Composite structure, manufacturing method, and restraint device

Abstract

This application relates to a composite structural member comprising a portion A, a portion B, and a portion C or / and a portion H. The portion A is a solid device having one or more cavities; the portion B is located within at least one cavity; or / and portions B and C are located within at least one cavity. The portion B comprises one or more solidifiable materials. The portion C comprises one or more restraining devices, the restraining devices enclose or enclose a spatial region, the portion B material is located within the region, and a connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraining device and the external region of the restraining device. The portion H is a solid device, the device encloses an outer cavity A, the outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of the portion A, the outer cavity A contains at least one solidifiable material, and the outer cavity A has a connecting passage to at least one cavity of the portion A.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the fields of architecture, bridges, underground engineering, water control, machinery, etc. Specifically, it relates to a composite structure and a manufacturing method thereof.

Background Art

[0002] In a steel tube concrete composite structure, the concrete may shrink. In this case, separation occurs between the concrete and the inner wall of the steel tube, affecting the synergistic effect of both, and thus the mechanical properties of the composite structure deteriorate.

[0003] In the prior literature, there are two ways to solve this problem. As the first method, the shrinkage characteristics of the concrete material are changed to reduce the shrinkage amount as much as possible or to expand the material. Such a method is not suitable for high-strength concrete or ultra-high-strength concrete. Since such a method has no relation to the present invention, its description is omitted.

[0004] As the second method, after filling the steel tube with concrete, both ends of the steel tube are closed and pressure is applied to the concrete. The most representative method among them is to place a pressure maintaining device, such as a gas bag, inside the sealed steel tube concrete and apply pressure to the concrete. The advantage of such a device is that when the concrete is in a flowable state, if shrinkage occurs, the pressure maintaining device expands to compensate for the increased space due to the shrinkage in the hollow part of the steel tube. Thereby, the decrease range of the compressive stress of the concrete can be kept within the required range. Even after the concrete hardens, there is still compressive stress between the outer surface of the pressure maintaining device and the concrete. However, such a structure has the disadvantage that the gas bag or the like becomes a vulnerable part in the concrete, impairing the load capacity of the entire steel tube concrete column.

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0005] During the setting and hardening process of cement, chemical shrinkage occurs, meaning that the absolute volume after hydration becomes smaller than the sum of the volumes of water and other components involved in hydration before hydration. In steel-pipe concrete composite structures, the volume shrinkage of the concrete inside the steel pipe leads to insufficient contact between the concrete and the inner wall of the steel pipe, which can even cause the concrete to delaminate from the inner wall of the steel pipe. In this case, the synergistic effect between the steel pipe and the concrete cannot be fully realized. High-strength concrete, ultra-high-strength concrete, and reactive powdered concrete have relatively high concentrations of cement and active admixtures, and therefore experience greater volume shrinkage during the hardening process, resulting in a more significant deterioration of the synergistic effect with the steel pipe.

[0006] The strength of a hardened cement body is related to the voids within it; the smaller the voids, the higher the strength. During the setting and hardening process of cement, sufficient shrinkage and compression of the cement can reduce the voids within the hardened cement body, thereby improving its strength. The strength of both cement mortar and concrete is related to the strength of the hardened cement body; the higher the strength of the hardened cement body, the higher the strength of the corresponding material.

[0007] Reactive powder concrete is a mixture of cement, silica fume, quartz powder, etc., and water as a base material. The product after hydration differs in composition from conventional cementitious materials, and its strength is related to the void ratio; the fewer the voids, the higher the strength.

[0008] In cementitious bodies, cement mortar, concrete, and reactive powdered concrete, the axial strength is related to the lateral compressive stress, and the greater the lateral compressive stress, the higher the strength.

[0009] This explanation will describe the technical problem we aim to solve using a steel-tube concrete column as an example. A steel-tube concrete column is constructed by closing both ends of a steel pipe, installing a pressure maintenance device in the hollow section of the pipe, and filling the hollow section with concrete. When the concrete is still in a flowable state, it begins to be subjected to artificially applied pre-compressive stress.

[0010] (1) The first group of technical problems that the present invention aims to solve is to improve the uniaxial strength and triaxial strength of the concrete in steel pipe concrete, thereby improving the overall load capacity of the steel pipe concrete column.

[0011] (2) The second group of technical problems that the present invention aims to solve are to achieve the following two objectives by inventing a pressure maintenance method and a pressure maintenance device. a. When the concrete is in a flowable state, the compressive stress of the concrete in the steel pipe is kept generally stable or changes within the required range. b. When the concrete has reached or is close to its final strength, and the steel pipe concrete is subjected to an axial load, the pressure maintenance device provides sufficient radial resistance to prevent the surrounding concrete from bulging into the area occupied by the pressure maintenance device, thereby preventing a decrease in the axial load capacity of the surrounding concrete caused by bulging.

[0012] (3) The third group of technical problems that the present invention aims to solve is to find a way to prevent the failure of the entire member due to localized failure in large members, and to improve the reliability of large members.

[0013] (4) The fourth group of technical problems that the present invention aims to solve are the problem of overload of large members, in particular the problem of overload of giant columns in skyscrapers, and the problem of the self-weight of large-span bridge arches. [Means for solving the problem]

[0014] It is a composite structural member and has the following characteristics: (1) The member includes part A and part B. (2) The member includes a portion C, or / and the member includes a portion H in a certain period of time, or includes a portion H in a long period of time. Here, (i) The part A is a solid-state device having one or more cavities, and has the following characteristics: (i) Part A has at least one cavity in which part B exists, or / and (ii) At least one cavity in part A contains part B and part C. (ii) The portion B comprises one or more solidifiable materials, and the different solidifiable materials occupy different spatial regions in the cavity of the portion A. (iii) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device encircles or surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device, and the material that is part B is located within this region. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, and the passage is suitable for the material, which is a flowing portion B near one or both ends of the passage, to flow through. The peripheral region of the restraint device encircles or surrounds the restraint device. (iv) The aforementioned part H is a solid device, which surrounds the outer cavity A and has the following characteristics. (i) The outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of part A. (ii) At least one type of solidifiable material is present in the outer cavity A during at least one period. (iii) At least one time interval, a connecting passage exists between the outer cavity A and at least one cavity of the portion A, and the passage is suitable for a flowable portion B of material located near one or both ends of the passage to flow through.

[0015] Furthermore, the member has the following characteristic A, or / and characteristic B. (i) The above-mentioned feature A (1) The spatial region corresponding to the cavity of at least one part A is a single-communication region, or / and (2) The spatial region corresponding to the cavity of at least one part A has the following characteristics:

[0016] At least one cross-section can be found corresponding to the cavity, and in the cross-section, the planar region corresponding to the cavity is a multi-communication region.

[0017] (ii) The above-mentioned feature B (1) The portion A has two or more cavities. (2) At least two cavities are isolated from each other, and / or, and at least two cavities are in communication.

[0018] Furthermore, at least one of the cavities in part A has the following characteristics:

[0019] The portion A surrounding this cavity has energy-storing properties. When the pressure exerted by the static fluid inside the cavity increases, the volume of the cavity increases, and portion A absorbs energy. When the pressure exerted by the static fluid inside the cavity decreases, the volume of the cavity decreases, and portion A releases energy.

[0020] Furthermore, of the cavities in part A, at least one cavity has at least one of the following three characteristics. (1) When pressure is applied to the static fluid inside the cavity on the inner wall of the cavity in portion A, at least a certain range of portion A undergoes bending deformation. (2) When the inner wall of the cavity in part A is subjected to pressure from the static fluid inside the cavity, at least two regions A and B in part A undergo a change in curvature, and the amount of change in curvature of region A is not equal to the amount of change in curvature of region B. (3) When the inner wall of the cavity in part A is subjected to pressure from the static fluid inside the cavity, a bending moment, and / or a change in bending moment occurs in at least one region on one cross-section of part A.

[0021] Furthermore, the external cavity A has at least the following feature A, or / and feature B. (i) The above-mentioned feature A The aforementioned external cavity A has at least one of the following three characteristics during any given period: (1) A portion of the space region of the outer cavity A is occupied by compressed gas, and the compressed gas applies force to the surface of material B in the outer cavity A. (2) In the outer cavity A, a bag-type pressurizing device or / bag-type energy storage device is provided, or another pressurizing device and / or energy storage device is provided. (3) The housing of the outer cavity A can store energy, When the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A increases, the volume of the outer cavity A increases, and the housing of the outer cavity A absorbs energy. When the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A decreases, the volume of the outer cavity A decreases, and the housing of the outer cavity A releases energy.

[0022] (ii) The above-mentioned feature B Pressure exists in the material that constitutes part B for at least a certain period of time. When the total volume of the medium in the cavity of part A increases, the flowable material B located near the connecting passage in the cavity of part A enters the cavity outside A through the connecting passage. As the total volume of the medium in the cavity of part A decreases, material B, which is in a flowable state located near the connecting passage in the cavity outside A, enters the cavity of part A through the connecting passage. Furthermore, the inner wall of the outer cavity A includes a region of the outer surface of part A.

[0023] Furthermore, the material for part B is selected from the following four types. (1) Cement-based materials Preferably, the cement-based material includes cement mortar, reactive powder concrete, ordinary strength concrete, high strength concrete, and ultra-high strength concrete. (2) A mixture of cement-based material and polymer material, in which cement is involved in hydration. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer emulsion. Preferably, the polymer material is a self-curing polymer material containing an epoxy resin. (3) Polymer materials that can be cured on their own Preferably, the self-curing polymer material includes an epoxy resin. (4) Mixture of polymer material and solid powder or / or solid granules Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and a solid powder. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and solid granules. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material, a solid powder, and solid granules.

[0024] Preferably, the solid powder is a metal powder or an inorganic non-metallic material powder. The solid granules are metal granules or inorganic non-metallic material granules. Preferably, the inorganic non-metallic material powder and granules are stone powder and stone, respectively.

[0025] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, materials B1, B2...B i ,B i+1 ···B M The material, which is part B of type M, is located in different spatial regions, provided that M ≥ 1.

[0026] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, there exists at least one i and one j, where 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, M ≥ 2, i ≠ j, and Bi Material and B j The materials are adjacent. The said B i materials and B j materials have the following characteristics, (1) B i At least a part of the boundary surface of the material and B j At least a part of the boundary surface of the material are in direct contact, and / or, (2) B i At least a part of the boundary surface of the material and B j There is an isolation device between at least a part of the boundary surfaces of the materials.

[0027] Furthermore, in the at least one cavity of the part A, the material that is the part B has at least the following characteristic I or characteristic II.

[0028] (I) As the said characteristic I, the material that is the part B has at least one of the following characteristic A and characteristic B. (1) The said characteristic A There exist at least one m and one n, provided that 1 ≤ m ≤ M, 1 ≤ n ≤ M, M ≥ 2, m ≠ n are satisfied, and there is at least one time zone corresponding to the m and n. In this time zone, B m material, compared with B n material has relatively high fluidity. (2) The said characteristic B There exist at least one m and one n, provided that 1 ≤ m ≤ M, 1 ≤ n ≤ M, M ≥ 2, m ≠ n are satisfied, and the above-mentioned B m and B n materials have the following characteristics. (i) The end time of the flowable state of the said B n material is after the end time of the flowable state of B m material and earlier than the appearance time of the conversion point of the volume shrinkage of B m material, or, (ii) The end time of the flowable state of the said B n material is after the appearance time of the conversion point of the volume shrinkage of B m material.

[0029] (ii) The above feature II is such that there is at least one k such that 1 ≤ k ≤ M, and the corresponding B k The material has at least one of the following characteristics: A, B, or C. (i) Feature A The hollow portion enclosed by part A contains at least one region Q1, and all of region Q1 is B k It is occupied by the material. When the B1 material is in a flowable state, in one of the time periods, multiple time periods, or all of the stages, the B of region Q1 k The material has the following characteristics: a. B in area Q1 k The compressive stress acting on the material is higher than that at normal pressure, or / and b. Region Q1 B k The temperature of the materials is higher than room temperature.

[0030] (ii) Characteristics B The hollow portion enclosed by part A contains at least one region Q2, and all of region Q2 is B k It is dominated by materials. B k In the solidification process in which a material changes from a fluid state to a solid state, during one time period, multiple time periods, or all stages, the B in region Q2 k The material has the following properties. a. B in region Q2 k is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, residual precompressive stress, or / and b. The aforementioned B in region Q2 k The temperature is higher than room temperature.

[0031] (iii) Characteristic C The hollow portion enclosed by part A contains at least one region Q3, and all of region Q3 is B k It is dominated by materials. B k After the material hardens, it possesses the following properties. a. Material B in region Q3 k is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, residual precompressive stress, or / and b. The aforementioned B in region Q3 k The temperature is higher than room temperature.

[0032] Furthermore, at least one cavity in part A contains the material and restraint device of part B, and an energy storage device and / or a pressurizing device exists within at least a certain time period.

[0033] The energy storage device has the characteristic that when the pressure on its outer surface increases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device decreases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the pressure on its outer surface decreases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device increases, and the energy storage device releases energy.

[0034] The pressurizing device is selected from a pressurizing piston, a pressurizing gas bag, a pressurizing liquid bag, a pressurizing gas-liquid bag, and a self-expanding pressurizing device. Preferably, the pressurizing device further includes a pressurizing conduit connected to the cavity of part A and a medium in the conduit.

[0035] Furthermore, at least one cavity in part A contains material that is part B, and at least one of the following devices exists: (1) Volume compensation device with housing, (2) Energy storage devices, (3) Pressurizing device Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, there is a further part E, and part E comprises one or more support devices, the support devices being solid devices. After the material of part B solidifies, the support devices can share external forces with the solidified material of part B.

[0036] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, a support device belonging to at least one part E is surrounded or enclosed by the material that is part B.

[0037] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, at least one support device belonging to part E has one of the following characteristics: (1) The support device is made of structural steel. (2) The support device is a solid material block having a regular shape. (3) The support device is a block of rock having a regular shape. (4) The support device has a regular shape geometry, and the material of the geometry is a solidified, hardenable material. (5) The support device has a regular shape geometry that includes reinforcing bars and solidified solidifiable material. (6) The support device has a regular shape geometry that includes a shaped steel and a solidified solidifiable material. (7) The support device has a regular shape geometry including structural steel, reinforcing bars, and solidified solidifiable material. Preferably, the solidifiable material is selected from cement-based materials, polymer materials, and mixtures of cement-based materials and polymer materials.

[0038] Preferably, the cement-based material is cement mortar, reactive powdered concrete, ordinary concrete containing coarse aggregate, high-strength concrete, and ultra-high-strength concrete.

[0039] Preferably, the support device is a reinforcing bar member, and / or a steel pipe concrete member.

[0040] Furthermore, at least one of the cavities in part A has the following characteristic A, and characteristic A means that at least one restraining device in the cavity has the following characteristics within a certain period of time. (1) Volume contraction of material B occurs in the internal region of the restraint device. When an isolation device exists within the internal region of the restraint device, the material B within the internal region of the restraint device includes the material that is a portion B located within the internal region of the isolation device and the material B interposed between the outside of the isolation device and the inside of the restraint device. (2) In the area surrounding the restraining device, the material B is in a flowable state and compressive stress exists within the material B. (3) The material B in the peripheral region of the restraint device is compressed by the pressure through the connecting passage to fill the volume contraction of the material B in the internal region of the restraint device. Furthermore, at least one restraint device in the at least one cavity of part A has the following characteristics.

[0041] There is a corresponding restraint direction for the aforementioned restraint device. After the material B portion becomes solid, if the material B within the internal region of the restraint device expands in the restraint direction of the restraint device due to external force or other factors, the restraint device can also limit the expansion of the material B within the internal region and reduce the amount of expansion.

[0042] Furthermore, it has either characteristic I or characteristic II below, (i) The above feature I is, In at least one cavity of part A, only one type of material, which is part B, is filled.

[0043] (ii) The above feature II is, In at least one cavity of part A, the material filling part B includes two or more materials, each occupying a different region.

[0044] Among these, there are two types of materials, designated as B1 material and B2 material, and the B1 material and B2 material have at least one of the following characteristics: (i) The B1 material is present in at least one internal region of the restraint device, and the B2 material is present in all areas other than the internal regions of the restraint device. (ii) The B1 material is present in the internal region of at least one isolation device, and the B2 material is present in the region outside the isolation device. (iii) In each internal region of the restraint device, the material of portion B1 is present, and the aforementioned material B2 is present in all areas outside the internal regions of the restraint devices. (iv) Partial material B1 is present in the internal region of each isolation device, and material B2 is present in the external region of all isolation devices.

[0045] Furthermore, the B1 and B2 materials have at least one of the following features A and B, (1) The above-mentioned feature A There is at least one time period during which material B2 has relatively higher fluidity compared to material B1.

[0046] (2) The above feature B is, The B1 and B2 materials have the following characteristics: (i) The end time of the flowable state of material B2 is after the end time of the flowable state of material B1, and earlier than the time of the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction of material B1. Or, (ii) The end of the flowable state of material B2 is after the time of the change in volume of material B1.

[0047] Furthermore, part A includes one or more tubes, each tube having one or more tube holes, and within all tube holes of all tubes there is one or more closed tube holes, and both ends of each closed tube hole are closed by a closing device. Each of the closed tube holes is a cavity of part A.

[0048] Furthermore, part A has at least one of the following features: (1) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having a plurality of tube holes, each tube being a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole being one cavity of the portion A. (2) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having a plurality of tube holes, each tube having only one tube hole that is a sealed tube hole, and each sealed tube hole is a single cavity in the portion A. (3) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having one tube hole, at least one tube having a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole is a cavity of the portion A. (4) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having one tube hole, each tube hole being a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole being a cavity of the portion A. (5) The portion A includes a tube having a plurality of pores, at least one of which is a closed pore, and each closed pore is a cavity of the portion A. (6) The portion A includes a tube having a plurality of pores, each of which is a closed pore, and each closed pore is a cavity of the portion A. (7) The portion A comprises one tube and two sealing devices, the tube having only one tube hole, and both ends of the tube hole are sealed by the sealing devices. The sealed tube hole is one cavity in the portion A. (8) The portion A comprises at least one inner tube and one outer tube, the inner tube being in the hollow portion of the outer tube, and the end of the region between the outer wall of the inner tube and the inner wall of the outer tube being sealed by a sealing device. The region sealing the space between the inner and outer tubes is one cavity of the portion A, and the ends of the inner and outer tubes are, preferably, such that the length of the inner tube is greater than the length of the outer tube. At least one end of the inner tube extends beyond the end of the outer tube.

[0049] Furthermore, of all sealing holes in all pipes, the spatial region corresponding to at least one sealing hole is a single-communication region.

[0050] Furthermore, of all sealing holes in all tubes, the spatial region corresponding to at least one sealing hole has the following characteristics:

[0051] At least one cross-section has a planar region corresponding to the closed pipe hole that is a multi-communication region. Furthermore, in part A, at least one pipe has the following characteristics. The axis of the aforementioned pipe is a straight line, or, The axis of the aforementioned pipe is curved, preferably an arched curve. Or, The axis of the pipe includes at least one segment of straight line and at least one segment of curve.

[0052] Furthermore, at least one tube in section A has one of the following features: (1) At least within a certain range of the pipe, the shape and dimensions of the cross-section of the pipe are the same at different positions along its length. (2) At least within a certain range of the pipe, the cross-sections at different positions along the length are similar in shape but different in dimensions. (3) At least within a certain range of the pipe, at least two different locations can be found in the longitudinal direction, the cross-sectional shapes of these two locations are not similar, and their dimensions are different.

[0053] Furthermore, in section A, at least one tube is a high-energy storage tube, and a characteristic of the high-energy storage tube is that at least one bore within the tube is a closed bore. When the bore wall of the closed bore is subjected to static fluid pressure, the tube wall deforms, absorbing and storing energy. When the bore wall is subjected to the same static fluid pressure, the energy stored in the high-energy storage tube is much higher than the energy absorbed and stored in the reference tube. The reference tube and the high-energy storage tube are the same in length, bore cross-sectional circumference, and material.

[0054] Furthermore, in section A, at least one tube includes a high-energy storage stage. The high-energy storage stage is a tube having the same cross-section as the high-energy storage tube.

