Functional materials, passivation films, solar cells, photovoltaic assemblies and photovoltaic systems

Abstract

The present application relates to a functional material, a passivation film, a solar cell, a photovoltaic assembly, and a photovoltaic system, the functional compound being as shown in formula (1), wherein formula (2) represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2, and at least one nitrogen atom in formula (2) is linked to n1 -LR1, each occurrence of L is independently selected from a paraffin subunit having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one of each R1 and R2 is selected from -CHO, -C(O)R4, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -OH, or -SH, R4 is selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, n1 is an integer ≧1, and n2 is an integer ≧1. JPEG2026502371000071.jpg3491

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application references Chinese Patent Application No. 202310496409.6, filed on May 5, 2023, entitled "Functional Material, Passivation Film, Solar Cell, Photovoltaic Assembly and Photovoltaic System," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Technical Field The present application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular to functional materials, passivation films, solar cells, photovoltaic assemblies and photovoltaic systems. [Background technology]

[0003] Perovskite solar cells have many advantages, such as excellent photoelectric properties, high light absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime and long diffusion length, and have already become the leader in third-generation new solar cells.

[0004] However, grain boundary defects generally exist in the perovskite material body and surface interface. For example, perovskite films produced by solution processes are generally polycrystalline, and rapid crystal growth leads to a disordered structure in the perovskite layer. This disordered distribution leads to grain boundary defects and crystalline defects. These defects not only reduce crystal quality and seriously affect carrier transport, but also accelerate the penetration of moisture / oxygen gas and promote the decomposition of the perovskite, adversely affecting both the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. Meanwhile, conventional hole transport layer materials are unstable and contain too many defects, such as metal oxides such as nickel oxide, which can reduce the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0005] Therefore, there is still room for improvement in the prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Based on this, there is a need to provide functional materials, passivation films, solar cells, photovoltaic assemblies and photovoltaic systems that aim to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0007] This application is realized by the following technical solutions:

[0008] A first aspect of the present application provides a functional compound, the functional compound being as shown in formula (1): [ka] where: [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s, and [ka] At least one nitrogen atom in the formula (I) is linked to n1 -LR1s, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R1 at each occurrence is independently selected from -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, phosphonate, phosphinate, sulfonate, sulfinate, borate, and halogen; R2 in each occurrence is independently selected from any one of -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, -B(OH)2, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms; and at least one of each R1 and R2 is selected from -CHO, -C(O)R4, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -OH, or -SH; R4, at each occurrence, is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; n1 is an integer ≧1, and n2 is an integer ≧1.

[0009] When the functional compound is used in the manufacture of solar cells, it can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. Although the mechanism is unclear, it is believed that this is due to the specific group structure of the functional compound, in which the nucleophilic moiety includes a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group or an aromatic amine group, has relatively low hydrophilicity, and is substituted with n2 R2, and at least one nitrogen atom in the nucleophilic moiety is linked to R1 via L to form an organic whole, L being selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R1 and R2 are specific functional groups, or may bond with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, anchor a hole transport layer, or interact with A-site cation hydrogen bonds in perovskite, thereby acting as passivating metal ions, and L can reduce steric hindrance. The organic compound formed by the organic bond of Ar, L, and R1 can self-assemble and arrange through intermolecular interactions to form aggregates with an ordered structure, which, when used in the manufacture of solar cells, can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0010] Furthermore, when the organic compounds are used to prepare passivation films for solar cells, the presence of L in the functional compounds can further improve the hydrophobicity of the passivation film, thereby further reducing the adverse effects of water oxygen on the perovskite light-absorbing material.

[0011] In some embodiments thereof, at least one of each R1 and R2 is selected from -C(O)NH2; optionally, n1+n2≧2 and at least two of each R1 and R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2; Optionally, n1+n2≧3 and at least three of each R1 and R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0012] In some embodiments thereof, at least one occurrence of each R2 is selected from -C(O)NH2; Optionally, n2≧2 and at least two of each R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0013] -C(O)NH2 generates stronger hydrogen bonds and interaction forces with the perovskite surface and grain boundaries, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0014] In some embodiments, the functional compound is as shown in any one of formulas (1-1) to (1-4), [ka] [ka] wherein Ar1 to Ar8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; X1 and X2 are each independently selected from a single bond, C(R5R6), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O; and R5 and R6, each occurring, are each independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; Y1 to Y4 are each independently selected from C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O; and R7 to R8, each occurring, are each independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; n3~n 10 are each independently an integer ≧0, and n3+n4≧1, n5+n6≧1, n7+n8≧1, n9+n 10 ≧1.

[0015] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; Alternatively, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms; Optionally, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0016] In some embodiments, the formula (1-2) satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (2): (1) In formula (1-2), Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms; (2) In formula (1-2), X1 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6) and O, and each occurrence of R5 to R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; Alternatively, X1 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6) and O; and R5-R6, in each occurrence, are independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; Optionally, X1 is selected from any one of a single bond and O.

[0017] In some embodiments, the formula (1-3) satisfies at least one of the following conditions (3) to (4): (3) In formula (1-3), Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms; (4) In formula (1-3), Y1 and Y2 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O, and R7 and R8, each occurring, are independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0018] In some embodiments, the formula (1-4) satisfies at least one of the following conditions (5) to (7): (5) In formula (1-4), Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms; Optionally, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms; (6) In formula (1-4), Y3 to Y4 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O, and R7 to R8, each occurring, are independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; (7) In formula (1-4), X2 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6) and O, and each occurrence of R5 to R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; Alternatively, X2 is selected from one of a single bond, C(R5R6) and O; and R5-R6, in each occurrence, are independently selected from one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; Optionally, X2 is selected from any one of a single bond and O.

[0019] In some embodiments, in formula (1-1) and formula (1-3), [ka] The same group is connected to the two linking sites "*" in the structure, In equations (1-2) and (1-4), [ka] The two condensation sites in the structure [ka] " has the same group condensed thereto.

[0020] In some embodiments, the functional compound is any one of the following (1a) to (1e): [ka] where n 11 or n 13 Each occurrence of is independently an integer between 1 and 5, and n 12 or n 14 Each occurrence of is independently an integer between 1 and 4, and n 15 ~n 16 Each occurrence of each independently takes an integer between 1 and 6.

[0021] In some embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from a paraffin subunit having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Alternatively, each occurrence of L is independently selected from a paraffin subunit having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; Alternatively, each occurrence of L is independently selected from a paraffin subunit having 2 to 6 carbon atoms; Optionally, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0022] By further adjusting the length of the carbon chain in L, it is possible to maintain relatively good hydrophobicity while at the same time providing good self-organizing properties to the functional compound, thus improving the photocatalytic properties of solar cells. electric The conversion efficiency and stability can be further improved.

[0023] In some embodiments thereof, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, -B(OH)2, halogen, an unsubstituted C1-10 alkyl group, a halogen-substituted C1-10 alkyl group, an unsubstituted C1-10 alkoxy group, a halogen-substituted C1-10 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted C2-10 olefin group, an unsubstituted C2-10 alkyne group, an unsubstituted C6-30 aromatic group, and a halogen-substituted C6-30 aromatic group; Optionally, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, -B(OH)2, a halogen, an unsubstituted linear C alkyl group, a linear C alkyl group substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted C alkoxy group, an alkoxy group substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted olefinic group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group substituted with a halogen and having 6 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0024] In some embodiments thereof, R4 is selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Alternatively, R4 is selected from unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Optionally, R4 is selected from unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0025] In some embodiments thereof, the functional compound is selected from the group consisting of A to L below: [ka] [ka] It includes at least one of the following.

