Resistor and method for manufacturing a resistor

Abstract

The present invention provides resistors having various arrangements of conductive parts and resistive elements, current sensing resistors, battery shunt resistors, and shunt resistors. [Solution] The resistor 610 has one or more resistive elements 611 and a plurality of conductive parts 612, 614. Openings or slots 672, 676 are formed within the resistive elements in a configuration that allows adjustment of the resistor's TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance). The shape, number, and orientation of the openings or slots are variable. In one embodiment, a header member is provided to fix or hold pins to the resistor.

Description

Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 068,243, filed August 20, 2020.

Technical Field

[0002] This application relates to resistors having various arrangements of conductive portions and resistive elements, current sensing resistors, battery shunts, and shunt resistors.

Background Art

[0003] Devices conventionally referred to as current sensing resistors and / or shunt resistors and / or battery shunts are widely used, for example, known types of resistors used in the automotive field. These types of resistors can be used, for example, to measure current. These configurations generally have a flat strip of resistive material that is coupled between highly conductive metal terminals that form the main terminals of the device.

[0004] In the automotive field, in order to maintain safe operation in the event of a failure of the primary system, the system needs to have redundancy. In the case of a full electric vehicle, the system uses a plurality of traditional individual element battery shunts, which makes the space conditions severe and the cost high.

[0005] For various systems, different temperature compensation methods such as adding a temperature detection member or using a program to compensate the shape of the resistance-versus-temperature plot are used, which increases the overall cost of the design.

[0006] What is needed are improved configurations and methods for manufacturing current sensing resistors and battery shunts.

[0007] Furthermore, there is a need for improved resistors having the ability to easily, accurately, and efficiently adjust the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the resistor.

[0008] Furthermore, the ability to detect the current within the battery management circuit is also necessary. This allows users to connect redundant systems to the same circuit with different control or detection units, thereby increasing safety through redundancy. [Overview of the project]

[0009] This invention relates to various types of resistors and methods for manufacturing them.

[0010] Various designs of the present invention allow for the expansion and improvement of various characteristics and features. For example, as described in USP 8,878,643 (the full text of which is incorporated herein by reference), the temperature dependence of the resistor can be improved, and the voltage detection point can be isolated. This allows pins to be attached to the inside of the component using connectors such as headers, and external connections can be made to the detection point using these headers. Furthermore, the manufacturing process can be simplified. Moreover, since the detection point can be set inside the isolation member, the voltage detection isolation characteristics can be further improved by concentrating the contact area inside the thickness of the member, in contrast to the case where it is provided on only one surface.

[0011] In one aspect of the present invention, the resistor has a first conductive portion, a first resistive element, a second conductive portion, a second resistive element, and a third conductive portion. In this aspect, the resistor can be called a dual resistive element shunt, or can be considered as a dual resistive element shunt.

[0012] The first conductive portion has a first side, i.e., an outer portion, and a second side, i.e., an inner portion. The first resistive element has a first side, i.e., an outer portion, and a second side, i.e., an inner portion. The second conductive portion has a first side and a second side. The second resistive element has a first side, i.e., an outer portion, and a second side, i.e., an inner portion. The third conductive portion has a first side, i.e., an outer portion, and a second side, i.e., an inner portion. The first conductive portion is attached to the first side, i.e., outer portion of the first resistive element at the second side, i.e., inner portion. The first conductive portion and the first resistive element can be connected, joined, coupled, or attached by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, or by other known mounting means for bonding conductive and resistive materials.

[0013] The first resistive element is attached to the first side of the second conductive portion on the second side, i.e., the inner side. The first resistive element and the second conductive portion can be connected, joined, coupled, or attached by various means.

[0014] The second conductive portion is attached to the second side, i.e., the inner side, of the second resistive element at the second side. The second conductive portion and the second resistive element can be connected, joined, coupled, or attached by various means.

[0015] The second resistive element is attached to the second side, i.e., the inner side, of the third conductive portion at the first side, i.e., the outer side. The second resistive element and the third conductive portion can be connected, joined, coupled, or attached by various means.

[0016] In one aspect of the present invention, the resistor has a first conductive portion, a first resistive element, and a second conductive portion. In this aspect, the resistor may be called, or considered to be, a redundant sense shunt or a redundant current sense shunt.

[0017] Supplemental detection contact points for grounding reference point connections to dual low-side or high-side grounding systems can be easily added to these headers at the end if necessary.

[0018] As used herein, the term “opening” may be considered, or read, as “slot” or “hole.” The term “slot” may be used to describe a type of opening having an elongated profile in at least one direction or dimension. In some embodiments, the term “opening” is a comprehensive term referring to a slot or hole.

[0019] The term "conductive part" as used in this specification may also be considered or referred to as a "terminal" or "conductive terminal."

[0020] An opening (slot or hole) within the conductive portion of a resistor that can adjust, change, influence, affect, or modify the TCR value can be considered a "TCR adjustment slot," "TCR compensation opening," or "TCR slot." These can also be called "boots" or "features."

[0021] Conventional header pins are also disclosed and described. These can be called “connectors,” “brackets,” or “frames,” and serve as supports for conductive pins that electrically connect resistors to other electrical components, components, devices, and apparatus.

[0022] In various aspects of the present invention, the shape and size of the TCR compensation aperture can also be adjusted or modified, and the TCR design and TCR values ​​can be improved, adjusted, modified, or changed according to the needs of the selected application. As such adjustments can be made in a very precise manner, the TCR value can be kept very low, the use of extraneous devices can be limited, and programming can be performed to track the TCR plot of a given product design.

[0023] In the embodiments described herein, the resistor may have multiple resistive elements that constitute various TCR adjustment apertures, slots, or regions, as well as various connection points for detecting voltage, thus forming what is referred to here as a redundant configuration or redundancy.

[0024] The above summary does not show all embodiments or aspects of the present invention. Rather, this summary merely exemplifies some of the aspects and features described in this specification. Other features of the present invention, in addition to the above features, should become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention based on the accompanying drawings and claims. Furthermore, this specification explicitly encompasses any combination of elements and features of the present invention and any combination belonging thereto.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0025]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0026] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a front view of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 10]Figure 10 is a flowchart relating to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 11] Figure 11 is another flowchart relating to another aspect of the present invention. [Figure 12] Figure 12 shows the magnetic flux path of a resistor according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 13A] Figure 13A is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 13B] Figure 13B is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 13C] Figure 13C is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 13D] Figure 13D is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 13E] Figure 13E is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 14] Figure 14 is a chart showing the measured values ​​of a redundant shunt TCR with optimized voltage sensing isolation for two elements. [Figure 15] Figure 15 is a chart showing measured values ​​for shunts with different voltage detection isolation levels. [Figure 16] Figure 16 shows a cylindrical resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 17A-17M] Figures 17A to 17M show various embodiments of resistors according to multiple aspects of the present invention. [Figure 18] Figure 18 is a front view showing a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 19] Figure 19 is a front view showing a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 20] Figure 20 is a front view showing a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 21A] Figure 21A is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 21B] Figure 21B is a cross-sectional view of the resistor shown in Figure 21A, viewed from the side edge. [Figure 22] Figure 22 is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 23] Figure 23 is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 24A] Figure 24A is a front view showing another embodiment of a resistor according to one aspect of the present invention. [Figure 24B] Figure 24B is a cross-sectional view of the resistor shown in Figure 24A, viewed from the side edge. [Figure 25] Figure 25 is a front view showing a resistor with a printed circuit board in two different states. [Figure 26A] Figure 26A is a front view showing a resistor with a printed circuit board configured to engage with pins. [Figure 26B] Figure 26B is a rear view showing the resistor in Figure 26A. [Figure 26C] Figure 26C is a view of the resistors shown in Figures 26A and 26B from the side edge. [Figure 27] Figure 27 is a flowchart relating to one aspect of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0027] Figure 1 shows a resistor 10 formed from a first resistive element 11 provided between the first conductive portion 12 and the second conductive portion 14, and a second resistive element 13 provided between the second conductive portion 14 and the third conductive portion 16.

[0028] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 1, the first conductive portion 12 has its first side, i.e., the outer portion 18, oriented in a first direction X1, its second side, i.e., the inner portion 20, oriented in a second direction X2 opposite to the first direction X1, its third side 22 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side 24 oriented in direction Y2 opposite to direction Y1. As those skilled in the art will understand, the exact orientation of the resistor 10 is variable. The first conductive portion 12 can be formed as a plate, strip, or bar overall. The first conductive portion 12 can be formed from a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the first conductive portion 12 is made of copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the first conductive portion 12 include tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), which may be used alone or in combination. In the case of alloys, plating may be applied with a layer made of nickel (Ni), Sn, or other similar materials, or it may not be applied at all.

[0029] The first resistive element 11 has a first side portion, i.e., an outer portion 26, oriented in a first direction X1; a second side portion, i.e., an inner portion 28, oriented in a second direction X2; a third side portion 30 oriented in direction Y1; and a fourth side portion 32 oriented in direction Y2. The first resistive element 11 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The first resistive element 11 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the first resistive element 11 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor can also be used. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the first resistive element 11 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and iron (Fe), which may be used alone or in combination.

[0030] The first conductive portion 12 is attached to the first side, or outer portion 26, of the first resistive element 11 at the second side, or inner portion 20. The first conductive portion 12 and the first resistive element 11 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods. The first conductive portion 12 as a whole is located at the first side 34 or first portion of the resistor 10.

[0031] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 1, the second conductive portion 14 has its first side portion 36 oriented in a first direction X1, its second side portion 38 oriented in a second direction X2, its third side portion 40 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side portion 42 oriented in direction Y2. The second conductive portion 14 as a whole can be formed in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The second conductive portion 14 can be formed from a conductive material. In one embodiment, the second conductive portion 14 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the second conductive portion 14 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. The second conductive portion 14 as a whole is located at or near the center position 44 or midpoint of the resistor 10.

[0032] The second conductive portion 14 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 28, of the first resistive element 11 at the first side portion 36. Thus, the first conductive portion 12 and the second conductive portion 14 are located on both sides of the first resistive element 11. The second conductive portion 14 and the first resistive element 11 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0033] The second resistive element 13 has a first side, i.e., an outer part 46, oriented in a second direction X2; a second side, i.e., an inner part 48, oriented in a first direction X1; a third side 50, oriented in direction Y1; and a fourth side 52, oriented in direction Y2. The second resistive element 13 can be formed as a whole in the shape of a plate, strip, or bar. The second resistive element 13 may be formed from a resistive material, or from a combination of materials including a resistive material. In one embodiment, the second resistive element 13 is formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art and usable as part of a resistive element or shunt resistor. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the second resistive element 13 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0034] The resistance values ​​of the first resistor element 11 and the second resistor element 13 may be the same or different. The resistance values ​​of the first resistor element 11 and the second resistor element 13 can be selectively adjusted based on necessity and function, such as by trimming, as is well known to those skilled in the art.

[0035] The second conductive portion 14 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 48, of the second resistive element 13 at the second side, or inner portion 38. The second conductive portion 14 and the second resistive element 13 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0036] In the configuration shown in Figure 1, the first resistive element 11 and the second resistive element 13 are located on both sides of the second conductive portion 14.

[0037] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 1, the third conductive portion 16 has its inner portion, i.e., the second side portion 54, oriented in the first direction X1, the first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 56, oriented in the second direction X2, the third side portion 58 oriented in direction Y1, and the fourth side portion 60 oriented in direction Y2. The third conductive portion 16 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, strip, or bar. The third conductive portion 16 can be formed from a conductive material. The third conductive portion 16 can be made of a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the third conductive portion 16 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the third conductive portion 16 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. The second conductive portion 14 as a whole is located adjacent to the second side portion 62, i.e., the second portion, of the resistor 10.

[0038] The third conductive portion 16 is attached to the first side, or outer portion 46, of the second resistive element 13 at the second side, or inner portion 54. The third conductive portion 16 and the second resistive element 13 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0039] In the configuration shown in Figure 1, the second conductive portion 14 and the third conductive portion 16 are located on both sides of the second resistive element 13.

[0040] Although the conductive portions 12 and 16 are the same in size and shape in the illustration, they do not have to be the same in one embodiment of the present invention. For example, not only the conductive portions 12 and 16, but also the materials forming these conductive portions 12 and 16 can be changed. In the case of the conductive portions 12 and 16 shown in the illustration, there are four sides, but the number of sides of the conductive portions 12 and 16 can be changed. These changes can be implemented in any one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0041] Similarly, although the resistive elements 11 and 13 are the same in size and shape in the illustration, the size, shape, and forming material of the resistive elements 11 and 13 do not have to be the same. For example, not only the size, dimensions, and / or shape of the resistive elements 11 and 13, but also the material forming these resistive elements 11 and 13 can be changed. In the case of the resistive elements 11 and 13 shown in the illustration, the number of sides is 4, but the number of sides of the resistive elements 11 and 13 can be changed. These changes can be implemented in any one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0042] In one aspect of the present invention, the first conductive portion 12 may have a first opening 70 adjacent to the first side, or outer portion 18, of the first conductive portion 12. The first opening 70 may be a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the first conductive portion 12, or it may be circular in shape overall. This first opening 70 may be located closer to the first side 18 of the first conductive portion 12 and may function as a current connection hole or region. The current connection opening 70 is merely one embodiment of how the resistor is connected to the current to be monitored and / or measured. Such an opening may be omitted entirely.

[0043] The second opening 72 is formed adjacent to the second side, or inner, portion 20, of the first conductive portion 12. The second opening 72 may consist of a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the first conductive portion 12, or it may be a rectangle, such as a curved rectangle, as a whole. The second opening 72 is located closer to the second side portion 20. The second opening 72 functions as a TCR adjustment opening and can also be called a TCR compensation slot, as will be explained in detail below.

[0044] In one aspect of the present invention, the third conductive portion 16 has a first opening 74 adjacent to the first side, or outer portion 56, of the third conductive portion 16. The first opening 74 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the third conductive portion 16, or it may be circular in shape overall. This first opening 74 is located closer to the first side 56 of the third conductive portion 16 and functions as a current connection hole or region. This current connection opening 74 is merely one embodiment of how the resistor is connected to the current to be monitored and / or measured. Such an opening may be omitted entirely.

[0045] The third conductive portion 16 has a second opening 76 adjacent to the second side, or inner portion 54, of the third conductive portion 16. The second opening 76 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the third conductive portion 16, or it may be a rectangle, such as a curved rectangle, as a whole. The second opening 76 is located closer to the second side portion 54. The second opening 76 functions as a TCR adjustment opening and can also be called a TCR compensation slot, as will be explained in detail below.

