacillus plasmids include pC194, pC221, pT127, etc. Such plasmids are disclosed in Gryczan, THE MOLEC. BIO. OF THE BACILLI 307-329 (Academic Press, NY, 1982). Suitable Streptomyces plasmids include Streptomyces bacteriophages such as p1J101 (Kendall et al., 169 J. Bacteriol. 4177-83 (1987)) and phLC31 (Chater et al., SIXTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON ACTINOMYCETALES BIO. 45-54 (Akademiai Kaido, Budapest, Hungary 1986)). Pseudomonas plasmids are reviewed in John et al., 8 Rev. Infect. Dis. 693-704 (1986), Izaki, 33 Jpn. J. Bacteriol. 729-42 (1978), and Ausubel et al., 1993 (supra).

[0101] [000136] Alternatively, gene expression elements useful for expressing antibody or peptide encoding cDNA include, but are not limited to, (a) viral transcription promoters and their enhancer elements, such as the SV40 early promoter (Okayama et al., 3 Mol. Cell. Biol. 280 (1983)), Rous sarcoma virus LTR (Gorman et al., 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 6777 (1982)), and Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR (Grosschedl et al., 41 Cell 885 (1985)), (b) splice regions and polyadenylation sites, such as those derived from the SV40 late region (Okayama et al., 1983), and (c) polyadenylation sites, such as those from SV40 (Okayama et al., 1983).

[0102] [000137] Immunoglobulin cDNA genes can be expressed as described by Weidle et al., 51 Gene 21 (1987) using the SV40 early promoter and enhancer, mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter enhancer, SV40 late region mRNA splicing, rabbit S-globin intervening sequence, immunoglobulin and rabbit S-globin polyadenylation sites, and SV40 polyadenylation elements as expression elements. For immunoglobulin genes composed of cDNA portions and genomic DNA portions (Whittle et al., 1 Protein Engin. 499 (1987)), the transcription promoter can be human cytomegalovirus, the promoter enhancer can be cytomegalovirus and mouse / human immunoglobulin, and the mRNA splicing and polyadenylation regions can be native chromosomal immunoglobulin sequences.

[0103] [000138] In one embodiment, for expression of cDNA genes in rodent cells, the transcription promoter is a viral LTR sequence, the transcription promoter enhancer is either or both of a mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and a viral LTR enhancer, the splice region contains an intron of greater than 31 bp, and the polyadenylation and transcription termination regions are derived from the native chromosomal sequence corresponding to the immunoglobulin chain being synthesized. In other embodiments, cDNA sequences encoding other proteins are combined with the expression elements listed above to achieve protein expression in mammalian cells.

[0104] [000139] Each fusion gene can be assembled into or inserted into an expression vector. Recipient cells capable of expressing the immunoglobulin chain gene products are then transfected with the peptide or H or L chain encoding genes singly or co-transfected with the H and L chain genes. The transfected recipient cells are cultured under conditions that allow expression of the integrated genes, and the expressed immunoglobulin chains or intact antibodies or fragments are recovered from the culture.

[0105] [000140] In one embodiment, fusion genes encoding peptides or heavy and light chains, or portions thereof, are then assembled into separate expression vectors used to co-transfect recipient cells. Alternatively, fusion genes encoding heavy and light chains can be assembled on the same expression vector. The recipient cell line for transfection of the expression vector and production of antibodies can be myeloma cells. Myeloma cells are capable of synthesizing, assembling, and secreting immunoglobulins encoded by the transfected immunoglobulin genes and possess the machinery for immunoglobulin glycosylation. Myeloma cells can be grown in culture or in the peritoneal cavity of mice, from which secreted immunoglobulins can be obtained from ascites. Other suitable recipient cells include lymphoid cells, such as B lymphocytes of porcine or non-porcine origin, hybridoma cells of porcine or non-porcine origin, or interspecies heterohybridoma cells.

[0106] [000141] Expression vectors carrying the antibody constructs or polypeptides of the present invention can be introduced into appropriate host cells by any of a variety of suitable means, including biochemical means such as transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, calcium phosphate precipitation, and application with polycations such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran, and mechanical means such as electroporation, direct microinjection, and microprojectile bombardment. Johnston et al., 240 Science 1538 (1988).

[0107] [000142] Yeast may offer substantial advantages over bacteria in the production of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Yeast carries out post-translational peptide modifications, including glycosylation. Several recombinant DNA strategies now exist that utilize strong promoter sequences and high copy number plasmids that can be used to produce desired proteins in yeast. Yeast recognizes leader sequences in cloned mammalian gene products and secretes peptides bearing leader sequences (i.e., pre-peptides). Hitzman et al., 11th Int'l Conference on Yeast, Genetics & Molec. Biol. (Montpelier, France, 1982).

[0108] [000143] Yeast gene expression systems can be routinely evaluated for levels of production, secretion, and stability of peptides, antibodies, fragments, and regions thereof. Any of a range of yeast gene expression systems incorporating promoter and terminator elements from actively expressed genes encoding glycolytic enzymes that are produced in large amounts when yeast is grown in glucose-rich medium can be utilized. Known glycolytic genes can also provide highly efficient transcriptional control signals. For example, the promoter and terminator signals of the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene can be utilized. Several approaches can be selected to evaluate the optimal expression plasmid for expression of cloned immunoglobulin cDNA in yeast. See Vol. II DNA Cloning, 45-66, (Glover, ed.,) IRL Press, Oxford, UK 1985).

[0109] [000144] Bacterial strains can also be utilized as hosts for the production of antibody molecules or peptides described by the present invention. Plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences derived from species compatible with the host cell are used in connection with these bacterial hosts. The vector carries a replication site as well as specific genes capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. Several approaches can be selected to evaluate expression plasmids for the production of antibodies, fragments, and regions, or antibody chains, encoded by cloned immunoglobulin cDNAs in bacteria (see Glover, 1985 (supra); Ausubel, 1993 (supra); Sambrook, 2001 (supra); Colligan et al., eds. Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY (1994-2001); Colligan et al., eds. Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY (1997-2001)).