[0055] Furthermore, the high-energy storage tube or the high-energy storage stage has at least one of the following three features: A, B, and C. (1) The above-mentioned feature A For any one cross-section, the curvature of at least two segments of the entire outer contour of the pipe is different. Or / and For any one cross-section, the curvature of at least two segments of the inner contour of the pipe is different. The inner contour is the line of intersection between the inner surface of the pipe and the cross-section. (2) The above-mentioned feature B For any one cross-section, at least one segment of the entire contour of part A is a straight line. OR / AND, for any one cross-section, at least one segment of the entire inner contour of part A is a straight line. (3) The above feature C For any given cross-section, a figure enclosed by an outer contour is an outward-convex polygon, and / or a figure enclosed by an inner contour is an outward-convex polygon.

[0056] Furthermore, in the hollow portion of at least one sealing tube hole in at least one of the tubes, one or more restraining devices are present, and the restraining devices are selected from type A, type B, type C, and type D restraining devices. (1) The Type A restraint device includes a pipe having holes in its wall. (2) The Type B restraint device comprises a plurality of short pipes, with a gap between two adjacent pipes. Preferably, the adjacent short pipes have the same diameter. Preferably, of the two adjacent short pipes, the outer diameter of one short pipe is smaller than the inner diameter of the other short pipe, and one short pipe is inserted into the hole of the other short pipe. (3) The Type C restraint device includes a spiral hoop. Preferably, the hoop includes a gap. Preferably, the gap changes periodically. Preferably, the gap is constant. (4) The T-shaped restraint device is a spiral band with gaps.

[0057] Furthermore, in at least one sealed tube hole in at least one of the tubes, there is one or more restraining devices, and in the internal region of at least one of the restraining devices, there is one or more isolation devices. The material of portion B located in the internal region of the isolation device is different from the material of portion B located in the peripheral region of the isolation device.

[0058] moreover, (1) The isolation device is a cylindrical device. At different positions along the length, the size of the cross-section of the cylindrical device may be the same or different, but the cross-sectional shapes may be the same, similar, different, or dissimilar. (2) In at least some cross-sections, the circumference of the outer contour of the cylindrical device is constant, and the area of ​​the cylindrical cross-section is variable.

[0059] Furthermore, the cross-section of the isolation device has at least one of the following characteristics. (1) The outer contour of the cross-section of the isolation device consists of a smooth curve and / or a straight line. (2) The outer contour of the cross-section of the isolation device includes an outward-convex curve and an inward-convex curve. (3) In the cross-section, the figure enclosed by the outer contour line of the isolation device is a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners. (4) In the cross-section, one segment, multiple segments, or all of the outer contour lines are wavy, jagged, or square-wave shaped.

[0060] Furthermore, the isolation device located in at least one closed tube hole of at least one of the tubes has the following characteristics. The lower end of the isolation device is closed, or / and The upper end of the isolation device is either completely covered or partially covered. Preferably, the closing device and / or upper shielding device provided at the lower end of the isolation device is an iron shell having annular ripples.

[0061] Furthermore, an external cavity A exists outside the tube wall of at least one tube bore in at least one of the tubes. Furthermore, a rectangular A outer cavity or an annular A outer cavity exists on the outside of the wall of at least one of the pipes. Furthermore, a sealing plate or flange is connected to at least one end of the pipe, and at least one A outer cavity is located at or near the end of the pipe.

[0062] Furthermore, at least one of the A outer cavities has at least one of the following characteristics: (1) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange surface at the end of the steel pipe. (2) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange surface at the end of the steel pipe, and at least a portion of the housing of the outer cavity A is capable of increasing the tensile and bending resistance between the pipe and the closing plate or flange. (3) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange surface at the end of the steel pipe, and reinforcing ribs are present between the pipe and the closing plate or between the flange, with at least one reinforcing rib installed in at least one of the outer cavities A.

[0063] Furthermore, the cavity of at least one portion A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity in part A is either a single-connected region or a multi-connected region.

[0064] Furthermore, the cavity of at least one portion A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity of portion A is one of the tube opening regions of the tube.

[0065] Furthermore, the cavity of at least one portion A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The boundary lines of the cross-sectional region of the cavity in part A are the inner contour line of one pipe and the outer contour lines of one or more pipes located in the hollow portion of the pipe.

[0066] Preferably, the cross-sectional region is an annular region and is located between two tubes that are fitted together.

[0067] Furthermore, the member is one of the following: a lattice column, a truss, an arch rib, or a beam.

[0068] moreover, (1) At least one column end of the lattice column has the following characteristics: The column legs of the lattice column include a tube containing a closed tube hole, a material which is part B, and further include a restraining device, or / or part H. Part H surrounds the outer cavity A. (2) At least one compression string rod in the truss has the following characteristics: The chord bars of the truss include a tube containing a sealed tube hole, a material which is part B, and further includes a restraining device and / or part H. Part H surrounds an outer cavity A. (3) Part A, which is an arch rib, includes at least one tube, the tube having at least one sealed hollow section, The sealed hollow portion is filled with material that is part B. A restraining device is present in the sealed hollow portion, or / or an external cavity A is present outside the tube. (4) The pressure-receiving portion of at least one beam segment includes a pressure-receiving device having the following characteristics: The pressure receiving device includes a tube containing a sealed hollow section and a material that is part B, and further comprises a restraining device and part H. The aforementioned portion H surrounds the outer cavity A.

[0069] The method for manufacturing a composite structural member is characterized in that the manufactured member is one of the aforementioned members.

[0070] A method for manufacturing a composite structural member is provided, wherein the composite structural member includes part A, part B, and further includes part C and / or part H. (1) The above manufacturing method includes the following steps: (1) Obtain a portion A, or portion A and portion H. The portion A has at least one cavity. (2) If there is no part H, select a cavity that has at least one part A, Part C is placed in the cavity of part A, and part B is filled into the cavity of part A. (3) If there is a portion H, take step (3.1) or step (3.2). (3.1) The material that is part B is filled into the cavity of part A, or the material that is part B is filled into the cavity outside A that is surrounded by the cavity of part A and part H. (3.2) (3.2.1) Place part C in the cavity of part A. (3.2.2) Fill the cavity of part A with the material that is part B, or fill the cavity outside A surrounded by part H with the material that is part B. (4) Apply pressure to the material that is part B. The execution order of step (3.1) or step (3.2) is not affected by the order in which they are performed.

[0071] (2) Among them, (1) The part A is a solid device. (2) Part B comprises one or more curable materials, the different curable materials occupying different spatial regions in the cavity of Part A. During filling and for a while after filling is complete, the material of Part B is in a flowable state. (3) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device encircles or surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device. This region contains a material that is part B. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, the passage being suitable for the material, which is a flowable portion B near one end or both ends of the passage, to flow through. The peripheral region of the restraint device encircles or surrounds the restraint device. (4) The portion H surrounds the outer cavity A, the outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of portion A, and there is a connecting passage between the outer cavity A and at least the cavity of portion A.

[0072] Furthermore, the method for manufacturing the composite structural member is a method for manufacturing a Type II composite structural member, the Type I composite structural member includes three parts A, B, and C, and the method includes the following steps S1, S2, and S3.

[0073] S1. Obtain part A The aforementioned part A is a solid-state device and comprises one or more cavities.

[0074] S2. Perform one, two, three, or four of the following items (1)-(4): (1) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B and C are installed in this cavity. (2) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, and D are installed in this cavity. (3) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, and E are installed in this cavity. (4) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, D, and E are installed in this cavity.

[0075] Eventually, (i) The part B is composed of one or more materials that make up part B. The material of part B is a curable material, and while filling the cavity, and for a while after filling is complete, the material of part B remains in a flowable state. Different types of material of part B occupy different spatial areas. (ii) The portion C includes one or more restraint devices. The aforementioned restraining device has the following characteristics: If a material portion B located within the internal region of the restraining device expands after it has solidified, the restraining device can reduce the extent of its expansion deformation. The internal region of a certain restraining device refers to the spatial region that the restraining device encircles or surrounds. (iii) The portion D comprises one or more isolation devices. The isolation device is used to isolate a material that is part B in the internal region of the isolation device from a material that is part B in the peripheral region, wherein the material in the internal region and the material in the peripheral region are two different materials. The internal region of the isolation device refers to a single spatial region that the isolation device encircles or surrounds. The peripheral region of the isolation device refers to the region that encircles or surrounds the outer surface of the isolation device. (iv) The portion E comprises one or more support devices. The support device is a solid device, and after the material that is part B hardens, the support device can share the external force with the hardened material that is part B.

[0076] S3. Apply pressure to the material that is part B of at least one cavity.

[0077] Furthermore, the material of part B is selected from the following four types of materials. (1) Cement-based materials Preferably, the cement-based material includes cement mortar, reactive powder concrete, ordinary strength concrete, high strength concrete, and ultra-high strength concrete. (2) A mixture of cement-based material and polymer material, in which cement is involved in hydration. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer emulsion. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer material that can be cured on its own and includes an epoxy resin. (3) Polymer materials that can be cured on their own Preferably, the self-curing polymer material includes an epoxy resin. (4) Mixture of polymer material and solid powder or / or solid granules Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and a solid powder. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and solid granules. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material, a solid powder, and solid granules.

[0078] Preferably, the solid powder is a metal powder or an inorganic non-metallic material powder. The solid granules are metal granules or inorganic non-metallic material granules. Preferably, the inorganic non-metallic material powder and granules are rock powder and stone, respectively.

[0079] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of the portion A, materials B1, B2...B i B i+1 ···B M The aforementioned part B of M types contains material, and each different material is located in a different spatial region, provided that M ≥ 1.

[0080] Furthermore, in the at least one cavity of the portion A, the material of the portion B has at least one of the following features A and B: (1) The above-mentioned feature A There exists at least one i and one j, where 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, M ≥ 2, i ≠ j, and there exists at least one time period corresponding to i and j, during which material B i In contrast, material B j Its liquidity is relatively high. (2) The above-mentioned feature B There exists at least one i and one j, where 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, M ≥ 2, i ≠ j, and corresponding to the material B i and material B j It has the following characteristics: (i) B j The end time for the material to be in a flowable state is, Material B i After the end of the time when the material B is in a flowable state, i Earlier than the time of appearance of the turning point in volume contraction, (ii) B jThe end time for the material to be in a flowable state is, Material B i This refers to the time after the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction.

[0081] Furthermore, in at least one cavity having portion A, pressure is applied to material B in the cavity using one or more of the following methods. (1) Using a pressurizing piston, change or maintain the compressive stress in material part B over one or more time periods. (2) Using a pressurized gas bag, change or maintain the compressive stress in material part B during one or more time periods. (3) Using a pressurized liquid bag, change or maintain the compressive stress in the material that is part B over one or more time periods. (4) Using a pressurized gas-liquid bag, change or maintain the compressive stress in material part B during one or more time periods. (5) Using a pressurized pipeline and a medium within the pipeline, change or maintain the compressive stress in the material that is part B over one or more time periods. (6) For at least a certain period of time, a self-expanding device is used to change or maintain the compressive stress in the material of part B.

[0082] Furthermore, an energy storage device is present in at least one cavity of the portion A, and the energy storage device has the following characteristics.

[0083] When the pressure on the outer surface of an energy storage device increases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device decreases, and the energy storage device absorbs energy; or / or, when the pressure on the outer surface decreases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device increases, and the energy storage device releases energy.

[0084] Furthermore, at least one of the cavities in part A has the characteristic of containing one or more energy storage regions in the space occupied by the surrounding material of part A, and when pressure is applied to the static fluid inside the cavity by the inner wall of the cavity provided in part A, the energy storage region undergoes bending deformation or a bending torque is generated in the cross section in a certain direction.

[0085] Furthermore, in at least one cavity of part A, there exists at least one i such that 1 ≤ i ≤ M, corresponding to B i Each material possesses one of the following four characteristics: A, B, C, or D. (i) The above characteristic A When material B1 is in a flowable state, at least one of the specified B parts of the material is present in one of the time periods, multiple time periods, or all of the stages. i The material is subjected to compressive stress. (ii) The aforementioned characteristic B The aforementioned B i In the solidification process in which a material transitions from a fluid state to a solid state, at least part B of the material is present in one or more time periods, or in all stages. i The material is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, or residual precompressive stress. (iii) The aforementioned characteristic C The aforementioned B i After the material solidifies, at least part of the material that is part B i The material is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, or residual precompressive stress. (iv) The above characteristic After all parts of material B have solidified, at least B i The material is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, or residual precompressive stress.

[0086] Furthermore, at least one cavity in part A contains a support device belonging to part E. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0087] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows an example of a cross-section of a high-energy storage tube. [Figure 2] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a Type A restraint device, with holes in the pipe wall. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a Type A restraint device, with holes in the pipe wall. [Figure 4] Figure 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a Type B restraint device, specifically a short-column type. [Figure 5] Figure 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a Type B restraint device, short column type. [Figure 6] Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a Type C restraint device, with equal pitch and spiral bands. [Figure 7] Figure 7 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a Type C restraint device, with equal pitch and helical hoops. [Figure 8] Figure 8 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the Type C restraint device, including its variable pitch and helical hoop. [Figure 9] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a Type C restraint device, showing a variable pitch and a helical hoop. [Figure 10] Figure 10 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of a T-shaped restraint device and a helical belt. [Figure 11] Figure 11 is a plan view of a T-shaped restraint device and a helical belt. [Figure 12] Figure 12 shows a cross-section of the support device. [Figure 13] Figure 13 is a longitudinal section view of the end-removable support housing, including a long, bag-type feeding device. [Figure 14] Figure 14 is a longitudinal section view of a butt-joint support housing, including a long-strip bag-type feeding device. [Figure 15] Figure 15 is a longitudinal section view of a butt-joint support housing, which includes multiple small spherical bag-type energy storage devices. [Figure 16] Figure 16 is a cross-sectional view of a bilinear, bicircular arc transverse column, single B, single C, Example 1. [Figure 17] Figure 17 is a longitudinal section view of a bilinear, bicircular arc transverse column, single B, single C, Example 1. [Figure 18] Figure 18 shows a cross-sectional view of a simple linear, simple circular arc transverse column, simple B, simple C, Example 1. [Figure 19] Figure 19 is a cross-sectional view of a regular dodecagonal prism, single B and single C, Example 1. [Figure 20] Figure 20 is a cross-sectional view of a rounded square cross-section column, single B and single C, Example 1. [Figure 21] Figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of a regular dodecagonal prism, bipolar B single C, example 2. [Figure 22] Figure 22 is a longitudinal section view of a regular dodecagonal prism, bipolar B, single C, example 2. [Figure 23] Figure 23 is a cross-sectional view of a round square cross-section column, bipolar B single C, example 2. [Figure 24] Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view of an elliptical transverse column, bipolar B single C, example 2. [Figure 25] Figure 25 shows a cross-sectional view of a regular dodecagonal column, a double B single C, double D type isolation device, and Example 3. [Figure 26] Figure 26 shows a longitudinal section of a regular dodecagonal column, a double B single C, double D type isolation device, and Example 3. [Figure 27] Figure 27 is a cross-sectional view of a column of an outer cavity A with a ring, double B single C, Example 4. [Figure 28] Figure 28 is a longitudinal section of a column with an outer cavity A with a ring, double B single C, Example 4. [Figure 29] Figure 29 is a cross-sectional view of a column of an outer cavity A with a ring, double B single C, Example 4. [Figure 30] Figure 30 is a cross-sectional view of a column in outer cavity A with two long columns, double B single C, Example 5. [Figure 31] Figure 31 is a longitudinal section view of the column of an outer cavity A with long strips, double B single C, Example 5. [Figure 32] Figure 32 is a cross-sectional view of the columns of an outer cavity A with four long strips, double B single C, Example 5. [Figure 33]Figure 33 is a cross-sectional view of a circular transverse column, with two Bs, one main C, twelve sub Cs, and four housings for volume compensation, Example 6. [Figure 34] Figure 34 is a longitudinal section view of a circular section column, with twin B units, one main C unit, twelve sub-C units, and four housings for volume compensation, Example 6. [Figure 35] Figure 35 is a cross-sectional view of a square transverse column, with two B's, one C', four C's, and Example 7. [Figure 36] Figure 36 is a cross-sectional view of a regular dodecagonal column, with two B's, one main C, and twelve secondary C's, representing Example 7. [Figure 37] Figure 37 shows a cross-sectional view of a circular transverse column, a volume compensation device with double B, 7c, 6 housings, Example 8. [Figure 38] Figure 38 is a cross-sectional view of a square cross-section column, with two B's and one C's, four E's, and is an example of the 9th case. [Figure 39] Figure 39 is a cross-sectional view of a rectangular transverse column, with two B, three C, and four E, representing Example 10. [Figure 40] Figure 40 shows a cross-sectional view of a rectangular cross column, a single-pipe three-hole steel pipe, a perforated double B single C, Example 11. [Figure 41] Figure 41 shows a cross-sectional view of an inner and outer bi-circular transverse column, a volume compensation device with double B, 12c, 12 housings, and Example 12. [Figure 42] Figure 42 is a partially enlarged view of the inner and outer two-circular ring-shaped cross-section column, Example 12. [Figure 43] Figure 43 is a cross-sectional view of an inner circular, outer regular dodecagonal ring-shaped prism, bisection B, 12c, Example 13. [Figure 44] Figure 44 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural beam, with a regular dodecagonal pressure-receiving wing edge, double B single C, and Example 14. [Figure 45] Figure 45 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural beam, rectangular pressure-receiving wing edge, double B, 3C, Example 14. [Figure 46] Figure 46 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural beam, a single-pipe, three-hole rectangular pressure-receiving wing edge, with double B and single C per hole, Example 14. [Figure 47] Figure 47 is a front view of a composite structural column. [Figure 48] Figure 48 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural column and a double column end. [Figure 49] Figure 49 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural column, with three column ends. [Figure 50] Figure 50 shows a cross-sectional view of a composite structural column and its four column ends. [Figure 51] Figure 51 is a diagram illustrating a composite truss beam. [Figure 52] Figure 52 is a front view of the arch. [Figure 53] Figure 53 shows a cross-section of the arch and a double chord rod. [Figure 54] Figure 54 shows a cross-section of the arch and the three-chord rod. [Figure 55] Figure 55 shows a cross-section of the arch and the four chords. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0088] 《1.》Composite structure 《1.1.》 Components 《1.1.1.》Basic Components Composite structural members having the following characteristics (1) The member includes part A and part B. (2) The member includes a portion C, and / or the member includes a portion H for at least a certain period of time.

[0089] (i) The part A is a solid-state device having one or more cavities, and has the following characteristics: (i) At least one cavity in part A contains part B, or / or (ii) At least one cavity in part A contains part B and part C. (ii) The portion B comprises one or more solidifiable materials, and the different solidifiable materials occupy different spatial regions in the cavity of the portion A. (iii) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device encircles or surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device. This region contains a material that is part B. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, and the passage is suitable for the material, which is a flowing portion B near the ends or ends of the passage, to flow through. The peripheral region of the restraint device encircles or surrounds the restraint device. (iv) The portion H is a solid device, which surrounds the outer cavity A and has the following characteristics. (i) The outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of part A. (ii) At least one type of solidifiable material is present in the outer cavity A during at least one period. (iii) At least one time interval, a connecting passage exists between the outer cavity A and at least one cavity of the portion A, and the passage is suitable for a flowable portion B of material located at one end or near both ends of the passage to flow through.

[0090] 《1.1.1.》Type II Composite Structural Members A type II composite structural member comprising three parts, A, B, and C, of ​​which, (1) Part A is a solid device, and at least one cavity in part A, which has one or more cavities, contains parts B and C. (2) The portion B comprises one or more solidifiable materials that occupy different spatial regions in the cavity in the portion A. (3) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device encircles or surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device, and a material that is part B exists within it. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, and the passage is suitable for the material, which is a flowing portion B near the ends or ends of the passage, to flow through. The peripheral region of the restraint device encircles or surrounds the restraint device.

[0091] 《1.1.2.》Type III Composite Structural Members The Type III composite structural member has the following characteristics. (1) The member includes part A and part B, and includes part H for a certain period of time or for a long period of time.

[0092] Here, (1) Part A is a solid device and comprises one or more cavities. Part B is present in at least one cavity in Part A; (2) The portion B includes one or more solidifiable materials that occupy different spatial regions in the cavity in portion A. (3) The portion H is surrounded by one outer cavity A, the outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of portion A, the outer cavity A has a connecting passage between it and at least one cavity of portion A, and the outer cavity of portion A has at least one of the following features: (i) The outer cavity of portion A is located outside the outer surface of portion A. (ii) At least one of the solidifiable materials is present in the outer cavity A during at least one time period. (iii) During at least one time period, the outer cavity A has connecting passages between at least one cavity of the portion A, and the passages are suitable for flowing a material which is a portion B that is flowable near one end or both ends of the passage.