[0046] In one aspect of the present invention, the second conductive portion 14 has a central opening 78 which, as a whole, penetrates the second conductive portion 14 and is located in the center. The central opening 78 may be rectangular as a whole, or it may have a different shape, as will be further described. The central opening 78 functions as a TCR adjustment opening and may also be called a TCR compensation slot, as will be described in detail below.

[0047] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 70 of the first conductive portion 12 and the first opening 74 of the third conductive portion 16 have the same overall shape. In one aspect of the present invention, the second opening 72 of the first conductive portion 12 and the second opening 76 of the third conductive portion 16 have the same overall shape. In one aspect of the present invention, the first conductive portion and the third conductive portion are mirror images of each other.

[0048] All of the openings of the resistor 10 (i.e., 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78) may be aligned along the longitudinal axis L1 of the resistor 10, or in different embodiments, some of the openings may be set in an offset relationship with one another.

[0049] As shown in Figure 1, the openings 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78 are all located within the internal region of the resistor. In this specification, the term "internal region" as used for a resistor refers to the region located away from the periphery, i.e., outer edge, of the resistor, or the region located away from the periphery or outer edge of any component of the resistor, such as the resistive element or conductive portion. Therefore, it is preferable that each of the openings 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78 is spaced away from the lateral or longitudinal edge of the resistor 10, or from the outer edge, such as the periphery or edge. It is also preferable that none of the parts of the openings 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78 intersect, contact, or cross the lateral or longitudinal edge or the outer edge, such as the periphery, of the resistor 10. In this way, the entire sides of the openings 70, 72, 74, 76, and 78 are surrounded by the conductive portion, resistive element, and combined portions thereof.

[0050] As shown in Figure 1, the openings 70 and 74 are circular overall, but the profiles of these openings 70 and 74 can be modified in other embodiments of the present invention. The term "profile" as used herein refers to the overall contour, size, shape, cross-section, orientation, or other physical characteristics. The openings 70 and 74 may be the same or different. In one embodiment, at least one of the openings 70 and 74 has an elongated profile, a slotted profile, or a non-circular profile. The elongated or slotted profile of the openings 70 and 74 is oriented and extended in the X direction. In another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 70 and 74 is oriented and extended in the Y direction. In yet another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 70 and 74 does not completely penetrate the resistor. In some embodiments, one or more of these openings 70 and 74 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0051] All aspects of the openings 72, 76, and 78 are also modifiable. For example, each of the openings 72, 76, and 78 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. The openings 72, 76, and 78 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate the conductive portion and / or resistive element. The shape of the openings 72, 76, and 78 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 72, 76, and 78 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 72, 76, and 78 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0052] The opening in the conductive portion closest to the resistive element (e.g., the TCR adjustment opening) constitutes a functional portion of the conductive portion that functions as a voltage sensing terminal area adjacent to the TCR adjustment opening. These areas can be connected to voltage sensing pins, as described below. Such voltage sensing terminal areas are smaller than the area of ​​the conductive portion that constitutes the main current terminal.

[0053] As shown in Figure 1, in one embodiment, at least one bracket or header member 80a, 80b can be provided, and a conventionally known header pin retaining member can be used, and can be hereinafter referred to as “bracket” or “header member”. Bracket or header members 80a, 80b, 180, 2180, 2280, 2380a, 2380b, 2480a, 2480b are shown with dashed lines in some of the accompanying drawings for illustrative purposes only. At least in the accompanying drawings such as Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13A to 13E, 17A to 17M, 18, 19, and 20, bracket or header members that are not specifically identified are shown. A person skilled in the art will understand that any bracket or header member in the accompanying drawings can be implemented or used in any other of the accompanying drawings.

[0054] At least one bracket or header member 80a, 80b has a brace 82 and pins 84. In one embodiment, the pins 84 are configured as mounting pins. As shown in Figure 1, a first bracket or header member 80a and a second bracket or header member 80b can be used. In one embodiment, two braces and four mounting pins 84 can be used. In one embodiment, one or more of the pins 84 can be configured as detection pins or ground pins. The bracket or header members 80a, 80b are configured to mount the resistor 10 to another member and connect them electrically.

[0055] In Figure 1, openings 70 and 74 are current connection points. Pins on the bracket or header member 80a constitute a pair of voltage detection connections for the first resistor element 11, and pins within the bracket or header member 80b constitute a pair of voltage detection connections for the second resistor element 13.

[0056] One aspect of the present invention provides a resistor comprising two separate resistive elements that provide multiple independent voltage detection points for each element, either in the manner described, or in other aspects that can be configured in other aspects with respect to the connection, configuration, or number of elements and / or pins, since their resistance values ​​are the same or different. Another aspect of the present invention incorporates different methods for TCR compensation and TCR adjustment, which can extend or improve upon the method described in USP 8,878,643 (the entire content of this specification is incorporated herein by reference), by forming slots, openings, or holes in the conductive or terminal portion in a different configuration. TCR compensation can be performed by orienting the current around the detection point to generate a shadowing effect. By setting the detection point within a low current density portion of the device, the influence of the conductive terminal material on the resistor's TCR value can be controlled. By generating this characteristic, for example, the resistor can be connected to a surface formed in a predetermined TCR opening or slot, and positioned and connected to mounting pins so that the connection can be placed in a more precise and controlled position. This isolation characteristic may or may not be incorporated, depending on the specific requirements of the application, particularly to control, adjust, or monitor the temperature coefficient of the resistance.

[0057] TCR improvement is performed as follows: The copper TCR may be 3900 PPM / °C, and the resistance strip 11 may be 100 PPM / °C. The size, shape, and distance of the TCR adjustment openings 72, 76, 78 for the resistance elements 11, 13 can be adjusted by the distance of the header pins 84 to the resistance elements 11, 13 in the Y direction (e.g., transverse direction) and X direction (e.g., longitudinal direction). By adjusting the isolation amount of the pins corresponding to the bracket or header member 80 using the "Y" dimension adjustment, the influence or contribution of the copper portion or strip and resistance element to the TCR changes. Adjusting this influence directly affects the TCR of the resistor observed (e.g., measured) at the voltage detected at the pins of the bracket or header member 80. This is also true when any combination of voltage detection point, resistance strip, and isolation hole is used with the resistor. These characteristic relationships allow for accurate and effective tuning of the TCR value.

[0058] Figure 12 shows the current flux of a resistor 1210 having a first conductive portion 1212, a second conductive portion 1214, a third conductive portion 1216, a first resistive element 1211, and a second resistive element 1213. This current flux flows toward the edge of the resistor 1210 and away from the detection point. The current in the X-axis is minimized between apertures 1272, 1276, and 1278.

[0059] As shown in Figure 12, the openings 1270, 1272, 1274, 1276, and 1278 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 1210. Therefore, it is preferable that the openings 1270, 1272, 1274, 1276, and 1278 are spaced apart from the lateral edges, vertical edges, or outer edges of the resistor 1210. Parts of the openings 1270, 1272, 1274, 1276, and 1278 do not intersect, contact, or cross the lateral edges, vertical edges, or outer edges of the resistor 1210. The openings 1270, 1272, 1274, 1276, and 1278 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions, parts of the resistive elements, or parts thereof.

[0060] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a resistor 110, as shown in Figure 2. This resistor 110 is formed as a whole from a resistive element 111 located between a first conductive portion 112 and a second conductive portion 114.

[0061] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 2, the first conductive portion 112 has its first side, i.e., the outer portion 118, oriented in the first direction X1, its second side, i.e., the inner portion 120, oriented in the second direction X2 which is opposite to the first direction X1, its third side 122 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side 124 oriented in direction Y2 which is opposite to direction Y1. The first conductive portion 112 can be formed as a plate, strip, or bar. The first conductive portion 112 can be made of a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the first conductive portion 112 is made of copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the first conductive portion 112 include tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), which may be used alone or in combination. In the case of alloys, they may or may not be plated with a layer made of nickel (Ni), Sn, or other similar materials.

[0062] The first resistive element 111 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 126, oriented in a first direction X1; a second side, i.e., an inner portion 128, oriented in a second direction X2; a third side, 130, oriented in direction Y1; and a fourth side, 132, oriented in direction Y2. The first resistive element 111 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The first resistive element 111 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the first resistive element 111 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the first resistive element 111 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0063] The first conductive portion 112 is attached to the first side, or outer portion 126, of the first resistive element 111 at the second side, or inner portion 120. The first conductive portion 112 and the second conductive portion 111 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods. The first conductive portion 112 as a whole is located at the first side 134 or first portion of the resistor 110.

[0064] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 2, the second conductive portion 114 has its first side portion 136 oriented in a first direction X1, its second side portion 138 oriented in a first direction X1, its third side portion 140 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side portion 142 oriented in direction Y2. The second conductive portion 114 as a whole can be formed in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The second conductive portion 114 can be formed from a conductive material. In one embodiment, the second conductive portion 114 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the second conductive portion 114 are tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), or gold (Au), which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloys may or may not be plated with a layer of nickel (Ni), Sn, or other similar material. Generally, the second conductive portion 114 is located on or near the second side portion 144 or second portion of the resistor 110.

[0065] The second conductive portion 114 is attached to the second side 128 of the first resistive element 111 at the second side 138. Thus, the first conductive portion 112 and the second conductive portion 114 are located on both sides of the first resistive element 111. The second conductive portion 114 and the first resistive element 111 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0066] In one aspect of the present invention, the first conductive portion 112 has a first opening 170 adjacent to the first side, i.e., outer portion 118, of the first conductive portion 112, and a second opening 172 adjacent to the second side, i.e., inner portion 120, of the first conductive portion 112. The first opening 170 may be a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the first conductive portion 112 and may have an overall circular shape. This first opening 170 is located closer to the first side 118 of the first conductive portion 112 and may function as a current connection hole or region. The current connection opening 170 is merely one embodiment of how the resistor is connected to the current to be monitored and / or measured. These openings can be omitted entirely.

[0067] The second opening 172 may be a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the first conductive portion 112, and may be a rectangle as a whole, such as a curved rectangle. The second opening 172 is located closer to the second side portion 120. The second opening 172 functions as a TCR adjustment opening and can also be called a TCR compensation slot, as will be explained in detail below.

[0068] In one aspect of the present invention, the second conductive portion 114 has a first opening 174 adjacent to the first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 136, of the second conductive portion 114, and a second opening 176 adjacent to the second side portion, i.e., the inner portion 138, of the second conductive portion 114. The first opening 174 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the second conductive portion 114, or it may be circular in shape overall. The second opening 176 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the second conductive portion 114, or it may be rectangular in shape overall, such as a curved rectangle. The first opening 174 is located closer to the first side portion 136 of the second conductive portion 114, and the second opening 176 is located closer to the second side portion 138.

[0069] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 170 of the first conductive portion 112 and the first opening 174 of the second conductive portion 114 have the same overall shape. In one aspect of the present invention, the second opening 172 of the first conductive portion 112 and the second opening 176 of the second conductive portion 114 have the same overall shape.

[0070] All of the openings of the resistor 110 (i.e., openings 170, 172, 174, and 176) may be aligned along the longitudinal axis L2 of the resistor 110, or in different embodiments, some of the openings may be offset from one another.

[0071] As shown in Figure 2, the openings 170, 172, 174, and 176 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 110. Each of these openings 170, 172, 174, and 176 is spaced apart from the outer edges of the resistor 110, such as its lateral or vertical edges or its periphery. Furthermore, none of the openings 170, 172, 174, and 176 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges of the resistor 110, such as its lateral or vertical edges or its periphery. In this way, the entire sides of the openings 170, 172, 174, and 176 are surrounded by conductive portions, resistive elements, and combined portions thereof.

[0072] As shown in Figure 2, the resistor 110 can be mounted to another component, such as a header pin, using a bracket or header member 180. These brackets or header members 180 are the same as the bracket or header member 80 in Figure 1 and similarly have braces and mounting pins.

[0073] As shown in Figure 2, the openings 170 and 174 are current connection points, the upper pins of the bracket or header member 180 are a pair of voltage detection units, and the lower pair of pins of the bracket or header member 180 are another pair of voltage detection units.

[0074] The openings 170 and 174 shown in Figure 2 are circular as a whole, but in different embodiments of the present invention, the profiles of these openings 170 and 174 can be modified. The openings 170 and 174 may be the same or different. In one embodiment, at least one of the openings 170 and 174 has an elongated profile, a slotted profile, or a non-circular profile. The elongated or slotted profile of the openings 170 and 174 is oriented and extended in the X direction. In another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 170 and 174 is oriented and extended in the Y direction. In yet another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 170 and 174 does not completely penetrate the resistor. In some embodiments, one or more of these openings 70 and 74 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0075] All aspects relating to the openings 172 and 176 are also modifiable. For example, each of the openings 172 and 176 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. The openings 172 and 176 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate the conductive portion and / or resistive element. The shape of the openings 172 and 176 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 172 and 176 is modifiable, and the height, length, width, etc., are also modifiable. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 172 and 176 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0076] In another embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 3, the illustrated resistor 210 has a first resistive element 211 located between the first conductive portion 212 and the second conductive portion 214, and a second resistive element 213 located between the second conductive portion 214 and the third conductive portion 216. This resistor 210 is the same as resistor 10 in that both resistors have two resistive elements 11, 13, 211, and 213.

[0077] Resistor 210 as a whole has a curved profile, in contrast to the linear profile of resistors 10 and 100. In one embodiment, resistor 210 has a U-shaped or "horseshoe" profile. The first conductive portion 212 and the third conductive portion 216 have a linear or straight profile, and the second conductive portion 214 has a curved or U-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the second conductive portion 214 may have a square profile. Those skilled in the art will understand that the shapes of the conductive portions 212, 214, and 216 are modifiable.

[0078] The first resistive element 211 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 226, oriented in a second direction X2, a second side, i.e., an inner portion 228, oriented in a first direction X1, a third side 230 oriented in direction Y1, and a fourth side 232 oriented in direction Y2. The first resistive element 211 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The first resistive element 211 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the first resistive element 211 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor can also be used. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the first resistive element 211 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0079] The first conductive portion 212 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 218, oriented in a second direction X2, a second side, i.e., an inner portion 220, oriented in a first direction X1, a third side 222, oriented in direction Y1, and a fourth side 224, oriented in direction Y2. The first conductive portion 212 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, strip, or bar. The second conductive portion 114 can be formed from a conductive material. The first conductive portion 212 may be made of a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the first conductive portion 212 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the first conductive portion 212 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material.

[0080] The first conductive portion 212 is attached to the first side, or outer portion 226, of the first resistive element 211 at the second side, or inner portion 220. The first conductive portion 212 and the second conductive portion 211 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods. The first conductive portion 212 as a whole is located at the first side 234 or first portion of the resistor 210.