[0110] [000145] Host mammalian cells can be grown in vitro or in vivo. Mammalian cells provide post-translational modifications to immunoglobulin protein molecules, including leader peptide removal, folding and assembly of HAND light chains, glycosylation of antibody molecules, and secretion of functional antibody proteins. Mammalian cells that may be useful as hosts for antibody protein production include cells of fibroblast origin, such as Vero (ATCC CRL 81) or CHO-K1 (ATCC CRL 61) cells, in addition to the lymphoid origin cells mentioned above. Many vector systems are available for the expression of cloned peptide HAND light chain genes in mammalian cells (see Glover, 1985, supra). Different approaches can be followed to obtain complete H2L2 antibodies. HAND light chains can be coexpressed in the same cell to achieve intracellular assembly and linkage of HAND light chains into complete tetrameric H2L2 antibodies and / or peptides. Coexpression can be achieved by using either the same or different plasmids in the same host. Genes for both the HAND L chain and / or peptide can be placed on the same plasmid, which can then be transfected into cells, thereby directly selecting for cells expressing both chains. Alternatively, cells can be first transfected with a plasmid encoding one chain, e.g., the L chain, and the resulting cell line can then be transfected with an H chain plasmid containing a second selectable marker. To generate cell lines with enhanced properties, such as higher production of assembled H2L2 antibody molecules or increased stability of transfected cell lines, cell lines producing peptides and / or H2L2 molecules via either route can be transfected with plasmids encoding additional copies of the peptide, H, L, or H plus L chain, along with additional selectable markers.

[0111] [000146] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant antibodies, stable expression can be used. For example, cell lines that stably express antibody molecules can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors containing viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with an immunoglobulin expression cassette and a selectable marker. After introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells can be grown in enriched media for 1-2 days and then switched to selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to selection, allowing the cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci that can then be cloned and expanded into cell lines. Such engineered cell lines can be particularly useful in screening and evaluating compounds / components that interact directly or indirectly with antibody molecules.

[0112] [000147] Once an antibody of the invention is produced, it can be purified by any method known in the art for the purification of immunoglobulin molecules, such as chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly for a specific antigen following Protein A, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or any other standard technique for the purification of proteins. In many embodiments, the antibody is secreted from the cells into the culture medium and harvested from the culture medium.

[0113] Pharmaceutical and veterinary uses [000148] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a molecule of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. More specifically, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and an antibody or peptide according to the invention as an active ingredient.

[0114] [000149] A "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any excipient that is nontoxic to cells or animals exposed at the dosages and concentrations employed. The pharmaceutical composition may include one or additional therapeutic agents.

[0115] [000150] "Pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of an animal without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.

[0116] [000151] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solvents, dispersion media, buffers, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, wetting agents, preservatives, buggers, chelating agents, antioxidants, isotonic agents, and absorption delaying agents.

[0117] [000152] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water; saline; phosphate buffered saline; dextrose; glycerol; alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; phosphates, citrates, and other organic acids; ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine; and other carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and glucose, mannose, or dextrins; EDTA; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and / or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN®, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS®; tonicity agents such as sugars, polyhydric alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, and sodium chloride; and combinations thereof.

[0118] [000153] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be formulated in a variety of ways, including, for example, liquid, semi-solid, or solid dosage forms such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, liposomes, suppositories, tablets, pills, or powders. In some embodiments, the compositions are in the form of an injectable or infusible solution. The compositions may be in a form suitable for intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, transmucosal, oral, topical, or transdermal administration. The compositions may be formulated as immediate-release, controlled-release, sustained-release, or delayed-release compositions.

[0119] [000154] The compositions of the present invention can be administered either as individual therapeutic agents or in combination with other therapeutic agents. While they can be administered alone, they are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected based on the selected route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. Administration of the antibodies disclosed herein can be carried out to respiratory tract surfaces by any suitable means, including parenteral injection of the antibody (such as intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection), orally, or by topical administration (typically carried out in a pharmaceutical formulation). Topical administration to respiratory tract surfaces can be carried out by intranasal administration (e.g., by use of a dropper, swab, or inhaler). Topical administration of antibodies to respiratory tract surfaces can also be carried out by inhalation administration, such as by creating respirable particles of a pharmaceutical formulation (including both solid and liquid particles) containing the antibody as an aerosol suspension and then having a subject inhale the respirable particles. Methods and devices for administering respirable particles of a pharmaceutical formulation are well known, and any conventional techniques can be used.

[0120] [000155] In some desirable embodiments, antibodies are administered by parenteral injection. For parenteral administration, antibodies or molecules can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion, or lyophilized powder in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. For example, the vehicle can be a solution of the antibody or a cocktail thereof dissolved in an acceptable carrier, such as an aqueous carrier. Such vehicles include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, trehalose, or sucrose solution, or 5% serum albumin, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, and the like. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles, such as fixed oils, can also be used. These solutions are sterile and generally free of particulate matter. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. The compositions can contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances necessary to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting agents and buffers, toxicity adjusters, and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate, and the like. The concentration of antibody in these formulations can vary widely, for example, from less than about 0.5% by weight, usually from about 1% or more to up to 15% or 20% by weight, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volume, viscosity, etc., according to the particular dosage form selected. The vehicle or lyophilized powder may contain additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives). The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques. Actual methods for preparing parenterally administrable compositions are known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail, for example, in REMINGTON'S PHARMA. SCI. (15th ed., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa., 1980).

[0121] [000156] The antibodies or molecules of the present invention can be lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable carrier prior to use. This technique has been shown to be effective with conventional immunoglobulins. Any suitable lyophilization and reconstitution technique can be used. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that lyophilization and reconstitution may result in varying degrees of antibody activity loss, which may require adjustment of usage levels to compensate. Compositions containing the present antibodies or a cocktail thereof can be administered for the prevention of recurrence and / or therapeutic treatment of existing disease. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in the latest edition of REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, a standard reference textbook in the art. In therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a subject already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure, or at least partially arrest or alleviate, the disease and its complications.

[0122] [000157] Effective doses of the compositions of the invention for treating the conditions or diseases described herein will vary depending on many different factors, including, for example, but not limited to, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the target site; the physiological condition of the animal; other pharmaceutical agents being administered; whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic; the age, health, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the type of symptom; the type of concurrent treatment, the frequency of treatment, and the desired effect.

[0123] [000158] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating veterinarian. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulation should provide a quantity of the antibody(ies) of the invention sufficient to effectively treat the subject.

[0124] [000159] Treatment dosages can be titrated using routine methods known to those of skill in the art to optimize safety and efficacy.

[0125] [000160] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a "therapeutically effective amount." A "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of a molecule may vary depending on factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the molecule to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the molecule are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.