[0093] 《1.2.》Manufacturing method 《1.2.1.》Method of manufacturing composite structural members The method for manufacturing composite structural members has the following characteristics. (1) The member includes part A and part B. (2) The member includes a portion C, or / or the member includes a portion H for at least a certain period of time.

[0094] (1) The above manufacturing method includes the following steps: (1) Obtain part A, or obtain part A and part H, wherein part A has at least one cavity. (2) If there is no part H, select a cavity that has at least one part A, Part C is placed in the cavity of part A, and part B is filled into the cavity of part A. (3) If there is a portion H, take step (3.1) or step (3.2). (3.1) The material that is part B is filled into the cavity of part A, or the material that is part B is filled into the cavity outside A that is surrounded by the cavity of part A and part H. (3.2) (3.2.1) Placing part C in the cavity of part A, (3.2.2) Fill the cavity of part A with the material that is part B, or The material that is part B is filled into the cavity outside part A, which is surrounded by part H within the cavity of part A. (4) Control the pressure and temperature of part B so that the pressure of the material that is part B is higher than normal pressure and / or the temperature is higher than normal temperature for at least a certain period of time. The execution order of step (3.1) or step (3.2) is not affected by the order in which they are performed.

[0095] (2) Among them, (1) The part A is a solid device. (2) Part B comprises one or more solidifiable materials, where different solidifiable materials occupy different spatial regions within the cavity of Part A. During filling and for a certain period of time after filling is completed, the material of Part B is in a flowable state. (3) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device encircles or surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device, and a material that is part B exists in this region. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, and the passage is suitable for a portion of the material B, which is in a flowing state near one or both ends of the passage, to flow through. The peripheral region of the restraint device encircles or surrounds the restraint device. (4) The portion H encloses one outer cavity A, the outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of portion A, and there is a connecting passage between the outer cavity A and at least one cavity of portion A.

[0096] 《1.2.2.》Method of manufacturing Type II composite structural members A method for manufacturing a type of composite structural member II, wherein the member comprises at least three parts A, B, and C, and the method comprises the following steps S1, S2, and S3.

[0097] S1. Obtain part A Part A is a solid-state device comprising one or more cavities.

[0098] S2. Perform one, two, three, or four of the following items (1) to (4): (1) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B and C are realized to be located within this cavity. (2) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, and D are located within this cavity. (3) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, and E are located within that cavity. (4) In a cavity of at least one of the parts A, parts B, C, D, and E are realized to be located in this cavity.

[0099] Here, (i) The portion B is composed of one or more materials that make up portion B. The material of part B is a solidifiable material, and while filling the cavity and for a while after filling is complete, the material of part B is in a flowable state, and the spatial regions occupied by different types of material of part B are different. (ii) The portion C includes one or more restraint devices. The aforementioned restraint device can reduce the extent of expansion deformation when a portion of the material in part B of the internal region of the restraint device expands after solidification. The internal region of a certain restraint device refers to the spatial region that the restraint device encircles or surrounds. (iii) The portion D comprises one or more isolation devices. The isolation device consists of two different materials: a material that is part B used to isolate an area inside the isolation device, and a material that is part B in the surrounding area. The internal area of ​​the isolation device refers to the spatial area that the isolation device encircles or surrounds, and the surrounding area of ​​the isolation device refers to the area that encircles or surrounds the outer surface of the isolation device. (iv) The portion E comprises one or more support devices. The support device is a solid device, and after the material that is part B solidifies, the support device can share the external force together with the solidified material that is part B.

[0100] S3. Control the pressure and temperature of part B so that the pressure in the material that is part B is higher than atmospheric pressure and / or the temperature is higher than room temperature for at least a certain period of time.

[0101] 《1.3.》Part A The portion A includes one or more cavities. If there are two or more cavities, at least two cavities are in communication with each other, or / at least two cavities are completely isolated from each other.

[0102] Preferably, section A employs a single-pipe, single-hole structure. The characteristics of the single-pipe, single-hole structure are that section A includes a single-hole pipe and closure devices at both ends, with one pipe, one pipe hole, and the closure devices closing both ends of the pipe hole. The pipe hole after closure is a sealed pipe hole. A single-hole pipe is a pipe with only one pipe hole. The single-pipe, single-hole structure is shown in Figures 1, 16, and 17.

[0103] Preferably, section A employs a single-pipe porous structure, and section A includes a porous pipe and sealing devices at both ends, the number of pipes is one, and at least one of the multiple pipe holes is a sealed pipe hole. Both ends of the sealed pipe hole are sealed with sealing devices. The porous pipe is characterized in that one pipe has multiple pipe holes. The single-pipe porous structure is as shown in the column in Figure 40 and in Figure 46.

[0104] Preferably, part A is a combination of multiple single-hole pipes, i.e., part A includes multiple single-hole pipes, each pipe being a single-hole pipe, with at least one single-hole pipe having a closed hole, and both ends of the closed hole being closed with a closing device. There is a connection between any one single-hole pipe and at least one other single-hole pipe. Preferably, the combination of multiple single-hole pipes can be a grid column, a truss, or an arch to form an arch bridge. For example, the members represented in Figures 47 and 48, and the combination of Figures 49 and 50, are three types of grid columns, and all the column ends and connecting pipes in the grid columns are single-hole steel pipes.

[0105] Preferably, part A is a combination of multiple pipes, that is, part A includes multiple pipes in which at least two pipes have different cross-sectional shapes or different cross-sectional dimensions. There is a connection between one pipe and at least one other pipe. Preferably, at least two pipes have different numbers of pipe holes. Preferably, the types of combinations of multiple types of pipes include lattice columns, trusses, arches used to make arch bridges, and so on.

[0106] Preferably, both the single-hole and multi-hole tubes used in section A have an axis; preferably, the axis is straight, preferably, the axis is curved, preferably, the axis is arched, and preferably, the axis comprises one or more straight segments and / or one or more curved segments.

[0107] Preferably, the outer and / or inner contour lines on the cross-section of the single-hole tube used in portion A have the characteristic of including one or more straight lines and / or one or more curves. Preferably, at least one outer contour line is parallel to at least one inner contour line (Figures 44, 45, 46); preferably, the bore of the tube is circular (Figures 30, 31, 32); preferably, the cross-section of the bore of the tube is elliptical (Figure 24); preferably, the bore of the tube is polygonal (Figures 21, 25, 39); preferably, the bore of the tube is a round polygon (Figure 23).

[0108] Preferably, at least some of the tubes within the total length range of the single-hole tubes in section A have the following characteristic A. Characteristic A means that at different positions in the axial direction, the cross-sections of the single-hole tubes used in section A have one of the following features: the cross-sections at different positions have the same shape and dimensions, the cross-sections at different positions have different shapes, and the cross-sections at different positions have different dimensions.

[0109] Preferably, the outer shape of the single-hole tube used in section A is columnar, preferably including but not limited to cylindrical and rectangular prisms. Preferably, the outer shape of the single-hole tube is trapezoidal, and the selection of the trapezoidal shape includes but not limited to round and rectangular trapezoids. Preferably, at least two non-adjacent tubes of the single-hole tube have a columnar outer shape. Preferably, the two non-adjacent tubes with columnar outer shapes have the same cross-section. Preferably, the two non-adjacent tubes with columnar outer shapes have different cross-sectional shapes and / or sizes. Preferably, within the single-hole tube, at least one trapezoidal tube lies between two columnar tubes. Preferably, within the single-hole tube, at least two tubes with trapezoidal outer shapes exist, with the head of one trapezoidal tube adjacent to the head of the other trapezoidal tube. The cross-section of the head has the same shape and size as the cross-section of the head. Preferably, the single-hole tube has at least two trapezoidal outer shapes, with the top of one trapezoidal body adjacent to the top of the other trapezoidal body. The cross-sections of the two tops have the same shape and size.

[0110] The selection range of materials for part A includes, but is not limited to, structural metals, fiber-reinforced composites, and polymer materials. Preferably, the structural metal is structural steel. Preferably, the fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite are carbon fibers, glass fibers, basalt fibers, or continuous steel fibers.

[0111] Preferably, a continuous sealing method is employed at the end of the pipe. Preferably, the continuous sealing method includes connecting the sealing device and the pipe by bonding. Preferably, if the pipe and the sealing device are made of steel, the sealing device and the steel pipe are connected by welding.

[0112] Preferably, a removable sealing method is employed at least at the end of the pipe. Preferably, the removable method employs a flange connection, that is, connecting a flange to the end of the pipe, sealing the pipe hole with an end cap, and using a bolt connection between the end cap and the flange. Preferably, a threaded connection or adhesive connection is employed between the flange and the pipe. Preferably, a welded connection is employed if the material of the pipe and flange is weldable. Weldable materials are steel or polymer materials. Employing a removable closure method is advantageous for construction.

[0113] Preferably, the flange is an external flange, meaning that in a cross-section, the connecting bolt between the end cap and the flange is on the outside of the outer surface of the pipe. (See Figure 17) Preferably, the inner contour of the external flange is outside the inner contour of the pipe. Preferably, in a cross-section, the inner contour of the external flange is outside or overlaps with the outer contour of the pipe. Preferably, as shown in Figure 33, the flange is an inner flange, meaning the connecting bolts between the upper end cover and the flange in the cross-section are inside the pipe bore of the pipe. Preferably, as shown in Figures 33 and 34, in the cross-section, the outer contour line of the inner flange overlaps the outer contour line of the pipe.

[0114] Preferably, the flange is a hybrid flange, meaning that in the cross-section, connecting bolts for connecting the end cap and the flange are present both on the outer side of the outer surface of the pipe and at the location of the pipe hole.

[0115] Preferably, the sealing plate is a flat plate. Preferably, a rib is provided in the center of the sealing plate to increase its rigidity and pressure-bearing capacity. The shape of this rib on the sealing plate is similar to the rib on the underside of a well cover on a city road.

[0116] When using an external flange connection method, the opening cross-section is maximized at the end of the pipe, which is advantageous for placing restraint devices, / and isolation devices, / and support devices with a large cross-section inside the pipe bore. When using an internal flange, the flange opening is smaller than the pipe diameter, and if the cross-section of the restraint device, isolation device, or support device is large, the internal flange, which does not enter the pipe bore, is suitable for work involving multiple restraint devices in the pipe bore, but the cross-section of each restraint device and each isolation device is small. The advantage of the internal flange is that the outer contour of the flange in cross-section is the same as or close to the outer contour of the pipe, so it does not occupy much lateral space at the end of the pipe, making it suitable for situations with strict lateral dimension requirements.

[0117] Preferably, portion A has an axis. Preferably, the axis of portion A includes a straight line of one or more segments, and / or a curve of one or more segments, preferably the axis of portion A is a straight line. Preferably, the axis of portion A includes straight lines of multiple segments. Preferably, the axes of at least two of the multiple segments are neither coincident nor parallel. Preferably, the axis of portion A is an arched curve.

[0118] Preferably, portion A, at least one end in length, has the following characteristics. The outer and / or inner contour of the cross section of portion A has at least one of the following features. (1) The contour line includes one or more segments of straight lines, and / or one or more segments of curves; (2) The figure enclosed by the outline is a polygon or a rounded polygon. (3) The figure enclosed by the outline is convex. (4) The figure enclosed by the outline is circular or elliptical.

[0119] Preferably, the outer contour line and / or the inner contour line of the section A has at least one of the following features: (1) At least within a certain length range of portion A, the shape and size of the contour line enclosed by the figure are the same at different positions in the longitudinal direction. (2) At least within a certain length range of portion A, the cross-sections at different positions along the length are similar in shape, but different in size, with the contour lines enclosed by the figure. (3) At least within a certain length range of portion A, at least two different positions can be found in the longitudinal direction, and the shapes of the figures enclosed by the contour lines of these two positions are not similar and are not the same in size.

[0120] Preferably, the external shape of part A has at least one of the following features. (1) The outer shape of part A is columnar, and the cross-section is the same at different positions. (2) The outer shape of part A is trapezoidal, and the size of the cross-section differs depending on the position, but the shape is similar. (3) At least two prismatic features are present in the surrounding area of ​​the outer surface of part A, and the cross-sections of the two prismatic features are of different sizes or shapes. (4) The surrounding region of the outer surface of part A contains at least two prisms and at least one trapezoid, wherein the cross-section of the prism at the interface between the two prisms is the same as or close to the cross-section of the trapezoid. (5) The surrounding region of the outer surface of part A contains at least two prismatic features and at least one trapezoidal feature. The feature is located between the two prismatic features. Preferably, the surrounding region of the outer surface of part A contains multiple trapezoidal features, at least two adjacent trapezoidal features, and at the interface, the cross-sections of the two aforementioned trapezoidal features are the same. (6) The surrounding region of the outer surface of portion A contains one row of columnar features, and / or one or more rows of columnar features. Preferably, at least two adjacent trapezoidal features, or at least two adjacent columnar features, or at least one adjacent columnar feature and one trapezoidal feature have the following characteristics: A transition segment exists between the two adjacent members with different cross-sectional shapes.

[0121] Preferably, portion A has at least one of the following features. (1) The part A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having a plurality of tube holes, and each tube hole is a sealed tube hole. The aforementioned closed tube hole is one of the cavities provided in portion A. (2) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having a plurality of tube holes, each tube having only one tube hole that is a sealed tube hole, and each sealed tube hole is a cavity of the portion A. (3) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having only one tube hole, at least one tube having a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole is a cavity of the portion A. (4) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having only one tube hole, all tube holes being closed tube holes, and each closed tube hole being a cavity of the portion A. (5) The portion A includes only one tube having a plurality of pores, at least one of which is a closed pore, and each of the closed pores is a cavity of the portion A. (6) The portion A includes a tube having a plurality of pores, each of which is a closed pore, and each of the closed pores is a cavity of the portion A. (7) The part A comprises one tube and two sealing devices, the tube having only one tube hole, and both ends of the tube hole are sealed by the sealing devices. The sealed tube hole is a cavity provided in part A. (8) The portion A comprises at least one inner tube and one outer tube, the inner tube being located within the tube bore of the outer tube, and the end of the region between the outer wall of the inner tube and the inner wall of the outer tube being sealed by a sealing device. The region sealing the space between the inner and outer tubes is a closed cavity attached to portion A, with the ends of the inner and outer tubes aligned. Preferably, the length of the inner tube is greater than the length of the outer tube. At least one end of the inner tube extends beyond the end of the outer tube.

[0122] 《1.4.》Part B 《1.4.1.》Material Ingredients The material in part B is a solidifiable material, and the states of the solidifiable material include a flowable state and a solid state, and the material can transition from a flowable state to a solid state.

[0123] The aforementioned solidifiable material is selected from, but is not limited to, the following. (1) Cement-based materials Preferably, the cement-based material includes cement mortar, reactive powder concrete (RPC), normal strength concrete (NHSC), high strength concrete (HSC), and ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC). (2) A mixture of a cement-based material and a polymer material, wherein the cement is involved in hydration, and preferably the polymer material is a polymer emulsion. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer material that can be cured on its own. Preferably, the polymer material is an epoxy resin. (3) Polymer materials that can be cured on their own Preferably, the self-curing polymer material includes an epoxy resin. (4) A mixture of a polymer material that can be cured on its own and a solid powder or / or solid granules.

[0124] Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and a solid powder. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and solid granules. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material, a solid powder, and solid granules. Preferably, the solid powder is a metal powder or an inorganic non-metallic material powder. The solid granules are metal granules or inorganic non-metallic material granules. Preferably, the inorganic non-metallic material powder and particles are stone powder and stone (pebble), respectively.

[0125] 《1.4.2.》Material B of type M In at least one cavity of the aforementioned portion A, materials B1, B2...B i B i+1 ···B MIt contains the materials of the M types of the part B, and the materials of the M types of the part B are located in different spatial regions respectively. The materials of various part B are solidifiable materials. However, M ≥ 1 is satisfied.

[0126] In at least one cavity that part A has, the material that is the part B has the following characteristics. There exist at least one i and one j, provided that 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, i ≠ j, and M ≥ 2 are satisfied, and there exists at least one time zone corresponding to the i and j, and in this time zone, B i For the material, B j The fluidity of the material is relatively high.

[0127] [[ID=!In at least one cavity that part A has, the material that is the part B has the following characteristics. There exist at least one i and one j, provided that 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, i ≠ j, and M ≥ 2 are satisfied, and the material B corresponding to the i and j i and the material B j has the following characteristics. (i) The end time of the flowable state of the material B j is after the end time of the flowable state of the material B i and is earlier than the appearance time of the conversion point of the volume shrinkage of the material B i or, (ii) The end time of the flowable state of the material B j is after the appearance time of the conversion point of the volume shrinkage of the material B i .

[0128] 《1.5.》Part C - Constraint Device The part C includes one or more constraint devices. The constraint device has the following three characteristics. (i) The constraint device circulates around or surrounds a certain spatial region, and this region is called the internal region of the constraint device. The region that circulates around or surrounds the region on the outer surface of the constraint device is called the peripheral region of the constraint device. (ii) There is a connection passage between the internal region and the peripheral region of the restraint device, and it is suitable for a material in a fluid state, which is part B located in the internal region or / and the peripheral region of the restraint device near the passage, to flow there. (iii) After the material that is part B in the internal region of the restraint device enters the solid state through the solidification process, if for some reason the material that is the solid part B expands and deformes in the direction in which the restraint device can provide a restraint force, the restraint device can reduce the width of the expansion and deformation of the material that is the solid part B in that direction.

[0129] The reasons for the expansion of the material that is part B in the internal region of the restraint device after solidification are: (1) the material itself expands, and (2) the material is vertically compressed and expands horizontally, and the restraint force provided by the restraint device is in the horizontal direction. The restriction on the expansion of the restraint device can increase the load-bearing capacity of material B perpendicular to the direction of the restraint force.

[0130] Preferably, there is one restraint device in the cavity of one part A (Figs. 21 - Figs. 24, Figs. 25 - Figs. 32). Preferably, there are multiple restraint devices in the cavity of one part A (Figs. 35, Figs. 36, Figs. 37, Figs. 39, Figs. 41, Figs. 43, Figs. 45). Preferably, in the cavity of the same part A, at least one restraint device is located in the peripheral region of another restraint device, and there is a gap between its outer surface and the outer surface of any restraint device (Figs. 35, Figs. 36, Figs. 37, Figs. 39, Figs. 41, Figs. 43, Figs. 45). Preferably, in the cavity of the same part A, at least two restraint devices have the following relationship, and all or part of one restraint device is in the internal region of another restraint device.

[0131] Preferably, the restraint device is selected from the restraint devices of type A, type B, type C, and type D.

[0132] 《1.5.1.》Type A restraint device The type A restraint device is a pipe with holes provided in the pipe wall. Preferably, there is only one restraint device in one cavity of section A. The cross-section of the restraint device is slightly smaller than the cavity of section A. Preferably, the outer shape of the pipe through which the hole is provided is cylindrical. If the cavity of section A is a cylindrical closed pipe hole, the restraint device is suitable for installation in this cavity. Preferably, the outer shape of the pipe through which the hole is provided is truncated. If the cavity of section A is a cylindrical or trapezoidal closed pipe hole, a restraint device of this shape is suitable.

[0133] Preferably, multiple restraint devices are present in one cavity of portion A. Preferably, within a certain length range, if a restraint device on a cross-section is located in the peripheral region of another restraint device, a gap exists between their outer surfaces. Preferably, within a certain length range, a restraint device on a cross-section is located in the internal region of another restraint device.

[0134] Let's illustrate with an example. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the restraint device has a cylindrical shape, and the tube wall of the restraint device 5 includes a portion without holes 5.1 and a plurality of holes 5.2, the holes 5.2 being connecting passages that link the internal region 5.3 and the peripheral region 5.4 of the restraint device. Preferably, the holes 5.2 are circular, elliptical, or a shape combining two semicircles and a rectangle.

[0135] 《1.5.2.》B type restraint device The aforementioned Type B restraint device includes a plurality of short pipes, with a gap between two adjacent pipes. Preferably, there is a connection to ensure that there is a stable gap between the short pipes. Preferably, the short pipes are connected by welding. Preferably, such a restraining device is suitable when the short pipes are circular pipes of the same diameter and the cavity of part A is columnar. Preferably, the short tubes are circular tubes of different diameters, and the diameters of the short tubes increase in order of size from one end of the restraint device to the other. If the cavity of part A is trapezoidal, a restraint device of this shape is suitable.