[0081] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 3, the second conductive portion 214 has a first side portion 236 oriented in the second direction X2, a second side portion 238 oriented in the second direction X2, and an inner curved side portion 240 and an opposing outer curved side portion 242. The second conductive portion 214 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, strip, or bar. In one embodiment, as shown in Figure 3, the second conductive portion 214 has a curved profile. In one embodiment, the second conductive portion 214 has a U-shaped profile. The second conductive portion 214 can be formed from a conductive metal, and in one embodiment, it is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the second conductive portion 214 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. Generally, the second conductive portion 214 is located at the center or midpoint of the resistor 210, or in close proximity to it.

[0082] The second conductive portion 214 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 228, of the first resistive element 211 at the first side portion 236. Thus, the first conductive portion 212 and the second conductive portion 214 are located on both sides of the first resistive element 211. The second conductive portion 214 and the first resistive element 211 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0083] The second resistive element 213 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 246, oriented in a second direction X2, a second side, i.e., an inner portion 248, oriented in a first direction X1, a third side 250 oriented in direction Y1, and a fourth side 252 oriented in direction Y2. The second resistive element 213 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The second resistive element 213 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the second resistive element 213 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor can also be used. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the second resistive element 213 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0084] The second conductive portion 214 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 248, of the second resistive element 213 at the second side, or inner portion 238. The second conductive portion 214 and the second resistive element 213 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0085] In the configuration shown in Figure 3, the first resistive element 211 and the second resistive element 213 are located on opposite sides of the second conductive portion 214.

[0086] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 3, the third conductive portion 216 has its inner portion, i.e., the second side portion 254, oriented in the first direction X1, the first inner portion, i.e., the outer portion 256, oriented in the second direction X2, the third side portion 258 oriented in direction Y1, and the fourth side portion 260 oriented in direction Y2. The third conductive portion 216 as a whole can be formed in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The third conductive portion 216 can be formed from a conductive material. The third conductive portion 216 can be made of a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the third conductive portion 216 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the third conductive portion 216 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. Generally, the second conductive portion 214 is located adjacent to the second side portion 262, or second portion, of the resistor 210.

[0087] The third conductive portion 216 is attached to the first side, i.e., the outer portion 246, of the second resistive element 213 at the second side, i.e., the inner portion 254. The third conductive portion 216 and the second resistive element 213 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0088] In the configuration shown in Figure 3, the second conductive portion 214 and the third conductive portion 216 are located on opposite sides of the second resistive element 213. The second conductive portion 214 can also be attached to a heat sink to dissipate heat, improve the long-term stability of each part, and lower the temperature of the resistive element during operation.

[0089] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 270 of the first conductive portion 212 is adjacent to the first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 218, of the first conductive portion 212, and the second opening 272 is adjacent to the second side portion, i.e., the inner portion 220, of the first conductive portion 212. The first opening 270 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the first conductive portion 212, or it may be circular in shape overall. The second opening 272 may be a hole that completely penetrates a part of the first conductive portion 212, or it may be rectangular in shape overall. Preferably, the second opening 272 is a C-shaped opening that functions as a TCR adjustment slot. As used herein, the term “C-shaped” refers to, defines or indicates a plurality of shapes, but is not limited to, a curved shape such as a curved opening, an opening tracing, or an arc-shaped, arch-shaped or parabolic shape. The C-shaped opening has a curved portion, such as an outwardly curved or curved part, that curves toward the first side 218 of the first conductive portion 212, and its concave side faces the first resistive element 211. A first recess, indentation, or notch 272a can be formed in a semicircular shape on the first side of the second opening 272, and a first recess, indentation, or notch 272b can be formed in a semicircular shape on the second side of the second opening 272. These notches become pin connection areas or pin mounting areas. The first opening 270 is located closer to the first side 218 of the first conductive portion 212, or the second opening 272 is located closer to the second side 220.

[0090] The first opening 270 and the second opening 274 become current connection points, and the pins closest to the first resistive element 211 in the notches 272b and 278a become voltage connection points for the resistive element 211. Therefore, the first opening 270 and the second opening 274 are located adjacent to what can be called the main current terminals of the conductive portion.

[0091] In any embodiment disclosed herein, the TCR adjustment openings become voltage detection terminals in the conductive portion regions adjacent to these TCR adjustment openings. Therefore, the design configurations shown in the drawings and described herein offer a wide range of options for the position of pins along or within the TCR adjustment openings.

[0092] The pins that contact or connect to the first notch 279a and the second notch 276b closest to the side portion 252 become the voltage sensing pins of the resistive element 213. In other words, the notches 279a and 276b are located adjacent to portions that can be called voltage sensing terminals of the conductive portion.

[0093] In one aspect of the present invention, a first opening 274 of the third conductive portion 216 is adjacent to a first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 256, of the third conductive portion 216, and a second opening 276 is adjacent to a second side portion, i.e., the inner portion 254, of the third conductive portion 216. The first opening 274 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the third conductive portion 216 and may be circular in shape overall. The second opening 276 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the third conductive portion 216 and may be rectangular in shape overall. The first opening 274 is located closer to the first side portion 256 of the third conductive portion 216, and the second opening 276 is located closer to the second side portion 254. The second opening 276 is preferably a C-shaped opening overall, which functions as a TCR adjustment slot. Each C-shaped opening has a curved portion, such as a curved or outward-curving part, that curves toward the first side portion 256 of the third conductive portion 216, and its concave side faces the second resistive element 213. That is, the C-shaped opening curves outward so as to be spaced outward from the central portion of the resistor. The first recess, indentation, or notch 276a may be formed as a semicircular shape on the first side of the second opening 276, and the second recess, indentation, or notch 276b may be formed as a semicircular shape on the second side of the second opening 276. These notches become the pin connection area and the pin mounting area.

[0094] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 278 of the second conductive portion 214 is located adjacent to the first side portion 236 as a whole, and the second opening 279 is located adjacent to the second side portion 238 as a whole. These openings 278 and 279 may be rectangular as a whole. As shown in Figure 3, these openings 278 and 279 are C-shaped openings as a whole that function as TCR adjustment openings or slots. That is, each C-shaped opening has a curved portion, such as an outwardly curved or curved portion that curves toward the curved outer portion 242 of the second conductive portion 214, with the recessed side facing the first and second resistive elements 211 and 213, respectively. The first recesses, indentations, or notches 278a and 279a may be formed as semicircular shapes on the first sides of the second openings 278 and 279, and the second recesses, indentations, or notches 278b and 279b may be formed as semicircular shapes on the second sides of the openings 278 and 279. These notches become the pin connection area and the pin mounting area. When pins are soldered to the surface between these openings and the resistive element, a voltage detection point is formed. Various external connection parts or detection lead wires can be connected to the voltage detection area of ​​the resistor disclosed in this invention.

[0095] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 270 of the first conductive portion 212 and the first opening 274 of the third conductive portion 216 have the same overall shape, but these openings can be selectively adjusted to accommodate different shapes and sizes.

[0096] In one aspect of the present invention, the second opening 272 of the first conductive portion 212, the second opening 276 of the third conductive portion 216, and the openings 278 and 279 of the second conductive portion 214 have the same shape overall, but these openings can be selectively adjusted according to different shapes and sizes.

[0097] The openings 270 and 274 shown in Figure 3 are circular overall, but in different embodiments of the present invention, the profiles of these openings 270 and 274 can be modified. The openings 270 and 274 may have the same shape or may be different from each other. In one embodiment, at least one of the openings 270 and 274 has an elongated, slotted, or non-circular profile. The elongated or slotted profile of the openings 270 and 274 may be oriented and extended in the X direction. In another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 270 and 274 may be oriented and extended in the Y direction. In yet another embodiment, the openings 270 and 274 do not have to extend completely into a resistor. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 270 and 274 can be omitted. These modifications can also be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0098] All aspects of openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 are also modifiable. For example, each of openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These may be adjusted or modified based on necessity and function. Openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 may have one or more through holes, or one or more openings that do not completely penetrate the conductive portion and / or resistive element. Openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 is modifiable, and their height, length, width, etc., may also vary. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 can be omitted. These modifications can also be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0099] As shown in Figure 3, openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 210. Each of the openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of the resistor 210. None of these openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of the resistor 210. In this way, each of the openings 272, 276, 278, and 279 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0100] As shown in Figure 3, a bracket member or header member 280 can be provided to mount the resistor 210 to another component. The bracket member or header member 280 is similar to the bracket member or header member 80 in Figure 1 and has a brace and mounting pins.

[0101] Figure 4 shows a resistor 310 formed from a first resistive element 311 provided between the first conductive portion 312 and the second conductive portion 314, and a second resistive element 313 provided between the second conductive portion 314 and the third conductive portion 316.

[0102] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 4, the first conductive portion 312 has its first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 318, oriented in the first direction X1, its second side portion, i.e., the inner portion 320, oriented in the second direction X2 opposite to the first direction X1, its third side portion 322 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side portion 324 oriented in direction Y2 opposite to direction Y1.

[0103] The first conductive portion 312 can be formed as a whole in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The first conductive portion 312 can be formed from a conductive material. In one embodiment, the first conductive portion 312 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the first conductive portion 12 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material.

[0104] The first resistive element 311 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 326, oriented in a first direction X1; a second side, i.e., an inner portion 328, oriented in a second direction X2; a third side 330, oriented in direction Y1; and a fourth side 332, oriented in direction Y2. The first resistive element 311 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The first resistive element 311 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the first resistive element 311 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the first resistive element 311 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0105] The first conductive portion 312 is attached to the first side, or outer portion 326, of the first resistive element 311 at the first side, or outer portion 320. The first conductive portion 312 and the second conductive portion 311 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods. The first conductive portion 312 as a whole is located on the first side 334 or first portion of the resistor 310.

[0106] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 4, the second conductive portion 314 has its first side portion 336 oriented in a first direction X1, its second side portion 338 oriented in a second direction X2, its third side portion 340 oriented in direction Y1, and its fourth side portion 342 oriented in direction Y2. The first conductive portion 312 as a whole can be formed in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The second conductive portion 314 can be formed from a conductive metal. In one embodiment, the second conductive portion 314 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the second conductive portion 314 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. The second conductive portion 314 as a whole is located near the center or midpoint of the resistor 310.

[0107] The second conductive portion 314 is attached to the second side 328 of the first resistive element 311 at the first side 336. Thus, the first conductive portion 312 and the second conductive portion 314 are located on both sides of the first resistive element 311. The second conductive portion 314 and the first resistive element 311 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0108] The second resistive element 313 has a first side, i.e., an outer portion 346, oriented in a second direction X2, a second side, i.e., an inner portion 348, oriented in a first direction X1, a third side 350 oriented in direction Y1, and a fourth side 352 oriented in direction Y2. The second resistive element 313 as a whole can be formed in the shape of a plate, a strip, or a bar. The second resistive element 313 may be formed from a single resistive material or from a combination of multiple resistive materials. In one embodiment, the second resistive element 313 can be formed from a copper-nickel-manganese (CuNiMn) alloy, a copper-manganese-tin (CuMnSn) alloy, a copper-nickel (CuNi) alloy, a nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloy, or a nickel-chromium (NiCr) alloy, or other alloys known to those skilled in the art that can be used as resistive elements as part of a shunt resistor can also be used. Other resistive materials that can be used to form the second resistive element 313 include Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Al, and Fe, which may be used alone or in combination.

[0109] The second conductive portion 314 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 348, of the second resistive element 313 at the second side, or inner portion 338. The second conductive portion 314 and the second resistive element 313 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0110] In the configuration shown in Figure 4, the first resistive element 311 and the second resistive element 313 are located on both sides of the second conductive portion 314.

[0111] As shown in the orientation diagram of Figure 4, the third conductive portion 316 has its inner portion, i.e., the second side portion 354, oriented in the first direction X1, the first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 356, oriented in the second direction X2, the third side portion 358 oriented in direction Y1, and the fourth side portion 360 oriented in direction Y2. The third conductive portion 316 as a whole can be formed in the form of a plate, strip, or bar. The third conductive portion 316 can be formed from a conductive material. In one embodiment, the third conductive portion 316 is formed from copper (Cu) or a Cu alloy. Other conductive materials that can be used to form the third conductive portion 316 are Sn, Al, Ag, or Au, which may be used alone or in combination, and the alloy may or may not be plated with a layer of Ni, Sn, or other similar material. The second conductive portion 314 as a whole is located adjacent to the second side portion 362 or second portion of the resistor 310.

[0112] The third conductive portion 316 is attached to the second side, or inner portion 346, of the second resistive element 313 at the second side, or inner portion 354. The third conductive portion 316 and the second resistive element 313 can be attached, connected, joined, and bonded by various means such as welding, bonding, adhesive, ultrasonic bonding, soldering, brazing, or other low-resistance connection methods, or other acceptable electrical and / or thermal connection methods.

[0113] In the configuration shown in Figure 4, the second conductive portion 314 and the third conductive portion 316 are located on both sides of the second resistive element 313.

[0114] In one aspect of the present invention, a first opening 370 of the first conductive portion 312 is adjacent to a first side portion, i.e., an outer portion 318, of the first conductive portion 312, and a second opening 372 is adjacent to a second side portion, i.e., an inner portion 320, of the first conductive portion 312. The first opening 370 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the first conductive portion 312 and may be circular in shape overall. The second opening 372 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the third conductive portion 216 and may be curved in shape overall. The first opening 370 is located closer to the first side portion 318 of the first conductive portion 312, and the second opening 372 is located closer to the second side portion 320. The second opening 372 is preferably a C-shaped opening overall, which functions as a TCR adjustment slot. Each C-shaped opening has a curved portion that curves outward, or a curved portion that curves toward the first side portion 318 of the first conductive portion 312, and its concave side portion faces the first resistive element 311. Additional features of the opening 372, including recesses, indentations, and notches, will be described later.

[0115] In one aspect of the present invention, a first opening 374 of the third conductive portion 316 is adjacent to a first side portion, i.e., the outer portion 356, of the third conductive portion 316, and a second opening 376 is adjacent to a second side portion, i.e., the inner portion 354, of the third conductive portion 316. The first opening 374 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the third conductive portion 316 and may be circular in shape overall. The second opening 376 may have a hole that completely penetrates a portion of the third conductive portion 316 and may be curved in shape overall. The first opening 374 is located closer to the first side portion 356 of the third conductive portion 316, and the second opening 376 is located closer to the second side portion 354. The second opening 376 is preferably a C-shaped opening overall, which functions as a TCR adjustment slot. Each C-shaped opening has a curved portion that curves outward, or a curved portion that curves toward the first side portion 356 of the third conductive portion 316, and its concave side faces the second resistive element 313. That is, the C-shaped opening curves outward and spaced apart from the central portion of the resistor. Additional features of the opening 376, including recesses, indentations, and notches, will be described later.