[0026] A second aspect of the present application provides a passivation film, and a component of the passivation film includes the functional compound of the first aspect.

[0027] A third aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, the solar cell comprising a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a perovskite layer, which are stacked together. To layer and the components of the passivation layer include the functional compound of the first aspect.

[0028] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic assembly, the photovoltaic assembly including the solar cell of the third aspect.

[0029] A fifth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic power generation system, the photovoltaic power generation system including the photovoltaic assembly of the fourth aspect. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0030] In order to more clearly explain the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following briefly introduces the drawings that need to be used in the embodiments of the present application. It is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on the drawings without any creative efforts. [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] The following describes in detail the embodiments of the technical solution of the present application in conjunction with the drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, and are merely examples, which do not limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0032] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art of this application, and the terms used herein are only for describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit this application. The terms "comprises" and "having" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of this application and the description of the drawings above are intended to cover a non-exclusive "comprise."

[0033] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", etc. are only for distinguishing different objects, and should not be understood as indicating or implying the relative importance or the number, specific order, or hierarchical relationship of the technical features shown. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, unless there is a clear and specific limitation, the meaning of "plurality" is two or more.

[0034] The term "embodiment" as used herein means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. Appearances of this phrase in various locations throughout the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment, nor are they mutually exclusive, independent, or alternative embodiments. Those skilled in the art can explicitly or implicitly understand that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0035] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "and / or" is merely a relation that describes related objects and indicates that three relations may exist. For example, A and / or B may represent three cases: A alone, a combination of A and B, and B alone. In addition, the character " / " in this specification generally indicates that the related objects before and after are in an "or" relationship.

[0036] In describing the embodiments of the present application, the term "plurality" refers to two or more (including two); similarly, "sets" refers to two or more (including two sets); and "plurality" refers to two or more (including two).

[0037] In describing the embodiments of the present application, the orientations or positional relationships indicated by technical terms such as "center," "longitudinal direction," "lateral direction," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial direction," "radial direction," and "circumferential direction" are orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are intended only for the convenience of describing and simplifying the embodiments of the present application. They do not indicate or imply that the referred devices or elements must have a specific orientation or be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as limitations on the embodiments of the present application.

[0038] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, unless otherwise clearly defined or limited, the technical terms "attached," "connected," "coupled," "fixed," etc. should be understood in a broad sense, and may refer to, for example, a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection, a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, a direct connection, an indirect connection via an intermediate medium, internal communication between two elements, or an interactive relationship between two elements. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application according to specific circumstances.

[0039] In this application, the term "alkane group" refers to the group formed after an alkane loses one hydrogen, e.g., methane loses one hydrogen to form a methyl group, and "alkane subunit or alkylene group" refers to the group formed after an alkane loses two hydrogens, e.g., methane loses two hydrogens to form a methylene group.

[0040] The term "paraffin" refers to an alkane in which all carbon atoms are joined by single carbon-carbon bonds, no rings are formed, and all remaining valence bonds are bonded to hydrogen, and includes straight-chain and branched-chain alkanes.

[0041] In the present application, the number of carbon atoms in a "paraffin subunit" may be 1 to 10, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, and is a group formed after a paraffin containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., a C1-10 paraffin) loses two hydrogen atoms. Specific examples include groups formed after a C1 paraffin, a C2 paraffin, a C3 paraffin, a C4 paraffin, a C5 paraffin, a C6 paraffin, a C7 paraffin, a C8 paraffin, a C9 paraffin, or a C10 paraffin loses two hydrogen atoms. Non-limiting examples of "C1-10 paraffins" include methane, ethane, n-propane, isopropane, n-butane, isobutane, 2-ethylbutane, 3,3-dimethylbutane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, 1-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2-ethylpentane, 4-methyl-2-pentane, n-hexane, 1-methylhexane, 2-ethylhexane, 2-butylhexane, n-heptane, 1-methylheptane, 2,2-dimethylheptane, 2-ethylheptane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane. In other words, non-limiting examples of "C1-10 paraffin subunits" include groups formed after the above paraffins lose two hydrogens.

[0042] In the present application, the "number of ring atoms" represents the number of atoms bonded to a ring, and when this ring is substituted with a substituent, the atoms contained in the substituent are not included in the ring-forming atoms. The same applies to the "number of ring atoms" described below unless otherwise specified. For example, a benzene ring has 6 ring atoms, a naphthalene ring has 10 ring atoms, and a thiophene ring has 5 ring atoms.

[0043] An "aromatic group" is a hydrocarbon group containing at least one aromatic ring, including non-fused-ring aromatic groups and fused-ring aromatic groups. A fused-ring aromatic group is a group formed after two or more aromatic rings are joined via two common adjacent ring atoms, i.e., a fused ring.

[0044] A "heteroaromatic group" is a group in which at least one ring-forming atom is a heteroatom and the group has aromatic properties. Heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, N, P, O, and S.

[0045] The term "aromatic amine group" refers to a group formed by directly linking a nitrogen atom and one ring-forming atom in the above aromatic group via a chemical bond.

[0046] Non-limiting examples of "aromatic groups" in the present application include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, perylene, tetracene, pyrene, benzopyrene, acenaphthene, or fluorene, and non-limiting examples of "heteroaromatic groups" include triazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, imidazole, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, carbazole, pyrroloimidazole, pyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienthiophene, and the like. Non-limiting examples of "aromatic amine groups" include phene, furanopyrrole, furanofuran, thienofuran, benzisoxazole, benzisothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, o-naphthylidene, quinoxaline, phenanthridine, perimidine, quinazoline, quinazolinone, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and the like. Non-limiting examples of "aromatic amine groups" include substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted diphenylamine, or substituted or unsubstituted triphenylamine.

[0047] In this application, when no linking site is specified in a group, it means that any optionally linkable site in the group is the linking site.

[0048] In the present application, when a single bond connecting a substituent penetrates the corresponding ring, it means that the substituent can be attached to any position on the ring, for example, [ka] In the formula, R is connected to any one of the substitutable sites on the benzene ring, and when R is H, it represents the absence of a substituent. [ka] is benzene.

[0049] In this application, "substituted or unsubstituted" means that the defined group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When the defined group is substituted, it should be understood that it is optionally substituted with a group acceptable in the art, including, but not limited to, a C alkyl group, a heterocyclyl group containing 3 to 20 ring atoms, an aromatic group containing 5 to 20 ring atoms, a heteroaryl group containing 5 to 20 ring atoms, and a halogen.

[0050] In this application, multiple occurrences of the same substituent may be independently selected from different groups. For example, [ka] When multiple R2 are contained, each R3 and R2 may be independently selected from different groups.

[0051] In this application, when two groups are connected by one point of attachment, e.g. [ka] In the formula (I), when R is selected from a single bond, it represents that the two groups are not necessarily connected via a specific group, but are directly connected by a single bond; [ka] is.