[0136] Preferably, the short tubes are circular tubes of different diameters, and the diameters of the short tubes increase in order of size from both ends of the restraint device to the middle. This type of restraint device is suitable when the shape of the closed tube opening of part A is spherical, ellipsoidal, or consists of two basins, the larger of which is connected. Preferably, the outer shape of the short tube is a truncated circle, and the diameter of the larger truncated circle increases sequentially from one end of the restraining device to the other, with the larger end of one truncated circle adjacent to the smaller end of the adjacent truncated circle. Preferably, of the two adjacent truncated short tubes, the small head tube wall of one tube is inserted into the large head circular hole of the other tube, or the large tube wall of one tube is inserted into the small head tube hole of the other tube, with a gap in the cross-section between the adjacent tubes.

[0137] Preferably, the outer shape of the short pipe is a cuboid, and the diameter of the cuboid increases sequentially from both ends of the restraining device towards the middle.

[0138] To conform to the shape of the cavity, the restraint device may be further selected from the following forms.

[0139] The external shape of the aforementioned short pipe is columnar and / or trapezoidal, and has at least one of the following characteristics: (1) The outer shape of at least two adjacent short tubes is a cylindrical body having different diameters. (2) The outer shape of at least two adjacent short tubes is a trapezoid with different large diameters. (3) The outer shape of at least two adjacent short tubes is a cylinder with the same diameter. (4) The outer shape of at least two adjacent short tubes is a trapezoid with the same large diameter. (5) The outer shape of at least two adjacent short tubes is a trapezoid, and the larger diameter of one trapezoid is not greater than the smaller diameter of the other trapezoid. (6) The external shapes of at least two adjacent short pipes are a cylinder and a trapezoid, respectively, and the diameter of the cylinder is equal to or close to the larger or smaller diameter of the trapezoid.

[0140] Figures 4 and 5 will be used as examples. As shown in the figures, the restraint device 5 includes a plurality of short steel pipes 5.1 and longitudinal reinforcing bars 5.5 of the same diameter, with gaps 5.2 between the short steel pipes 5.1, which are passages between the internal region 5.3 and the external region 5.4, and connections exist between the short steel pipes 5.1 and the longitudinal reinforcing bars 5.5, the purpose of which is to ensure that a stable gap exists between the short steel pipes. The overall shape of this restraint device is cylindrical.

[0141] 《1.5.3.》C type restraint device The aforementioned Type C restraint device includes a spiral band having a gap. Preferably, the restraining device further includes a fixing device that maintains the gaps between the spiral hoops stably. Preferably, the fixing device is a longitudinal reinforcement connected to the spiral hoops. Preferably, the gaps between the spiral hoops are suitable for epoxy resin or epoxy resin containing solid powder to pass through. Preferably, the gaps between the spiral hoops are suitable for reactive powder concrete to pass through. Preferably, the gaps between the spiral bands are suitable for fine stone concrete to pass through. Preferably, the principle for determining the width of the gaps between the spiral hoops is to ensure that it is in a flowable state and that it needs to pass through from there. The smallest possible gap width is selected under conditions that allow material B to pass through. Preferably, the material that rotates the spiral hoops is structural steel or fiber-reinforced composite material. Preferably, when material B is epoxy resin, epoxy resin containing powder, or reactive powder concrete to pass through the gaps between the spiral hoops, the preferred values ​​for the gaps between the spiral hoops are 2-5 mm or 5-10 mm. The gaps in the spiral hoops used as C-type restraint devices are much smaller than the gaps in spiral hoops in ordinary reinforced concrete structures. When pouring solidifiable material during construction, it does not flow into the internal area through the gaps in the C-type restraint device, but rather fills the internal area directly from the top of the restraint device.

[0142] Preferably, within at least a certain range in the longitudinal direction, the outer shape of the type C restraint device is a prism or a cylinder. Preferably, the outer shape of the type C restraint device is a frustum of a pyramid or a frustum of a cone.

[0143] An example will be given for explanation. Figures 6 and 7 show the type C restraint device. The corresponding restraint device includes a steel spiral hoop 5.1 and longitudinal reinforcing bars 5.5, and the gap 5.2 of the spiral hoop is equal to about the diameter of the reinforcing bar. Preferably, the gap width of the hoop is variable. Preferably, the gap of the hoop changes periodically. Preferably, at least one stage of the restraint device has the following characteristics. The gap width of the inner spiral spiral hoop of this stage is 0. Preferably, the width of the gap between the bars where there are at least two adjacent turns of the spiral hoop is greater than 0.

[0144] Preferably, the outer shape of at least one stage of the type C restraint device is a prism or a cylinder. Preferably, the outer shape of the type C restraint device is a prism or a frustum of a cone.

[0145] Taking Figures 8 and 9 as examples for explanation. In the figure, there are multiple periods in the longitudinal direction of the spiral hoop, and each period includes a spiral hoop 5.1 without gaps for 4 turns and a spiral hoop 5.2 with gaps for 1 turn. In order to stabilize the steering gap, 4 longitudinal reinforcing bars 5.5 connected to the spiral hoop are installed.

[0146] 《1.5.4.》Type D restraint device The type D restraint device is a spiral band with gaps. As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the shape of the spiral belt resembles the strip steel of a spiral welded pipe. In Figures 10 and 11, the type D restraint device 5 includes a spiral belt 5.1 and a gap 5.2 existing between each turn.

[0147] Preferably, between each turn of the spiral belt, a fixing device is provided so that the gap width is fixed equally and all are within the required range.

[0148] 《1.6.》Part D - Isolation device Preferably, if two or more materials comprising part B are present in any cavity of part A, then part D is also present in this cavity. Part D includes one or more isolation devices.

[0149] When a cavity of part A contains two or more types of material B, isolation devices are installed at all or part of the interfaces of the two adjacent materials to prevent the two adjacent materials B from mixing or reacting in a flowable state, or to ensure that the spatial areas occupied by each material conform to the design shape, with different materials B on either side of the isolation device. The isolation devices are required to be sufficiently flexible and able to deform in close contact with the adjacent materials B.

[0150] Preferably, the isolation device encircles or surrounds one region, which is called the internal region, and the material that is part B is present in the internal region. The region encircling or surrounding the outer surface of the isolation device is called the peripheral region, and the material that is another part B is present in the peripheral region.

[0151] Preferably, the material used to fabricate the isolation device is a thin metal sheet. Preferably, the thin metal sheet is a metal shell. Preferably, the material of the isolation device is a metal mesh, the dimensions of which are smaller than the particle size of a certain proportion of granules in the material that constitutes part B. Preferably, the metal mesh can restrict the flow of the material that constitutes nearby part B. Preferably, the isolation device is a flexible material that is fixed to the stent.

[0152] Preferably, there is only one isolation device within the internal region of one restraint device. Preferably, there are multiple isolation devices within the internal region of one restraint device. Preferably, an isolation device is present between the outer surface of the restraint device and the cavity surface of portion A.

[0153] 《1.6.1.》Cylindrical isolation devices and combination isolation devices A characteristic of cylindrical isolation devices is that their external shape is either columnar or trapezoidal. A characteristic of the combined isolation device is that its external shape consists of one or more columnar shapes, or is made up of a combination of multiple trapezoidal shapes, or consists of one or more columnar shapes and one or more trapezoidal shapes.

[0154] Preferably, the dimensions of the cross-section of the cylindrical device are the same at different positions along the length. Preferably, the dimensions of the cross-section of the cylindrical device are different at different positions along the length. Preferably, the shapes of the cross-sections of the cylindrical device are the same or similar, different or dissimilar at different positions along the length. Preferably, there are at least several cross-sections, the circumference of the outer contour of the cylindrical device is constant, but the area of ​​the cylindrical cross-sections is variable.

[0155] Preferably, the outer contour of the cross-section of the cylindrical isolation device consists of a smooth curve and / or a straight line. Preferably, the outer contour of the cross-section of the cylindrical isolation device includes an outward-convex curve and an inward-convex curve. Preferably, the figure enclosed by the outer contour of the cylindrical isolation device in the cross-section is circular, polygonal, or rounded polygonal, and preferably, one segment, multiple segments, or all of the outer contours of the cross-section of the cylindrical isolation device are wavy, jagged, or square-wave-shaped. Preferably, the lower end of the cylindrical isolation device is sealed. Preferably, the upper end of the cylindrical isolation device is completely or partially masked. The lower end closure device and / or upper shielding device of the isolation device is an iron skin having annular ripples.

[0156] 《1.7.》Part E-support device Preferably, a further portion E exists in the cavity of at least portion A. The portion E includes one or more support devices, which can share a portion of the load.

[0157] Preferably, the support device is selected from structural steel, rock blocks, solid blocks formed after the solidifiable material has solidified, and members formed after the solidifiable material contained therein has solidified. Preferably, the support device is selected from precast concrete blocks, precast reinforced concrete blocks, geometries consisting of a plurality of such blocks, prefabricated reinforced concrete members, prefabricated composite structural members, and prefabricated steel-tube concrete members. The prefabricated block or prefabricated member containing the concrete is placed in the cavity of part A before the concrete has solidified.

[0158] Preferably, the frictional material is placed in the internal region of the restraint device, and the non-frictional material is placed in both the internal and peripheral regions of the restraint device. The frictional material is selected from rock, concrete, cast iron, etc., and the material conforms to the Moore-Coulomb strength criterion, with an internal friction angle greater than 0. The non-frictional material is selected from low-carbon steel, some structural steels, and some alloy steels, and is characterized by its shear strength being independent of mean stress. In section A, a single-pipe, single-hole structure is adopted, and when the sealed pipe hole is columnar, preferably the support device is a structural steel, and the longitudinal direction of the structural steel is parallel to the axis of the pipe.

[0159] 《1.8.》 Energy storage methods and apparatus Preferably, an energy storage device exists in at least one cavity of part A, or / or a portion of part A also serves as an energy storage device. When the material that is part B shrinks in volume, the precompressive stress of the material that is part B in the cavity of part A decreases. Using an energy storage device can reduce the magnitude of the stress decrease. The energy storage device helps to stabilize the compressive stress on the material that is part B.

[0160] The energy storage device has the characteristic of absorbing and storing energy when the compressive stress on its pressure-receiving surface increases, and releasing energy when the compressive stress decreases.

[0161] The types of energy storage devices include internal surface pressure-receiving energy storage devices and external surface pressure-receiving energy storage devices.

[0162] A characteristic of the aforementioned internal surface pressure energy storage device is that it includes a cavity, and when the pressure of the static liquid in the cavity increases, the volume of the cavity increases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the pressure in the cavity decreases, the volume of the cavity decreases, and the energy storage device releases energy. If a portion of part A has an energy storage function, these portions constitute an internal surface pressure energy storage device.

[0163] Preferably, portion A has one or more energy reservoirs adjacent to the cavity, and when the static fluid pressure inside the cavity increases, the energy reservoir region undergoes bending deformation or a bending torque is generated in a cross section in a certain direction. The energy of the bending deformation reservoir is much higher than the energy of the tensile or compressive deformation reservoir.

[0164] Preferably, the inner surface pressure receiving device is a high-energy storage tube or a high-energy storage stage of the tube or a housing of the outer cavity A.

[0165] The external pressure energy storage device has the following characteristics: When the uniform pressure on the outer surface increases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device decreases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the uniform pressure on the outer surface decreases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device increases, and the energy storage device releases energy.

[0166] 《1.8.1.》 High-energy storage tubes The high-energy storage tube has the following characteristics: When the inner wall of the tube is subjected to a uniform normal pressure, the tube wall deforms, absorbing and storing energy. When the length of the tubes is the same and the uniform normal pressure on the inner wall is the same, the energy absorbed and stored by the high-energy storage tube is much higher than that of a circular tube of the same material with equal cross-section. The high-energy storage tube is an internal surface pressure-sensitive energy storage device.

[0167] A characteristic of the aforementioned circular pipe with equal cross-section is that, in the cross-section, both the inner and outer contour lines of the circular pipe with equal cross-section are circular, and the centers of the inner and outer contour lines coincide. The circular pipe with equal cross-section has the same bore cross-sectional area and the same pipe wall cross-sectional area as the high-energy storage pipe.

[0168] Preferably, corresponding to any one cross-section, at least two segments of the outer contour lines of the high-energy storage tube have different curvatures. Preferably, corresponding to any one cross-section, at least two segments of the inner contour lines of the high-energy storage tube have different curvatures. The inner contour lines are the lines of intersection between the inner surface of the tube and the cross-section.

[0169] Preferably, in the cross-section of the high-storage tube, the inner contour lines of one or more segments are straight, the outer contour lines of one or more segments are straight, or at least one outer contour line and at least one inner contour line are straight and parallel to each other.

[0170] Preferably, the figure enclosed by the outer and inner contour lines of the pipe is a polygon, or both are polygons with rounded corners, or both are ellipses. Preferably, the figure enclosed by the outer and inner contour lines of the pipe is either an exoconvex polygon or a polygon with exoconvex corners with rounded corners.

[0171] Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional shapes of several high-energy storage tubes. Tubes a and b have circular walls with one and two segments of straight inner and outer contour lines, respectively; tube c is square; tube d is a square with rounded corners; tube e is a regular dodecagon; and tube f is elliptical. When a uniform normal compressive stress acts inside the tubes, the straight sections of the tube walls in the cross-sections of tubes a-e bulge outward; this is bending deformation, and the tubes absorb and store energy. In tube e, which has an elliptical cross-section, the minor axis lengthens and the major axis shortens, causing bending deformation within the tube wall, which absorbs and stores energy.

[0172] 《1.8.2.》 High Energy Storage Stage The high-energy storage stage is a tube having the same cross-section as the high-energy storage tube. The high-energy storage stage is a part of the tube within section A. The high-energy storage stage is also an internal surface pressure-receiving energy storage device.

[0173] 《1.8.3.》 External pressure-sensitive energy storage device The range of external pressure-sensitive energy storage devices includes, but is not limited to, housing energy storage devices, solid elastic energy storage devices, and elastic housing energy storage devices.

[0174] A characteristic of the bag-type device is that the apparent volume of the bag changes when the volume of the internal fluid changes. While the apparent volume is changing, the external surface area of ​​the bag-type device may or may not change. The types of bag-type devices include bag-type energy storage devices, bag-type pressurizing devices, and bag-type pressurized energy storage devices.

[0175] The bag-type energy storage device is a bag-type device having an energy storage function, and includes an energy storage liquid bag, an energy storage gas bag, and an energy storage gas-liquid bag.

[0176] A feature of the aforementioned energy storage liquid bag is that the liquid bag is connected to an accumulator via a pipeline, and when the liquid pressure in the liquid bag increases, the liquid is pushed into the accumulator, and when the liquid pressure in the liquid bag decreases, the liquid in the accumulator flows out of the accumulator.

[0177] A characteristic of the aforementioned energy storage gas bag is that it is filled with compressed gas. A characteristic of the aforementioned energy storage gas-liquid bag is that it is filled with liquefied gas, and a portion of the medium inside the bag is in a gaseous state, while the other portion is in a liquid state.

[0178] The solid elastomer energy storage device is made of a solid elastomer, and the elastomer material is a material with high elastic deformation, such as rubber or polyurethane.

[0179] The aforementioned elastic housing energy storage device is characterized by a housing made of an elastic material that encloses a closed cavity. When subjected to the pressure of the surrounding liquid, at least a portion of the housing undergoes bending deformation. This housing primarily stores energy through bending deformation.

[0180] 《1.9.》A External Cavity Energy Storage Preferably, the member is located in the outer cavity A. The outer cavity A is used to store energy.

[0181] A characteristic of the A outer cavity is, (1) The cavity is located outside of part A, (2) A connecting passage exists between the outer cavity A and at least one cavity enclosed by the portion A.

[0182] The portion H surrounds the outer cavity A. Preferably, the inner wall of the outer cavity A includes the outer surface of a portion of portion A.

[0183] 《1.9.1.》A External Cavity Operating Method 1 Preferably, a portion of the space in the outer cavity A is occupied by compressed gas, and the compressed gas exerts a force on the surface of material B in the outer cavity A. Preferably, the outer cavity A is provided with a bag-type pressurizing device or / a bag-type energy storage device, or with other pressurizing devices and / or energy storage devices.

[0184] As the volume of all media in the cavity of part A increases, material B, which is in a flowable state located in the region near the connecting passage in the cavity of part A, enters the cavity outside A through the connecting passage.

[0185] As the volume of all media in the cavity of part A decreases, material B, which is in a flowable state located near the connecting passage in the cavity outside A, enters the cavity of part A through the connecting passage.

[0186] The total volume of all media in the cavity of part A includes material B and all devices in the cavity. The increase in the total volume of all media in the cavity of part A includes at least one of the following: (1) The material in the existing part B in the cavity expands in volume. (2) The pressurized pipeline pushes the material into the cavity in a flowable state. (3) The apparent volume of the device in the cavity expands.

[0187] Preferably, the device is a pressurizing device, and when the pressurizing device pushes out the space in the cavity of part A, the volume of all the medium in the cavity of part A increases. When the space occupied by the pressurizing device is relinquished, the volume of all the medium in the cavity of part A decreases. Preferably, the pressurizing device is a bag-type pressurizing device. Preferably, the pressurizing device is a pressurizing piston.

[0188] The outer cavity A acts as an accumulator and plays a role in maintaining the pressure on the material B within the cavity of part A. Preferably, when the outer cavity A is subjected to a stable pressure, all of the material B in the cavity of part A is in a flowable state, or at least the material B located within the vicinity of the connecting passage is in a flowable state.

[0189] 《1.9.2.》A External Cavity Operating Method 2 Preferably, the outer cavity A has the following characteristics: When the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A increases, the volume of the outer cavity A increases, and portion H absorbs energy. When the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A decreases, the volume of the outer cavity A decreases, and portion H releases energy.

[0190] Preferably, the portion H surrounding the outer cavity A can be bent and deformed, and energy is stored by utilizing this bending deformation. Preferably, portion A is a tube that is closed at both ends.

[0191] The outer cavity A, which surrounds the outer surface of the tube of length, is an annular cavity, but the outer contour is not limited to this. The housing of the annular cavity comprises at least one polygonal steel tube, and in the tube of portion A, the polygonal steel tube can absorb energy by undergoing bending deformation.

[0192] Preferably, the outer cavity A is located at the end of the pipe. Preferably, a portion of the inner surface of the outer cavity A is the surface of the flange. Preferably, the outer cavity A has reinforcing ribs to improve the connection performance between the flange and the pipe.

[0193] Preferably, as shown in Figures 27, 28, and 29, the member has a plurality of ring-shaped outer cavities A.

[0194] Preferably, in the cross-section of the member, the length of the outer cavity A is shorter than the perimeter of the outer surface of portion A. The outer cavity A is a long-strip cavity and consists of a long-strip housing H fixed to the outer surface of the pipe and a cavity surrounded by the outer surface of the pipe. Preferably, in the cross-section, at least two of the inner contour lines of the long-strip housing H have different curvatures. Preferably, in the cross-section, at least two of the outer contour lines of the long-strip housing H have different curvatures. The inner contour line and / or the outer contour line of H includes at least one segment of straight line. Preferably, the inner contour line and / or the outer contour line is a broken line. Preferably, the long-strip housing H is grooved steel or angle steel. Preferably, the member has a plurality of long-strip cavities as shown in Figures 30, 31, and 32. Preferably, the length of the long-strip outer cavity A is shorter than the length of the pipe of portion A.

[0195] 《1.9.3.》 Cavity of part A Preferably, at least one cavity in part A has the following characteristics. (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity in part A is either a single-connected region or a multi-connected region.

[0196] Preferably, the cavity of at least one portion A has the following characteristics. (1) There is a connecting passage between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity in part A is a single tube opening region of the tube.

[0197] Preferably, at least one cavity in portion A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The boundary line of the cross-sectional region of the cavity in portion A is the inner contour of one pipe and the outer contours of one or more pipes located within the pipe bore of that pipe. Preferably, the cross-sectional region is an annular region and is sandwiched between two pipes.

[0198] 《1.10.》 Volume compensation device with housing Preferably, the material that is part B is present in at least one cavity of part A, and furthermore, a volume compensation device with a housing is present.