[0116] The openings 372 and 376 may move or curve in an arc along the Y1-Y2 direction (lateral direction), or they may move or curve in an arc along the X1-X2 direction (longitudinal direction). As shown in Figure 4, these openings 372 and 376 as a whole have a first recess, indentation, or notch 372a and 376b located at the center, which extends in the X1 direction and forms a semicircular opening as a whole. This recess, indentation, or notch becomes the first pin connection area. The openings 372 and 376 as a whole also have a second recess, indentation, or notch 372b and 376b located at the center, which extends in the X2 direction and forms a semicircular opening as a whole. This recess, indentation, or notch becomes the second pin connection area. These notches 372a, 372b, 376a and 376b as a whole may be positioned or aligned along the longitudinal axis of the conductive portion.

[0117] Openings 370 and 374 are current connection points. The pin in notch 372b and the pin in notch 378b closest to 372b are voltage detection points for the resistive element 311, and the pin in notch 376a and the pin in notch 378b closest to 376a are voltage detection pins for the resistive element 313.

[0118] In one aspect of the present invention, the second conductive portion 314 has a central opening 378, which is located at the center of the second conductive portion 314 as a whole. The central opening 378 has a “dogbone” or barbell shape along its longitudinal length (Y1-Y2 direction), with a larger portion 378a in the upper region, a smaller portion 378b in the central or middle region, and a larger portion 378c in the lower region. In another aspect, the central opening 378 can be rotated 90 degrees from the position shown in Figure 4. In one aspect, opening 372 becomes the first TCR adjustment opening, opening 376 becomes the second TCR adjustment opening, and opening 378 becomes the third TCR adjustment opening. In one aspect, the first and second TCR adjustment openings as a whole have a C-shaped profile, are mirror images of each other, and are symmetrical to each other. The third TCR adjustment opening 378 has a different profile from the first and second adjustment openings. In one embodiment, the first and second TCR adjustment openings 372 and 376 each have a base region, which has a rectangular or pill-shaped profile and two curved arms extending on both sides of the rectangular or pill-shaped base region. In one embodiment, the third TCR adjustment opening 378 has three interconnected rectangular or pill-shaped regions. In one embodiment, each of the TCR adjustment openings 372, 376, and 378 is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis L3. The longitudinal axis L3 may intersect these TCR adjustment openings 372, 376, and 378 at their respective midpoints.

[0119] In one aspect of the present invention, the first opening 370 of the first conductive portion 312 and the first opening 374 of the third conductive portion 316 have the same overall shape. In one aspect of the present invention, the second opening 372 of the first conductive portion 312 and the second opening 376 of the third conductive portion 316 have the same overall shape.

[0120] All of the openings of resistor 10 (i.e., openings 370, 372, 374, 376, and 378) may be aligned along the longitudinal axis L3 of resistor 310, and in different embodiments, some of the openings may be configured to be offset from one another.

[0121] The longitudinal axes L1, L2, and L3 are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 4 for illustrative purposes only; however, those skilled in the art will understand that the longitudinal axes can also be defined as the longitudinal direction that crosses each resistor shown in these figures.

[0122] The illustrated openings 370 and 374 are circular overall in Figure 4, but in different embodiments of the present invention, the profiles of these openings 370 and 374 are variable. The term "profile" as used herein refers to the overall contour, size, shape, cross-section, orientation, and other physical characteristics. The openings 370 and 374 may be the same or different from each other. In one embodiment, at least one of the openings 370 and 374 has an elongated profile, a slotted profile, or a non-circular profile. The elongated or slotted profile of the openings 370 and 374 may be oriented and extended in the X direction. In another embodiment, the elongated or slotted profile of the openings 370 and 374 may be oriented and extended in the Y direction. In yet another embodiment, the openings 370 and 374 may not completely penetrate the resistor. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 370 and 374 may be omitted. These modifications are possible in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0123] All aspects relating to the openings 372, 376, and 378 are also modifiable. For example, each of the openings 372, 376, and 378 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. The openings 372, 376, and 378 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate the conductive portion and / or resistive element. The shape of the openings 372, 376, and 378 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 372, 376, and 378 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 372, 376, and 378 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0124] As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 1, the openings 370, 372, 374, 376, and 378 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 310. Preferably, each of the openings 370, 372, 374, 376, and 378 is spaced apart from the lateral or longitudinal edges of the resistor 310, or from its outer edges such as its periphery or edges. Furthermore, none of the openings 370, 372, 374, 376, and 378 intersect, contact, or cross the lateral or longitudinal edges or periphery of the resistor 310. In this way, the entire sides of the openings 370, 372, 374, 376, and 378 are surrounded by conductive portions, resistive elements, and combined portions thereof.

[0125] As shown in Figure 4, in one embodiment, at least one bracket member or header member 380 may be provided. This at least one bracket member or header member 380 has a brace and a mounting pin.

[0126] Figure 18 shows a resistor 1810 similar to resistor 310 in Figure 4. Resistor 1810 as a whole is formed by a first resistive element 1811 located between a first conductive portion 1812 and a second conductive portion 1814, and a second resistive element 1813 located between a second conductive portion 1814 and a third conductive portion 1816. Resistor 1810 has first, second, and third TCR adjustment slots 1872, 1876, and 1878 as well as first and second outer openings 1870 and 1874. The configuration, structure, function, and other features of all elements of resistor 1810 shown in Figure 18 are similar to the corresponding elements of resistor 310 shown in Figure 4.

[0127] As shown in Figure 18, the openings 1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, and 1878 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 1810. The openings 1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, and 187 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 1810, and from the periphery of the resistor 1810. None of these openings 1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, and 1878 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 1810, or the periphery of the resistor 1810. Thus, the openings 1870, 1872, 1874, 1876, and 1878 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0128] Figure 5 shows another embodiment of the resistor 410. The resistor 410 as a whole is formed by a resistive element 411 located between a first conductive portion 412 and a second conductive portion 414. This resistor 410 is similar to the resistor 110 in Figure 2, and unless otherwise specified, its function and structure are the same as those of the resistor 110. As shown in Figure 5, it has C-shaped adjustment slots 472, 476 and “dogbone” or barbell-shaped slots 478 located horizontally or longitudinally, which extend and penetrate the first conductive portion 412, the second conductive portion 414, and the resistive element 411. In one embodiment, recesses are provided at both ends of the resistive element 411. The resistance value of the resistor can be adjusted because the depth and other profiles of these recesses can be changed. All resistors disclosed herein have recesses and other features in the profile of the resistive element, so that the resistance value of the resistor can be adjusted. In one embodiment, these recesses allow the resistance value of each part of the resistive element to be adjusted to a desired value. The circular outer opening shown in Figure 5 is similar to openings 70 and 74 in Figure 1. The upper pins of end 478a and end 478b are voltage detection connections for the resistive element 411. The lower pins of end 478a and end 478b are voltage detection connections for the resistive element 411. Slot 478 also functions as another TCR adjustment opening or slot.

[0129] The C-shaped TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 are configured to curve around the larger end portion of the “dogbone” or barbell-shaped slot 478. These slots 472 and 476 as a whole have a C-shaped profile, a curved profile, or an arc-shaped profile, and the ends 472a, 472b, 476a, and 476b of slots 472 and 476 partially surround the ends 478a and 478b of the end portion of the opening 478. In one embodiment, slot 472 becomes the first TCR adjustment slot, slot 476 becomes the second TCR adjustment slot, and slot 478 becomes the third TCR adjustment slot.

[0130] The TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 are aligned along the longitudinal axis (similar to axis L3 in Figure 4). The midpoint of each TCR adjustment slot 472 and 476 can be set to the center of the longitudinal axis. The TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 can be continuously curved. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 are mirror images of each other. The illustrated TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 have a continuous arc-shaped profile. In some embodiments, a continuously curved or continuous arc-shaped profile can be considered as a curved or arc-shaped profile or shape that does not contain any 45-degree or right-angle curves (turns or bends) from the first end to the second end. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 have a constant radius and extend with an arc length of 90 degrees or more. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 are mutually symmetrical. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 are symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the resistor. The longitudinal axes of the TCR adjustment slots 472 and 476 may intersect at their midpoint.

[0131] All aspects of slots 472, 476, and 478 are also modifiable. For example, each of slots 472, 476, and 478 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Slots 472, 476, and 478 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shapes of slots 472, 476, and 478 may be circular, elongated, slot-shaped, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slot-shaped openings or elongated slots 472, 476, and 478 is modifiable, as are their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of slots 472, 476, and 478 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0132] As shown in Figure 5, slots 472, 476, and 478 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 410. The openings 472, 476, and 478 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 410, and from the periphery of the resistor 410, respectively. None of these slots 472, 476, and 478 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 410, or the periphery of the resistor 410. In this way, slots 472, 476, and 478 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0133] Figure 19 shows a resistor 1910 similar to resistor 410 in Figure 5. Resistor 1910 as a whole is formed by a first resistive element 1911 located between second conductive parts 1912 and 1914, and a second resistive element 1913 located between second conductive part 1914 and third conductive part 1916. Resistor 1910 has first, second and third TCR adjustment slots 1972, 1976, and 1978, as well as first and second outer openings 1970 and 1974. The configuration, structure, function and other features of all elements of resistor 1910 in Figure 19 are similar to the corresponding elements of resistor 410 in Figure 5.

[0134] As shown in Figure 19, openings 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, and 1978 are all located within the internal region of resistor 1910. Each of the openings 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, and 1978 is spaced apart from the outer edges of resistor 1910, such as its lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 1910. None of the openings 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, and 1978 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges of resistor 1910, such as its lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 1910. Thus, each of the openings 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, and 1978 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0135] Figure 6 shows another embodiment of resistor 510. Resistor 510 as a whole is formed by a resistive element 511 located between a first conductive element 512 and a second conductive portion 514. Resistor 510 is similar to resistor 410 except for the following modifications: The range, i.e., length, of slots 572, 576 is shorter than the range of slots 472, 476. The central slot 578 is rectangular in shape and does not have enlarged ends, similar to “dogbone” or barbell shapes. Instead, the ends 578a, 578b are aligned as a whole and linear. The ends 572a, 572b, 576a, 576b are curved and partially surround the respective ends 578a, 578b of the central slot 578. Slot 578 further functions as another TCR adjustment opening or slot. In one embodiment, slot 572 becomes the first TCR adjustment slot, slot 576 becomes the second TCR adjustment slot, and slot 578 becomes the third TCR adjustment slot. In one embodiment, the first and second adjustment slots 572 and 576 are symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the resistor. The longitudinal axes of the first and second TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 may intersect at their respective midpoints.

[0136] The TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 are aligned along the longitudinal axis (similar to axis L3 in Figure 4). The midpoint of each TCR adjustment slot 572 and 576 can be set to the center of the longitudinal axis. The TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 can be continuously curved. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 are mirror images of each other. The illustrated TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 have a continuous arc-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 have a constant radius and extend with an arc length of 90 degrees or more. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 are located in the intermediate region of the resistor with respect to the lateral axis. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 572 and 576 are symmetrical to each other.

[0137] All aspects relating to slots 572, 576, and 578 are also modifiable. For example, each of slots 572, 576, and 578 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Slots 572, 576, and 578 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shapes of slots 572, 576, and 578 may be circular, elongated, slot-shaped, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slot-shaped openings or elongated slots 572, 576, and 578 is modifiable, as are their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of slots 572, 576, and 578 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0138] As shown in Figure 6, slots 572, 576, and 578 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 510. The openings 572, 576, and 578 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 510, and from the periphery of the resistor 510, respectively. None of these slots 572, 576, and 578 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 510, or the periphery of the resistor 510. In this way, slots 572, 576, and 578 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0139] Figure 20 shows a resistor 2010 similar to resistor 510 in Figure 6. Resistor 2010 as a whole is formed by a first resistive element 2011 located between the first conductive portion 2012 and the second conductive portion 2014, and a second resistive element 2013 located between the second conductive portion 2014 and the third conductive portion 2016. Resistor 2010 has first, second, and third TCR adjustment slots 2072, 2076, and 2078, as well as first and second outer openings 2070 and 2074. The configuration, structure, function, and other features of all elements of resistor 2010 in Figure 20 are similar to the corresponding elements of resistor 510 in Figure 6.

[0140] As shown in Figure 20, openings 2070, 2072, 2074, 2076, and 2078 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 2010. The openings 2070, 2072, 2074, 2076, and 2078 are spaced apart from the outer edges of the resistor 2010, such as its lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of the resistor 2010. None of the openings 2070, 2072, 2074, 2076, and 2078 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges of the resistor 2010, such as its lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of the resistor 2010. Thus, the openings 2070, 2072, 2074, 2076, and 2078 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0141] Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the resistor 610. The resistor 610 as a whole is formed by a resistive element 611 provided between a first conductive portion 612 and a second conductive portion 614. The first and second C-shaped slots 672 and 676 are provided in the first and second conductive portions 612 and 614, respectively. As shown in Figure 7, the angle of curvature α of the curved ends 672a, 672b, 676a, and 676b is the angle with respect to the mid-section of the slots 672 and 676. In one embodiment, the angle of curvature α is 65 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle of curvature α can be set to 40 to 90 degrees. In one embodiment, the entire terminal end defined by the angles of the C-shaped slots 672 and 676 is 90 degrees or more. The C-shaped slots 672 and 676 are concave toward the central region of the resistor 610. The resistor 610 has no central opening or hole. All other embodiments of the resistor 610 are the same as those described with respect to other embodiments of the resistor. In one embodiment, the pins are soldered next to the resistive element 611 in the region between slots 672, 676 and the resistive element 611. This configuration is achievable in all other embodiments.

[0142] The TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 are arranged along the longitudinal axis (similar to axis L3 in Figure 4). The midpoint of each TCR adjustment slot 672 and 676 can be set to the center of the longitudinal axis. The TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 can be continuously curved. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 are mirror images of each other. The illustrated TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 have a continuous arc-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 have a constant radius and extend with an arc length of 90 degrees or more. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 are located in the mid-range region of the resistor with respect to the lateral axis. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 are mutually symmetrical. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 are symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the resistor. The longitudinal axes of the TCR adjustment slots 672 and 676 may intersect at their respective midpoints.