[0052] In the present application, when two cyclic structures in a structural diagram share at least two ring-forming atoms, it represents that the two cyclic structures are fused, and when one of the cyclic structural groups is selected from H, it represents that this cyclic structure does not exist. For example, [ka] ", when Ar3 or Ar4 is selected from H, it represents that Ar3 or Ar4 is absent, for example, when Ar3 and Ar4 are both H, this structure is represented by " [ka] "

[0053] One embodiment of the present application provides a functional compound represented by formula (1): [ka] where: [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s, and [ka] At least one nitrogen atom in the formula (I) is linked to n1 -LR1s, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R1 at each occurrence is independently selected from -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, -B(OH)2, and halogen; R2 at each occurrence is independently selected from any one of -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms; and at least one of each R1 and R2 is selected from -CHO, -C(O)R4, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -OH, or -SH; R4 is selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; n1 is an integer ≧1, and n2 is an integer ≧1.

[0054] When the functional compound is used in the manufacture of solar cells, it can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. Although the mechanism is unclear, it is believed that this is due to the specific group structure of the functional compound, in which the nucleophilic moiety includes a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group or an aromatic amine group, has relatively low hydrophilicity, and is substituted with n2 R2, and at least one nitrogen atom in the nucleophilic moiety is linked to R1 via L to form an organic whole, L being selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R1 and R2 are specific functional groups, or may bond with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, anchor a hole transport layer, or interact with A-site cation hydrogen bonds in perovskite, thereby acting as passivating metal ions, and L can reduce steric hindrance. The organic compound formed by the organic bond of Ar, L, and R1 can self-assemble and arrange through intermolecular interactions to form aggregates with an ordered structure, which, when used in the manufacture of solar cells, can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0055] Furthermore, when the organic compounds are used to prepare passivation films for solar cells, the presence of L in the functional compounds can further improve the hydrophobicity of the passivation film, thereby further reducing the adverse effects of water oxygen on the perovskite light-absorbing material.

[0056] As can be understood, [ka] The number of sites where the nitrogen atom contained in can theoretically be linked to -LR1 is n1 of is the upper limit, [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s, the specific upper limit of n1 can be determined depending on the arrangement position of the nitrogen atom therein, and may be 1, for example, a nitrogen atom in a carbazolyl group, or 2, for example, a nitrogen atom in an aniline group, and similarly, the upper limit of n2 is the number of positions at which the nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or the aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms can be substituted.

[0057] In some of these embodiments, at least one of each R1 and R2 is selected from -C(O)NH2.

[0058] In some of these embodiments, n1+n2≧2 and at least two of R1 and R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0059] In some of these embodiments, n1+n2≧3 and at least three of each R1 and R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0060] In some of these embodiments, n1+n2≧4 and at least four of each R1 and R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0061] In some of these embodiments, at least one occurrence of each R2 is selected from -C(O)NH2.

[0062] Optionally, n2≧2 and at least two of each R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0063] Alternatively, n2 > 3 and at least three of each R2 are selected from -C(O)NH2.

[0064] Optionally, n2≧4 and at least four of each R2 are selected from —C(O)NH2.

[0065] -C(O)NH2 generates stronger hydrogen bonds and interaction forces with the perovskite surface and grain boundaries, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0066] In some of these examples, [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 40 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s.

[0067] In some of these examples, [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 30 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s.

[0068] In some of these examples, [ka] represents a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 25 ring atoms substituted with n2 R2s.

[0069] In some embodiments, the functional compound is represented by any one of formulas (1-1) to (1-4), [ka] wherein Ar1 to Ar8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; X1 and X2 are each independently selected from a single bond, C(R5R6), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O; and R5 and R6, each occurring, are each independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; Y1 to Y4 are each independently selected from C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O; and R7 to R8, each occurring, are each independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; n3~n 10 are each independently an integer ≧0, and n3+n4≧1, n5+n6≧1, n7+n8≧1, n9+n 10 ≧1.

[0070] n3~n 10 The upper limit depends on the number of linkable sites of existing groups or linked atoms, similarly to the method for determining the upper limits of n1 and n2 above, and will not be further explained here.

[0071] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms.

[0072] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms.

[0073] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0074] In some of the examples, in formula (1-1), Ar1 and Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0075] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-1), Ar1 to Ar2 are similarly selected from any one of H, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, and a carbazolyl group.

[0076] In some of the examples, Ar3 and Ar4 in formula (1-2) are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms.

[0077] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms.

[0078] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0079] In some of the examples, in formula (1-2), Ar3 and Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0080] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), Ar3 to Ar4 are similarly selected from any one of H, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, and a carbazolyl group.

[0081] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), X1 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6), and O, and each occurrence of R5 to R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0082] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), X1 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6), and O, and each occurrence of R5 to R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0083] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0084] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0085] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0086] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0087] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, furyl, thienyl, and carbazolyl.

[0088] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-2), X 1 is selected from any one of a single bond and O.

[0089] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms.

[0090] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms.

[0091] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0092] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Ar5 and Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0093] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Ar5 to Ar6 are similarly selected from any one of H, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, and a carbazolyl group.

[0094] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Y1 and Y2 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O, and each occurrence of R7 and R8 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0095] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Y1 and Y2 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8), O, C=O, and S=O.

[0096] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-3), Y1 and Y2 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8) and O.

[0097] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R7-R8 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0098] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R7 and R8 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted linear alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0099] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R7-R8 is independently selected from H, D, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, furyl, thienyl, and carbazolyl.

[0100] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-4), Ar7 to Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms.

[0101] In some embodiments thereof, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 ring atoms.

[0102] In some of these embodiments, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0103] In some of these examples, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 ring atoms, and an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 ring atoms.

[0104] In some embodiments thereof, Ar7 and Ar8 are similarly selected from any one of H, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, and a carbazolyl group.

[0105] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-4), Y3 to Y4 are similarly selected from any one of C(R7R8), O, S, N, C=O, and S=O, and each occurrence of R7 to R8 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0106] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1-4), X2 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6), and O, and each occurrence of R5-R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0107] In some embodiments thereof, X2 is selected from any one of a single bond, C(R5R6), and O; and each occurrence of R5-R6 is independently selected from any one of H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0108] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0109] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted linear alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0110] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, an unsubstituted linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and an unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0111] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R5 and R6 is independently selected from H, D, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, furyl, thienyl, and carbazolyl.

[0112] In some of these embodiments, X2 is selected from any one of a single bond and O.

[0113] In some embodiments, in formula (1-1) and formula (1-3), [ka] The same group is connected to the two linking sites "*" in the structure, In equations (1-2) and (1-4), [ka] The two condensation sites in the structure [ka] " has the same group condensed thereto.

[0114] In other words, in equations (1-1) and (1-3), [ka] The groups linked by the two linking sites "*" in the formula (1-1) and (1-3) are the same, and the types, numbers, and substitution positions of the nucleophiles and the substituents R2 on the nucleophiles on the two linking groups are all the same.

[0115] In some embodiments, the functional compound is any one of the following (1a) to (1e): [ka] where n 11 or n 13 Each occurrence of is independently an integer between 1 and 5, and n 12 or n 14 Each occurrence of is independently an integer between 1 and 4, and n 15 ~n 16 Each occurrence of each independently takes an integer between 1 and 6.