[0126] [000161] In another aspect, the compositions of the present invention can be used to treat various diseases and disorders, for example, in pigs. As used herein, the terms "treat" and "treatment" refer to therapeutic procedures, including prophylactic or preventative measures, where the subject is one in whom undesired physiological changes associated with a disease or condition are prevented or slowed (alleviated). Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, whether detectable or undetectable, reduction in the extent of the disease or condition, stabilization of the disease or condition (i.e., the disease or condition does not worsen), delay or slowing of the progression of the disease or condition, improvement or alleviation of the disease or condition, and remission (partial or complete) of the disease or condition. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease or condition, as well as those prone to have the disease or condition, or those in whom the disease or condition is to be prevented.

[0127] [000162] All patents and literature references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0128] [000163] The following examples are provided to supplement the preceding disclosure and to provide a better understanding of the subject matter described herein. These examples should not be considered as limiting the subject matter described. The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and it is understood that various modifications or changes in light thereof, which are apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the true scope of the present invention and can be made without departing from the true scope of the present invention. [Example]

[0129] Example 1 Pig IgG and FcRn [000164] Ex vivo pig olfactory tissue, primary cells from porcine olfactory epithelium (OEPC), and the human cell line RPMI2650 were used for the evaluation. Equal permeability to human and pig IgG was observed in OEPC, indicating the highest expression of FcRn. Human IgG reached much higher levels, while only trace amounts of pig IgG could be recovered in the basolateral compartment in ex vivo olfactory tissue.

[0130] [000165] The porcine FcRn cDNA is 1,577 bp long (GenBank accession number: AAP49846.1) and contains a 1,077 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 356-amino acid polypeptide. The 3' end of the sequence contains a poly(A) stretch preceded by a putative polyadenylation signal, AATAAA (nucleotides 1523 to 1529). Blast analysis revealed that the mRNA sequence of the porcine FcRn gene shares 79.4%, 66.3%, and 83.9% nucleotide identity with the corresponding genes in human, mouse, and bovine, respectively. The complete porcine FcRn genomic DNA sequence spans 8,900 bp (GenBank accession number: HQ026019) and consists of five introns separating six exons. The intron / exon organization of the pig (5 introns and 6 exons) is identical to that of the human and mouse FcRn genes.

[0131] [000166] The porcine IgGs used to assess in vitro FcRn binding are provided in Table 1. [Table 1]

[0132] [000167] Porcine FcRn was recombinantly produced. The porcine beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) small subunit, which associates with FcRn to form a functional complex, was also recombinantly produced and used in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding affinity experiments.

[0133] [000168] DNA for porcine FcRn / B2M (Genbank accession: AAP49846.1 / NP_999143.1) and all porcine mAb genes was codon-optimized for mammalian expression, and the constructs were transiently expressed either in HEK293 cells using a standard Lipofectamine transfection protocol (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) or in CHO cells using the ExpiCHO Transient System (ThermoFisher Scientific) kit protocol. ExpiCHO expression followed the protocols outlined by ThermoFisher for either mAb or FcRn / B2M transfection. For mAb, a plasmid containing the gene sequence encoding the IgG kappa light chain was cotransfected with a plasmid encoding the IgG heavy chain. For HEK293 expression, equal amounts of heavy chain and kappa chain plasmids were cotransfected. For FcRn / B2M, two plasmids encoding each were transfected. Cells were grown for 7 days (HEK293) or 12 days (CHO), after which supernatants were collected for protein purification. mAbs were screened for binding to Protein A or Protein G sensors via Octet QKe quantification (Pall ForteBio Corp, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Expression was quantified on the Octet using a standard curve with Protein A or Protein G sensors, and mAbs were purified by Protein G or Protein A / G affinity chromatography. For all protein constructs, sodium acetate pH 5.5 was used as the binding and wash buffer, with elution at pH 3.4. Purified proteins were neutralized and dialyzed against 20 mM Na acetate, pH 5.5, 140 mM NaCl for further analysis. Because the FcRn plasmid contained a c-terminal His tag, the FcRn / B2M complex was purified by IMAC affinity purification. The concentrations of mAb and FcRn / B2M were measured at 280 nm via NanoDrop. Protein quality was assessed via analytical SEC and standard Coomassie protein gels.

[0134] [000169] Purified FcRn / B2M was biotinylated as follows: The purified FcRn / B2M protein was dialyzed against 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and concentrated using an AmiconUltra, 10K MWCO (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA). A biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) AGLNDIFEAQKIEWHE expressed at the C-terminus of the receptor allowed biotin to be transferred to this stretch of amino acids using biotin ligase BirA. The biotinylation reaction was carried out as described in the manufacturer's protocol (Avidity, LLC, Aurora, CO). The FcRn / B2M receptor was then dialyzed against PBS to remove residual biotin.

[0135] Example 2 Construction of porcine IgG Fc mutants [000170] Plasmids containing sequences encoding the porcine constant region of IgG6a were used to insert the VH / VL sequences of each mAb examined herein in frame upstream of the nucleotides encoding the constant domain. Mutations were incorporated into either the CH2 or CH3 domain positions of each plasmid by direct DNA synthesis of the constant regions as gene fragments, which were then subcloned into the respective variable regions of interest.

[0136] Expression and purification [000171] Monoclonal antibody (mAb) variants were expressed in EXPICHO-S (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, a mammalian suspension cell line obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Suspension EXPICHO-S cells were maintained at 0.14–8.0 × 10e6 cells / ml in EXPICHO Expression Medium (Gibco). Cells were diluted according to the ExpiCHO protocol user manual on day -1 and the day of transfection. Following maximum titer conditions, diluted cells were transfected as described in the protocol using reagents supplied with the ExpiFectamine CHO Transfection Kit (Gibco). After 12–14 days of incubation, the culture was harvested and clarified. Antibodies were purified from the clarified supernatant via Protein A chromatography using a MabSelect Sure LX (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with PBS. After sample loading, the resin was washed with PBS and then with 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. Samples were eluted from the column with 20 mM acetic acid, pH 3.5. After elution, a pool was made and neutralized by adding 1 M sodium acetate to 4%. Depending on the available volume and intended use, samples were occasionally exchanged into a final buffer (e.g., PBS, etc.). Concentration was measured by absorbance at 280 nm.

[0137] SDS-PAGE [000172] Non-reduced (nr) and reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed using 4-12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gels in MES-SDS running buffer and SeeBlue Plus 2 standards (all from Invitrogen). For non-reduced samples, 1 mM of the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was added, and for reduced samples, the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) was added. Gels were stained with Coomassie blue to detect protein bands.