[0143] All aspects of slots 672 and 676 are also modifiable. For example, each of slots 672 and 676 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Slots 672 and 676 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of slots 672 and 676 may be circular, elongated, slot-shaped, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slot-shaped openings or elongated slots 672 and 676 is modifiable, and the height, length, width, etc., are also modifiable. In some embodiments, one or more of slots 672 and 676 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0144] As shown in Figure 7, slots 672 and 676 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 610. The openings 672 and 676 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 610, and from the periphery of the resistor 610. None of these openings 672 and 676 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 610, or the periphery of the resistor 610. In this way, the openings 672 and 676 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0145] Figure 8 shows another embodiment of the resistor 710. The resistor 710 as a whole is formed by a resistive element 711 provided between a first conductive portion 712 and a second conductive portion 714. The first and second C-shaped slots 772 and 776 are provided in the first and second conductive portions 712 and 714, respectively. As shown in Figure 7, the angle of curvature of the curved ends 772a, 772b, 776a, and 776b is the angle with respect to the mid-section of the slots 772 and 776. In one embodiment, the angle of curvature α is 45 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle of curvature α can be set to 20 to 70 degrees. The central slot 778 is located at the center of the resistor 710 as a whole, and this resistor 710 extends from the first conductive portion 711 through the second conductive portion 714 to the second conductive portion 714. The central slot 778 is “dogbone” or barbell shaped, with a larger portion 778a on the left side (i.e., the X1 side), a smaller portion 778b in the central or middle region, and a larger portion 778c on the right side (i.e., the X2 side). In another embodiment, the central slot 778 can be rotated 90 degrees from the position shown in Figure 8. The C-shaped slots 772 and 776 are concave toward the central region of the resistor 710 and toward the central slot 778. All other embodiments of the resistor 710 are the same as those described in relation to other embodiments of the resistor.

[0146] The TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 are aligned along the longitudinal axis (similar to axis L3 in Figure 4). The midpoint of each TCR adjustment slot 772 and 776 can be set to the center of the longitudinal axis. The TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 can be continuously curved. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 are mirror images of each other. The illustrated TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 have a continuous arc-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 have a constant radius and extend with an arc length of 90 degrees or more. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 are located within the midpoint region of the resistor with respect to the lateral axis. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 are mutually symmetrical. In one embodiment, slot 772 is the first TCR adjustment slot, slot 776 is the second TCR adjustment slot, and slot 778 is the third TCR adjustment slot. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 are symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the resistor. The longitudinal axes of the first and second TCR adjustment slots 772 and 776 may intersect at their midpoint.

[0147] All aspects relating to slots 772, 776, and 778 are also modifiable. For example, each of slots 772, 776, and 778 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Slots 772, 776, and 778 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of slots 772, 776, and 778 may be circular, elongated, slot-shaped, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slot-shaped openings or elongated slots 772, 776, and 778 is modifiable, and the height, length, width, etc., are also modifiable. In some embodiments, one or more of slots 772, 776, and 778 may be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0148] As shown in Figure 8, slots 772, 776, and 778 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 710. The openings 772, 776, and 778 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 710, and from the periphery of the resistor 710. None of these openings 772, 776, and 778 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 710, or the periphery of the resistor 710. Thus, the openings 772, 776, and 778 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0149] Figure 9 shows another embodiment of the resistor 810. The resistor 810 as a whole is formed by a resistive element 811 provided between a first conductive portion 812 and a second conductive portion 814. The first slot 872 is provided in the first conductive portion 812. The central slot 878 is provided with the first end 878a of the first conductive portion 812, the central portion 878b of the resistive element 811, and the second end 878c of the second conductive portion 814. The second slot 876 is provided in the second conductive portion 814. Compared with Figure 8, the resistor 810 in Figure 9 has a straight or linear central slot 872. The curved ends 872a, 872b, 876a, and 876b of slots 872 and 876 each partially surround the respective ends of the central opening 878. The C-shaped slots 872 and 876 are concave toward the central region of the resistor 810 and toward the central opening 878. All other aspects of resistor 810 are the same as those described in relation to other embodiments of the resistor.

[0150] The TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 are aligned along the longitudinal axis (similar to axis L3 in Figure 4). The midpoint of each TCR adjustment slot 872 and 876 can be set to the center of the longitudinal axis. The TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 can be continuously curved. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 are mirror images of each other. The illustrated TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 have a continuous arc-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 have a constant radius and extend with an arc length of 90 degrees or more. In one embodiment, the TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 are mutually symmetrical. In one embodiment, slot 872 is the first TCR adjustment slot, slot 876 is the second TCR adjustment slot, and slot 878 is the third TCR adjustment slot. In one embodiment, the first and second TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 are symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the resistor. The longitudinal axes of the first and second TCR adjustment slots 872 and 876 may intersect at their midpoint.

[0151] All aspects relating to slots 872, 876, and 878 are also modifiable. For example, each of slots 872, 876, and 878 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Slots 872, 876, and 878 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of slots 872, 876, and 878 may be circular, elongated, slot-shaped, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slot-shaped or elongated slots 872, 876, and 878 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of slots 872, 876, and 878 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0152] As shown in Figure 9, slots 872, 876, and 878 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 810. The openings 872, 876, and 878 are spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 810, and from the periphery of the resistor 810. None of these openings 872, 876, and 878 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, of the resistor 810, or the periphery of the resistor 810. In this way, the openings 872, 876, and 878 are surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0153] As can be clearly seen from Figures 5 and 6, the base value of the resistor, which also affects the TCR value, can be adjusted using the upper and lower notches of the resistive element. By "tuning" or adjusting these characteristic values ​​and shadow characteristics in correspondence with each other, the desired value or result can be obtained.

[0154] Aspects of the present invention relate to a method 1000 for manufacturing a resistor having a first resistive element and a second resistive element. This method 1000 has at least the following steps, as shown in the flowchart of Figure 10.

[0155] In step 1010, a first resistive element is provided between the first conductive portion on one side and the second conductive portion on the opposite side.

[0156] In step 1020, a second resistive element is provided between the second conductive portion on one side and the third conductive portion on the opposite side.

[0157] In step 1030, a first opening is formed within the first conductive portion adjacent to the outer portion of the first conductive portion, and a second opening is formed adjacent to the inner portion of the first conductive portion. The second opening in the first conductive portion becomes a TCR adjustment opening or a slot.

[0158] In step 1040, an opening is formed in the second conductive portion. The opening in the second conductive portion becomes a TCR adjustment opening or a slot.

[0159] In step 1050, a first opening is formed within the third conductive portion adjacent to the outer portion of the third conductive portion, and a second opening is formed adjacent to the inner portion of the third conductive portion. The second opening in the third conductive portion becomes a TCR adjustment opening or slot.

[0160] In step 1060, the TCR value of the resistor can be adjusted by changing the size and / or shape and / or position of the TCR adjustment opening or slot. The sizes, shapes, and positions of the various TCR adjustment slots have already been described.

[0161] In step 1070, one or more slots can be formed within a portion of the first resistive element of the configuration for adjusting the resistance value of the resistor. The slots may also be provided within a portion of the second resistive element of the configuration for adjusting the resistance value of the resistor.

[0162] The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a resistor according to an embodiment of the present invention, which has a resistive element. As shown in the flowchart of Figure 11, this method 1100 has at least the following steps.

[0163] In step 1110, a resistive element is provided between the first conductive portion on one side and the second conductive portion on the opposite side.

[0164] In step 1120, a first opening is formed within the first conductive portion adjacent to the outer portion of the first conductive portion, and a second opening is formed adjacent to the inner portion of the first conductive portion. The second opening in the first conductive portion becomes a TCR adjustment opening or a slot.

[0165] In step 1130, a first opening is formed in the second conductive portion adjacent to the outer portion of the second conductive portion, and a second opening is formed adjacent to the inner portion of the third conductive portion. The second opening in the third conductive portion becomes a TCR adjustment opening or slot.

[0166] In step 1140, an opening is formed in the resistive element. This opening becomes a TCR adjustment opening or slot. This opening can be formed in the resistive element and can be extended through to the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion.

[0167] In step 1150, the TCR value of the resistor can be adjusted by changing the size and / or shape and / or position of the TCR adjustment opening or slot. The sizes, shapes, and positions of the various TCR adjustment slots have already been described.

[0168] In step 1160, one or more slots can be formed within a portion of the first resistive element of the configuration for adjusting the resistance value of the resistor.

[0169] Figure 27 shows a resistor formation method 2700 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 27, in step 2710, a first resistive element is provided between the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion. In step 2720, a first TCR opening is formed in the first conductive portion and a second TCR opening is formed in the second conductive portion. In one embodiment, the first TCR adjustment opening and the second TCR adjustment opening are each formed as elongated slots with a continuous arc-shaped profile.

[0170] In step 2730, at least one characteristic of the first TCR adjustment aperture or the second TCR adjustment aperture is adjusted to obtain the final or adjusted TCR value of the resistor. This step may have an optimization process to adjust the TCR value of the resistor. In one embodiment, the TCR value of the resistor can be determined by various processes and methods such as experimentation, trial and error, and prototyping, and these experiments etc. include various monitoring, detection and feedback.

[0171] In step 2740, a third TCR adjustment opening is formed. In one embodiment, the third TCR adjustment opening is partially provided in the first resistive element, the first conductive portion, and the second conductive portion. The third TCR adjustment opening is configured to adjust the TCR value of the resistor.

[0172] Figures 13A to 13E show various embodiments of resistors 1310a to 1310e. In Figures 13A, 13B, and 13E, resistive elements 1311a, 1311b, and 1311c are provided between the first conductive parts 1312a, 1312b, and 1312e and the second conductive parts 1314a, 1314b, and 1324e. In Figures 13C and 13D, first conductive parts 1312c and 1312d, second conductive parts 1314c and 1314d, and third conductive parts 1316c and 1316d are provided, with two resistive elements 1311c, 1313c, 1311d, and 1313d sandwiched between each conductive part. In Figures 13A to 13E, multiple first voltage detection points 1390a, multiple second voltage detection points 1390b, multiple third voltage detection points 1390c, multiple fourth voltage detection points 1390d, and multiple fifth voltage detection points 1390e are provided in the respective regions of the openings or slots 1378a, 1378b, 1372c, 1378c, 1376c, 1372d, 1378d, 1376d, 1372e, and 1376e. Those skilled in the art will understand that other openings or slots of the resistor also have voltage detection points. In one embodiment, the voltage detection points constitute a region or position where voltage detection elements such as detection pins can be arranged. The voltage detection points can be formed by openings or holders provided in the bracket, bracket member, header, or header member. Furthermore, the left and right sides of the resistors 1310a to 1310e become current connection points.

[0173] As shown in Figures 13A to 13E, all openings are located within the internal region of resistors 1310a to 1310e. Each opening is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistors 1310a to 1310e. None of these openings intersect, touch, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistors 1310a to 1310e. Thus, each opening is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0174] Figure 14 is a chart showing the optimal voltage detection position for a redundant TCR regulated shunt with two resistive elements. As shown in Figure 14, the changes in elements 1 and 2 are 0% or nearly 0% overall in the temperature range of -40°C to 125°C.

[0175] Figure 15 is a chart showing shunt measurements at different quantities and levels of voltage detection points. Figure 15 shows three different sets of measurements: no elemental isolation at detection points, small elemental isolation at detection points, and large elemental isolation at detection points. As shown in Figure 15, each of these three sets of data substantially converges to 0% change at approximately 25°C. The percentage change remains negative overall at negative temperatures and high temperatures with large elemental isolation at detection points. In contrast, with no elemental isolation at detection points, the percentage change starts at less than -1.00% around approximately -55°C and rises to over 0.75% at ultra-high temperatures, i.e., approximately 135°C. With small elemental isolation at detection points, the percentage change is approximately -0.75% at approximately -55°C and rises to approximately 0.40% at ultra-high temperatures, i.e., approximately 135°C.

[0176] In another aspect of the present invention, the shunt resistor can be configured as a whole in a cylindrical shape. As shown in Figure 16, such a cylindrical shunt 1600 has a first conductive portion 1610 that is tubular as a whole, a first resistive element 1611 that is cylindrical as a whole, a second, i.e., central conductive portion 1612 that is tubular as a whole, a second resistive element 1613 that is cylindrical as a whole, and a third conductive portion 1614 that is tubular as a whole. The shunt resistor of Figure 16 is superior to the configuration described in USP 8,344,846, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0177] The first conductive portion 1610, which is tubular overall, has a first open end 1616 oriented in a first direction X1 and a second open end 1618 oriented in a second direction X2, having an opening configured to receive the first resistive element 1611. The current sensing lead 1620 may extend from the outer surface of the wall portion of the first conductive portion 1610, which is tubular overall, adjacent to the second end, or it may be connected to or attached to this outer surface. The first open end 1616 may be configured to be attached to an external connection such as a cable.

[0178] The first resistive element 1611 can be formed as a cylindrical wire made from a resistive material as described herein. The length and other dimensions of the first resistive element 1611 may be selected based on necessity, function, or performance. The first resistive element 1611 receives its first end 1622 at its first end and connects to the second open end 1618 of the tubular first conductive portion 1610 as a whole. The connection may be made by welding, for example, magnetic pulse welding.

[0179] The second conductive portion 1612, which is tubular overall, has its first open end 1624 oriented in a first direction X1 and its second open end 1626 oriented in a second direction X2, and may basically be ring-shaped. The current sensing lead 1628 may extend from the outer surface of the wall of the second tubular first conductive portion 1612, or it may be connected to or attached to this outer surface. The first open end 1624 receives and connects to the second end 1630 of the first resistive element 1611. The connection may be made by welding, such as magnetic pulse welding.

[0180] The second resistive element 1613 can be formed as a cylindrical wire made from the resistive material described herein. The length and other dimensions of the second resistive element may be selected based on necessity, function, or performance. The second resistive element 1613 is connected at the first end 1632 to the second open end 1626 of the second conductive portion 1612, which is tubular overall. The connection may be made by welding, such as magnetic pulse welding.

[0181] The tubular third conductive portion 1614 as a whole has a first open end 1634 oriented in a second direction X2, and a second open end 1636 oriented in a first direction X1, having an opening that receives and connects to the second end 1638 of the second resistive element 1613. The current sensing lead 1640 may extend from the outer surface of the wall portion of the tubular third conductive portion 1614 as a whole, adjacent to the second end 1636, or it may be connected to or attached to this outer surface. The first open end 1634 may be configured to be attached to an external connection such as a cable.

[0182] For cylindrical shunt configurations, TCR compensation can be performed based on short distances due to various design elements. For example, partial TCR compensation can be achieved by adjusting the thickness of the device. Furthermore, TCR compensation can also be performed at the transition edges between conductive parts and multiple resistive elements by replacing voltage connections or leads, or detection connections or leads. Introducing multiple resistive elements, i.e., introducing a redundant configuration, improves TCR compensation.