[0199] 《1.10.1.》 Volume Compensation Device with Housing The volume compensation device with housing comprises a pressure supply device and a support housing. A hollow portion is formed in the support housing, and a connecting passage is formed between the hollow portion and the surrounding space area outside the support housing. The pressure supply device is installed in the hollow section. The pressure supply device is configured to supply pressure to a medium in contact with it.

[0200] Figures 12 to 15 will be used as examples. These drawings are for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the content of the invention. Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view of Figures 13 to 15. Figure 12 shows three embodiments when combined with Figures 13, 14, and 15, respectively.

[0201] As shown in Figures 12 and 13, the support housing is a steel pipe 32, and a hole 3201 is formed in the pipe wall. One end of the pipe is a housing that protrudes outward, and the other end of the pipe is closed by a threaded plug 3202. The plug 3202 is detachably installed on the pipe 32. A pressure supply device 31 is attached to the hollow part of the support housing 32. During installation, the pressure supply device 31 is inserted into the pipe from the plug side, and then the plug 3202 is screwed in.

[0202] As shown in Figure 14, the support housing includes an upper portion 321, a lower portion 322, and a connecting sleeve 323. The upper portion 321 and the lower portion 322 are separable and can be connected by the connecting sleeve 323. Dividing the support housing into two parts, an upper portion and a lower portion, is for installing the pressure supply device 31 in the hollow portion of the support housing. The support housing has a hole 3211 formed in the upper portion and a hole 3221 formed in the lower portion.

[0203] As shown in Figures 12 and 15, the support housing is the same as that shown in Figure 14, and the pressure supply device includes several spherical gas bags, or / and spherical gas-liquid bags, or / and solid elastic spheres.

[0204] The hole 3201 in the pipe wall shown in Figures 12 and 13 is the connecting passage. The holes 3211 and 3221 shown in Figures 14 and 15 are also connecting passages.

[0205] 《1.10.2.》 Preferred form of support housing A preferred form of the support housing includes a tube and an outward-convex housing.

[0206] 《1.10.2.1.》 Preferred form of the support housing tube No holes are provided in the wall of the pipe, and at least one end of the pipe is not blocked. A hole is provided in the wall of the pipe, and both ends of the pipe are sealed. A hole is provided in the wall of the pipe, and at least one end of the pipe is not blocked.

[0207] Preferably, the pipe has a cross-sectional outline that is convex outward, making it suitable for withstanding uniform normal pressure in the surrounding area. Preferably, the cross-sectional outline of the pipe is circular or elliptical.

[0208] If the support housing is a pipe, regardless of whether or not a hole is made in the pipe wall, as long as at least one end of the pipe is not blocked, the pipe hole formed by the inner surface of the pipe wall at the unblocked end of the pipe is a connecting passage that connects the hollow portion of the pipe to the surrounding area outside the pipe, and the cross-section of this passage is the same as the cross-section of the hollow portion of the pipe.

[0209] 《1.10.2.2.》 Preferred form of an outward-convex housing The convex housing used as the support housing is a spherical housing or an ellipsoidal housing, and a hole is formed in the housing.

[0210] 《1.10.2.3.》Materials for the support housing The materials used to manufacture the aforementioned pipe and the convex housing are metals, composite materials, and polymer materials. Preferably, the material used to manufacture the tube and the convex shell is structural steel.

[0211] 《1.10.3.》 Pressure supply device The pressure supply device is selected from pressurizing devices, energy storage devices, and pressurized energy storage devices.

[0212] 《1.11.》 Pressurization Method and Apparatus After the material (part B) and various devices are placed in the cavity of part A, the cavity is closed, and pressure is applied to the material (part B), which is in a flowable state, using a pressurizing device.

[0213] 《1.11.1.》 Pressurizing device A pressurizing device is a device that applies pressure to the material in part B of the cavity of part A. The pressurizing device is configured to change or maintain the pressure between its outer surface and the medium in contact with it. The pressurizing device is selected from a pressurizing piston, a bag-type pressurizing device, a pressurizing pipeline and a medium in the pipeline, and a self-expanding pressurizing device.

[0214] Preferably, the self-inflating device is a type A self-inflating device, preferably, the type A self-inflating device is a type A1 self-inflating device, and preferably, the type A1 self-inflating device is a type A1a and / or a type A1b self-inflating device. Preferably, the self-expansion device is a type B self-expansion device.

[0215] 《1.11.2.》Bag-type pressurizing device The aforementioned bag-type pressurizing device is selected from pressurized gas bags, pressurized liquid bags, and pressurized gas-liquid bags.

[0216] The pressurized gas bag is connected to a pressure source via a pipeline, and the pressure source can adjust the gas pressure in the pipeline and the gas bag. Preferably, the pressure source is an air pump. When the air pump stops, the pressurized gas bag becomes an energy storage device.

[0217] The pressurized liquid bag is connected to a hydraulic source via a conduit, and the hydraulic source can adjust the pressure of the liquid in the conduit and the liquid bag. Preferably, an accumulator is further connected to the conduit of the pressurized liquid bag. If the volume of the accumulator is very small, the accumulator plays a role in stabilizing the pressure. The pressurized liquid bag can still be considered a pressurized liquid bag. If the volume of the accumulator is relatively large, the pressurized liquid bag becomes an energy storage liquid bag.

[0218] The pressurized gas-liquid bag is connected via a pipeline to a pressure source and / or a hydraulic pressure source, which can adjust the pressure of the gas and / or liquid in the pipeline and the gas-liquid bag.

[0219] 《1.11.3.》 Pressurized Energy Storage Device The aforementioned pressurized energy storage device has the following characteristics A and B. (1) The above characteristic A A pressurized energy storage device is configured to change or maintain the pressure between its outer surface and the medium in contact with it.

[0220] (2) The above characteristic B Under the condition that other influencing factors remain constant, the apparent volume of the pressurized energy storage device decreases when the pressure of the surrounding flowable medium increases. Or / and, the apparent volume of the pressurized energy storage device increases when the pressure of the surrounding flowable medium decreases.

[0221] The pressurized energy storage device is selected from a pressurized gas bag, a pressurized gas liquid bag, an energy storage liquid bag, a Type A self-expanding device, and a Type B self-expanding device.

[0222] Preferably, the Type A self-expansion device is a Type A1 self-expansion device. Preferably, the Type A1 self-expansion device is a Type A1a and / or Type A1b self-expansion device. Pressurized gas bags and pressurized liquid gas bags can be considered pressurized energy storage devices because the gas in them is compressible and they have an energy storage function.

[0223] A key feature of the aforementioned pressurized energy storage liquid bag is that it is connected not only to a hydraulic source via a pipeline, but also to an accumulator. The hydraulic source can regulate the liquid pressure in the pipeline. The accumulator stores and releases energy, stabilizing the liquid pressure.

[0224] 《1.11.4.》 Self-expansion device The self-expanding device is a device that can expand its apparent volume, or a device that can expand its apparent volume under certain conditions.

[0225] 《1.11.5.》A type self-expansion device A type A self-expanding device includes a casing and a gas generator. The casing is made of an impermeable or nearly impermeable material and is a sealed device with a variable apparent volume, or a sealed device with a variable external shape and apparent volume. The above impermeability means that at least one of pressurized gases and liquids cannot escape through the casing. When certain predetermined conditions are met, the gas generator generates gas, which pushes the casing from the inside, thereby increasing the apparent volume of the self-expanding device.

[0226] Preferably, the outer casing of the Type A self-expanding device is a closure made of a polymer material, and after fully inflating, its shape becomes tubular, spherical, or ellipsoidal. Preferably, the polymer material is rubber.

[0227] Preferably, the self-expanding device of type A is a thin-walled metal tube with a non-circular cross-section, where both ends are closed. When the inner wall is compressed by pressure, a change in shape occurs in the thin-walled tube, and the apparent volume increases.

[0228] 《1.11.6.》Type 1 Self-Expansion Device The gas generator in the Type 1 self-expanding device contains at least two materials, which are normally isolated from each other. However, under certain conditions, the two materials mix together and undergo a chemical reaction to generate gas. The gas causes the outer casing to expand.

[0229] Preferably, when the pressure acting on the gas generator reaches a predetermined value (a pre-set value), the two materials mix to generate gas. Preferably, the two materials are sodium bicarbonate and a liquid containing hydrogen ions, respectively. Preferably, a safety valve is attached to the self-expansion device to maintain the gas pressure near the predetermined value. If the gas pressure exceeds the predetermined pressure value of the safety valve, the gas is discharged from the valve port, and if the gas pressure is below the predetermined value, the safety valve closes.

[0230] Preferably, the two materials that generate gas are water and polyurethane grout, respectively.

[0231] 《1.11.7.》Type 1a Self-Expanding Device - Brittle Housing Rubber Bag The Type 1a self-expanding device contains chemical component a in a sealed space enclosed by its outer casing, and chemical component b in a brittle housing. When chemical components a and b mix, a gas is generated. Pressing the self-expanding device initiates its self-expanding process. The expansion mechanism is as follows: when the outer casing of the self-expanding device is pressed, the casing presses against and ruptures the brittle housing inside, causing chemical components a and b to mix and generate gas, which then expands the casing.

[0232] Preferably, the brittle housing is a tube 313 made of a brittle material and having a non-circular cross-section with closed ends. Furthermore, the cross-section of the glass tube is elliptical, rectangular, or a combination of a rectangle and two semicircles. Preferably, the brittle material is a brittle polymer material or glass. Preferably, the brittle polymer material is a brittle plastic.

[0233] Preferably, the outer sheath of the self-expanding device is a rubber tube 310 with both ends closed, containing chemical component a(312) inside, and a glass tube 313 with a rectangular cross-section and both ends closed is installed inside, with the liquid filling the glass tube being chemical component b(314). When the rubber tube is pressed by the surrounding hydrostatic pressure, the rubber tube presses against the glass tube 313 inside and breaks, causing the chemical component a(314) in the liquid in the glass tube 313 to flow out and react with component b(312) to generate gas. Furthermore, component a is sodium carbonate and component b is hydrochloric acid. Preferably, component a is polyurethane grout liquid and component b is water, and the two are mixed and foamed to cause volume expansion, and the product has a certain degree of strength after hardening.

[0234] Preferably, the masses of chemical components a and b are determined based on the mass of the gas to be produced, and the mass of the gas is determined based on the ambient temperature, the volume of the gas, and the gas pressure.

[0235] Preferably, a safety valve is installed in the self-expansion device, and if the gas pressure exceeds a predetermined value, some of the gas is released, thereby reducing the pressure to below the predetermined value.

[0236] 《1.11.8.》Type 1b Self-Expanding Device - Brittle Housing Rubber Bag The Type A1b self-expansion device has two sealed spaces, A and B, within its sealed space. Both the housings of devices A and B are brittle housings. Device A contains chemical component a, and device B contains another chemical component b. When components a and b mix, gas is generated. Devices A and B rupture one after the other when pressed by the outer casing 310. After components a and b mix, gas is generated, and the expansion of the gas inflates the self-expansion device, increasing its apparent volume. Preferably, the self-expansion device is a PVC pipe 310 with both ends closed. Inside the PVC pipe 310, two brittle plastic pipes with a rectangular cross-section and both ends closed, namely brittle plastic pipes 311 and 313, are installed. The brittle plastic pipe 311 is filled with liquid 312 containing chemical component a. The brittle plastic pipe 313 is filled with liquid 3214 containing chemical component b. When the brittle plastic tubes are pressed by the casing of the self-expanding device, if the pressure reaches a certain value, the brittle plastic tubes 3211 and 3213 rupture either one-to-one or simultaneously. The liquids 314 and 312 in the two brittle plastic tubes flow out, mix, and undergo a chemical reaction, and the resulting gas causes the rubber tubes to expand from the inside out.

[0237] Preferably, component a is a sodium carbonate solution and component b is hydrochloric acid. Preferably, component a is polyurethane grout liquid and component b is water, and when the two are mixed, foaming occurs, resulting in volume expansion, and the product has a certain degree of strength after hardening.

[0238] 《1.11.9.》Otsu-type self-expansion device-memory alloy system device The aforementioned Type B self-expanding device is manufactured from a shape memory alloy, or the materials used include a shape memory alloy. When the temperature changes, the shape of the memory alloy changes, which in turn changes the volume of the self-expanding device. When the temperature is in the T1 range, the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the self-expanding device is minimum or near minimum. When the temperature is in the T2 range, the apparent volume of the device is maximum or near maximum. The internal temperature of the composite structure is not in the T1 range but is in the T2 range.

[0239] Before pressure is applied to the material that is part B in the hollow area enclosed by part A, the memory alloy self-expansion device is within the T1 temperature range. After the memory alloy self-expansion device is installed in the hollow area enclosed by part A, the temperature is within the T2 temperature range, so the device expands in apparent volume and pushes the material that is part B.

[0240] A commonly used type of self-expanding device is a closed-end tube made of shape memory alloy. When the temperature reaches the T2 range, the cross-sectional shape of the tube wall changes, and the volume enclosed by the outer surface expands, putting pressure on the cement-containing material. When the cross-sectional shape of the tube wall changes, at least a portion of the tube wall is bent in the cross-section. Since a large amount of elastic energy is stored when the tube wall is bent, such a device also has an energy storage function.

[0241] Another self-expanding device is made of a soft material and a memory alloy, and when the memory alloy changes shape, the soft material also deforms, thereby changing the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the self-expanding device.

[0242] 《1.12.》 Volume Compensation Principle 《1.12.1.》 Compressive stress experienced by material B At least one i exists in the cavity of part A, 1 ≤ i ≤ M, corresponding to B i The material possesses one, two, or three of the following three characteristics: A, B, and C.

[0243] (i) The above-mentioned feature A The aforementioned B iWhen the material is in a flowable state, in one of the time periods, or multiple time periods, or all of the time periods, at least part of the material that is part B i The material is subjected to compressive stress.

[0244] (ii) The aforementioned feature B The aforementioned B i In the solidification process in which a material transitions from a fluid state to a solid state, at least part of the material B is present in one, multiple, or all of the time periods. i The material is subjected to compressive stress or precompressive stress.

[0245] (iii) The aforementioned feature C The aforementioned B i After the material solidifies, at least B is present in the material that is the entirety of B. i The material is subjected to compressive stress, precompressive stress, or residual precompressive stress.

[0246] Simply put, from the time when material B begins to fill the cavity it has in part A until the end point when material B reaches its final strength, during one or more of the said periods, compressive stress, precompressive stress, or residual compressive stress exists in all or part of the material that is part B. Compressive stress exists in at least one area region on the inner wall of the cavity in part A.

[0247] When a solidifiable material undergoes chemical shrinkage, voids are created within the material, and these voids cause the apparent volume of the material to shrink immediately or later. The presence of compressive stress is advantageous for the consolidation of material B, which is in a flowable state or has just become flowable, and is also advantageous for the elimination or reduction of voids. Reducing voids is advantageous for increasing the strength of material B and for reducing the amount of subsequent volume shrinkage.

[0248] 《1.12.12.》Technical principles and effects of restraint devices Material B can experience both a fluid and a solid state, and by utilizing the material properties of these two states, components can be manufactured, giving the components better characteristics and load-bearing capacity for their respective usage stages. (1) When material B is in a flowable state At least one of the cavities in part A has the following characteristic A. Characteristic A has the following characteristics if at least one restraining device is present in the cavity for at least a certain period of time. Within the internal region of the restraining device, material B undergoes volume contraction. In the region surrounding the restraining device, the material B is in a flowable state, and compressive stress exists within the material B. The material B in the peripheral region of the restraint device enters the internal region of the restraint device through the connecting passage due to pressure, filling the volume contraction of the material B in this region.

[0249] (2) When material B is in a solid state Of the at least one cavity in part A, at least one restraint device has the following characteristics: If there are several restraining directions corresponding to the aforementioned restraining device, and after the material B that constitutes part B becomes solid, if material B expands in the restraining direction of the restraining device due to external force or other factors while it is in the internal region of the restraining device, the restraining device reduces the expansion of material B in its internal region, or the extent of that expansion.

[0250] 《2.》 Embodiment 《2.1.》[Embodiment 1]-P Plan, Single-pipe, Single-hole The P method described above is characterized in that part A comprises a pipe and sealing devices connected to both ends of the pipe, and the sealing devices close the pipe holes at both ends of the pipe. The closed pipe holes are cavities in part A, which are closed pipe holes. The following P1 to P8 proposals satisfy this condition.

[0251] Depending on the combination of each part, the preferred configuration of the member includes the following eight types. P1 - Inside the tube bore, there is only one type of material B and one restraining device. P2 - Inside the tube bore, there is only one type of material B, and multiple restraint devices exist. P3 - Inside the tube bore, there are two types of material B, one restraint device, and at least one isolation device. P4 - Inside the tube bore, there are two types of material B, multiple restraint devices, and at least one isolation device. P5 - The tube bore contains only one type of material B, one restraining device, and at least one support device. P6 - The tube bore contains only one type of material B, multiple restraint devices, and at least one support device E. P7 - Inside the tube bore, there are two types of material B, one restraining device, at least one isolation device, and at least one support device. P8 - Inside the tube bore are two types of material B, multiple restraining devices, at least one isolation device, and at least one support device. For components with support devices, see Figures 38 and 39.

[0252] 《2.2.》[Embodiment 2]-Proposal Q, Single-pipe with multiple holes The features of the aforementioned Proposal Q are as follows: Part A includes one tube and two sealing devices, the tube being a porous tube with two or more tube holes inside, and the sealing devices sealing both ends of at least one tube hole in the porous tube. Preferably, the tube has at least one tube hole that seals both ends, and at least one tube hole that does not seal at least one end. Preferably, the tube has at least two tube holes that seal both ends. Preferably, the tube has at least two tube holes that are closed at each end, and the two tube holes are isolated from each other. Preferably, the tube has at least two tube holes that are closed at each end, and a connecting passage exists between the two tube holes. A fluid medium can enter from one tube hole to the other via the connecting passage. Preferably, at least one of the P1 to P8 options is used in the sealing tube hole.

[0253] 《2.3.》[Embodiment 3]-R Plan, Multi-tube separation The features of Plan R are as follows: Part A includes at least two tubes, each of which has one or more tube holes, and at least one tube hole of at least one tube is a closed tube hole, and both ends of the closed tube hole are sealed by a sealing device. Preferably, Plans P1 to P8 are adopted in at least one sealed tube hole of at least one tube.

[0254] 《2.3.1.》R1 type member - Lattice column The R1 type member is a lattice column. Preferably, at least one column end of the lattice column is made of a single-hole steel pipe. Preferably, at least one column end of the lattice column is made of a multi-hole steel pipe. Preferably, at least one column end of the lattice column has at least one pipe hole that is P1 to P8. Preferably, all pipe holes in each column end of the lattice column are P1 to P8.

[0255] Figures 47, 48, 49, and 50 are used as examples. Figure 47, in combination with Figures 48, 49, and 50 respectively, represents two-column, three-column, and four-column grid columns. Each column end of a grid column includes at least a steel pipe, a material which is part B filled in the cavity, and a restraining load. Preferably, the steel pipe holes of each column end are filled with two types of material which is part B. A separator is present between the two types of material which is part B. Preferably, the cross-section of the column end is shown in Figure 16 or Figure 18 or Figure 19 or Figure 20 or Figure 21 or Figure 23 or Figure 24 or Figure 25 or Figure 30 or Figure 31; preferably, if the diameter of the minimum covering circle of the cross-section of the column end of the grid column is greater than 1000 mm, the cross-section of the column end is shown in Figure 33 or Figure 36 or Figure 37 or Figure 39 or Figure 40.

[0256] 《2.3.2.》R2 type member - Truss The aforementioned R2-type member is a truss. Preferably, the compression chord rods of the truss are single-hole steel pipes. Preferably, the compression chord rods of the truss are multi-hole steel pipes. Preferably, the compression string rod has one sealing tube hole. Preferably, the compression string rod has a plurality of sealing tube holes. Preferably, the P1 to P8 options are adopted in at least one sealing tube hole of at least one compression string rod.

[0257] Preferably, the tension string rods of the truss are tubes. Preferably, in tubes used as string support rods, each tube hole is empty and the holes are not filled with partial material. Preferably, in a tube used as a tension string rod, at least one tube hole contains one or more types of material B and a plurality of restraining devices. Preferably, the tension rods of the truss are made of solid steel.