[0138] Example 3 FcRn binding assay Biacore method for pFcRn: [000173] The binding affinity of porcine Fc-based antibodies or fusion proteins to porcine FcRn was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). All reported KDs were measured using an SA sensor on a Biacore T200 (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) or Biacore 8K (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA). Porcine FcRn was captured on the sensor surface to the desired surface density. The running buffer used was 20 mM MES, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween® 20, 0.5 mg / mL BSA, pH 6, and / or PBS, 0.0005% Tween® 20, pH 7.4. Various concentrations of porcine mAb were titrated in the appropriate running buffer and flowed over the receptor surface. Regeneration was performed with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8. Dynamic binding affinity was analyzed using the Biacore T200 Evaluation software (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) or Biacore 8K Insight Evaluation software using the double-referencing method. A reference flow cell was subtracted from the flow cell containing immobilized porcine FcRn, and a blank experiment containing buffer only was subtracted from all experiments. The resulting curves were fitted to a 1:1 binding model. Experiments were performed at 25°C.

[0139] [000174] Mutations made at each position have a significant effect on the affinity of IgG to FcRn at pH 6.

[0140] [000175] Binding of wild-type (WT) and mutant IgG to porcine FcRn was measured by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore). The results are shown in Table 2 below. [Table 2-1] [Table 2-2] [Table 2-3] [Table 2-4]

[0141] [000176] The results clearly show that mutations made at various positions have a significant effect on the affinity of IgG to porcine FcRn.

[0142] Example 4 Effector Function and Its Regulation [000177] Antibodies exert their therapeutic functions by blocking antigens through "neutralization" or by mediating effector functions. Antibody effector functions are an important part of the humoral immune response and are induced through the constant (Fc) region of the antibody, which can interact with complement proteins and specific Fc receptors. The most well-known Fc-mediated antibody effector functions are antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

[0143] [000178] All three of the above effector functions require two key components to specifically and effectively neutralize the target: an appropriate Fc region and a corresponding Fc receptor. The isotype and subclass / allotype of the Fc region determine the binding capacity of the IgG to mediate the effector functions.

[0144] [000179] IgG subclasses in pigs are poorly understood because the subclasses were not defined until recently. This lack of progress is primarily due to the lack of IgG subclass reagents for use in immunoassays and the lack of subclass knockout animals.

[0145] [000180] To date, six porcine IgG subclasses (IgG1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6) are known in pigs. These are further divided into several allotypes, namely, IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG5a, IgG5b, IgG6a, and IgG6b, based on their relative occurrence, differences in intron sequences, and sequence similarities of their CH2-CH3 domain complexes.

[0146] [000181] Sequences of porcine IgG subtypes and allotypes are well known in the art. Table 1 lists the porcine IgG subtypes, allotypes, and their associated sequence identification numbers in the publicly available NCBI database.

[0147] Generation of Fc gamma receptors [000182] Recombinant porcine FcgR1, FcgR2b, FcgR3a, and Fcg3b DNA was codon-optimized for mammalian expression and synthesized based on sequences from the NCBI database as shown in Table 3. [Table 3]

[0148] [000183] DNA was cloned into the pcDNA3.1(+) vector and engineered with a c-terminal 6xHis+BAP tag (AGLNDIFEAQKIEWHE). All FcgRs were transfected into HEK293 or Expi-CHO cells, and FcgRs were purified by IMAC affinity purification via the c-terminal His tag.

[0149] [000184] Purified FcR was biotinylated as follows: The purified Fc receptor protein was dialyzed into 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and concentrated using an AmiconUltra, 10K MWCO (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA). The biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) AGLNDIFEAQKIEWHE expressed at the C-terminus of the receptor allowed biotin to be transferred to this stretch of amino acids using biotin ligase BirA. The biotinylation reaction was performed as described in the manufacturer's protocol (Avidity, LLC, Aurora, CO). The receptor was then dialyzed into PBS to remove residual biotin.

[0150] [000185] A Biacore SPR binding assay was designed to test the affinity of porcine IgG subclasses and variants to pFcgRl, pFcgR2b, pFcgR3a, and pFcg3b.

[0151] Generation of Fc fusion proteins and mAbs [000186] Recombinant CTLA4-Fc fusions were constructed via insertion of the canine CTLA4 gene (NCBI NM_001003106.1) into the pcDNA3.1(+) mammalian expression vector containing pIgG1a, pIgG2a, pIgG3, pIgG4a, pIgG5a, or pIgG6a. The Fc begins just upstream of the heavy chain hinge region. No additional linker was required.

[0152] [000187] Recombinant mAbs containing pIgG1a, pIgG2a, pIgG3, pIgG4a, pIgG5a, and pIgG6a Fc regions were constructed in the pcDNA3.1(+) mammalian expression vector by inserting the VH sequence in frame upstream of the nucleotides encoding the constant domain. Similarly, the light chain was constructed by inserting the VL sequence in frame upstream of the porcine kappa allele 1 constant region (NCBI AAA03520.1).

[0153] [000188] Mutations were introduced into the three wild-type subclasses in both the CTLA4 Fc fusion and full mAb formats to knock out binding to FcgR and knock out CDC and / or ADCP. Mutations were incorporated at various positions on each wild-type plasmid using Agilent's QuikChange II mutagenesis and the associated Agilent primer design tool (www.agilent.com / store / primerDesignProgram.jsp) for single-site directed mutagenesis.

[0154] [000189] DNA for all CTLA4 fusion and mAb genes was codon-optimized for mammalian expression, and constructs were transiently expressed either in HEK293 cells using a standard Lipofectamine transfection protocol (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) or in CHO cells using the ExpiCHO Transient System (ThermoFisher Scientific) kit protocol. ExpiCHO expression followed the protocol outlined by ThermoFisher for either mAb or CTLA4 Fc fusion transfection. For mAb, a plasmid containing the gene sequence encoding the IgG kappa light chain was cotransfected with a plasmid encoding the IgG heavy chain. For HEK293 expression, equal weights of heavy chain and kappa chain plasmids were cotransfected. For Fc fusions, a single plasmid was transfected. Cells were grown for 7 days (HEK293) or 12 days (CHO), after which supernatants were collected for protein purification. CTLA4 Fc fusions and mAbs were screened for binding to Protein A or Protein G sensors via Octet QKe quantification (Pall ForteBio Corp, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Expression was quantified on the Octet using a standard curve and Protein A or Protein G sensor, and mAb / fusion proteins were purified by Protein G or Protein A / G affinity chromatography. For all protein constructs, sodium acetate pH 5.5 was used as the binding and wash buffer, with elution at pH 3.4. Purified proteins were neutralized and dialyzed into 20 mM Na acetate, pH 5.5, 140 mM NaCl for further analysis. The concentrations of mAbs and fusion proteins were measured via NanoDrop at 280 nm. Protein quality was assessed via analytical SEC and standard Coomassie protein gels.