[0183] Resistance adjustment can be performed by shortening the diameter of the exposed resistive element wires using a lathe, polishing, or laser, or by removing conductive material such as copper from the ends of each tubular section to effectively extend the resistive element. Furthermore, resistance can also be adjusted by adding termination material (such as copper or other conductive material) to the resistive element by welding or other means. Slots or openings may be provided at various positions to reinforce TCR adjustment or to improve synchronization precision.

[0184] Figures 17A to 17M show several variations of resistors that perform the same function as other embodiments described herein. These resistors can employ a variety of configurations.

[0185] Each of the resistors 1710a to 1710m shown in Figures 17A to 17M has a first conductive portion 1712a to 1712m (i.e., the leftmost conductive portion), a second conductive portion 1714a to 1714m (i.e., the central or middle conductive portion), and a third conductive portion 1716a to 1716m (i.e., the rightmost conductive portion). The first resistive elements 1711a to 1711m are arranged between the first conductive portion 1712a to 1712m and the second conductive portion 1714a to 1712m, and the second resistive elements 1713a to 1713m are arranged between the second conductive portion 1714a to 1712m and the third conductive portion 1716a to 1716m. Each of the resistors 1710a to 1710m has a TCR adjustment opening or slot, or a TCR compensation opening or slot which may include a first TCR adjustment opening or slot 1772a to 1772m, a second TCR adjustment opening or slot 1776a to 1776m, and a third TCR adjustment opening or slot 1778a to 1778m.

[0186] Figure 17A shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712a, 1714a, and 1716a and first and second resistive elements 1711a and 1713a. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712a has a current connection opening 1770a, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716a does not have a current connection opening. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0187] Figure 17B shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712b, 1714b, and 1716b and first and second resistive elements 1711b and 1713b. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712b has no current connection opening, and the rightmost conductive portion 1713 has a current connection opening 1774b. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0188] Figure 17C shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712c, 1714c, and 1716c and first and second resistive elements 1711c and 1713c. In this embodiment, neither the leftmost conductive portion 1712c nor the rightmost conductive portion 1716c has a current connection opening. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0189] Figure 17D shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712d, 1714d, and 1716d and first and second resistive elements 1711d and 1713d. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712d has a first current connection opening 1770d, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716d has a second current connection opening 1774d. The second current connection opening 1774d is larger than the first current connection opening 1770d. In one embodiment, the second current connection opening 1774d is at least 100% larger than the first current connection opening 1770d. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0190] Figure 17E shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712e, 1714e, and 1716e and first and second resistive elements 1711e and 1713e. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712e has a first current connection opening 1770e, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716e has a second current connection opening 1774e. The second current connection opening 1774e is smaller than the first current connection opening 1770e. In one embodiment, the second current connection opening 1774e is at least half the size of the first current connection opening 1770e. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0191] Figure 17F shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712f, 1714f, and 1716f and first and second resistive elements 1711f and 1713f. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712f has a first current connection opening 1770f, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716f has a second current connection opening 1774f. The first current connection opening 1770f is rectangular or elongated circular in shape (i.e., pill shape or rectangular ellipse), for example, slot-shaped, and the second current connection opening 1774f is perfectly circular or round. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0192] Figure 17G shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712g, 1714g, and 1716g and first and second resistive elements 1711g and 1713g. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712g has a first current connection opening 1770g, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716g has a second current connection opening 1774g. The second current connection opening 1774g is rectangular or elongated circular in shape (i.e., pill-shaped or rectangular ellipse), for example, slot-shaped, and the first current connection opening 1770g is perfectly circular. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0193] Figure 17H ​​shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712h, 1714h, and 1716h and first and second resistive elements 1711h and 1713h. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712h has a first current connection opening 1770h, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716h has a second current connection opening 1774h. The first current connection opening 1770h and the second current connection opening 1774h are the same and are rectangular or elongated circular in shape (i.e., pill-shaped or rectangular ellipse), for example, slot-shaped. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0194] Figure 17I shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712i, 1714i, and 1716i and first and second resistive elements 1711i and 1713i. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712i has a first current connection opening 1770i, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716i has a second current connection opening 1774i. The first current connection opening 1770i is elliptical, and the second current connection opening 1774i is perfectly circular. Otherwise, all other aspects of this embodiment are the same as those of the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0195] Figure 17J shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712j, 1714j, and 1716j and first and second resistive elements 1711j and 1713j. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712j has a first current connection opening 1770j, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716j has a second current connection opening 1774j. The second current connection opening 1774j is elliptical, and the first current connection opening 1770j is perfectly circular. Otherwise, all other aspects of this embodiment are the same as those of the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0196] Figure 17K shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712k, 1714k, and 1716k and first and second resistive elements 1711k and 1713k. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712k has a first current connection opening 1770k, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716k has a second current connection opening 1774k. The first current connection opening 1770k and the second current connection opening 1774k are the same and are elliptical in shape. Otherwise, all other aspects of this embodiment are the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0197] Figure 17L shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712l, 1714l, and 1716l and first and second resistive elements 1711l and 1713l. In this embodiment, the leftmost conductive portion 1712l has no current connection opening, and the rightmost conductive portion 1716l has a second current connection opening 1774l. The current connection opening 1774l of the rightmost conductive portion 1716l is elliptical. Otherwise, all other embodiments of this embodiment are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

[0198] Figure 17M shows an embodiment having first, second, and third conductive portions 1712m, 1714m, and 1716m and first and second resistive elements 1711m and 1713m. In this embodiment, the rightmost conductive portion 1716m has no current connection opening, and the leftmost conductive portion 1712m has a current connection opening 1770m. The current connection opening 1770m of the leftmost conductive portion 1712m is elliptical. Otherwise, all other aspects of this embodiment are the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0199] As shown in Figures 17A to 17M, all openings are located within the internal region of resistors 1710a to 1710m. Each opening is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral or vertical edges, of resistors 1710a to 1710m, or from the periphery of the resistors. Furthermore, no part of the opening intersects, contacts, or crosses the outer edges, such as the lateral or vertical edges or periphery, of resistors 1710a to 1710m. In this way, the entire side of the opening is surrounded by conductive parts, resistive elements, and combined parts thereof.

[0200] Figures 21A to 24B show a configuration in which the detection pin is used in conjunction with a resistor. In one embodiment, these configurations can be used to place the detection pin within a certain voltage range of the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) analog ground reference input. In one embodiment, a high impedance can be input to the detection circuit to limit the current. If there is current in the detection circuit, a voltage drop will occur that will affect the voltage measurement of the ADC. In one embodiment to optimize the circuit configuration, a pin is added to the ground side of a battery shunt located outside the main detection circuit. In one embodiment, this design creates a small voltage difference between the ADC analog ground reference and the detection pin ground, thereby limiting the current flowing through the detection circuit.

[0201] For example, if a current of 10 mA flows through the components of the detection device when powered on, 10 mA will flow across the ground pin. If there is a minimum resistance of 1 mΩ between the PCB pin connection and the shunt itself, a voltage drop of 10 μV will occur. When a 100 μΩ shunt is detected, this 10 μV voltage drop is equivalent to a measurement error of 100 mA. This error will vary partially based on the PCB relative to the shunt resistance and partially based on the device power induced under different operating modes. One way to address the source of error is to use a third or additional ground pin in the shunt, as shown in the embodiments of Figures 21A, 21B, and 22.

[0202] Figures 21A and 21B show another embodiment of the resistor 2110. The resistor 2110 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2111 located between a first conductive portion 2112 and a second conductive portion 2114. The resistive element 2111 may be welded between the first conductive portion 2112 and the second conductive portion 2114 or joined by other means. The resistor 2110 is similar to the resistor 110 in Figure 2 and, unless otherwise specified, has the same function and structure as the resistor 110.

[0203] As shown in Figures 21A and 21B, the first TCR adjustment opening 2172 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2176 are formed in the first conductive portion 2112 and the second conductive portion 2114, respectively, and current connection or current connection area is provided through the first circular outer hole 2170 of the first conductive portion 2112 and the second circular outer opening 2174 of the second conductive portion 2114. Figures 21A and 21B show a single current sensing resistor, i.e., a single resistive element.

[0204] All aspects of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 are modifiable. For example, each of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. The openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0205] Openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 are all located within the internal region of resistor 2110. Each of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 2110. None of these openings 2170, 2172, 2174, or 2176 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 2110. Thus, each of the openings 2170, 2172, 2174, and 2176 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0206] As shown in Figures 21A and 21B, the header or header member 2180 has a configuration advantageous for fixing pins such as the first pin 2184a, the second pin 2184b, and the third pin 2184c. The header member 2180 comprises a brace having multiple openings, namely the first opening 2181a, the second opening 2181b, the third opening 2181c, the fourth opening 2181d, and the fifth opening 2181e. These multiple openings are attached to or fixed to at least one of the pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c. These openings 2181a to 2181e become predetermined pin positions or pin installation positions. As shown in Figures 21A and 21B, only the first, fourth, and fifth openings 2181a, 2181d, and 2181e are occupied by one of the pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c, respectively. This configuration is advantageous for manufacturing pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c and soldering them to the inner surfaces of openings 2172 and 2176. This configuration further improves TCR performance. In addition, this configuration facilitates the positioning of pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c relative to resistor 2110 and helps to secure an insulating gap within header member 2180.

[0207] As shown in Figures 21A and 21B, the first and second pins 2184a and 2184b constitute the detection pins, and the third pin 2184c constitutes the ground pin. In Figure 21B, the cross-section of the ground pin 2184c is shaded solely for the purpose of distinguishing it from the detection pins 2184a and 2184b. For the detection pins 2184a and 2184b, it is preferable to position them so as to contact the inner edges of the closest openings 2172 and 2176, as shown in Figures 21A and 21B. The ground pin 2184c is positioned so as to contact the outermost edge of opening 2176. The ground pin 2184c as a whole serves as the ground reference for the measurement system, isolated from the rest of the resistor. The detection pins 2184a and 2184b are configured to be connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) or connector mounted on a PCB by soldering or other means. In one embodiment, detection pins 2184a and 2184b are configured as voltage detection pins and are connected to the positive / negative voltage portion of the detection circuit.

[0208] Three pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c are shown in Figures 21A and 21B, and specific configuration examples of pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c are shown. A person skilled in the art will understand that the number, position, shape, orientation, and other aspects of pins 2184a, 2184b, and 2184c can be changed.

[0209] Figure 22 shows a resistor 2210 having similar characteristics to resistors 2110 in Figures 21A and 21B. As shown in Figure 22, the resistor 2210 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2211 provided between a first conductive portion 2212 and a second conductive portion 2214. The resistive element 2211 may be welded or otherwise bonded between the first conductive portion 2212 and the second conductive portion 2214. This resistor 2210 is similar to resistor 110 in Figure 2 and may have the same function and structure as resistor 110 unless otherwise specified.

[0210] As shown in Figure 22, the first TCR adjustment opening 2272 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2276 are formed in the first conductive portion 2212 and the second conductive portion 2214, respectively, and current connection or current connection area is provided through the first circular outer hole 2270 of the first conductive portion 2212 and the second circular outer opening 2274 of the second conductive portion 2214. Figure 22 shows a single current sensing resistor, i.e., a single resistive element.

[0211] All aspects of openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 are modifiable. For example, each of openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0212] Openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 are all located within the internal region of resistor 2210. Each of the openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 2110. None of these openings 2270, 2272, 2274, or 2276 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 2210. Thus, each of the openings 2270, 2272, 2274, and 2276 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0213] As shown in Figure 22, the header or header member 2280 has a configuration advantageous for fixing pins such as the first pin 2284a, the second pin 2284b, and the third pin 2284c. The header member 2280 comprises a brace having multiple openings, namely the first opening 2281a, the second opening 2281b, the third opening 2281c, the fourth opening 2281d, and the fifth opening 2281e. These multiple openings are attached to or fixed to at least one of the pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c. These openings 2281a to 2281e become predetermined pin positions or pin installation positions. As shown in Figure 22, only the first, fourth, and fifth openings 2281a, 2281d, and 2281e are occupied by one of the pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c, respectively. This configuration is advantageous for manufacturing pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c and for soldering them to the inner surfaces of openings 2272 and 2276. This configuration further improves TCR performance.

[0214] As shown in Figure 22, the first and second pins 2284a and 2284b constitute the detection pins, and the third pin 2284c constitutes the ground pin. For the detection pins 2284a and 2284b, it is preferable to position them so as to contact the inner edges of the closest openings 2272 and 2276, as shown in Figure 22. The ground pin 2284 is positioned so as to contact the outermost edge of opening 2276. The ground pin 2284c serves as the ground reference for the measurement system, which is isolated from the rest of the resistor. The detection pins 2284a and 2284b are configured to be connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) or connector mounted on the PCB by soldering or other means. In one embodiment, the detection pins 2284a and 2284b are configured as voltage detection pins and connected to the positive / negative voltage portion of the detection circuit.

[0215] Three pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c are shown in Figure 22, and specific configuration examples of pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c are shown, but those skilled in the art will understand that the number, position, shape, orientation, and other aspects of pins 2284a, 2284b, and 2284c can be changed.

[0216] Figure 23 shows a resistor 2310 having similar characteristics to resistors 2110 in Figures 21A and 21B. As shown in Figure 23, the resistor 2310 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2311 provided between a first conductive portion 2312 and a second conductive portion 2314. The resistive element 2311 may be welded or otherwise bonded between the first conductive portion 2312 and the second conductive portion 2314. This resistor 2310 is similar to resistor 110 in Figure 2 and may have the same function and structure as resistor 110 unless otherwise specified.

[0217] As shown in Figure 23, the first TCR adjustment opening 2372 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2376 are formed in the first conductive portion 2312 and the second conductive portion 2314, respectively, and current connection or current connection area is provided through the first circular outer hole 2370 of the first conductive portion 2312 and the second circular outer opening 2374 of the second conductive portion 2314. As shown in Figure 23, the TCR adjustment opening 2372 has a pseudo-slot-like profile different from the TCR adjustment opening 2376.

[0218] All aspects of openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 are modifiable. For example, each of openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0219] Openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 are all located within the internal region of the resistor 2310. Each of the openings 2370, 2372, 2374, and 2376 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of the resistor 2310. None of these openings 2370, 2372, 2374, or 2376 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of the resistor 2310.