[0116] In some embodiments, n 11 Similarly, each time n appears, it takes an integer from 1 to 5. 13 Similarly, each time n appears, it takes an integer from 1 to 5. 12 Similarly, each time n appears, it takes an integer from 1 to 4. 14 Similarly, each time n appears, it takes an integer from 1 to 4. 15 Similarly, each time n appears, it takes an integer from 1 to 6. 16Similarly, each time it appears, it takes on an integer between 1 and 6.

[0117] Any one of the integer values ​​1 to 5 above includes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; any one of the integer values ​​1 to 4 includes 1, 2, 3, or 4; and any one of the integer values ​​1 to 6 includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0118] In some embodiments thereof, in formula (1a), formula (1c), and formula (1f): [ka] The same group is linked to the two linking sites "*" in the structure, and in formula (1b), formula (1d), and formula (1e), [ka] The two condensation sites in the structure [ka] " has the same group condensed thereto.

[0119] In some embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0120] In some embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0121] In some of these embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0122] In some embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0123] In some of these embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from straight chain alkane subunits having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0124] In some of these embodiments, each occurrence of L is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.

[0125] By further adjusting the length of the carbon chain in L, it is possible to maintain relatively good hydrophobicity while at the same time providing good self-organizing properties to the functional compound, thus improving the photocatalytic properties of solar cells. electric The conversion efficiency and stability can be further improved.

[0126] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from any one of -CHO, -CN, -C(O)R4, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH2, -NO2, -OH, -SH, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, -B(OH)2, halogen, an unsubstituted C1-10 alkyl group, a halogen-substituted C1-10 alkyl group, an unsubstituted C1-10 alkoxy group, a halogen-substituted C1-10 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted C2-10 olefin group, an unsubstituted C2-10 alkyne group, an unsubstituted C6-30 aromatic group, and a halogen-substituted C6-30 aromatic group.

[0127] In some of these examples, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, -B(OH)2, a halogen, an unsubstituted linear C alkyl group, a linear C alkyl group substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted C alkoxy group, an alkoxy group substituted with a halogen and having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted olefin group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen.

[0128] In some of these embodiments, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, -B(OH)2, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, an unsubstituted linear C alkyl group, a linear C alkyl group substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted linear olefinic group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen.

[0129] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R2 is independently selected from phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, -B(OH)2, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl, vinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, furyl, thienyl, and carbazolyl.

[0130] In some of these embodiments, R4 is selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted chain alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0131] In some of these embodiments, R4 is selected from unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0132] In some of these embodiments, R4 is selected from unsubstituted linear alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0133] In some of these embodiments, R4 is selected from any one of a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, and a pentyl group.

[0134] In some embodiments, the functional compounds can be prepared by referring to organic synthesis methods commonly used in the art, and the preparation methods are described below by way of examples, including but not limited to the following:

[0135] For example, the synthetic route of functional compound A containing -C(O)NH2 is as follows.

[0136] [ka]

[0137] When -CHO is contained, please refer to the above process for the preparation process, and change Step 1 accordingly to prepare the following intermediate, and then refer to Step 2 above to carry out the reaction, and reflux the reaction product in NaOH solution for hydrolysis to obtain the corresponding compound, and the synthesis route of Step 1 is as follows:

[0138] [ka]

[0139] If an acetyl group is contained, please refer to the above process for the preparation process, and change Step 1 accordingly to prepare the following intermediate, and the synthetic route is as follows, and please refer to the above process for the rest.

[0140] [ka]

[0141] When -SH is contained, please refer to the above process for the preparation process, and change Step 1 accordingly to prepare the following intermediate, and the synthetic route is as follows, and please refer to the above process for the rest.

[0142] [ka]

[0143] If it contains -OH, 3,6-dihydroxy-9-hydrocarbazole can be directly employed to displace intermediate E1 for subsequent steps.

[0144] When -C(O)SH is contained, please refer to the above process for the preparation process, and change Step 1 accordingly to prepare the following intermediate, and the synthetic route is as follows, and please refer to the above process for the rest.

[0145] [ka]

[0146] When -C(S)SH is included, please refer to the above process for the preparation process, and change Step 1 accordingly to prepare the following intermediate, and the synthetic route is as follows, and please refer to the above process for the rest.

[0147] [ka]

[0148] When L has a different carbon chain length, by changing the relevant raw materials in step 2, for example, replacing 2-bromobutylphosphonic acid diethyl ester with 2-bromomethylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, 2-bromoethylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, and 2-bromohexylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, respectively, different carbon chain length L have A functional compound is obtained.

[0149] Furthermore, the carboxylic acid group can also be obtained after oxidation of the aldehyde group, and the above is merely an illustrative example, and can also be obtained by reference to other reactions in organic synthesis methods, including but not limited to the above synthetic routes.

[0150] One embodiment of the present application provides a passivation film, and the components of the passivation film include the above-mentioned functional compound.

[0151] The structure of the functional compound is the same as above and will not be further described.

[0152] The functional compound has a specific group structure, in which the nucleophilic moiety comprises a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group or an aromatic amine group, has relatively low hydrophilicity, and is substituted with n2 R2, and at least one nitrogen atom in the nucleophilic moiety is linked to R1 via L to form an organic whole, where L is selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R1 and R2 are specific functional groups, or may bond with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, or may anchor a hole transport layer, or may interact with the A-site cation-containing hydrogen bond in the perovskite, thereby acting as a passivation metal ion, and L may reduce steric hindrance. The organic compound formed by the organic bond of Ar, L, and R1 can self-assemble and arrange through intermolecular interactions to form aggregates with an ordered structure, and can also form a relatively flat passivation film. When used in the manufacture of solar cells, this can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0153] The functional compound has a specific group structure, in which the nucleophilic moiety comprises a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group or an aromatic amine group, has relatively low hydrophilicity, and is substituted with n2 R2, and at least one nitrogen atom in the nucleophilic moiety is linked to R1 via L to form an organic whole, where L is selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R1 and R2 are specific functional groups, or may bond with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, anchor a hole transport layer, or interact with A-site cation hydrogen bonds in perovskite, thereby acting as passivating metal ions, and L can reduce steric hindrance. The organic compound formed by the organic bond of Ar, L, and R1 can self-assemble and arrange through intermolecular interactions to form aggregates with an ordered structure, and when used in the manufacture of solar cells, can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cells.

[0154] In some of the embodiments, the passivation film has a thickness of 5 nm to 100 nm.

[0155] An embodiment of the present application further provides a method for manufacturing the passivation film, which includes the following steps S10 to S20.

[0156] Step S10: Mixing the functional compound and the solvent to prepare a mixed solution.

[0157] Step S20: The mixture is applied to the surface of the substrate and dried to obtain a passivation film.

[0158] In some embodiments, the solvent is an organic solvent, and further, the solvent is selected from at least one of an alkane solvent, an alcohol solvent, an aromatic solvent, an amide solvent, and a sulfoxide solvent.

[0159] In some embodiments thereof, the solvent is selected from at least one of toluene, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and ethanol.