[0155] SPR method for biotinylated pFcgR1, pFcgR2, and pFcgR3 [000190] A Biacore SPR binding assay was designed to test the affinity of bovine IgG subclasses for pFcgR1, pFcgR2, and pFcgR3. All reported KDs were measured by Biacore (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) using a series S SA sensor. Biotinylated bovine FcgR1, R2, and R3 were captured onto the sensor surface using a modified SA capture method to reach the desired surface density. A 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% v / v surfactant P20, pH 7.4 buffer was used as the running and titration buffer. Various concentrations of porcine CTLA4-Fc fusion or mAb were titrated and flowed over the receptor surface, and affinity was determined using Biacore T200 evaluation software (cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) using a 1:1 binding model. A double-referencing method was applied, where a reference flow cell was subtracted from the flow cell containing immobilized receptor, and a blank experiment containing buffer only was subtracted from all experiments. The flow cell was regenerated with 10 mM glycine, pH 1.5. Experiments were performed at 15°C.

[0156] CDC assay [000191] A CDC cell-based assay was developed and used to characterize the efficacy of nine CTLA4 porcine IgG subclass Fc fusion proteins in mediating CDC and to investigate Fc region mutations within the subclasses. This helps define the critical residues in the Fc region that determine the CDC activity of porcine IgG subclasses. The assay utilizes CHO target cells engineered to express canine CD80, which binds to CTLA4 on the Fc fusion protein. These target cells have been used in previous canine ADCC assays and are utilized in the CDC assay due to their reliability.

[0157] [000192] Incubation of fusion protein-bound target cells with complement-preserved serum results in Fc binding on the fusion protein, allowing the component C1q to initiate the complement cascade and ultimately form the membrane attack complex. The pore-forming complex mediates target cell lysis, as measured by loss of cell viability. In the absence of Fc binding to C1q, there is no resulting cell lysis / death.

[0158] [000193] Briefly, CD80-expressing CHO cells (target cells) were plated at 40,000 cells / well in CD CHO medium in round-bottom 96-well plates. Titrated fusion protein in CD CHO medium was added to the target cells and allowed to bind for 60 minutes at 37°C. Porcine complement-preserved serum (20% in CD CHO medium) was added to the plates for 45 minutes at 37°C. Cell viability was then measured using CellTiter-Glo, and data were expressed as "% cell viability of control," calculated using no fusion protein + complement-preserved serum control.

[0159] [000194] As shown in Figure 2 and Table 4, all of the porcine wild-type Fc subclasses, except for IgG3 and IgG5a, exhibited robust and potent CDC activity. The EC50 values ​​ranged from 0.010 to 0.044 μg / mL. [Table 4]

[0160] [000195] Our results showed that porcine IgG1a, 1b, 2a, 4a, 4b, 6a, and 6b Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins all exhibited CDC activity. IgG5a exhibited reduced CDC activity, and IgG3 exhibited almost no CDC activity.

[0161] ADCC assay [000196] An ADCC cell-based assay was developed and used to characterize the efficacy of nine CTLA4 porcine IgG subclass Fc fusion proteins in mediating ADCC and to investigate Fc region mutations within the subclasses. This helps define the critical residues in the Fc region that determine the ADCC activity of porcine IgG subclasses. The assay utilizes CHO target cells engineered to express canine CD80, which binds to CTLA4 on the Fc fusion protein. These target cells have been used in previous canine ADCC assays and are utilized in the CDC assay due to their reliability.

[0162] [000197] When fusion protein-bound target cells are incubated with cultured activated porcine PBMCs, the Fc on the fusion protein binds to FcγRIII and mediates the release of granzymes and perforin from NK cells within the PBMC population. The action of these proteins will result in cytotoxicity of the fusion protein-bound target cells, as measured by quantification of dead target cells by flow cytometry. In the absence of Fc binding to FcγRIII, no target cell killing results.

[0163] [000198] Briefly, CD80-expressing CHO cells (target cells) were plated at 20,000 cells / well in CD80 CHO medium in round-bottom 96-well plates. Titrated fusion protein in CD80 CHO medium was added to the target cells and allowed to bind for 60 minutes at 37°C. Single-donor porcine PBMCs (effector cells), cultured overnight in RPMI 1640 medium plus IL-2 and IL-15, were added to the plates at an effector:target cell ratio of 40-50:1 for 18-20 hours at 37°C. Cells were then stained, fixed, and analyzed via flow cytometry to quantify live / dead staining of target cells. Data were expressed as the percentage of dead target cells normalized to the fusion protein alone (excluding effector PBMCs).

[0164] [000199] Figures 3A and 3B show the results of cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of porcine wild-type Fc subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins. As shown in Figures 3A and 3B and Table 5, all porcine wild-type Fc subclasses, except for IgG3, exhibited some degree of ADCC activity. The extent and potency of ADCC varied according to the EC50 values, ranging from 0.031 to 0.477 μg / mL.

[0165] [000200] Our results showed that porcine IgG1a, 1b, 2a, 4a, 4b, 6a, and 6b Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins all exhibited ADCC activity with varying potency. IgG3 did not exhibit ADCC activity. [Table 5]

[0166] ADCP assay [000201] The antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay utilizes CHO target cells engineered to express canine CD80, which binds to canine CTLA4 on an Fc fusion protein. The Fc region of the fusion protein can then crosslink this complex to Fc gamma receptors on alveolar macrophage effector cells that have the ability to phagocytose the target cells. ADCP is measured by the signal intensity and frequency of a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye within a population of effector macrophages in coculture; fluorescent cells indicate effectors that have successfully internalized the target cells into acidic lysosomes.

[0167] [000202] Briefly, canine CD80-expressing CHO cells (CD80 target cells) or wild-type CHO cells not expressing CD80 (parental target cells) were stained with pHrodo red dye for 30 minutes at 37°C. The stained cells were then incubated with CTLA4-Fc fusion protein for 20 minutes to mediate CTLA4:CD80 binding. 60,000 target cells were then added to 30,000 pre-plated porcine alveolar macrophages previously stained with a cell marker (CellTrace Violet, CTV) to aid in subsequent identification. Co-cultures were maintained at 37°C for 5-6 hours, then harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry to identify effector cells (CTV+) and successfully perform ADCP (pHrodo+).