[0220] As shown in Figure 23, the first header member 2380a and the second header member 2380b are configured to be advantageous for fixing pins such as the first pin 2384a, the second pin 2384b, the third pin 2384c, the fourth pin 2384d, and the fifth pin 2384e. The header members 2380a and 2380b are equipped with braces having multiple openings, namely the first opening 2381a, the second opening 2381b, the third opening 2381c, the fourth opening 2381d, the fifth opening 2381e, the sixth opening 2381f, the seventh opening 2381g, the eighth opening 2381h, the ninth opening 2381i, the tenth opening 2381j, the eleventh opening 2381k, and the twelfth opening 2381l. These multiple openings are attached to or fixed to at least one of the pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e. As shown in Figure 23, only the first opening 2381a, the second opening 2381b, the sixth opening 2381f, the eighth opening 2381, and the twelfth opening 2381l are occupied by one of each of the pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e. This configuration is advantageous for manufacturing the pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e and for soldering them to the inner surfaces of the openings 2372 and 2376. This configuration further improves TCR performance. Figure 23 shows a dual current sense resistor, which in one embodiment can be considered a redundant voltage-connected configuration.

[0221] As shown in Figure 23, the second, third, fourth, and fifth pins 2884b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e constitute the detection pins, and the first pin 2384a constitutes the ground pin. For the detection pins 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e, it is preferable to position them so as to contact the inner edges of the closest openings 2372 and 2376, as shown in Figure 23. For the ground pin 2384a, it is positioned so as to contact the edge of the outermost surface of opening 2376. The ground pin 2384a as a whole serves as the ground reference for the measurement system, isolated from the rest of the resistor. The detection pins 2384b, 2284c, 2384d, and 2384e are configured to be connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) or connector mounted on the PCB by soldering or other means. In one embodiment, detection pins 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e are configured as voltage detection pins and connected to the positive / negative voltage portion of the detection circuit.

[0222] Five pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e are shown in Figure 23, and specific configuration examples of pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e are shown. A person skilled in the art will understand that the number, position, shape, orientation, and other aspects of pins 2384a, 2384b, 2384c, 2384d, and 2384e can be changed.

[0223] Figures 24A and 24B show a resistor 2410 having similar characteristics to resistor 2110 in Figures 21A and 21B. As shown in Figures 24A and 24B, the resistor 2410 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2411 provided between a first conductive portion 2412 and a second conductive portion 2414. The resistive element 2411 may be welded or otherwise bonded between the first conductive portion 2412 and the second conductive portion 2414. This resistor 2410 is similar to resistor 110 in Figure 2 and may have the same function and structure as resistor 110 unless otherwise specified.

[0224] As shown in Figures 24A and 24B, the first TCR adjustment opening 2472 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2476 are formed in the first conductive portion 2412 and the second conductive portion 2414, respectively, and current detection connections or current detection connection areas are provided in the first conductive portion 2412 and the second conductive portion 2414 via circular outer holes 2470 and 2474.

[0225] All aspects of openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 are modifiable. For example, each of openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0226] Openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 are all located within the internal region of resistor 2410. Each of the openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 2410. None of these openings 2470, 2472, 2474, or 2476 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 2410. Thus, each of the openings 2470, 2472, 2474, and 2476 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0227] Figures 26A to 26C show a resistor 2610 having similar characteristics to resistor 2110 in Figures 21A and 21B. As shown in Figures 26A to 26C, the resistor 2610 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2611 provided between a first conductive portion 2612 and a second conductive portion 2614. The resistive element 2611 may be welded or otherwise bonded between the first conductive portion 2612 and the second conductive portion 2614. This resistor 2610 is similar to resistor 110 in Figure 2 and may have the same function and structure as resistor 110 unless otherwise specified.

[0228] As shown in Figures 26A to 26C, the first TCR adjustment opening 2672 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2676 are formed in the first conductive portion 2612 and the second conductive portion 2614, respectively, and current connections or current connection regions are provided in the first conductive portion 2612 and the second conductive portion 2614 via circular outer holes 2670 and 2674.

[0229] All aspects of openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 are modifiable. For example, each of openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0230] Openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 are all located within the internal region of resistor 2610. Each of the openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 2610. None of these openings 2670, 2672, 2674, or 2676 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 2610. Thus, each of the openings 2670, 2672, 2674, and 2676 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0231] As shown in Figures 26A to 26C, the header member 2680 has a configuration that is advantageous for fixing pins such as the first pin 2684a, the second pin 2684b, the third pin 2684c, and the fourth pin 2684d. The header member 2680 has at least one brace having multiple openings, namely the first opening 2681a, the second opening 2681b, the third opening 2681c, and the fourth opening 2681d, and is configured to be attached to at least one of the pins 2684a, 2684b, 2684c, and 2684d, or fixed by other means.

[0232] As shown in Figures 26A to 26C, the first opening 2681a, the second opening 2681b, the third opening 2681c, and the fourth opening 2681d are each occupied by one of the first pins 2684a, 2684b, 3rd pin 2684c, and 4th pin 2684d. This configuration is advantageous for manufacturing pins 2684a, 2684b, 2684c, and 2684d and for soldering them to the inner surfaces of openings 2672 and 2676. This configuration further improves TCR performance.

[0233] Pins 2684a, 2684b, 2684c, and 2684d are configured to be connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) 2695 or a connector attached to this PCB by soldering or other means. In one embodiment, pins 2684a, 2684b, 2384c, and 2384d are configured as voltage detection pins and are connected to the positive / negative voltage portion of the detection circuit.

[0234] As shown in Figures 24A and 24B, the first header member 2480a and the second header member 2480b are configured to be advantageous for fixing pins such as the first pin 2484a, the second pin 2484b, the third pin 2484c, the fourth pin 2484d, and the fifth pin 2484e. The header members 2480a and 2480b are equipped with braces having multiple openings, namely the first opening 2481a, the second opening 2481b, the third opening 2481c, the fourth opening 2481d, the fifth opening 2481e, the sixth opening 2481f, the seventh opening 2481g, the eighth opening 2481h, the ninth opening 2481i, the tenth opening 2481j, the eleventh opening 2481k, and the twelfth opening 2481l. These multiple openings are attached to or fixed to at least one of pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e. As shown in Figure 24A, only the first opening 2481a, the second opening 2481b, the sixth opening 2481f, the eighth opening 2481, and the twelfth opening 2481l are occupied by one of each of pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e. This configuration is advantageous for manufacturing pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e and for soldering them to the inner surfaces of these openings 2472 and 2476. This configuration further improves TCR performance. Figures 24A and 24B show a dual current sense resistor that can be considered a redundant voltage-connected configuration in one embodiment.

[0235] As shown in Figures 24A and 24B, the second, third, fourth, and fifth pins 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e constitute the detection pins, and the first pin 2484a constitutes the ground pin (shown as a shading in Figure 24B for illustrative purposes only). The detection pins 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e are preferably positioned to contact the inner edges of the closest openings 2472 and 2476, as shown in Figures 24A and 24B. The ground pin 2484a is positioned to contact the edge of the outermost surface of opening 2476. The ground pin 2484a as a whole serves as the ground reference for the measurement system, which is isolated from the rest of the resistor. The detection pins 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e are configured to be connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) or connector mounted on the PCB by soldering or other means. In one embodiment, the detection pins 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e are voltage detection pins and are configured to be connected to the positive / negative voltage portion of the detection circuit.

[0236] Five pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e are shown in Figures 24A and 24B, and specific configuration examples of pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e are shown. A person skilled in the art will understand that the number, position, shape, orientation, and other aspects of pins 2484a, 2484b, 2484c, 2484d, and 2484e can be changed.

[0237] Figure 25 shows a resistor 2510 having similar characteristics to resistors 2110 in Figures 21A and 21B. As shown in Figure 25, the resistor 2510 as a whole is formed from a resistive element 2511 provided between a first conductive portion 2512 and a second conductive portion 2514. The resistive element 2511 may be welded or otherwise bonded between the first conductive portion 2512 and the second conductive portion 2514. This resistor 2510 is similar to resistor 110 in Figure 2, and unless otherwise specified, it may have the same function and structure as resistor 110.

[0238] As shown in Figure 25, the first TCR adjustment opening 2572 and the second TCR adjustment opening 2576 are formed in the first conductive portion 2512 and the second conductive portion 2514, respectively, and current connections or current connection areas are provided in the first conductive portion 2512 and the second conductive portion 2514 via circular outer holes 2570 and 2574. As shown in Figure 25, the first TCR adjustment opening 2572 is formed in an elliptical shape, and the second TCR adjustment opening 2576 has an elongated slot-shaped profile. Figure 25 shows one embodiment using a single current sensing resistor, i.e., a single resistive element.

[0239] All aspects of openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 are modifiable. For example, each of openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 may have a different profile, dimensions, size, or shape. These can be adjusted or modified according to the need and function. Openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 may have one or more through-openings and one or more openings that do not completely penetrate conductive portions and / or resistive elements. The shape of openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 may be circular, elongated, slotted, non-circular, S-shaped, N-shaped, meandering, or other shapes. The orientation or direction of extension of slotted or elongated openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 is modifiable, as is their height, length, width, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 can be omitted. These modifications can be implemented in one or more of the other embodiments described herein.

[0240] Openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 are all located within the internal region of resistor 2510. Each of the openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 is spaced apart from the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, and from the periphery of resistor 2510. None of these openings 2570, 2572, 2574, or 2576 intersect, contact, or cross the outer edges, such as the lateral and longitudinal edges, or the periphery of resistor 2510. Thus, each of the openings 2570, 2572, 2574, and 2576 is surrounded on all sides by conductive portions and / or resistive elements.

[0241] The resistor shown in Figure 25 does not have a header or header member, as shown in Figures 21A to 24B. Instead, Figure 25 shows PCBs 2595 and 2595' used in conjunction with resistor 2510. Instead of using pins that engage inside an opening formed in the resistor, the configuration in Figure 25 uses a surface connection between resistor 2510 and PCB 2595.

[0242] The illustrated PCB is shown in the state before it engages with resistor 2510 with element 2595' in the bottom region of Figure 25, and in the state after it engages with resistor 2510 with element 2595 in the upper region of Figure 25.

[0243] PCB2595 is provided with detection regions 2596a, 2596b, and 2596c. The functions of detection regions 2596a, 2596b, and 2596c are essentially the same as the detection pins described herein. The resistor 2510 and PCB2595 are connected by the engagement of the conductive portions 2597a and 2597b formed on PCB2595 with the resistor 2510. Regions 2598a and 2598b are non-conductive regions of PCB2595. In the embodiment shown in Figure 25, voltage is detected using vias of the PCB.

[0244] As described in the embodiment, the outer openings (i.e., 70, 74, 170, 174, 270, 274, 370, 374, 1270, 1274, 1370a~e, 1374a~e, 1770a, 1774b, 1770d, 1774d, 1770e, 1774e, 1770f, 1774f, 1770g, 1774g, 1770h, 1774h, 1770i, 1774i, 1770j, 1774j, 1770k, 1774k, 1774l, 1770m, 1870, 1874, 1970, 1974, 2070, 2074, 2170, 2174, 2270, 2274, 2370, 2374, 2470, 2474, 2570, 2574, 2670, 2674 and the outer circular opening without a reference number can function as current connection holes or regions. The above current connection holes are merely examples of how to connect resistors to the current to be monitored and / or measured. Such openings can be omitted entirely.

[0245] As described in the embodiment, internal openings or inner openings (i.e., openings 72, 76, 78, 172, 176, 272, 276, 278, 279, 372, 376, 378, 472, 476, 478, 572, 576, 578, 672, 676, 772, 776, 872, 876, 1272, 1276, 1278, 1372a~1372e, 1376a~1376e, 1378a~1378e) , 1772a~1772m, 1776a~1776m, 1778a~1778m, 1872, 1876, 1878, 1972, 1976, 1978, 2072, 2076, 2078, 2172, 2176, 2272, 2276, 2372, 2376, 2472, 2476, 2572, 2672, 2676) function as TCR adjustment openings, which can also be called TCR compensation slots. TCR adjustment openings (i.e., 72, 76, 78, 172, 176, 272, 276, 278, 279, 372, 376, 472, 476, 572, 576, 578, 672, 676, 772, 776, 872, 876, 1272, 1276, 1278, 1372a~1372e, 1376a~1376e, 1378d, 1772a~1772m, 177 Each of the 6a-1776m, 1778a-1778m, 1872, 1876, 1972, 1976, 2072, 2076, 2172, 2176, 2272, 2276, 2372, 2376, 2472, 2476, 2572, 2576, 2672, 2676) has a perimeter or perimeter sidewall that is continuously curved, nonlinear, or noncircular in shape. In one embodiment, the perimeter of the TCR opening is composed of a perimeter wall formed by a resistive element and / or conductive portion, and this perimeter has portions that are continuously curved, nonlinear, or noncircular in shape.

[0246] Some TCR adjustment openings (i.e., openings 378, 478, 578, 778, 878, 1378a-1378c, 1878, 1978, 2078) are exceptions to the continuously curved, nonlinear, and non-circular shapes of the TCR adjustment openings, and each of these TCR adjustment openings has a different perimeter or perimeter sidewall shape.

[0247] Some TCR adjustment openings (i.e., 272, 276, 278, 279, 372, 376, 472, 476, 572, 576, 672, 676, 772, 776, 872, 876, 1372a-1372c, 1376a-1376c, 1872, 1876, 1972, 1976, 2072, 2076) have a perimeter or perimeter sidewall of a continuous arc-shaped profile. In one embodiment, the perimeter of a TCR opening is composed of a perimeter wall formed by a resistive element and / or conductive portion, and the perimeter has a continuous arc-shaped portion.

[0248] Some TCR adjustment openings (i.e., 72, 76, 78, 172, 176, 1272, 1276, 1278, 1372d, 1372e, 1376d, 1376e, 1772a-1772m, 1776a-1776m, 1778a-1778m, 2172, 2176, 2272, 2276, 2372, 2376, 2472, 2476, 2572, 2576, 2672, 2676) have a perimeter or perimeter sidewall with a rectangular, elliptical, or oblong profile. In one embodiment, the perimeter of a TCR opening is composed of a perimeter wall formed by a resistive element and / or conductive portion, a portion of which has a rectangular, elliptical, or oblong shape.

[0249] In each of the embodiments described herein, the TCR adjustment opening can be a conductive strip or a resistive element, and may be provided as a whole within the internal region of each part. In one embodiment, each TCR adjustment opening is provided as a whole within the internal region of the resistor. The opening of the conductive portion may be surrounded by the conductive portion material, for example, completely surrounded. Similarly, the opening of the resistive element may be surrounded by the resistive element material, for example, completely surrounded, or surrounded by the resistive element material and conductive portion material until the opening extends through each part of the conductive opening. The opening of the resistive element is formed spaced apart from the outer edge or peripheral edge of the resistive element or resistor.