[0160] In some of the embodiments, the concentration of the mixture is 20 mg / mL to 100 mg / mL.

[0161] By adjusting the concentration of the mixture, the thickness of the produced passivation film can be further adjusted.

[0162] In some embodiments, the coating step may be performed by any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating, and slit coating.

[0163] In some embodiments, the drying step is used to remove the solvent, which may be removed by annealing or vacuum heating.

[0164] Referring to FIG. 1, the present application provides a solar cell 10, which includes a hole transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13, and a perovskite (PVD) layer. To layer 14, and the passivation layer 13 includes the functional compound.

[0165] The structure of the functional compound is the same as above and will not be further described here.

[0166] It can be appreciated that the metal oxide in the hole transport layer 12 can be any hole transport material commonly used in the art, including, but not limited to, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,Np-methoxyanilino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (Me-4Pacz), and derivatives thereof.

[0167] In some embodiments thereof, the composition of hole transport layer 12 includes at least one of nickel oxide, zinc oxide, and molybdenum oxide.

[0168] Passivation Layer 1 3 The functional compound in may bond with metal ions such as trivalent nickel, or may anchor a hole transport layer, or may interact with the A-site cation hydrogen bond in the perovskite, thereby acting as a passivation metal ion, and L may reduce steric hindrance. The organic compound formed by the organic bond of Ar, L, and R1 can self-assemble and arrange through intermolecular interactions to form aggregates with an ordered structure, which, when used in the production of solar cells, can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cells.

[0169] It can be appreciated that the components in the perovskite layer 14 include perovskite materials commonly used in the art.

[0170] In some embodiments thereof, the perovskite material has a chemical formula of ABX3 or A2CDX6, where A is an inorganic cation or an organic ammonium cation or a mixture of the two, and may be at least one of formamidine ion (FA), methylammonium ion (MA), and Cs; B is an inorganic metal cation, and may be at least one of Pb ion and Sn ion; C is a noble metal cation, typically Ag+; D is a heavy metal or rare metal cation, and may be a bismuth cation Bi 3+ , antimony cation Sb 3+ , and indium cation In 3+ X is oxygen or a halogen element, and may be at least one of O, Br, and I.

[0171] In some of the embodiments, the perovskite layer 14 has a band gap of 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV and a thickness of 200 nm to 1000 nm.

[0172] With continued reference to FIG. 1, the solar cell 10 further includes a first electrode 11 , an electron transport layer 15 , and a second electrode 16 .

[0173] Here, the first electrode 11 is located on the surface of the hole transport layer 12 remote from the passivation layer 13, the electron transport layer 15 is located on the surface of the perovskite layer 14 remote from the passivation layer 13, and the second electrode 16 is located on the surface of the electron transport layer 15 remote from the perovskite layer 14.

[0174] In some embodiments, the first electrode 11 is a transparent conductive electrode, and the material of the first electrode 11 may be any one of fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), and IZO.

[0175] In some embodiments, the components in electron transport layer 15 can be electron-transporting materials commonly used in the art, non-limiting examples of which include [6,6]-phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C71-methyl butyrate (PC71BM), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and the like.

[0176] In some embodiments, the material of the second electrode 16 may be any electrode material commonly used in the art, including, but not limited to, Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, and the like.

[0177] The solar cell may be an upright solar cell or an inverted solar cell, and may be manufactured by adopting a general solar cell manufacturing method in the art. The manufacturing processes of upright solar cells and inverted solar cells will be described below using examples, including but not limited to the following manufacturing methods.

[0178] The manufacturing method of an upright solar cell includes the following steps.

[0179] A transparent conductive glass substrate is etched, cleaned, and blow-dried to prepare it for use, a first electrode is formed on it, an electron transport layer is fabricated and formed on the first electrode, a perovskite layer is fabricated and formed on a surface of the electron transport layer remote from the first electrode, a passivation layer and a hole transport layer are sequentially formed on a surface of the perovskite layer remote from the electron transport layer, and a second electrode is fabricated on a surface of the hole transport layer remote from the passivation layer to produce an upright solar cell.

[0180] The manufacturing method of an inverted solar cell includes the following steps.

[0181] A transparent conductive glass substrate is etched, cleaned, and blow-dried to prepare it for use, a second electrode is formed on it, a hole transport layer is fabricated and formed on the second electrode, a passivation layer and a perovskite layer are fabricated and formed, in order, on a surface of the hole transport layer remote from the second electrode, an electron transport layer is fabricated and formed on a surface of the perovskite layer remote from the passivation layer, and a second electrode is formed on a surface of the electron transport layer remote from the perovskite layer to produce an inverted solar cell.

[0182] The components used in the manufacture of the passivation layer include the functional compounds described above, and the specific manufacturing process can be referred to the manufacturing process of the passivation film, and will not be further described here.

[0183] The manufacturing processes of the first electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer and second electrode can be performed using manufacturing methods commonly used in the art, including solution processes and solid deposition processes. The solution processes include any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating and slit coating, and the solid deposition processes include any one of vacuum deposition, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition and ion deposition.

[0184] An embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic assembly, which includes the solar cell described above.

[0185] The light from the solar cell electric The conversion efficiency is high and the stability is good, which can improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic assembly.

[0186] The photovoltaic assembly includes one or more solar cells, which can be selected according to a specific application scenario; further, the photovoltaic assembly includes multiple solar cells, which are connected in series or in parallel to form a cell sheet.

[0187] In some of these embodiments, the photovoltaic assembly further comprises a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a back panel.

[0188] An adhesive layer is provided on each of the two surfaces of the battery sheet, and a back panel is provided on the surface of one adhesive layer away from the battery sheet, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the battery sheet.

[0189] The photovoltaic glass layer and back panel are used to protect, seal, insulate and waterproof the solar cells, and the adhesive layer serves to bond the photovoltaic glass layer to the cell sheet and the back panel to the cell sheet.

[0190] Optionally, the material of the photovoltaic glass layer is tempered glass, the material of the back panel is TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the material of the adhesive layer is EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0191] Furthermore, the photovoltaic assembly further includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0192] The junction box is a power generation system for protecting the entire photovoltaic power generation assembly. It is equivalent to a current relay station. When the battery sheet is short-circuited, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0193] The outer frame can support and protect the entire solar power generation assembly, and the frame can be made of aluminum alloy material, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0194] Additionally, silica gel bonds and seals the connections between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic assembly, which can convert solar energy into electrical energy, send it to a battery for storage, or power a load.

[0195] In some embodiments thereof, the photovoltaic assembly is a solar panel.

[0196] An embodiment of the present application further provides a solar power generation system, including the solar power generation assembly described above.

[0197] The solar power generation system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the solar power generation assembly to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency, and further, the solar power generation system is a photovoltaic system.

[0198] A photovoltaic assembly is a core part in a photovoltaic system, and the photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic assemblies, which can be selected according to a specific application scenario. Furthermore, when the photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic assemblies, the multiple photovoltaic assemblies form a photovoltaic array.

[0199] The solar power generation system may be a stand-alone photovoltaic system or a grid-connected photovoltaic system.