[0258] Figure 51 is used as an example. In the truss, the compression chord rod 1 is a single-hole or multi-hole steel pipe, the gutters 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 are single-hole steel pipes, and the tension chord rod 2 is a single-hole steel pipe. Preferably, the material that is part B is filled into the holes of the compression chord rod 1. A promise device is placed in place. Preferably, the material that is part B is filled into all the gutters. Preferably, there is a connecting passage between all the gutters and the compression chord rod 1. The material B in the gutter holes is pushed in from the cavity 1 of the compression chord rod holes. Preferably, the steel pipe as the rod 2 that receives the cord is not filled with the material that is part B.

[0259] 《2.3.3.》R3 type member - arch rib The R3-type member is an arch rib. Preferably, the arch rib is used to construct an arch bridge. Preferably, the arch rib includes two or more main steel pipes and connecting devices between the main steel pipes. Preferably, at least one main steel pipe has one or more closed pipe holes, and at least one sealing pipe hole of at least one main steel pipe has one or more types of material that is part B and one or more restraining devices. Preferably, the arch rib includes two steel pipes. Preferably, the arch rib includes one or two webs. Preferably, the arch rib includes three or four main steel pipes. Preferably, a continuous steel plate is present between adjacent main steel pipes, and a welded connection is employed between the steel plate and the main steel pipes. Preferably, the arch rib includes three or four main steel pipes. Preferably, a rod is present between the main steel pipes, and a welded connection is employed between the rod and the main steel pipes.

[0260] Figure 52 shows the combination of Figures 53, 54, and 55, illustrating the planting of three arches. In Figure 53, the arch is connected to the upper and lower parts of the arch by a joint plate 2.1, and the chord rods 1.1 and 1.2 are connected by a joint plate 2.1. Part A of the chord rods 1.1 and 1.2 is an arch steel pipe, connected to the joint plate by welding.

[0261] Let's illustrate with an example. Figure 52 shows three types of arch ribs in combination with Figures 53, 54, and 55, respectively. In Figure 53, the arch rib includes three string rods (1.1, 1.2, and 1.3) and three joint plates (21, 2.2, and 2.3). In Figure 55, the arch includes four string rods (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4) and four joint plates (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4). In the arch rib, the inside of the steel pipe of the string rods includes at least one constraining loading, filled with one, two, or more types of material that is part B, and the material that is part B has precompressible stress and residual precompressible stress.

[0262] Preferably, the cross-section of the chord bar is shown in Figure 16, or Figure 18, or Figure 19, or Figure 20, or Figure 21, or Figure 23, or Figure 24, or Figure 25, or Figure 30, or Figure 31. The only difference between the cross-section of the chord bar in the above figures and the cross-section of the column in the above figures is the axis; the rest is the same.

[0263] Preferably, when the maximum dimension of the chord bar cross-section of the arch rib is 800 mm, the cross-section shown in Figure 33, Figure 36, Figure 37, Figure 39, or Figure 40 is adopted.

[0264] Preferably, in order to reduce the weight, the cross-sections shown in Figures 41 and 43 are adopted. Part A of the arch rib chord bar includes two steel pipes, and the cavity enclosed by part A is an annular cavity.

[0265] 《2.4.》[Embodiment 4]-S Plan, Sleeve Member A feature of the aforementioned S proposal is that part A employs a sleeve structure. The sleeve structure includes part A comprising two or more pipes, of which at least one pipe A i and pipe A j It has the following characteristics: (1) In the cross section, pipe A i Pipe A j It is located inside the pore of the tube. (2) Pipe A i The outer surface and pipe A j The voids on the inner surface are sealed at both ends by a sealing device, and the voids are closed cavities.

[0266] Preferably, the pipe A i and pipe A j They are the same length and both ends are aligned. Preferably, tube A i The length of pipe A j It is greater than the length of the pipe A. Preferably, one end of the two pipes is aligned. Preferably, both ends of the two pipes are not aligned. Preferably, the pipe A i The length of pipe A j The length is smaller than the length of the tubes. Preferably, one end of the two tubes is aligned. Preferably, the ends of the two tubes are not aligned. Preferably, in the annular cavity, there is one or more material parts B and one or more restraining devices.

[0267] 《2.4.1.》 S1 type component - double sleeve annular cavity A characteristic of the sleeve structure is that part A consists of a tube A1, a tube A2, and two sealing devices. Tube A1 is located in the hollow part of tube A2. Tubes A1 and A2 are of equal length and their ends are aligned. The two sealing devices seal the tubes at both ends. The gap between the outer surface of tube A1 and the inner surface of tube A2 forms an annular closed cavity. The annular cavity contains one or more types of material that make up part B, and one or more restraining devices.

[0268] Preferably, the annular cavity contains only one type of material that is part B. Preferably, the annular cavity contains two or more types of material that is part B. Preferably, the annular cavity contains at least one additional isolation device. Preferably, the annular cavity contains multiple restraint devices. Preferably, the annular cavity contains additional support devices. Preferably, the support devices are structural steel.

[0269] 《2.4.2.》 S2 type component - double sleeve double cavity The sleeve structure has the following features: Part A comprises a pipe A1, a pipe A2, and a plurality of sealing devices, with pipe A1 located in the hollow portion of pipe A2. The sealing devices seal the pipe holes of pipe A1 at both ends of the pipe. The sealing devices seal the gap between the outer surface of pipe A1 and the inner surface of pipe A2. Part A has two cavities, a pipe hole cavity and an annular cavity, the pipe hole cavity being a cavity corresponding to the pipe hole cavity of pipe A1, and the annular cavity being an annular cavity formed in the gap between the outer surface of A1 and the inner surface of pipe A2. The cavity of the tube bore contains one or more materials that are part B and one or more restraining devices. The annular cavity contains one or more materials that are part B and one or more restraining devices.

[0270] 《2.4.3.》 S3 type component - Triple sleeve double ring type cavity The triple sleeve structure is characterized by the fact that part A comprises pipes A1, A2, and A3 and at least two sealing devices, wherein pipe A1 is located in the hollow part of pipe A2, pipe A2 is located in the hollow part of pipe A3, and sealing devices are present at both ends of the pipes to seal the gap between the outer surface of A1 and the inner surface of pipe A2. Sealing devices are present at both ends of the pipes to seal the gap between the outer surface of pipe A2 and the inner surface of pipe A3. Preferably, the lengths of pipes A1, A2, and A3 are all equal.

[0271] Preferably, the lengths of pipes A1 and A2 are equal, and the length of pipe A3 is shorter than the length of pipe A2. Preferably, one end of each of pipes A1, A2, and A3 is aligned with the other. Preferably, neither end of pipe A3 is aligned with either end of pipe A2. When a member with a triple sleeve structure is used as a column, the stability of the shorter pipe A3 column can be increased, and the load capacity of the column during buckling can be increased. Preferably, at least one cavity is filled with one or more types of material B.

[0272] 《2.4.4.》S4 type component - Triple sleeve triple cavity A feature of the triple sleeve structure is that part A comprises pipes A1, A2, and A3 and at least two sealing devices, wherein pipe A1 is located in the hollow part of pipe A2, pipe A2 is located in the hollow part of pipe A3, and sealing devices are installed at both ends of pipe A1 to seal the pipe opening and form a cavity. Sealing devices are present at both ends of the pipe to seal the gap between the outer surface of pipe A1 and the inner surface of pipe A2 and form a cavity. Sealing devices are present at both ends of the pipe to seal the gap between the outer surface of pipe A2 and the inner surface of pipe A3 and form a cavity. Preferably, at least one cavity is filled with one or more types of material B.

[0273] 《2.4.5.》S5 type component - single pipe sleeve, multi-pipe full filling Preferably, the single-pipe sleeve multi-pipe structure is characterized in that the portion A comprises a plurality of pipes and at least two sealing devices, with at least one pipe A0 present, a plurality of pipes present in the hollow portion of pipe A0, and the plurality of pipes not fitted together. Preferably, sealing devices are present at both ends of at least two pipes. Preferably, one or more types of material B are filled into the bore of at least one pipe. Preferably, the hollow portion of at least one pipe is not filled with material B. Preferably, one or more types of material B are filled into the gap between the inner wall of A0 and the outer wall of the other pipes.

[0274] 《3.》 Preferred internal structure of tube bores - Single-hole and single-hole tube bores If all the steel pipes in section A are single-pipe, single-hole steel pipes, the members are designated as Z1 type members. If the steel pipes in section A are single-pipe, multi-hole steel pipes, the members are designated as Z2 type members. In the Z1 type member, part A consists of one tube and two sealing devices, the tube having only one tube hole, and the sealing devices being used to seal both ends of the tube. Part A has only one cavity. The following preferred options Z1.1.1, Z1.1.2, Z1.2.1, Z1.2.2, Z1.2.3, Z1.3.1 and Z1.3.2 all have the above characteristics.

[0275] Preferably, portion A has an axis. Preferably, the axis of portion A includes a straight line of one or more segments, and / or a curve of one or more segments. Preferably, the axis of portion A is a straight line. Preferably, the axis of portion A includes straight lines of multiple segments. Preferably, of the axes of the multiple segments, at least two axes are neither coincident nor parallel. Preferably, the axis of portion A is an arched curve.

[0276] Preferably, a portion A of at least one end has the following characteristics: The characteristic is that the outer and / or inner contour of the cross-section of portion A has at least one of the following characteristics. (1) The contour line includes a straight line of one or more segments, and / or a curve of one or more segments. (2) The figure enclosed by the outline is a polygon or a rounded polygon. (3) The figure enclosed by the outline is convex. (4) The figure enclosed by the outline is circular or elliptical.

[0277] Preferably, the outer contour line and / or the inner contour line of the cross-section of portion A has at least one of the following features. (1) At least within a certain length range of portion A, the shape and dimensions of the figure enclosed by the contour line are the same at different positions along the length. (2) At least within a certain length range of portion A, the shapes of the figures enclosed by the contour lines are similar, but the dimensions are different, in cross-sections at different positions along the length. (3) At least within a certain length range of portion A, at least two different positions can be found in the longitudinal direction, and the shapes of the figures enclosed by the contour lines at these two positions are not similar and have different dimensions.

[0278] Preferably, the external shape of part A has at least one of the following features. (1) The outer shape of part A is cylindrical, and the cross-section is the same at different positions. (2) The outer shape of part A is trapezoidal, and the dimensions of the cross-section differ depending on the position, but the shape is similar. (3) The surrounding area of ​​the outer surface of part A contains at least two tiers of columnar structures, the dimensions or shapes of the cross-sections of the two tiers of columnar structures are different. (4) The surrounding region of the outer surface of part A contains at least two prisms and at least one trapezoid, wherein the cross-section of the prism at the interface between the two prisms is the same as or close to the cross-section of the trapezoid. (5) The surrounding region of the outer surface of portion A contains at least two trapezoidal shapes and at least one columnar shape, the columnar shape being located between the two trapezoidal shapes. Preferably, the surrounding region of the outer surface of portion A contains multiple trapezoidal shapes, and at least two adjacent trapezoidal shapes have the same cross-section at the interface. (6) The surrounding region of the outer surface of portion A contains one or more prismatic features, and / or one or more prismatic features. Preferably, at least two adjacent trapezoidal features, or at least two adjacent prismatic features, or at least one adjacent prismatic feature and one trapezoidal feature have the following characteristics: A transition segment exists between the two adjacent members with different cross-sectional shapes.

[0279] 《3.1.》 Preferred option Z1.1-Single B 《3.1.1.》 Preferred option Z1.1.1-Single B, Single C The hollow portion of the aforementioned pipe contains only one type of material B and one restraining device. Figures 16 and 17 will be used as examples. Part A includes a steel pipe 1.2, and a restraining device 5 is located in the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. The restraining device includes a pipe wall 5.1 and a hole 5.2. The internal region 2.1 and the peripheral region 2.2 of the restraining device are both filled with the same type of material B.

[0280] 《3.1.2》 Preferred option Z1.1.2 - Single B, Multiple C Although only one type of material B exists in the hollow section of the aforementioned pipe, multiple restraining devices are present. Preferably, at least two restraint devices have the following characteristics: one restraint device is located within the internal region of another restraint device. Preferably, at least two restraint devices have the following characteristics: one of the restraint devices is located in a region outside the outer surface of the other restraint device.

[0281] 《3.2.》 Preferred option Z1.2-B Two types of material, B1 and B2, are present in the tube bore of the aforementioned tube, and the spaces occupied by the two types of material are different. Preferably, the end time of the flowable state of the B2 material is after the end time of the flowable state of the B1 material. The following preferred options Z1.2.1, Z1.2.2, and Z1.2.3 all satisfy this condition.

[0282] 《3.2.1.》 Preferred option Z1.2.1 - Dual B, Single C The hollow portion of the pipe contains only one restraining device, with material B1 present in the internal region of the restraining device and material B2 present in the peripheral region of the restraining device. Preferably, there is only one restraining device in the hollow portion of the tube, an isolation device is placed in the region inside the restraining device, the region inside the isolation device is filled with material B1, and material B2 is filled in the gap between the outer surface of the isolation device and the inner surface of the tube of portion A. Using Figures 21 and 22 as examples, a restraining device 5 exists in the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. The restraining device includes the pipe wall 5.1 and the pipe wall hole 5.2. An isolation device 4.1 exists in the internal region of the restraining device. Material B1 2.1 of the material which is part B exists in the internal region of the isolation device 4.1. Material B2 2.2 exists between the outer surface of the isolation device 4.1 and the inner surface of the steel pipe 1.2, and the steel pipe 1.2 belongs to part A.

[0283] 《3.2.2.》 Preferred plan Z1.2.2 - Double B, Multiple C The hollow section of the pipe contains multiple restraining devices, each of which is located in the area outside the outer surface of another restraining device. Preferably, an isolation device is placed in the internal region of any of the restraint devices, the internal region of any of the isolation devices is filled with material B1, and the region enclosed by the outer surface of all the isolation devices and the inner surface of the steel pipe used in part A is filled with material B2. See Figures 36, 37, and 39.

[0284] Preferably, at least one isolation device is placed in the internal region of at least one restraint device, and the internal region of any of the isolation devices is filled with material B1, while the region enclosed by the outer surfaces of all isolation devices and the inner surface of the steel pipe used in part A is filled with material B2. See Figures 33 and 34.

[0285] Preferably, Figures 33 and 34 will be used as examples. One restraint device is located inside the pipe bore of the steel pipe 1.2 used in section A. An isolation device 4.1 is located inside the internal region of the restraint device, including the pipe wall 3.1 and the bore 3.1. The internal region of the isolation device 4.1 is filled with material B1 2.1, and the space between the outer surface of the isolation device 4.1 and the inner surface of the steel pipe 1.2 is filled with material B2 2.2.

[0286] 《3.2.3.》 Preferred option Z1.2.3-Dual B, Triple C The hollow portion of the pipe contains a plurality of restraining devices, of which at least three restraining devices C1, C2, and C3 have the following characteristics, with restraining device C1 located in the internal region of restraining device C2, and restraining device C2 located in the internal region of restraining device C3.

[0287] Preferably, an isolation device is placed in at least the internal region of the restraint device C1, and the internal region of the isolation device is filled with material B1. The gap between the isolation device and the restraint device C1, the gap between the restraint device C1 and the restraint device C2, the gap between the restraint device C2 and the restraint device C3, and the peripheral region of the restraint device C3 are all filled with material B2.

[0288] Preferably, the restraint device C1 is placed in a region surrounded or encircled by the isolation device, the isolation device is placed in the internal region of the restraint device C2, and the restraint device C2 is located in the internal region of the restraint device C3. In the internal region of the restraint device C1, the gap between the restraint device C1 and the isolation device is filled with material B1. In the gap between the outer surface of the isolation device and the restraint device C2, in the gap between the restraint device C2 and the restraint device C3, and in the peripheral region of the restraint device C3, both are filled with material B2.

[0289] Preferably, the restraint device C1 is located in the internal region of the restraint device C2, the restraint device C2 is located in the internal region of the isolation device, and the isolation device is located in the internal region of the restraint device C3. In the internal region of the restraint device C1, in the gap between the restraint device C1 and the restraint device C2, and in the gap between the restraint device C2 and the isolation device, all are filled with material B1. In the gap between the outer surface of the isolation device and the restraint device C3, and in the gap between the restraint device C3 and the inner surface of the tube used in part A, material B2 is filled.

[0290] 《3.3.》 Preferred option Z1.3-3B Three types of material B1, B2, and B3, which make up part B, are present in the hollow portion of the tube, with each material occupying a different amount of space. Preferably, the end time of the flowable state of material B2 is after the end time of the flowable state of material B1, or the end time of the flowable state of material B2 is after the time when the turning point of volume contraction of material B1 appears. Preferably, the end time of the flowable state of material B3 is after the end time of the flowable state of material B2, or the end time of the flowable state of material B3 is after the time when the turning point of volume contraction of material B2 appears.

[0291] The following preferred options Z1.3.1 and Z1.3.2 both satisfy the above conditions.

[0292] 《3.3.1.》 Preferred option Z1.3.1-3B, 3C, double G The hollow section of the pipe contains three restraining devices C1, C2 and C3, and two isolation devices G1 and G2, with the following relationships existing between them. The isolation device G1 is located within the internal region of the restraint device C1, the restraint device C1 is located within the internal region of the isolation device G2, and the isolation device G2 is located within the internal region of the restraint device C2.

[0293] The entire interior region of isolation device G1 is filled with material B1. The region between isolation devices G1 and G2 is filled with material B2, and this region includes the void between isolation device G1 and restraint device C1, and the void between restraint device C1 and isolation device G2. The peripheral region of isolation device G2 is filled with material B3, and this region includes the void between isolation device G2 and restraint device C3, and the peripheral region of restraint device C3.

[0294] 《3.3.2.》 Preferred option Z1.3.2-3B, 3C Within the aforementioned tube bore, in addition to the restraint and isolation devices described in preferred option Z1.3.1, there is one or more newly added restraint devices. In the newly added restraint devices and the conventional restraint devices C3, at least one of the restraint devices is located in the area outside the outer surface of the other restraint devices.

[0295] Preferably, a newly added isolation device is installed in at least one newly added restraint device, and the newly added isolation device is partially filled with material B1 and / or B2. Material B3 is filled in the area surrounding the newly added isolation device.

[0296] 《3.4.》Z2 type member - single pipe with multiple holes Within the Z2-type member, part A includes one tube and two sealing devices, the tube being a porous tube with two or more tube holes, and the sealing devices sealing both ends of at least one tube hole in the porous tube. Preferably, the hollow portion of the tube has at least one tube hole that seals both ends, and at least one tube hole that does not seal one end. Preferably, the hollow portion of the tube has at least two tube holes that seal both ends. Preferably, the tube has at least two tube holes that are sealed at each end, and the two tube holes are isolated from each other. Preferably, the hollow portion of the tube has at least two tube holes that are sealed at each end, and a connecting passage exists between the two tube holes. A fluid medium can enter from one tube hole to the other through the connecting passage. Preferably, one or more materials B and one or more restraining devices are present in a tube hole that is closed at at least one end. Preferably, a Z1 type member is used in the tube hole that is closed at at least one end.

[0297] 《4.》Examples 《4.1.》Example 1 - Bilinear Circle, Figures 16-20 《4.1.1.》Structural form As shown in Figures 16 and 17, the steel-tube concrete composite structure is an axial compression member. Part A includes an upper sealing plate 1.10, a flange 1.11, a steel pipe 1.2, and a lower sealing plate 1.3. The flange 1.11 is welded to the upper end of the steel pipe 1.2, and the lower sealing plate 1.3 is welded to the lower end of the steel pipe 1.2. The upper sealing plate and the flange are connected by bolts, with bolt holes 1.101 in the upper sealing plate and bolt holes 1.111 in the lower sealing plate aligned. The upper sealing plate is provided with an installation hole 1102 and an exhaust hole 1103. The cross-section of the steel pipe 1.2 includes two segments of straight line, and the pipe wall in this section bends when subjected to pressure from the inner wall, absorbing energy.

[0298] In the hollow section of the steel pipe 1.2, a restraining device 5 is placed, and this device is a steel pipe 5.1 with distributed holes 5.2. The dimension of the holes along the axial direction is smaller than the dimension along the circumferential direction. This treatment helps to eliminate the negative effect that the holes have on the restraining load restraining force.