[0168] [000203] Figure 4 shows the results of cell-based antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis of porcine wild-type Fc subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins. Of the Fc constructs containing the CTLA4:wild-type porcine Fc domain, IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG5a, IgG6a, and IgG6b all exhibited ADCP activity. Only porcine IgG3a did not exhibit ADCP activity. Of those with activity, IgG4b and IgG6b exhibited the lowest (most effective) EC50 of 2.6 ng / mL and 5.9 ng / mL, respectively. When each construct was incubated with parental target cells (which did not express canine CD80 and therefore did not bind to the CTLA4:Fc constructs), no increase in phagocytosis was observed. (The range of phagocytosis observed in WT ChoK1 target cells is displayed as horizontal gray bars on the graph, and the mean is displayed as a dotted line.)

[0169] pIgG6 mutations knock out effector function CDC assay [000204] The wild-type IgG6 subclass exhibited robust and potent CDC activity, as shown in Figure 5. All of the Fc mutations tested had varying effects on CDC activity, ranging from no effect to completely knocking out CDC effector function.

[0170] [000205] Both the A and B allotypes of the porcine IgG6 Fc CTLA4 fusion protein exhibited CDC activity. Mutations in the Fc showed a wide range of effects on CDC activity, from no effect to a moderate effect to complete knockout of effector function. The mutations SSP, WIN-LSP, WIN-PG, PG, EP-PSS, KAPA, KA, PA, and PG appeared to be most effective in knocking out CDC effector function in the pIgG6a allotype. In addition, alanine substitutions T289A, R290A, and K292A knocked out CDC effector function in IgG6a. The mutations DANG-SAP, WIN-PG, and KAPA appeared to be most effective in knocking out CDC effector function in the pIgG6b allotype. The mutation SAP showed partial knockout of CDC effector function in both the 6a and 6b allotypes.

[0171] ADCC assay [000206] As shown in Figure 6, wild-type IgG6a or IgG6b subclasses exhibited robust and potent ADCC activity. IgG6a_WIN, IgG6a_WIN-LSP, IgG6a_WIN-PG, IgG6a_PG, IgG6a_DANG, IgG6a_EP, IgG6a_EP-PSS, IgG6a_SAP, and IgG6a_SSP dramatically knocked down ADCC. SAP Fc mutations showed dramatic knockdown of ADCC effector function activity against IgG6b.

[0172] ADCP assay [000207] Of the Fc constructs containing the CTLA4:wild-type porcine Fc domain, IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG5a, IgG6a, and IgG6b all exhibited ADCP activity. Only porcine IgG3a did not exhibit ADCP activity. Of those with activity, IgG4b and IgG6b exhibited the lowest (most effective) EC50 at 2.6 ng / mL and 5.9 ng / mL, respectively. When each construct was incubated with parental target cells (which did not express canine CD80 and therefore did not bind to the CTLA4:Fc constructs), no increase in phagocytosis was observed. (The range of phagocytosis observed in WT ChoK1 target cells is displayed as horizontal gray bars on the graph, with the mean displayed as a dotted line.)

[0173] [000208] Of the IgG6a mutants tested, the PG, WIN2, WIN-PG, DANG, DANG-GSP, EP, EP-PSS, KA, SAP, and PA mutants all did not exhibit significant amounts of ADCP. The WIN-LSP, SSP, KAPA, and T289A mutations knocked down ADCP.

[0174] [000209] Table 6A below lists the various constructs, their mutations, and their corresponding codon usage. Table 6B below summarizes the effector function results of pIgG6 WT and mutations. [Table 6A-1] [Table 6A-2] [Table 6A-3] [Table 6B-1] [Table 6B-2]

[0175] pIgG4 mutations knock out effector function CDC assay [000210] Figures 8 and 16 show the results of cell-based CDC activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a and 4b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of those subclasses.

[0176] [000211] Porcine IgG4a and 4b Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins exhibited robust CDC activity. Mutations in the Fc showed modest knockdown of CDC activity, but no mutations dramatically knocked down CDC activity for either of these two subclasses.

[0177] ADCC assay [000212] Figure 9 shows the results of cell-based ADCC activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a and IgG4b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and their Fc subclass SAP mutants.

[0178] [000213] Wild-type pIgG4a and pIgG4b constructs show ADCC activity that is knocked out with SAP mutations in each of the two allotypes.

[0179] ADCP assay [000214] Figures 10, 17A, and 17B show the results of cell-based ADCP activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG4a subclass CTLA4 fusion protein and its Fc subclass SAP and WinPG mutants.

[0180] [000215] The wild-type pIgG4a construct showed robust activity that was completely knocked out with SAP, KAPA, GSP, EP-PAS, DANG, SSP, WIN2, and WIN-PG mutations. Mutations EP, PA, PG, R290A, T289A, and DANG-SAP showed partial knockdown of ADCP.

[0181] [000216] Table 7 below summarizes the effector function results of pIgG4 WT and mutants. [Table 7]

[0182] pIgG2 mutations knock out effector function CDC assay [000217] Figure 11 shows the results of cell-based CDC activity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG2 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc mutants of its subclasses. As shown in Figure 11, the wild-type IgG2 Fc subclass exhibited robust and potent CDC activity. All of the Fc mutants examined exhibited varying degrees of reduced CDC activity.

[0183] [000218] Porcine IgG2 Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins exhibited CDC activity. Mutations in the Fc showed knockdown of CDC activity, and the GSP mutation appeared to be the mutation that most effectively knocked down CDC activity.

[0184] ADCC assay [000219] Figure 12 shows the results of cell-based antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of porcine wild-type IgG2 subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of that subclass.

[0185] [000220] The wild-type pIgG2 construct exhibited ADCC activity that was knocked out with the SAP mutation.

[0186] ADCP assay [000221] The wild-type pIgG2 construct showed ADCP activity that was knocked out with the SAP, KAPA, GSP, EP-PAS, DANG, PG, SSP, and WIN-PG mutations. The mutations EP, KA, PA, R290A, T289A, and WIN2 showed partial knockdown of ADCP. See Figures 19A and 19B.