[0200] A stand-alone photovoltaic system includes a photovoltaic array, a battery pack, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), a load, etc. Its working principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic array, and then converted by the power electronic converter to supply power to the load, while the excess electrical energy passes through the charge controller and is stored in the energy storage device in the form of chemical energy; when there is insufficient sunlight, the energy stored in the battery is boosted by the power electronic inverter, filtering, and an industrial frequency transformer to become 220V AC, 50 Hz electrical energy, which can be used to power the AC load.

[0201] The grid-connected photovoltaic system includes a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter) and system monitoring. Its working principle is that the solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted into high-frequency DC, which becomes high-voltage DC, and then inverted by the power electronic inverter to output a sinusoidal AC current with the same frequency as the grid voltage to the grid.

[0202] The two photovoltaic systems mentioned above each have their own characteristics, and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0203] The following describes the present application in conjunction with specific examples, but the present application is not limited to the following examples. It should be understood that the appended claims summarize the scope of the present application, and those skilled in the art, guided by the concept of the present application, should recognize that certain modifications made to each example of the present application are covered within the spirit and scope of the claims of the present application.

[0204] The following is a specific example.

[0205] Example 1 The production route of functional compound A is as follows.

[0206] [ka]

[0207] The specific manufacturing process is as follows.

[0208] 1. AlCl3 (23.9 g, 179.4 mmol) and acetyl chloride (21.3 mL, 299 mmol) were suspended in 200 mL of dichloromethane, stirred, and cooled to 0°C. 9H-Carbazole (10 g, 59.8 mmol) was added in portions within 0.5 h. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into 1 L of deionized water, added to a separatory funnel, and the organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 × 50 mL). The extracted organic phase and the collected organic layer were combined to obtain the organic component. The organic component was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. 14 g of solid product A1 was collected.

[0209] A nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectroscopy test was carried out on product A1, and the results were as follows:

[0210] 1 HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ:12.1 (s, 1 H), 9.0 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.1 (dd, J = 1.6, 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.6 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 2.7 (s, 6H).

[0211] As can be seen from the above results, the target product was successfully obtained through the above preparation steps, and the yield of product A1 calculated using the following formula was 93%.

[0212] Yield = moles of product A1 / moles of 9H-carbazole × 100% 2. 1.5 g of product A1 was dissolved in 45 ml of acetone, and 2.7 g of K2CO3 was added. The mixture was refluxed for 1.5 hours. 1.47 g of 2-bromobutylphosphonic acid diethyl ester was then added and stirred at 60°C overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product. The crude product was separated by silica gel chromatography and rinsed with a mixture of ethyl acrylate and CH3OH in a volume ratio of 15:1 to obtain a light brown solid product A2.

[0213] 3. Product A2 (0.42 g) was added to 20 mL of 0.5 M aqueous NaClO solution and heated at 50°C for 12 hours. The resulting solution was quenched with aqueous NaSO, filtered to remove solids, and the filtrate was added with NaOH (0.43 g) solution and refluxed for 4 hours. It was then acidified with 5 M HCl solution. The white precipitate was collected, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to obtain product A3.

[0214] A nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum test was carried out on product A3, and the test results were as follows:

[0215] 1 HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 1.07 (3H, t, J = 8 Hz), 2.22 (2H, m), 3.86 (2H, m), 4.67 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.73 (2H, d, J = 12 Hz), 8.13 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 8.89 (2H, d, J = 16 Hz).

[0216] As can be seen from the above results, the target product was successfully obtained through the above preparation steps, but in this case, the deuteration reagent used in nuclear magnetization undergoes H ion exchange with the active hydrogen on the acidic group, resulting in a situation where some H does not appear.

[0217] 4. Add product A3 (600 mg) to 6 mL of dry DMF and add triethylamine (NE t 3, 0.84 ml, 6 mmol) was added, and then 2-(7-azabenzotriazole)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HATU (0.76 g, 2 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, solid NH4Cl (0.32 g, 6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was treated with 60 ml of HO, stirred for 30 minutes, and filtered to obtain 450 mg of crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using a mixture of CHCl2 and MeOH in a volume ratio of 1:12 to obtain functional compound A.

[0218] The functional compound A was subjected to a nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum test, and the test results are as follows:

[0219] 1 HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 1.26 (2H, pent), 1.66 (2H, t), 1.74 (2H, m), 4.16 (2H, t), 4.80 (2H, s), 7.65 (2H, d), 7.79 (2H, d), 8.48 (4H, s), 8.80 (2H, s).

[0220] As can be seen from the above results, functional compound A was successfully obtained through the above production steps.

[0221] (2) The specific steps for manufacturing solar cells are as follows:

[0222] 1. Cleaning of FTO conductive glass: A 2.0cm x 2.0cm FTO conductive glass was placed in deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, and then ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes, then dried, and prepared for use.

[0223] 2. Preparation of electron transport layer: 15 wt% tin oxide solution and deionized water were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:3 and stirred at room temperature (25°C) for 1 hour. 70 μL of the mixture was spin-coated onto a conductive glass surface and heated at 150°C for 15 minutes to form an electron transport layer.

[0224] 3. Preparation of perovskite layer and passivation layer: Preparation of perovskite solution: Prepare a 4:1 volume ratio DMF:DMSO mixed solvent, add CsFAMA ternary perovskite, and magnetically stir at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain a perovskite solution ready for use. Functional compound A is dissolved in a poor solvent, isopropyl alcohol, to prepare for use. The conductive glass on which the electron transport layer was spin-coated in step 2 was irradiated with UV for 15 minutes, and then 60 μL of perovskite solution was dropped onto the surface of the electron transport layer and spin-coated. After a certain time, 600 μL of a poor solvent in which functional compound A had been dissolved was spin-coated, and the resulting material was annealed at 150°C for 1 hour to form a perovskite layer and a passivation layer, respectively.

[0225] 4. Fabrication of the hole transport layer: spiro(2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9'-spirobifluorene) was added to Li-TFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide)), tBP (4-tert-butylpyridine), and FK209 (tris[4-tert-butyl-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine]cobalt tris(1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methanesulfonylamide)), stirred for 1 hour, and filtered to obtain the hole transport material solution. 60 μL of the hole transport material solution was added dropwise to the surface of the passivation layer of the conductive glass spin-coated with the perovskite layer and passivation layer in step 3, spin-coated, and dried to obtain the hole transport layer.

[0226] 5. Fabrication of the back electrode: The hole transport layer of the device spin-coated in step 4 was scraped off from the electrode position, placed in an evaporation mask, and 80 nm of silver was evaporated in a vacuum evaporation system to obtain a complete perovskite solar cell.

[0227] 6. A step profiler was used to test the thickness of each functional layer in the perovskite solar cell. The thicknesses of the electron transport layer, perovskite layer, passivation layer and hole transport layer were 80nm, 750nm, 20nm and 100nm, respectively.

[0228] 7. Performance test:

number

[0229] Table 1 shows the photoelectric conversion efficiency results after the solar cell was left standing in an N2 atmosphere at 65°C for 3 days and 30 days.

[0230] Examples 2 to 4 Examples 2 to 4 are basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compounds B to D, respectively, and the specific structures are as follows.

[0231] [ka]

[0232] The manufacturing process of functional compounds B to D is A The only difference is that 2-bromobutylphosphonic acid diethyl ester in the preparation process of Example 1 is replaced with 2-bromomethylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, 2-bromoethylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, and 2-bromohexylphosphonic acid diethyl ester, respectively.