[0299] Only one type of material B is filled into the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. Preferably, material B is reactive powder concrete (RPC) or high-strength fine aggregate concrete. When material B is high-strength fine aggregate concrete, the coarse aggregate in the concrete is suitable for passing through the construction hole 1.102 and the hole 5.2 provided in the restraining device 5.

[0300] 《4.1.2.》Construction method (1) Manufacture part A. (2) Attach the restraint device 5 and fix the restraint device to the cavity of the steel pipe. (3) Fill the cavity with RPC or fine stone concrete. Stop filling when you approach the height of the flange. (4) Attach the sealing plate 1.10 to the flange 1.11.

[0301] (5) Install the pressurized pipeline and further fill with material B. One end of the pressurized pipeline is connected to the circular hole 1.102 of the upper sealing plate, and the other end of the pressurized pipeline is connected to the pressurizing device, and a valve is installed in the pressurized pipeline. The pressurizing device further fills the cavity with material B through the pressurized pipeline. During filling, gas in the cavity is discharged from the exhaust hole 1.103. After the cavity is filled, the exhaust hole 1.103 is sealed with a plug. A grout pump, concrete pump, or other pressurizing device can be selected as the pressurizing device.

[0302] (6) Apply pressure to material B in the cavity The pressurizing device further extrudes material B in the pipeline. There are two proposed pressurizing methods. a. Continuous pressurization Once the pressure of material B in the hollow section enclosed by section A reaches the target value, the pressurization process is terminated, the valve in the pipeline is closed, and the pressurizing device is removed. b. Intermittent pressurization When the pressure of material B reaches a predetermined upper pressure limit, pressurization is temporarily suspended. When the pressure drops to a predetermined lower pressure limit, the pressurizing device is activated to continue pressurizing. Repeat this process. Before material B ceases to be flowable, stop the intermittent pressurization, close the valve, and remove the pressurizing device.

[0303] (7) Post-processing After the materials in the pipeline have reached the required strength, the installed pipeline is removed. One method of removal is to cut (saw) the installed pipeline from its base.

[0304] 《4.1.3.》Other Similar Proposals The cross-section of the column in this embodiment can also be of the form shown in Figures 18, 19, and 20. In these cross-sections, the steel pipe 1.2 has a straight section, and the pipe wall of the straight section undergoes bending deformation when subjected to the pressure of the fluid medium in the cavity, thereby absorbing energy.

[0305] 《4.1.4.》Technical Effect Analysis Chemical shrinkage occurs due to the hydration of cement, causing the volume of RPC and microstone concrete to shrink both before and after hardening. Since steel pipe 1.2 is circular and subjected to continuous pressure, the volume of material B shrinks, which can cause the pressure in section B to decrease and eventually disappear.

[0306] If steel pipe 1.2 is circular and pressurized using an intermittent pressurization method, the pressure decrease due to volume contraction while material B is in a flowable state can be eliminated. However, the decrease in the confinement pressure of material B in the internal region of the apparatus due to volume contraction of material B after solidification cannot be eliminated. This is a limitation of using only one type of material B. The material B to which this embodiment's proposal applies should have the characteristic of shrinking significantly before solidification and not shrinking at all or shrinking only slightly after solidification.

[0307] The continuous pressing method is applicable when the cross-section is relatively small, or / or when the volume shrinkage rate of material B is relatively small. The intermittent pressing method is applicable when the volume shrinkage rate of material B is relatively large before it solidifies, and very small after it solidifies.

[0308] The proposed method is applicable when the cross-section of the composite structure is small, and / or when the shrinkage rate of material B is relatively low. In this case, the technical advantages are that construction is simple, construction time is short, fewer pieces of equipment are used, and it is possible to ensure that material B in the cavity has compressive stress during and after the solidification process, thereby preventing delamination of material B from the inner wall of part A due to shrinkage.

[0309] 《4.2.》Example 2 - Regular polygon, double B, isolation device is gear-shaped, pressure pipe (Figures 21-24) 《4.2.1.》Structural form As shown in Figures 21 and 22, the composite structure is an axial compression member made of concrete steel pipe. Part A includes an upper sealing plate 1.10, a flange 1.11, a steel pipe 1.2, and a lower sealing plate 1.3. The upper sealing plate and the flange are connected by bolts, and the upper sealing plate is provided with an exhaust hole 1.103 and a pressure hole. A pressure pipeline 1.102 is connected to the pressure hole. As shown in Figure 26, a restraining device 5 and a cylindrical isolation device 4.1 are installed inside the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. The isolation device 4.1 is located in the internal region of the restraining device 5. The internal region of the cylinder is filled with ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) material 2.1 containing coarse aggregate. The space between the cylinder 4.1 and the restraining device 5, and between the restraining device 5 and the steel pipe 1.2, is filled with retarded setting epoxy mortar 2.2. A cover 4.2 is placed near the upper end of the cylinder 4.1 to isolate the upper surface of the UHSC material 2.1 from the retarded setting epoxy mortar 2.2. The retarded setting epoxy mortar is a mixture of retarded setting epoxy resin and quartz powder. The end of the flowable state of the retarded setting epoxy mortar is after the time of the appearance of the volume contraction turning point of the UHSC material 2.1.

[0310] 《4.2.2.》Construction Procedure (1) Manufacture part A and attach the restraint device 5 and the cylindrical isolation device 4.1 to the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 and fix these two types of devices in place. (2) Filling with material B UHSC material 2.1 is filled into the cylinder 4.1, and setting retarder epoxy mortar 2.2 is filled into the gap between the cylinder 4.1 and the steel pipe 1.2. Since the specific gravity of the setting retarder epoxy mortar is lower than that of concrete, the height of the setting retarder epoxy mortar 22 is made slightly higher than the height of the high-strength concrete 2.1 during filling. Preferably, several support blocks are placed between the cylinder 4.1 and the restraining device 5 to prevent the concrete from bulging too much by pressing against the cylinder 4.1. When the filling reaches the height of the flange, the filling is paused and the cover 4.2 is placed on top of the UHSC material 2.1 inside the cylinder 4.1. Install the upper sealing plate 1.10 and then install the pressurized pipeline 1.102.

[0311] (3) Further fill with setting retarder epoxy mortar 2.2 The pressurized conduit 1.102 is used to fill the void at the upper end of the cavity in the steel pipe 1.2 with retarded setting epoxy mortar 2.2, keeping the exhaust port 1.103 open to release gas during filling. Once the gap is full, the exhaust port is sealed with wire 1.103. When filling the upper end void, RPC can also be used instead of retarded setting epoxy mortar. RPC has very high strength and elastic modulus and is suitable for working with the steel pipe to share the axial pressure of the member.

[0312] (4) Pressurization Compressive stress is applied to the UHSC material, setting retarder epoxy mortar, or RPC in the cavity of steel pipe 1.2 via a pressurized pipeline. When the compressive stress reaches a predetermined value, pressurization is stopped. The pressurization method may be continuous or intermittent.

[0313] 《4.2.3.》 Preferred alternatives Preferably, the cross-section of the member can be selected to be in the form shown in Figures 23 and 24. In Figures 23 and 24, the cross-sections of the steel pipes are a rounded square and an ellipse, respectively. When these two types of steel pipes are subjected to fluid pressure on their inner walls, their shape changes, absorbing and storing energy.

[0314] Preferably, when the cross-section of the composite structure is relatively large, a setting delay abrasion reduction layer is installed on the inner wall of the lower sealing plate of section A. This prevents shrinkage after the UHSC solidifies and avoids the generation of shear stress between the lower sealing plate and the UHSC, which results in the nearby UHSC inner lateral tensile stress generating this shear stress.

[0315] 《4.2.4.》Technical Effect Analysis This plan can have the following characteristics. (1) As long as material 2.2 is in a flowable state, material 2.1 is also in a flowable state, and despite being in a solid state, all of material 2.1 is in a hydrostatic state. (2) As long as material 2.2 is in a fluid state, regardless of whether material 2.1 shrinks in the fluid state or in the solid state, material 2.2 can cover the volume of material 2.1 by constraining the hole 5.2 on the restraining device 5 and the gap at the top of the cover 4.2. (3) Once material 2.2 becomes solid, the compressive stress it receives in both the lateral and lateral directions is equal, meaning material 2.1 is in a pseudo-three-bearing pressure state. Experiencing such a force is advantageous for increasing the strength of material 2.1. When materials 2.1 and 2.2 reach or approach their final strength, this stress state is advantageous for improving the axial pressure load capacity of the composite structure. When the column is subjected to axial pressure, material 2.1 bulges laterally, but the restraining device 5 can improve the axial load capacity of material 2.1 by limiting such expansion of material 2.1.

[0316] 《4.3.》Example 3 - Regular polygon, double B, double D type isolation device, push rod Figures 25 and 26 《4.3.1.》Structural form As shown in Figures 25 and 26, the steel-tube concrete composite structure is an axial compression member. Part A includes an upper sealing plate 1.10, a flange 1.11, a steel pipe 1.2, and a lower sealing plate 1.3. The upper sealing plate and the flange are connected by bolts, with bolt holes 1.101 in the upper sealing plate and bolt holes 1.111 in the flange aligned. A piston hole 1.102 is machined in the upper sealing plate for use in accommodating a pressurizing piston 11021. The cross-section of the steel pipe 1.2 is a positive dodecagon.

[0317] In the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, a restraining device 5 is installed, its height being close to the height of the steel pipe cavity. Inside the restraining device are two "D"-shaped isolation devices 4.1 and 4.2, their height being slightly lower than the height of the steel pipe cavity 1.2. The internal regions 2.11 and 2.12 of isolation devices 4.1 and 4.2 are filled entirely with the same UHSC. Covers 4.21 and 4.22 are placed on top of the UHSC in the two regions, respectively. Inside the cavity, the region other than the outer surfaces of the isolation devices and the covers is region 2.2, which is filled with condensation-delayed RPC. The end time of the flowable state of the RPC is after the appearance of the volume contraction transition point of the UHSC.

[0318] 《4.3.2.》Construction method (1) Fabricate part A of the composite structure. (2) Restraint device 5 and isolation devices 4.1 and 4.2 must be installed and fixed to the cavity. (3) Fill in part B with the material.

[0319] Regions 2.11 and 2.12 are filled with UHSC synchronously, and region 2.2 is filled with RPC. During filling, the steel pipe 1.2 is vibrated with an exciter to expel gas from inside the cavity. As the UHSC material approaches the top of the isolation device, filling is paused to cover the upper surface of the UHSC material which will be placed in two isolation devices, covers 4.21 and 4.22 respectively. Further filling with condensation-delaying RPC is carried out until region 2.2 approaches the top of the cavity.

[0320] (4) Install the sealing plate and then fill with the setting delay RPC. Once the upper sealing plate is installed, insert the thin tube into the cavity through the piston hole 1.102 and further fill the cavity with condensation-delaying RPC. The condensation-delaying RPC will finish filling when it overflows from the gap in the piston hole, and then withdraw the thin tube.

[0321] (5) Pressurization process The pressurizing piston 1.1021 is inserted into the piston hole, and pressure is applied to the pressurizing piston. When the pressure reaches the target value, the pressurization is temporarily paused or stopped. Two pressurization methods can be employed: continuous pressurization and intermittent pressurization. When intermittent pressurization is employed, pressurization is terminated before the flowable state of the condensation delay RPC ends. Compressive stress can be maintained in material B within the cavity so that there is no relative movement between the pressurizing piston and the upper sealing plate at the time the pressurization is terminated and thereafter. When the inside of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe 1.2 is pressed, it expands, absorbing and storing energy. Even when the UHSC material contracts, the steel pipe 1.2 releases energy, maintaining the pressure change within the UHSC material within the required range.

[0322] (6) Post-processing After the UHSC and setting delay RPC intensities reach or exceed the target values, the pressurized piston is cut off at the base.

[0323] 《4.3.3.》Technical Effectiveness Analysis An advantage of this proposed technology is its suitability for large or extra-large cross-sectional composite structures. If shrinkage occurs in regions 2.11 and 2.12 of the UHSC, the setting delay RPC at the boundary of the isolation device can push the isolation device inward, allowing it to move into regions 2.11 and 2.12. Furthermore, if a gap forms between the UHSC and steel pipe 1.2 due to shrinkage deformation in regions 2.11 and 2.12, the setting delay RPC can also constrict into the gap, resulting in a hydrostatic pressure state or a state close to it for the UHSC. Experiencing such a stress state during the solidification process is advantageous for improving the final strength of the UHSC. After reaching or approaching final strength, the UHSC being in such a stress state helps to enhance the axial pressure bearing capacity of the composite structure.

[0324] 《4.4.》Example 4 - Annular outer cavity A, double B, Figures 27, 28 and 29 As shown in Figures 27, 28, and 29, the steel-pipe concrete composite structure is an axial compression member. Part A includes an upper sealing plate 1.10, a flange 1.11, a circular steel pipe 1.2, and a lower sealing plate 1.3. The upper sealing plate and the flange are connected by bolts, and an exhaust hole 1.103 and a pressure hole are machined in the upper sealing plate, with a pressure pipeline 1.102 connected to the pressure hole. A reinforcing rib 1.21 (Figure 27) is installed between the flange 1.11 and the steel pipe 1.2. The reinforcing rib is located in the annular outer cavity region 2.201 at the upper end of the steel pipe, and the inner surface of this outer cavity includes the outer surface of the steel pipe 1.2, the lower surface of the flange 11.11, the inner surface of the regular dodecagonal 6.12 steel pipe, and the upper surface of the annular sealing plate 6.13. A connecting passage (pipe hole 1.201) exists between the annular outer cavity 2.201 and the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. An exhaust hole is provided at the upper end of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe 6.12.

[0325] An annular outer cavity 2.202 exists at the non-end of the steel pipe. This cavity is surrounded by the outer surface of the steel pipe 1.2, annular sealing plates 6.21 and 6.23, and a regular hexagonal steel pipe 6.22. A connecting passage (pipe hole 1.202) exists between the outer cavity 2.202 and the pipe hole cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. An exhaust hole is provided in the annular sealing plate 6.21.

[0326] The regular polygonal steel pipes in the two A outer cavity housings are energy storage devices; when the fluid pressure inside the A outer cavity rises, the regular polygonal steel pipes absorb and store energy.

[0327] A cylindrical isolation device 4.1 is provided in the cavity of the steel pipe 12. The internal region of the drum 4.1 is filled with ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) material 2.1 containing coarse aggregate, and a cover 4.2 is placed on the top surface of the UHSC material. The same setting-delay RPC is filled in the region 2.212 between the drum 4.1 and the steel pipe 12, in the region 2.211 between the cover and the upper sealing plate 1.10, in the region 2.213 between the lower end of the drum 4.1 and the lower sealing plate 1.3, and in the annular A outer cavity regions 2.201 and 2.202. The end time of the flowable state of the setting-delay RPC material is after the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction of the UHSC material. Preferably, both the drum 4.1 and the cover 4.2 are made of thin steel shell.

[0328] 《4.4.1.》 Implementing Method 1 (1) Fabricate the housing for section A and the two outer cavities of A. (2) Attach the cylindrical isolation device 4.1 to the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 and fix these two devices in place. (3) Fill with material B. The inside of cylinder 4.1 is filled with UHSC material 2.1, and regions 2.212, 2.211, and 2.213 outside the cylinder are filled with setting-delay RPC. After the upper surface of the condensation-delayed RPC becomes somewhat higher than the connecting passage 1.202 of the outer cavity 2.202, the condensation-delayed RPC flows into the outer cavity 2.202 through the hole 1.202 via the vibrating steel pipe 1.2. When the condensation-delayed RPC flows out of the exhaust port, the exhaust port is sealed by a plug. Fill both types of material to a height close to the flange, pause the filling, and place cover 4.2 on top of the UHSC material 2.1 inside bucket 4.1.

[0329] (4) Install the upper sealing plate 1.10 and the pressurized pipeline 1.102. (5) Further fill with condensation delay RPC. Condensation-delaying PRC is filled into the upper end void of the cavity of the 1.102 directional steel pipe 1.2 via a pressurized pipeline, and the exhaust port 1.103 is kept open to allow gas to be discharged during filling. Once the gap is full, the exhaust port 1.103 is plugged. Condensation-delaying RPC is then continued to fill the cavity until the RPC flows out of the exhaust port of the annular outer cavity A, pushing the RPC into the outer cavity A 2.201. After that, the exhaust port is plugged.

[0330] (6) Pressurization By pushing the delayed-setting RPC into the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 through the pressurized pipeline 1.102, pressure is applied to the UHSC material, the delayed-setting RPC stored food, in the cavity. When the compressive stress reaches a preset value, pressurization is stopped. The pressurization method can be single-use or intermittent. During the pressurization process, the planar pipe walls of the regular polygonal steel pipe saddles 6.12 and 6.22 of the outer cavity A bend, absorbing and storing energy.

[0331] 《4.4.2.》Method 2 Compressed air is filled into the outer cavity A. During the pressurization of the material in part B, the component is in an upright position and the passage holes are connected. 1.201 and 1.202 are positioned as close as possible to the lower edges of outer cavities 2.201 and 2.202, respectively. We will not explain the parts that are the same as in Method 1. Here, we will only explain the differences.

[0332] In the step of filling with material B, step (3) of Method 1 is adopted, but the exhaust vent held in the outer cavity A is closed. Once filling is complete, a small amount of condensation-delaying RPC flows into the outer cavity A.

[0333] In the pressurization step, step (6) of Method 1 is adopted, but the pressurization process is divided into two steps. The first step is to inject a small amount of condensation delay RPC into the cavity of steel pipe 1.2, ensuring that the height of the RPC that enters outer cavities 2.201 and 2.202 is somewhat higher than the connection channel holes 1.201 and 1.202, respectively. Pause the injection and close the valve on pressurization pipeline 1.102. The second step is to inject compressed air into outer cavities 2.201 and 2.202 through the exhaust port connected to outer cavities A, and after the pressure reaches the default value, close the valve on the compressed gas pipeline.

[0334] 《4.4.3.》Technical Effect Analysis This plan can have the following characteristics: For use, the housing of the outer cavity A serves as an energy storage device. If the condensation delay is in place, the RPC material is flowable. If the volume contraction of the UHSC material occurs in the flowable state or the solid state, the RPC can be input to complement the contracted volume of the UHSC material, and the pressure the UHSC is subjected to remains within a preset range. Even after the UHSC and condensation delay RPC solidify, precompressible stresses and residual precompressible stresses exist in these materials.

[0335] When the outer cavity A is located at the end of the steel pipe 1.2, the regular polygonal steel pipe 612 and the annular sealing plate 6.13 together can act as reinforcing ribs. This combines the connection reinforcement method and storage method between the steel pipe 1.2 and the flange 1.11.

[0336] 《4.5.》Example 5 - Long-strip type A outer cavity, double B; Figures 30, 31, 32 The composite structure is a steel pipe concrete axial compression member, as shown in Figures 30 and 31. The members of this embodiment are the same as those of Embodiment 4 in the following parts: upper sealing plate 1.10, flange 1.11, circular steel pipe 1.2, lower sealing plate 1.3, exhaust hole 1.103 on the upper sealing plate, pressure hole, pressure pipeline 1.102, cylindrical isolation device 4.1, cover 4.2; regions 2.212, 2.211, 2.213 and the internal regions of the packing setting delay RPC material separation device 4.1 and the packing UHSC material within them.

[0337] The difference between the component of this embodiment and the component of embodiment 4 lies in the part relating to the outer cavity A. As shown in Figures 30 and 31, in this embodiment, long-strip type A outer cavities 2.201 and 2.202 are provided on the outside of the steel pipe 1.2, and setting-delayed RPC is filled inside them. Cavity 2.201 is surrounded by a channel steel 6.1, steel pipe 1.2, flange 1.11, and lower sealing plate 1.3, and cavity 2.202 is surrounded by a channel steel 6.2, steel pipe 1.2, flange 1.11, and lower sealing plate 1.3. Between the A outer cavity 2.201 and the pipe hole cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, there are multiple holes 1.201 that are used as passages. Between the A outer cavity 2.202 and the pipe hole cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, there are multiple holes 1.202 that are used as passages. The dimensions of holes 1.201 and 1.202 are suitable for the flow of setting-delayed RPC in a flowable state.

[0338] Preferably, in the member of this embodiment, the number of elongated A outer cavities can be increased or decreased, preferably the number of elongated A outer cavities is 3 to 6, and preferably the member adopts a cross-section as shown in Figure 32.