[0250] Any resistor described herein can be used in battery management systems for high-voltage, medium-voltage, and low-voltage systems in hybrid EVs, full EVs, and hybrid plug-in EVs, as well as for current monitoring in wind power and other alternative energy sources. These resistors can also be used for DC sensing, current sensing mounted on and used in other circuits, and current sensing in automotive, industrial, and renewable energy applications.

[0251] While the features and elements of the present invention have been described in the embodiments in specific combinations, each feature can be used independently without being combined with other features or elements of the embodiments, or it can be applied in various forms, that is, in combination with other features and elements of the present invention, or without being combined with them.

[0252] The accompanying drawings and specification describe embodiments of the present invention and use specific terminology, but these are used only in a general and descriptive sense and are not intended to be limiting. Modifications to the form, importance, and equivalent parts of each component can be carried out as appropriate without departing from the concept or scope of the present invention as described in the claims.

[0253] While this description has attempted to explain and illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention, none of them are thorough or strictly limit the invention. It should be obvious that many modifications can be made in light of the above teachings. These embodiments have been selected and described to provide the best possible explanation of the principles and practical applications of the present invention, so that those skilled in the art should be able to implement the invention in its optimal form. Furthermore, various embodiments with various modifications can be implemented depending on the intended use. The scope of the present invention is defined in the claims and their equivalent scope.

[0254] The disclosures herein are not limited to the exact configurations and compositions disclosed herein. In addition, the express concept of the present invention encompasses any or all combinations and similar combinations of the above elements and features. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0255] 10 resistor 11. First Resistor Element / Resistor Strip 12 First conductive part 13. Second Resistor 14 Second conductive part 16 Third conductive part 18 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 20 Second side, i.e., inner part 22 Third side 24. Fourth side 26 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 28 Second side, i.e., inner part 30 Third side 32 Fourth side 34 First side 36 First side 38 Second side 40 Third side 42 Fourth side 44 Center position 46 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 48 Second side, i.e., inner part 50 Third side 52 Fourth side 54 Inner part, i.e., second side 56 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 58 Third side 60 Fourth side 62 Second side 70 First Aperture / Current Connection Aperture 72 Second opening 74 First Aperture / Current Connection Aperture 76. Second opening 78 Center opening 80a First bracket or header member 80b Second bracket or header member 82 Brace 84 Pin 110 Resistor 111 First resistance element 112 First conductive part 114 Second conductive part 118 First side, i.e., outer side 120 Second side, i.e., inner side 122 Third side 124 Fourth side 126 Outer side 128 Second side, i.e., inner side 130 Third side 132 Fourth side 134 First side 136 First side, i.e., outer side 138 Second side, i.e., inner side 140 Third side 142 Fourth side 144 Second side 170 First opening 172 Second opening 174 First opening 176 Second opening 180 Bracket or header member 210 Resistor 211 First resistance element 212 First conductive part 213 Second resistance element 214 Second conductive part 216 Third conductive part 218 First side, i.e., outer side 220 Second side, i.e., inner side 222 Third side 224 Fourth side 226 First side, i.e., outer side 228 Second side, i.e., inner side 230 Third side 232 Fourth side 234 First side 236 First side 238 Second side 240 Inner curved side part 242 Outer curved side part 246 First side part i.e. outer side part 248 Second side part i.e. inner side part 250 Third side part 252 Fourth side part 254 Inner side part i.e. second side part 256 First inner side part i.e. outer side part 258 Third side part 260 Fourth side part 262 Second side part i.e. second part 270 First opening 272 Second opening 272a Notch 272b Notch 274 Second opening 276 Second opening 276a First notch 276b Second notch 278 First opening 278a Notch 279 Second opening 279a First notch 279b Notch 280 Bracket member or header member 310 Resistor 311 First resistance element 312 First conductive part 313 Second resistance element 314 Second conductive part 316 Third conductive part 318 First side part i.e. outer side part 320 Second side part i.e. inner side part 322 Third side part 324 Fourth side part 326 First side part i.e. outer side part 328 Second side part i.e. inner side part 330 Third side part 332 Fourth side part 334 First side part 336 First side part i.e. outer side part 338 Second side part i.e. inner side part 340 Third side 342 Fourth side 346 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 348 Second side, i.e., inner part 350 Third side 352 Fourth side 354 Inner part, i.e., second side part 356 First side portion, i.e., outer portion 358 Third side 360 Fourth side 362 Second side 370 First opening 372 Second opening 372a Notch 372b Notch 374 First opening 376 Second opening 376a Notch 376b Notch 378 Center opening 378a part 378b Notch 378c part 380 Bracket member or header member 410 resistor 411 Resistive elements 412 1st conductive part 414 Second conductive part 472, 476 C-shaped adjustment slots 472a, 472b, 476a, 476b Termination 478 barbell-shaped slots 478a End 478b End 510 resistor 511 Resistive element 512 First conductive element 514 Second conductive part 572, 576 slots 572a, 572b, 576a, 576b end 578 Center Slot 578a, 578b end 610 resistor 611 Resistive element 612 1st conductive part 614 Second conductive part 672 First C-shaped slot 676 Second C-shaped slot 672a, 672b, 676a, 676b curved end 710 resistor 711 Resistive element 712 1st conductive part 714 Second conductive part 772, 776 C-shaped slots 772a, 772b, 776a, 776b curved end 778 Central Slot 778a part 778b part 778c part 810 resistor 811 Resistive element 812 1st conductive part 814 Second conductive part 872 Slot 1 876 Second slot 872a, 872b, 876a, 876b [End] 878 Central Slot 878a 1st end 878b central part 878c 2nd end 1000 Manufacturing method 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070 processes 1100 Manufacturing method 1110, 1120, 1130, 1140, 1150, 1160 processes 1210 resistor 1211 First Resistor Element 1212 1st conductive part 1213 Second Resistor Element 1214 Second conductive part 1216 Third conductive part 1270, 1272, 1274, 1276, 1278 aperture 1310a~1310e resistor 1311a, 1311b, 1311c resistance elements 1312a, 1312b, 1312e 1st conductive part 1312c, 1312d 1st conductive part 1313c, 1311d, 1313d resistance elements 1314a, 1314b, 1314e Second conductive part 1314c, 1314d 2nd conductive part 1316c, 1316d 3rd conductive part 1378a, 1378b, 1372c, 1378c, 1376c, 1372d, 1378d, 1376d, 1372e, 1376e slots 1390a First voltage detection point 1390b ​​Second voltage detection point 1390c Third voltage detection point 1390d 4th voltage detection point 1390e Fifth voltage detection point 1600 Cylindrical Shunt 1610 1st conductive part 1611 First Resistor Element 1612 The second, i.e., the central conductive part 1613 Second Resistor Element 1614 Third conductive part 1616 1st open end 1618 Second open end 1620 Current Sensing Lead 1622 First end 1624 First open end 1626 2nd open end 1628 Current sensing lead 1630 Second end 1632 First end 1634 First open end 1636 2nd open end 1638 Second end 1640 Current detection lead 1710a~1710m Resistor 1711a~1711m 1st resistance element 1712a~1712m 1st conductive part 1713a~1713m 2nd resistance element 1714a~1714m 2nd conductive part 1716a~1716m 3rd conductive part 1770a Current connection opening 1770d~1770k First current connection opening 1770m Current connection opening 1772a~1772m Opening or slot 1774b Current connection opening 1774d~1774l Second current connection opening 1776a~1776m Second TCR adjustment opening or slot 1778a~1778m Third TCR adjustment opening or slot 1810 resistor 1811 First Resistor Element 1812 1st conductive part 1813 Second Resistor Element 1814 Second conductive part 1816 Third conductive part 1870 1st outer opening 1872 1st TCR Adjustment Slot 1874 Second outer opening 1876 ​​2nd TCR Adjustment Slot 1878 Third TCR Adjustment Slot 1910 resistor 1911 First Resistor Element 1912 1st conductive part 1913 Second Resistor Element 1914 Second conductive part 1916 Third conductive part 1970 1st outer opening 1972 1st TCR Adjustment Slot 1974 Second outer opening 1976 2nd TCR Adjustment Slot 1978 3rd TCR Adjustment Slot 2010 resistor 2011 First Resistor Element 2012 1st conductive part 2013 Second Resistor Element 2014 Second conductive part 2016 Third conductive part 2070 1st outer opening 2072 1st TCR Adjustment Slot 2074 Second external opening 2076 2nd TCR Adjustment Slot 2078 3rd TCR Adjustment Slot 2110 resistor 2110 2111 Resistive element 2112 1st conductive part 2114 Second conductive part 2170 Outer hole 2172 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2174 Outer opening 2176 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2180 Header component 2181a 1st opening 2181b 2nd opening 2181c 3rd opening 2181d 4th opening 2181e 5th aperture 2184a Pin 1 / Detection Pin 2184b Pin 2 / Detect Pin 2184c Pin 3 / Ground Pin 2210 resistor 2211 Resistor element 2212 1st conductive part 2214 Second conductive part 2270 Outer hole 2272 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2274 Outer opening 2276 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2280 Header component 2281a 1st opening 2281b 2nd opening 2281c 3rd opening 2281d 4th opening 2281e 5th aperture 2284a Pin 1 / Detection Pin 2284b Pin 2 / Detection Pin 2284c Pin 3 / Ground Pin 2310 resistor 2311 Resistive element 2312 1st conductive part 2314 Second conductive part 2370 Outer hole 2372 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2374 Outer opening 2376 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2380a First Header Member 2380b Second Header Member 2381a 1st opening 2381b 2nd opening 2381c 3rd opening 2381d 4th opening 2381e 5th aperture 2381f 6th opening 2381g 7th opening 2381h 8th opening 2381i 9th aperture 2381j 10th aperture 2381k 11th aperture 2381l 12th aperture 2384a Pin 1 / Ground Pin 2384b Pin 2 / Detection Pin 2384c Pin 3 / Detection Pin 2384d Pin 4 / Detection Pin 2384e Pin 5 / Detection Pin 2410 resistor 2411 Resistor element 2412 1st conductive part 2414 Second conductive part 2470 Outer hole 2472 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2474 Outer opening 2476 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2480a First Header Member 2480b Second Header Member 2481a 1st opening 2481b 2nd opening 2481c 3rd opening 2481d 4th opening 2481e 5th aperture 2481f 6th aperture 2481g 7th opening 2481h 8th opening 2481i 9th aperture 2481j 10th aperture 2481k 11th aperture 2481l 12th aperture 2484a Pin 1 / Ground Pin 2484b Pin 2 / Detect Pin 2484c Pin 3 / Detection Pin 2484d Pin 4 / Detection Pin 2484e Pin 5 / Detect Pin 2510 resistor 2511 Resistor element 2512 1st conductive part 2514 Second conductive part 2570, 2574 outer hole 2572 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2576 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2595, 2595' PCB 2596a, 2596b, 2596c detection area 2597a, 2597b Conductor portion 2598a, 2598b area 2610 resistor 2611 Resistive element 2612 1st conductive part 2614 Second conductive part 2670, 2674 outer hole 2672 1st TCR adjustment aperture 2676 2nd TCR adjustment aperture 2680 Header component 2681a 1st opening 2681b 2nd opening 2681c 3rd opening 2681d 4th opening 2684a Pin 1 2684b Pin 2 2684c Pin 3 2684d Pin 4 2695 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 2700 Formation Method Projects 2710, 2720, 2730, and 2740 L1, L2, L3 Long-arm directional axis X1 Direction 1 X2, second direction Y1 direction Y2 direction α angle

Claims

1. A resistor having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, It has a resistive element provided between the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion, A first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is provided within a first internal region of the resistor and through the first conductive portion, the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is surrounded by a peripheral boundary defined in the first conductive portion, the peripheral boundary is non-circular, and there is a central longitudinal axis of the resistor extending between the first side and the second side of the resistor, a portion of the peripheral boundary having a curved portion along the central longitudinal axis, and the curved portion of the peripheral boundary curves away from the first side of the resistor toward the resistive element. A resistor characterized in that it has a second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening located within a second internal region of the resistor and provided through the second conductive portion, and this second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is surrounded by a peripheral boundary defined in the second conductive portion.

2. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is substantially rectangular, substantially elliptical, or substantially oblong, and the profile, dimensions, size, and shape of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) are configured to adjust the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the resistor.

3. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is non-circular, and the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is substantially rectangular, substantially elliptical, or substantially oblong.

4. The resistor according to claim 3, wherein the profile, dimensions, size, and shape of the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening are configured to adjust the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the resistor.

5. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) extends along a straight path.

6. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) or the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) extends more along the transverse axis of the resistor than along the longitudinal axis of the resistor.

7. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) includes a portion extending along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor and is configured to receive a pin for detecting current in close proximity to the resistive element.

8. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion of the peripheral boundary curves away from the second side of the resistor toward the resistive element.

9. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion curves away from the resistive element toward the first side of the resistor.

10. The resistor according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion curves away from the resistive element toward the second side of the resistor.

11. A method for manufacturing a resistor having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, The first side of the resistive element is attached to the first conductive portion, and the second side of the resistive element is attached to the second conductive portion. A first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is formed within the first internal region of the resistor and through the first conductive portion, and this TCR adjustment opening is surrounded by a non-circular peripheral boundary defined by the first conductive portion, wherein the central longitudinal axis of the resistor extends between the first and second sides of the resistor, and a portion of the peripheral boundary has a curved portion along this central longitudinal axis, and the curved portion curves away from the first side of the resistor toward the resistive element. A method characterized in that a second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is formed within a second internal region of the resistor and through the second conductive portion, and this second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening is surrounded by a peripheral boundary defined by the second conductive portion.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is substantially rectangular, substantially elliptical, or substantially oblong, and the profile, dimensions, size, and shape of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjusts the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the resistor.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is non-circular, and the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is substantially rectangular, substantially elliptical, or substantially oblong.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the profile, dimensions, size, and shape of the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening are configured to adjust the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the resistor.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the surrounding boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) extends along a straight path.

16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) or the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) extends more along the transverse axis of the resistor than along the longitudinal axis of the resistor.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) includes a portion extending along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor and is configured to receive a pin for detecting current in close proximity to the resistive element.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) adjustment opening has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion of the peripheral boundary curves away from the second side of the resistor toward the resistive element.

19. The method according to claim 11, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the first temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion curves away from the resistive element toward the first side of the resistor.

20. The method according to claim 11, wherein a portion of the peripheral boundary of the adjustment opening for the second temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has a portion that curves along the central longitudinal axis of the resistor, and this curved portion curves away from the resistive element toward the second side of the resistor.

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