[0233] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1, and the specific results are as shown in Table 1.

[0234] Examples 5 to 10 Examples 5 to 10 are basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compounds E to J, respectively, and the specific structures are as follows.

[0235] [ka] [ka]

[0236] The specific steps are as follows:

[0237] Compound E: The synthesis route is as follows: In step 1, 3,6-dibromocarbazole (1 g, 3.10 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (30 mL) to obtain a pale yellow solution. This solution was stirred at -78 ° C (dry ice / acetone bath), and within 10 minutes, 12 mL of n-BuLi solution (n-butyllithium, 1.6 M, in hexane) was added. After the color of the reaction mixture became noticeably darker, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Anhydrous DMF (2.5 mL) was added at -78 ° C within 10 minutes to precipitate a pale yellow solid. The cooling bath was removed, the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 minutes, and 20 mL of hydrochloric acid (1 M) was added. The mixture was suction filtered, and the filtrate was repeatedly extracted with EtOAc (5 × 50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to obtain 0.99 g of a gray-white solid E1. The synthesis route is as follows:

[0238] [ka]

[0239] Further, solid E1 was used, and the reaction was carried out in accordance with Step 2 in Example 1. The reaction product was refluxed in an NaOH solution to carry out a hydrolysis reaction, and compound E was obtained.

[0240] Compound F: Refer to the preparation steps of Compound E, with the difference being Step 1, that is, in an anhydrous atmosphere, in an ice bath, a mixture of 0.97 g (5 mmol) of carbazole, 1.60 g (12 mmol) of AlCl3 and 150 mL of dry CS was added dropwise with 15.0 g of acetyl bromide (12 mmol), refluxed for 3 hours, evaporated the solvent, treated the residue with HCl diluted with ice, filtered, washed with distilled water and recrystallized from acetone to obtain 9-ethyl-3,6-diacetylcarbazole as pale yellow crystals (0.72 g), the synthesis route is as follows:

[0241] [ka]

[0242] For the remaining steps, refer to the steps for preparing Compound E.

[0243] Compound G: Refer to the preparation steps of Compound E, the difference is in step 1, i.e. 12.75 g (0.05 mol) of 3,6-carbazoledicarboxylic acid (cas: 3215-41-6) was added to a 250 mL three-neck flask, and 100 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added. 17.846 g (0.150 mol) of thionyl chloride was slowly added dropwise in an ice bath, followed by 3-4 drops of N,N-dimethylformamide as a catalyst. With magnetic stirring, argon gas was injected, and the mixture was heated to 75 °C and reacted for 12 h. The solvent and excess thionyl chloride were evaporated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow solid intermediate G1.

[0244] Further, the intermediate G1 is reacted with hydrogen sulfide to obtain the intermediate G2, and the synthetic route is as follows:

[0245] [ka]

[0246] For the remaining steps, refer to the steps for preparing Compound E.

[0247] Compound H: Refer to the preparation steps of Compound E, the difference is in step 1, i.e. In a 150ml flask, add 1mmol of 3,6-dihydroxy-9-hydrocarbazole, 1.2mmol of Na2S, and 0.1g of NaHCO3, add 50ml of ethanol, stir to mix uniformly, and react under reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate is distilled to remove the solvent. The resulting solid mixture is recrystallized to obtain the intermediate product, thiol sodium salt. An appropriate amount of 1mol / L hydrochloric acid is added, and the oxidation system is filtered, washed, dried, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target 3,6-dihydroxy-9-hydrocarbazole. The synthetic route is as follows:

[0248] [ka]

[0249] For the remaining steps, refer to the steps for preparing Compound E.

[0250] Compound I: Refer to the preparation steps of compound E, the difference is that step 1 is omitted, and 3,6-dihydroxy-9-hydrocarbazole is directly adopted to replace intermediate E1 for the subsequent steps.

[0251] For the remaining steps, refer to the steps for preparing Compound E.

[0252] Compound J: Refer to the preparation steps of Compound E, except that in Step 1, 9-hydrocarbazole, methylmagnesium bromide, and carbon disulfide are used to carry out a nucleophilic addition reaction in ethyl ether / DMF at 0°C to room temperature, and the preparation route is as follows:

[0253] [ka]

[0254] For the remaining steps, refer to the steps for preparing Compound E.

[0255] Examples 11-12 Examples 11 and 12 are basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compounds K to L, respectively, and the specific structures are as follows.

[0256] [ka]

[0257] The specific steps are as follows:

[0258] Compound K: Refer to the preparation steps of Compound E, the difference being that in step 1, diphenylamine is employed to replace 9H-carbazole.

[0259] Compound L: Referring to the preparation steps of compound E, the difference is that in step 1, the following synthetic route is carried out first.

[0260] [ka]

[0261] The above product was then used to replace 9H-carbazole, and the remaining steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0262] Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 1 is basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compound Q, and the specific structure is as follows:

[0263] [ka]

[0264] The preparation steps were the same as for Functional Compound E, with the following differences: In step 1, 3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole (5 g, 15.38 mmol) and anhydrous NiCl (1.33 g, 10.25 mmol) were stirred in 40 mL of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene under a N atmosphere at 170 °C. Triethyl phosphite (9.6 mL, 55.7 mmol) was added using a syringe pump within 1 hour. The reaction mixture was maintained at 170 °C for 20 hours, cooled to room temperature, and the catalyst NiCl was separated from the mixture by vacuum filtration. The solvent was removed by distillation. The resulting solid was dissolved in 50 mL of dichloromethane and washed with water (3 × 50 mL). The organic solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. 50 mL of ethyl ether was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and the product was filtered to obtain 3,6-bis(diethylphosphino)-9H-carbazole. The synthetic route for this step is as follows:

[0265] [ka]

[0266] The remaining steps are the same as for compound E, specifically as shown in Table 1.

[0267] Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 2 is basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compound R, and the specific structure is as follows:

[0268] [ka]

[0269] The preparation steps are the same as those of functional compound A, except that the operation in step 1 is as follows: in a 50 mL flask, 2.5 g of 3,6-dinitro-9H-carbazole and 107 mg of palladium (1.0 mmol) are mixed together on activated carbon, and then 12 mL of ethanol is added, and the mixture is heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour to react. Then, 3.5 mL of hydrazine monohydrate is added, and the mixture is heated at 55°C for 36 hours. After cooling and reacting, the crude mixture is filtered and washed with ethanol. Finally, the filtrate is dried and purified twice by silica gel column chromatography, first in toluene and then in a mixture of cyclohexane / ethyl acetate (volume ratio 95 / 5), to obtain the light brown compound 3,6-diamino-9H-carbazole.

[0270] The subsequent synthesis steps were carried out in accordance with Steps 2 and 3 in the functional compound synthesis pathway to obtain Compound R.

[0271] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1, specifically as shown in Table 1.