[0187] [000222] Table 8 below summarizes the effector function results of pIgG2 WT and mutants. The results support both pIgG2a and 2b allotypes, since both 2a and 2b are identical in the constant region domains CH2 and CH3. [Table 8]

[0188] pIgG1 mutations knock out effector function CDC assay [000223] Figure 13 shows the results of cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity of porcine wild-type Fc IgG1a and 1b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc mutants of those subclasses. As shown in Figure 13, wild-type IgG1a and IgG1b Fc subclasses exhibited robust and potent CDC activity. All of the Fc mutants tested exhibited varying degrees of reduced CDC activity.

[0189] [000224] Both porcine IgG1a and 1b Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins exhibited CDC activity. Mutations in the Fc showed knockdown of CDC activity, with the KAPA mutation appearing to be the most effective knockdown mutation.

[0190] ADCC assay [000225] Figure 14 shows the results of cell-based antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of porcine wild-type IgG1a and 1b subclass CTLA4 fusion proteins and Fc variants of those subclasses.

[0191] [000226] Both porcine IgG1a and 1b Fc CTLA4 fusion proteins exhibited ADCC activity. As shown in Figure 12, SAP mutations significantly knock out ADCC function.

[0192] ADCP assay [000227] Porcine IgG1a exhibited ADCP activity. As shown in Figure 15, the SAP, DANG, PG, SSP, WIN2, and WIN-PG mutations significantly knocked out ADCP function. The mutations EP, KA, PA, R290A, and T289A showed partial knockdown of ADCP.

[0193] [000228] Table 9 below summarizes the effector function results of pIgG1 WT and mutants. [Table 9]

[0194] Example 5 FcRn binding validation method [000229] First, the Fc regions of four porcine subclasses and their allotypes, IgG1 (IgG1a and IgG1b), IgG2, IgG4 (IgG4a and IgG4b), and IgG6 (IgG6a and IgG6b), were designed using their respective CH2 and CH3 regions. The protein modeling function of Alphafold 2.2, developed by Deepmind, was implemented to model the three-dimensional structures of porcine FcRn and each wild-type (WT) and mutant constructs of each porcine allotype.

[0195] [000230] The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) (MOE2019.0102), developed by the Chemical Computing Group, provides a flexible, automated graphical user interface for protein modeling. To analyze structural differences, a sequence-to-profile alignment algorithm ranks sequence templates using a scoring algorithm, with a score above 85% ensuring the selection of a protein template with a physically realistic structure. The same pipeline was then used to optimize the model, and the structural stability of the model was verified using a Ramachandran plot, which checks the stereochemical quality of the protein structure.

[0196] result [000231] The above method was performed on porcine wild-type (WT) constructs and the following mutants in IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG6a, and IgG6b: E233P, G234A, P235L, P235A, G236A, G236L, P238A, D265A, T289A, R290A, K292A, N297G, K322A, P329G, P329L, P329S, A330S, P331S, P331A. The positions of the mutation library are represented in ball-and-stick format in Figures 23 and 24.

[0197] [000232] RMSD plots were generated to calculate the root mean square deviations of the WT structures, porcine IgG1a, porcine IgG1b, porcine IgG2, porcine IgG4a, porcine IgG4b, porcine IgG6a, and porcine IgG6b relative to each other (Figure 25). An RMSD value of 2.0 Å or less is considered the criterion for considering two structures similar. The results showed that the protein fold of the porcine IgG4a construct was identical to that of the porcine IgG4b allotype, with an average RMSD value of the structures being 0.11 Å (RMSD at individual positions in Table 10). The porcine IgG6a construct was identical to the porcine IgG6b allotype, with an average RMSD value of 0.66 Å (RMSD at individual positions in Table 11). The allotypes IgG1a, IgG1b, and IgG2 also showed RMSDs of 0.2 and 0.78 Å. The RMSDs at the positions where mutational scans were performed are shown in Tables 10-13. [Table 10] [Table 11-1] [Table 11-2] [Table 12] [Table 13]

[0198] conclusion [000233] Molecular modeling of all mutations across the two allotypes, IgG6a and IgG6b, of the porcine backbone was performed and validated using MOE2019.0102 and AlphaFold2.2. Similarly, comparisons of molecular models of all mutations across the two allotypes of each subclass of the porcine backbone, IgG4a vs. IgG4b, IgG1a vs. IgG1b, and IgG2, were performed and validated using MOE2019.0102 and AlphaFold2.2. The Fc fold and residue conformations between the subclasses were shown to have an RMSD of less than 2 Å, indicating that the protein structures have a high degree of identity and may therefore function in a similar manner.

[0199] [000234] Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments and that various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. [Table A-1] [Table A-2] [Table A-3] [Table A-4] [Table A-5]

Claims

1. 1. A method for modulating or regulating effector function in a porcine subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a fusion molecule, the fusion molecule comprising a modified IgG; 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified IgG comprises a porcine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution compared to a wild-type porcine IgG constant domain, wherein the substitution is at amino acid residue 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436, as numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat.

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the effector function is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or a combination thereof.

3. The constant domain may comprise the substitutions E233P, G234A, V234A, A235L, P235L, P235A, G236A, G236L, P238A, M252A, M252C, M252D, M252E, M252F, M252G, M252H, M252I, M252K, M252L, M252N, M252P, M252Q, M252R, M252S, M252T, M252V, M252W, M252Y, S254T, T256E, T256F, T256N, D265A, T286A, T286C, T286D, T286E, T286F, T286G, T28 6H, T286I, T286K, T286L, T286M, T286N, T286P, T286Q, T286R, T286S, T286V, T286W, T286Y, T289A, R290A, K292A, E293 deletion, N297G, P307Q, E311A, E311C, E311D, E311F, E311G, E311H, E311I, E311K, E311L, E311M, E311N, E311P, E3 11Q, E311R, E311S, E311T, E311V, E311W, E311Y, D312A, D312C, D312E, D312F , D312G, D312H, D312I, D312K, D312L, D312M, D312N, D312P, D312Q, D312R, D 312S, D312T, D312V, D312W, D312Y, K322A, P329G, P329S, P329L, A330S, P33 1S, P331A, D378V, A426C, A426D, A426E, A426F, A426G, A426H, A426I, A426K , A426L, A426M, A426N, A426P, A426Q, A426R, A426S, A426T, A426V, A426W, A4 26Y, M428A, M428C, M428D, M428E, M428F, M428G, M428H, M428I, M428K, M428 L, M428N, M428P, M428Q, M428R, M428S, M428T, M428V, M428W, M428Y, N434A, N 434C, N434D, N434E, N434F, N434G, N434H, N434I, N434K, N434L, N434M, N43 4P, N434Q, N434R, N434S, N434T, N434V, N434W, N434Y, Y436A, Y436C, Y436D,2. The method of claim 1, comprising one or more of Y436E, Y436F, Y436G, Y436H, Y436I, Y436K, Y436L, Y436M, Y436N, Y436P, Y436Q, Y436R, Y436S, Y436T, Y436V, and Y436W.

4. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified IgG is porcine or porcinated IgG.

5. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the IgG is IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG5a, IgG5b, IgG6a, or IgG6b.

6. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises a CH1 domain or a hinge region.

7. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domains.

8. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the wild-type porcine IgG constant domain comprises one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-11.

9. 1. A modified IgG comprising a porcine IgG constant domain comprising at least one amino acid substitution compared to a wild-type porcine IgG constant domain, wherein the substitution is at amino acid residue 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 252, 254, 256, 265, 286, 293, 297, 307, 311, 312, 322, 329, 330, 331, 378, 426, 428, 434, or 436, as numbered according to the Eu index in Kabat.

10. The constant domain may comprise the substitutions E233P, G234A, V234A, A235L, P235L, P235A, G236A, G236L, P238A, M252A, M252C, M252D, M252E, M252F, M252G, M252H, M252I, M252K, M252L, M252N, M252P, M252Q, M252R, M252S, M252T, M252V, M252W, M252Y, S254T, T256E, T256F, T256N, D265A, T286A, T286C, T286D, T286E, T286F, T286G, T286 H, T286I, T286K, T286L, T286M, T286N, T286P, T286Q, T286R, T286S, T286V, T286W, T286Y, E293delete, N297G, P307Q, E311A, E311C, E311D, E311F, E311 G, E311H, E311I, E311K, E311L, E311M, E311N, E311P, E311Q, E311R, E311S, E311T, E311V, E311W, E311Y, D312A, D312C, D312E, D312F, D312G, D312H, D31 2I, D312K, D312L, D312M, D312N, D312P, D312Q, D312R, D312S, D312T, D312V , D312W, D312Y, K322A, P329G, P329S, P329L, A330S, P331S, P331A, D378V, A4 26C, A426D, A426E, A426F, A426G, A426H, A426I, A426K, A426L, A426M, A426 N, A426P, A426Q, A426R, A426S, A426T, A426V, A426W, A426Y, M428A, M428C, M 428D, M428E, M428F, M428G, M428H, M428I, M428K, M428L, M428N, M428P, M42 8Q, M428R, M428S, M428T, M428V, M428W, M428Y, N434A, N434C, N434D, N434E, N434F, N434G, N434H, N434I, N434K, N434L, N434M, N434P, N434Q, N434R, N43 4S, N434T, N434V, N434W, N434Y, Y436A, Y436C, Y436D, Y436E, Y436F, Y436G,10. The modified IgG of claim 9, comprising one or more of Y436H, Y436I, Y436K, Y436L, Y436M, Y436N, Y436P, Y436Q, Y436R, Y436S, Y436T, Y436V, and Y436W.

11. 11. The modified IgG of claim 9 or 10, wherein the modified IgG is a porcine or porcinated IgG.

12. 12. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 11, wherein the IgG is IgG1a, IgG1b, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4a, IgG4b, IgG5a, IgG5b, IgG6a, or IgG6b.

13. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG1a and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) P329S and A330S, (ii) D265A, P329G, and A330S, (iii) V234A, A235L, G236A, P329L, and A330S, (iv) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G, (v) E233P, A330S, and P331S, (vi) K322A and P331A, and (vii) P329S.

14. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG1b and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G; (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S; (iii) P329G and A330S; (iv) E233P and P331S; and (v) K322A and P331A.

15. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG2 and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) V234A, A235L, G236A, and P329G; (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S; (iii) P329G and A330S; (iv) E233P and P331S; (v) K322A and P331A; and (vi) P329S.

16. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG4a and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G; (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S; (iii) P329G and A330S; (iv) E233P and P331S; (v) K322A and P331A; and (vi) P329S.

17. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG4b and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G; (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S; (iii) P329G and A330S; (iv) E233P and P331S; (v) K322A and P331A; and (vi) P329S.

18. The IgG is IgG6a, and the constant domains are (i) D265A, N297G, P329G, and A330S, (ii) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G, (iii) E233P, A330S, and P331S, (iv) P235A, G236L, and P238A, (v) D265A and N297G, (vi) P329G, (vii) P 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, comprising one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, P329L, and A330S; (ii) K322A and P331A; and (xiii) P329S.

19. 13. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein the IgG is IgG6b and the constant domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from the group consisting of: (i) G234A, P235L, G236A, and P329G; (ii) D265A, N297G, and P329S; (iii) P329G and A330S; (iv) E233P and P331S; (v) K322A and P331A; and (vi) P329S.

20. 20. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 19, wherein the modified IgG has a higher affinity for FcRn than an IgG having the wild-type porcine IgG constant domain.

21. 21. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 20, wherein the modified IgG has an increased half-life compared to the half-life of an IgG having the wild-type porcine IgG constant domain.

22. The modified IgG according to any one of the preceding claims 9 to 21, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises a CH1 domain or a hinge region.

23. 23. The modified IgG of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 22, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises an Fc constant region having CH2 and CH3 domains.

24. The modified IgG according to any one of the preceding claims 9 to 23, wherein the wild-type porcine IgG constant domain comprises one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 11.

25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified IgG according to any one of the preceding claims and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

26. A kit comprising, in a container, a modified IgG according to any one of claims 9 to 24 and instructions for use.

27. A polypeptide comprising a modified IgG according to any one of claims 9 to 24.

28. An antibody comprising the modified IgG of any one of claims 9 to 24.

29. A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the modified IgG of any one of claims 9 to 24.

30. 30. An isolated cell comprising the vector of claim 29.

31. 31. A method for producing an antibody or molecule, said method comprising providing a cell according to claim 30 and culturing said cell.

32. 30. A method of producing an antibody, said method comprising providing the antibody of claim 28.

33. A fusion molecule comprising a porcine IgG constant domain fused to an agent, wherein the porcine IgG constant domain comprises a modified IgG according to any one of claims 9 to 24.

34. 25. A method for enhancing the binding affinity of porcine IgG to FcRn, said method comprising providing a modified IgG according to any one of claims 9 to 24.

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