[0272] Comparative Example 3 Comparative Example 3 is basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that functional compound A is replaced with functional compound S, the specific structure of which is as follows:

[0273] [ka]

[0274] The preparation steps refer to functional compound A, except that the operation in step 1 is as follows: A mixture of potassium carbonate (26.528 g, 191.9 mmol), 2-chloro-4-fluoro-N-(4-fluorophenyl)aniline (23.0 g, 96.0 mmol), tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluoroborate (3.534 g, 9.6 mmol), palladium diacetate (1.077 g, 4.8 mmol), and anhydrous N,N-dimethylacetamide (200 mL) was stirred at 130 °C under nitrogen gas for 16 hours. After cooling, the mixture was concentrated, the residue was treated with ethyl acetate, filtered through diatomaceous earth, the filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified on a short silica gel column (dichloromethane / hexane 1:1 volume ratio) to give the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized from a 1:1 volume ratio of hexane-dichloromethane to give 3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole as a white powder. The nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum data are as follows:

[0275] 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, 2H, J=8.7, 2.7 Hz), 7.36 (dd, 2H, J=8.7, 4.2 Hz), 7.19 (td, 2H, J=9.0, 2.7 Hz).

[0276] The subsequent synthesis steps were carried out in accordance with Steps 2 and 3 in the functional compound synthesis pathway, to obtain Compound S.

[0277] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0278] Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 4 is basically the same as Example 1, except that in Comparative Example 4, the intermediate compound A3 in Example 1 is used to replace the functional compound A to prepare a passivation layer.

[0279] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0280] Comparative Example 5 Comparative Example 5 is basically the same as Example 1, with the only difference being that the solar cell of Comparative Example 5 does not include a passivation layer.

[0281] The remaining steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0282] The relevant physical parameters and test results for each of the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0283] [Table 1]

[0284] As can be seen from the experimental results in the table above, when the functional compound of the present application is used to prepare a passivation layer and is used in the manufacture of a solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell can be improved.

[0285] As described above, the technical features of the embodiments can be combined in any manner. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described, but as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope described in this specification.

[0286] As described above, the examples merely represent several embodiments of the present application, and although the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be understood as limitations on the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present application, and all of these fall within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present application should be based on the scope of the attached claims, and the specification and drawings may be used to interpret the content of the claims. In certain embodiments, for example, the following items are provided: (Item 1) A functional compound represented by formula (1):

change

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[0287] 10 solar cell, 11 first electrode, 12 hole transport layer, 13 passivation layer, 14 perovskite layer, 15 electron transport layer, 16 second electrode.

Claims

1. A functional compound represented by formula (1): 【Chemistry 57】 where: 【Chemistry 58】 is n ２ R ２ a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic group having 5 to 60 ring atoms or an aromatic amine group having 6 to 60 ring atoms substituted with 【Chemistry 59】 At least one nitrogen atom in １ Pieces -LR １ are connected, each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R １ each occurrence independently represents -CHO, -CN, or -C(O)R ４ , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH ２ , -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH ２ , -NO ２ , —OH, —SH, phosphonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, —B(OH) ２ and halogen, R ２ each occurrence independently represents -CHO, -CN, or -C(O)R ４ , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH ２ , -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH ２ , -NO ２ , —OH, —SH, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted olefin group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms; And each R １ and R ２ and at least one of -CHO, -C(O)R ４ , —C(O)NH ２ , —C(O)SH, —C(S)SH, —OH, or —SH; R ４ is independently selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, n １ is an integer ≧1, and n ２ is an integer ≧1, and is a functional compound.

2. Each R １ and R ２ and at least one of -C(O)NH ２ The functional compound according to claim 1 , selected from:

3. Each R ２ At least one of the groups is —C(O)NH ２ The functional compound according to claim 1 , selected from:

4. n ２ ≧2, and each R ２ At least two of the are —C(O)NH ２ The functional compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, selected from:

5. The functional compound is represented by any one of formulas (1-1) to (1-4), 【Transformation 60】 Here, Ar １ ~Ar ８ are each independently selected from H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; X １ ~X ２ Each of them is a single bond, C(R ５ R ６ ), O, S, N, C═O or S═O, and R ５ ~R ６ is independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; Y １ ~Y ４ are each independently C(R ７ R ８ ), O, S, N, C═O or S═O, and R ７ ~R ８ is independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted alkane group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms; n ３ ~n １０ are each independently an integer ≧0, and n ３ +n ４ ≧1, n ５ +n ６ ≧1, n ７ +n ８ ≧1, n ９ +n １０ The functional compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R is 1 or more;

6. In formula (1-1), Ar １ ~Ar ２ is similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms.

7. Formula (1-2) is (1) In formula (1-2), Ar ３ ~Ar ４ is similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; (2) In formula (1-2), X １ is a single bond, C(R ５ R ６ ) and O; R ５ ~R ６ each occurrence of which satisfies at least one of the following conditions: is independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffin group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

8. Formula (1-3) is (3) In formula (1-3), Ar ５ ~Ar ６ is similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; (4) In formula (1-3), Y １ ~Y ２ Similarly, C(R ７ R ８ ), O, S, N, C═O or S═O, and R ７ ~R ８ each occurrence of which satisfies at least one of the following conditions: is independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffin group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

9. Formula (1-4) is (5) In formula (1-4), Ar ７ ~Ar ８ is similarly selected from any one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 40 ring atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 40 ring atoms; (6) In formula (1-4), Y ３ ~Y ４ Similarly, C(R ７ R ８ ), O, S, N, C═O or S═O, and R ７ ~R ８ are each independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffinic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; (7) In formula (1-4), X ２ is a single bond, C(R ５ R ６ ) and O; R ５ ~R ６ each occurrence of which satisfies at least one of the following conditions: is independently selected from H, D, a substituted or unsubstituted paraffin group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.

10. In formula (1-1) and formula (1-3), 【Chemistry 61】 The same group is connected to the two linking sites "*" in the structure, In formula (1-2) and formula (1-4), 【Transformation 62】 The two condensation sites in the structure 【Transformation 63】 The functional compound according to any one of claims 5 to 9, wherein the same group is condensed to ".

11. The functional compound is any one of the following (1a) to (1e): 【Chemistry 64】 Here, n １１ or n １３ each occurrence independently represents an integer from 1 to 5, and n １２ or n １４ each occurrence independently represents an integer from 1 to 4, and n １５ ~n １６ The functional compound according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein each occurrence of each independently takes an integer of 1 to 6.

12. 12. The functional compound according to claim 1, wherein each occurrence of L is independently selected from paraffin subunits having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

13. R ２ each occurrence independently represents -CHO, -CN, or -C(O)R ４ , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH ２ , -C(O)SH, -C(S)SH, -NH ２ , -NO ２ , —OH, —SH, phosphonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, sulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, —B(OH) ２ , a halogen, an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen, an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen, an olefin group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted alkyne group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and an aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen.

14. R ４ is selected from any one of substituted or unsubstituted chain alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

15. The functional compounds are the following A to L: 【Transformation 65】 【Chemical Formula 66】 【Transformation 67】 The functional compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising at least one of:

16. A passivation film, the component of which comprises the functional compound according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. A solar cell comprising a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a perovskite light-emitting layer, which are stacked one on top of the other, wherein a component of the passivation layer comprises the functional compound according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

18. A photovoltaic assembly comprising the solar cell of claim 17.

19. 20. A photovoltaic system comprising the photovoltaic assembly of claim 18.

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