[0339] The method for manufacturing the component in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 4. The technical effects of this embodiment are as follows: (1) When the compressive stress of the RPC in a flowable state within the outer cavity A increases, the groove steels 6.1 and 6.2 undergo bending deformation, absorbing and storing energy. When the UHSC material contracts, the energy stored in the groove steels propels the flow of the RPC in a flowable state, filling the volume contracted by the UHSC material, which is advantageous in maintaining the compressive stress in the material of part B within the required range. (2) The pressure history experienced by UHSC materials and delayed setting RPCs helps to increase the uniaxial strength of these two types of materials. (3) The precompressible or residual precompressible stress present in the solidified UHSC material and the settling retardation RPC helps to increase the triaxial strength of these two materials. (4) The groove steels 6.1 and 6.2 can enhance the axial load capacity and stability of the member.

[0340] 《4.6.》Example 6 - Circular, multi-constrained, volume compensation device with housing; Figures 33, 34 As shown in Figures 33 and 34, the composite structure is an axial compression member made of concrete steel pipe. Part A includes an upper sealing plate 1.10, a flange 1.11, a circular steel pipe 1.2, and a lower sealing plate 1.3. The upper sealing plate and the flange are connected by bolts, and an exhaust hole 1.103 and a pressure hole are machined into the upper sealing plate. A pressure pipeline 1.102 is connected to the pressure hole. The flange 1.11 is an internal flange, and its outer diameter is the same as or close to the outer diameter of the steel pipe 1.2.

[0341] A main restraint device 5.1 and twelve secondary restraint devices 5.2 are installed in the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. The main restraint device 5.1 is a steel pipe with holes 5.12 in its pipe wall 5.11, and a cylindrical isolation device 4.1 is placed in its internal region. The internal region of the cylinder 4.1 is filled with ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) material 2.1 containing coarse aggregate. A cover 4.2 is placed on the upper surface of the UHSC material. This restraint device 5.2 includes short steel pipes 5.21, longitudinal reinforcing bars 5.25 connecting the short steel pipes 5.21, and gaps 5.22 between the short steel pipes. All areas other than the outer surfaces of the isolation device 4.1 and cover 4.2 are filled with retarded setting concrete (RPC). These areas include the internal regions 5.23 of the secondary restraint devices 5.2, as well as various gap regions, which include regions 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, and 2.24.

[0342] Four housing-type volume compensation devices 3 are installed in the 1.2 cavity of the steel pipe for energy storage. As shown in Figure 14, the volume compensation devices 3 have a double limiting gas bag as their pressure supply device.

[0343] The time at which the volume contraction of the delayed-setting RPC material changes occurs is after the time at which the UHSC material becomes flowable.

[0344] 《4.6.1.》Construction Procedure (1) Manufacture part A. (2) One main restraint device 5.1 and twelve secondary restraint devices 5.2 are attached to the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 and these devices are fixed in place. The cylindrical isolation device 4.1 is installed in the internal region of the main restraint device 5.1. Then, four volume compensation devices with housings are fixed to the cavity. (3) Fill with material B UHSC material is filled into the internal region 2.1 of cylinder 4.1, and setting delay RPC is filled into the internal region of the secondary restraint device 5.2 and the gap region between cylinder 4.1 and steel pipe 1.2. When the UHSC material is filled close to the top end of cylinder 4.1, cover 4.2 is placed. After that, setting delay RPC is filled further. When approaching the upper surface of flange 1.11, the filling of RPC is stopped. (4) Install the upper sealing plate 1.10 and the pressurized pipeline 1.102.

[0345] (5) Further fill with condensation delay RPC The pressurized pipeline 1.102 continues to fill the void at the upper end of the cavity in the steel pipe 1.2 with delayed condensation RPC, keeping it open during filling to allow gas to be discharged from the exhaust port 1.103. Once the gap is full, the exhaust port 1.103 is plugged. (6) Pressurization Compressive stress is applied to the UHSC material, setting retarder RPC, in the cavity of steel pipe 1.2 via a pressurized pipeline. After the compressive stress reaches the target value, the pressure is maintained to fluctuate within the required range. The pressurization method involves setting upper and lower pressure limits, stopping the pressurizing pump when the pressure reaches or exceeds the upper limit, and starting the pressurizing pump when the pressure falls below the lower limit. The upper and lower pressure limits applied by the pressurizing pump are set between the upper and lower pressure limits of the dual limit gas bag used as the pressure supply device for the housing-equipped volume compensation device. After the turning point of volume contraction of the UHSC is reached, the valve on the pressurized pipeline is closed and the pressurizing pump is removed.

[0346] 《4.6.2.》Technical Effect Analysis This design is suitable for large-diameter members, and large-diameter columns constructed using this design offer greater safety. Let's assume the column diameter is 2,500 m.

[0347] When a fire breaks out, heat is transferred from the surface of the column to the interior, resulting in a high temperature on the outside of the column and a low temperature on the outside. After a certain period of high temperatures, the strength of the steel pipe 1.2 decreases significantly, but the temperature of the main restraint device 5.1 inside the column is much lower than the temperature of the outer surface of the column, and the main restraint device 5.1 still retains sufficient strength. Furthermore, the temperature of the secondary restraint device 5.2 is also lower than the temperature of the steel pipe 1.2. After the fire breaks out, the time it takes for the main restraint device 5.1 to reach its failure temperature is much longer than the time it takes for the steel pipe 1.2, and the time it takes for this restraint device 5.2 to reach its failure temperature is also much longer than the time it takes for the steel pipe 1.2. Clearly, a column made with the multiple restraint device system of this embodiment can withstand higher temperatures than a column without restraint devices.

[0348] 《4.7.》Example 7 - Regular Polygon, Multiple Constraints; Figures 35, 36 The composite structural member with precompressive stress is a regular polygon, and the preferred structural form of its cross-section is as shown in Figures 35 and 36. Part A of the member shown in Figure 36 and part A of the member shown in Figure 22 are exactly the same. Part A of the member shown in Figure 35 is similar, but the cross-section of the pipe is square.

[0349] In Figure 35, the cavity of the rectangular steel pipe 1.2 contains one main restraint device 5.1 and four secondary restraint devices 5.2, both of which are steel pipes with holes in their walls. A gear-shaped isolation device 4.1 is installed in the internal region of the main restraint device, and cylindrical isolation devices are also placed in the internal region of the secondary restraint devices. The internal regions of the five isolation devices are filled with UHSC material, and a cover is placed on the surface of the UHSC material of each isolation device. The regions within the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 are all filled with setting-delayed RPC material. The method of fabricating the components is similar to that of Example 2.

[0350] In Figure 36, the cavity of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe 1.2 contains one main restraint device 5.1 and twelve secondary restraint devices 5.2, both of which are steel pipes with holes in the pipe wall. A gear-shaped isolation device 4.1 is installed in the internal region of the main restraint device, and cylindrical isolation devices are also placed in the internal region of the secondary restraint devices. The internal regions of the above thirteen isolation devices are all filled with UHSC material, and a cover is placed on the surface of the UHSC material of each isolation device, and the regions within the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 are all filled with setting-delayed RPC material. The method of manufacturing the components is similar to that of Example 2.

[0351] This embodiment utilizes a regular polygonal steel pipe 1.2 to absorb and store energy. This energy is used to maintain the precompressive stress in the UHSC material and the setting retarder RPC material.

[0352] 《4.8.》Example 8 - Including a circular, multi-constrained, volume compensation device with a case, Figure 37 As shown in the cross-sectional view 37 of the composite structural column, part A is the same as part A of the member shown in Figure 34. In Figure 37, seven restraint devices 5 are installed in the pipe cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, and each restraint device is a steel pipe with a hole in its wall. A cylindrical isolation device 4.1 is placed in the internal region of each restraint device. Additionally, six housing-type volume compensation devices 3 are placed in the pipe cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, and the pressure supply device for each volume compensation device is a dual limiting airbag. The internal region of each isolation device 4.1 is filled with UHSC material, and the remaining region of the pipe cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 is filled with setting-delay RPC material. Precompressive stress exists in both the HSC and RPC materials. The method for manufacturing the components in this embodiment is similar to the method in Embodiment 6.

[0353] 《4.9.》Example 9 - Square, Double B, Single C, 4E; Figure 38 As shown in Figure 38, the cross-section of the precompressed composite structural column is such that column section A includes a square steel pipe 1.2, a flange, an upper sealing plate and a lower sealing plate, the lower sealing plate welded to the lower end of the steel pipe 1.2, the flange welded to the upper end of the steel pipe 1.2, and the upper sealing plate bolted to the flange. The upper sealing plate has a pressurized pipeline and an exhaust port, see Figure 22.

[0354] A constrained stack 5, which is a steel pipe with holes 5.1 in its wall, is placed in the tube cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. An isolation device 4.1 is installed in the internal region of the constrained stack, and the internal region of the isolation device is filled with UHSC material 2.1. The remaining region of the tube cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 is filled with a setting-delay RPC material 2.2, and pre-compressive stress exists in both the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0355] The pipe cavity of steel pipe 1.2 is fitted with a steel pipe ultra-high-strength concrete column, the length of which is close to or the same as the height of the cavity of steel pipe 1.2. The concrete of the steel pipe concrete column 7 solidified before being placed into the pipe cavity of steel pipe 1.2. The method for manufacturing the components in this embodiment is similar to the method in Embodiment 2.

[0356] 《4.10.》Example 10 - Rectangle, double B, 3C, 4E; Figure 39 As shown in Figure 39, the cross-section of the column of the composite structure with precompressible stress is as follows: Column section A includes a rectangular steel pipe 1.2, a flange, an upper sealing plate, a lower sealing plate, and tension bolts 1.4. The lower sealing plate is welded to the lower end of the steel pipe 1.2, and the flange is welded to the upper end of the steel pipe 1.2 and welded on top. The upper sealing plate is connected to the flange with bolts. The upper sealing plate has a pressurized pipeline and an exhaust port, see Figure 22. The tension bolts 1.4 penetrate the pipe wall of the steel pipe 1.2 and prevent the pipe wall from bulging outwards.

[0357] Three constrained loads 5 are placed in the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, an isolation device is placed in the internal region of the constrained loads, and the internal region of the isolation device is filled with UHSC material. The remaining region of the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 is filled with setting retarder RPC material, and precompressive stress exists in both the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0358] Four support devices 7 are placed in the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. These support devices are made of round steel, and their length is close to or equal to the height of the cavity of the steel pipe 1.2. The method for manufacturing the components in this embodiment is similar to the method in Embodiment 2.

[0359] 《4.11.》Example 11 - Rectangular, single-tube, porous, Figure 40 As shown in Figure 40, the cross-section of the precompressed composite structural column is such that column section A includes a rectangular three-hole steel pipe 1.2, a flange, an upper sealing plate, and a lower sealing plate. The flange is welded to the upper end of the steel pipe 1.2 and is used to place restraining devices, isolation devices, and filling section B material in each of the three pipe holes corresponding to the steel pipe 1.2, and also in the flange, which also have three holes. Holes and / or cuts are machined into the upper ends of the pipe walls 1.21 and 1.22 and are used as passages connecting the cavities of adjacent pipe holes. A pressurized pipeline is installed in the upper sealing plate, corresponding to the range of the intermediate pipe holes in the steel pipe 1.2. Exhaust holes are provided in the upper sealing plate to correspond to the range of each pipe hole in the steel pipe 1.2.

[0360] Constrained loads 5 are placed in the cavities of each pipe hole of the steel pipe 1.2, and isolation devices are placed in the internal regions of each constrained load, with UHSC material filling the internal regions of the isolation devices. The remaining regions of the pipe hole cavities of the steel pipe 1.2 are filled with setting-delay RPC material, and pre-compressive stress is present in both the UHSC and RPC materials. The method for manufacturing the components in this embodiment is similar to the method in Embodiment 2. 《4.12.》Example 12 - Bicircular-Annular Cavity, Multi-Constrained, Volume Compensation Device with Housing, Figures 41, 42 As shown in Figures 41 and 42, the cross-section of the pressure-receiving member of the composite structure is as follows: Part A of the member includes a circular inner steel pipe 2.1, a circular outer steel pipe 2.1, an inner flange, an outer flange, an annular upper sealing plate, and an annular lower sealing plate. The inner flange is welded to the inner wall of the upper end of the inner steel pipe, and the outer flange is welded to the outer wall of the upper end of the outer steel pipe. The cavity of Part A is an annular cavity located between the inner and outer steel pipes, with the lower end of the cavity sealed by the annular lower sealing plate and the upper end of the cavity sealed by the annular upper sealing plate. The annular lower sealing plates are welded to the lower ends of the inner and outer steel pipes, respectively, and the annular upper sealing plates are bolted to the inner and outer flanges.

[0361] Twelve restraint devices 5 are arranged in the annular cavity, and an isolation device 4.1 is placed inside each restraint device, with the inside of each isolation device filled with UHSC material 2.1. The areas other than the outer surface of the isolation devices are filled with condensation-delayed RPC material 2.2. The annular cavity is further equipped with twelve housing-type volume compensation devices 3, the pressure supply devices for these devices are double-limited gas-liquid bags. Precompressible stress is present in the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0362] The pipe bore region 8 of the inner steel pipe 2.1 is a blank area, and there are no devices or materials inside it. The method for manufacturing the components in this embodiment is similar to the method in Embodiment 2. The method of this embodiment is suitable for creating large cross-sectional members, and the axis of the member may be straight or curved. When fabricating arch ribs, the method of this embodiment is applied to fabricating the upper and lower chord rods of the arch rib.

[0363] 《4.13.》Example 13 - Polygon-Circular; Annular Cavity, Multiple Constraints, Figure 43 Figure 43 shows a cross-section of the pressure-receiving member of the composite structure. In this embodiment, the outer steel pipe of part A of the member is a dodecagonal steel pipe 1.22, and the remaining part of part A is the same as in Example 10. The cavity enclosed by part A is an annular cavity, and the restraining device 5, isolation device, and the materials UHSC and RPC of part B in the annular cavity are the same as in Example 10. The pipe bore area of ​​the inner steel pipe 2.1 is a blank area, and there are no devices or materials inside it. When the fluid in the annular cavity pushes out the wall of the outer steel pipe, the wall of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe bends, absorbing and storing energy. Therefore, in this embodiment, no volume compensation device with a housing is provided to absorb the stored energy. The energy absorbed and stored by the regular dodecagonal steel pipe helps maintain the precompressible stress in the material of portion B in the annular cavity. Precompressible stress is present in the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0364] 《4.14.》Example 14 - Bending member, polygon, single hole, double B, Figures 44, 45, 46 The cross-sections of the three types of composite bending members are shown in Figures 44, 45, and 46, respectively. The upper part T1 is pressure-receiving, the lower edge T3 is pull-down, the upper part T1 is a concrete steel pipe, and the web T2 and lower edge T3 are steel plates. Welded connections are used between the web T2 and the upper part T1, and between the lower edges. The welding between the upper steel pipe 1.2 and the web T2 is completed before filling the pipe cavity of the steel pipe 1.2 with material part B.

[0365] The upper part T1 A of the member shown in Figure 44 includes a regular dodecagonal steel pipe 1.2, sealing plates at two ends of the steel pipe, and one flange. The flange is welded to the end of the steel pipe, one sealing plate is bolted to the flange, and the other sealing plate is welded to the end of the steel pipe. A restraint device 5 is placed in the cavity of the pipe bore of the steel pipe 1.2. Its length is close to the length of the cavity. An isolation device is placed in the internal region of the restraint device. The internal region of the isolation device is filled with UHSC material 2.1, and the other region in the cavity is filled with setting retarder RPC material 2.2, and precompressive stress exists in the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0366] The upper part T1 of the member shown in Figure 45 is the upper wing edge, and part A of the upper wing edge T1 includes a rectangular steel pipe 1.2, one end of which is welded to a sealing plate and the other end to a flange, with the sealing plate connected to the flange by bolts. Three restraint devices 5 are placed in the pipe cavity of the steel pipe 1.2, and their length is close to the length of the cavity. An isolation device is placed in the internal region of each restraint device. The internal region of the isolation device is filled with UHSC material 2.1, and the other regions in the cavity are filled with setting retarder RPC material 2.2, and precompressive stress exists in the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0367] The upper part T1 of the member shown in Figure 46 is the upper wing edge, and portion A of the upper wing edge T1 includes a three-hole rectangular steel pipe 1.2, one end of which is welded with a sealing plate. A flange is welded to the other end, and a sealing plate is connected to the flange. There are holes in the intermediate pipe walls 1.3 and 1.4 of the steel pipe 1.2. These are used as passages connecting two adjacent cavities, and the setting retarder RPC material, which is in a flowable stage, can flow through them. A restraining device 5 is placed in each cavity of the pipe hole 1.2 in the steel pipe, the length of which is close to the length of the cavity. An isolation device is placed in the internal region of each restraining device. The internal region of the isolation device is filled with UHSC material 2.1, and the other region in the cavity is filled with setting retarder material 2.2. Precompressible stress exists in the UHSC and RPC materials.

[0368] In the bending member, the pressured edge can also be one of the pressured members from the previous embodiment.

[0369] 《5.》Explanation of Terms 《5.1.1.》 Meaning of "at least" When a set contains a limited number of elements, "at least one element" can mean one element, multiple elements, or all elements. For example, a set might contain a total of five elements: e1, e2, e3, e4, and e5. Statement 1a: "Of the five elements e1, e2, e3, e4, and e5, at least one element possesses characteristic A." Statement 1b: "Of the five elements e1, e2, e3, e4, and e5, one, more, or all of the elements possess characteristic A."

[0370] Statements 1a and 1b have the same meaning. They include the following five meanings: One element has property A. Two elements have property A. Three elements have property A. Four elements have property A. Five elements (all elements) have property A.

[0371] If the set is within a spatial or temporal range For example, when the set is the total length of an object, the meaning of "the length of at least one segment" is: Statement 2a: "Within the length of the entire column, at least one segment of the column has characteristic A." Statement 2b: "Within the entire column, at least one segment of the column has characteristic A." Statement 2c: "Within the length of the entire column, one or more segments or the entire column possesses characteristic A." Statement 2d: "The entire column contains one or more segments, or the entire column possesses characteristic A." Statements 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d have the same meaning.

[0372] Statement 3a: "Within the entire inner surface area of ​​the pipe, at least one area region has characteristic A." Statement 3b: "Within the entire inner surface area of ​​the pipe, one area region, multiple area regions, or the entire inner surface has characteristic A." Statements 3a and 3b have the same meaning.

[0373] Statement 4a: "In a certain cavity (closed space region), at least one space region has characteristic A." Statement 4b: "In a certain cavity (closed space region), one space region or a plurality of space regions or the entire cavity region has characteristic A." Statements 4a and 4b have the same meaning.

[0374] 《5.1.2.》Meaning of "plural" In this specification, "plural" means two or more. For example, "a plurality" refers to two or more, "a plurality of types" refers to two or more types, and "multiple stages" refers to two or more stages.

[0375] 《5.1.3.》Part A Part A is a solid device and has one or more cavities. Preferably, part A is a single-tube A device. Preferably, the tube in the single-tube A device is a single-hole tube. Preferably, the tube in the single-tube A device is a porous tube. Preferably, part A is a porous-tube A device. Preferably, at least one tube is a single-hole tube. Preferably, at least one tube is a porous tube.

[0376] 《5.1.4.》Single-tube A device The characteristics of the single-tube A device are that part A includes a tube, the number of tubes is one, there are sealing devices at both ends of the tube to seal the tube holes. The closed tube holes are the cavities of part A.

[0377] [[ID=3४]]《5.1.5.》Multi-tube A device The characteristics of the multi-tube A device are that part A includes tubes, the number of tubes is two or more. At least two of them have the following characteristics, and each tube has at least one closed tube hole. There are sealing devices at both ends of the sealed tube holes to seal the tube holes. The closed tube holes are the cavities of part A.

[0378] 《5.1.6.》Single-hole tube The defining characteristic of a single-hole tube is that it has only one hole per tube.

[0379] 《5.1.7.》Porous pipe A characteristic of a porous tube is that it has multiple holes in a single tube. See Figure 40.

[0380] 《5.1.8.》 Part B of the material The material in part B is a solidifiable material, and the states of a solidifiable material include a flowable state and a solid state, and the material can transition from a flowable state to a solid state.

[0381] The selection range of the aforementioned flow-to-solid conversion materials includes, but is not limited to, the following: (1) Cement-based materials Preferably, the cement-based material includes cement mortar, reactive powdered concrete (RPC), general strength concrete (NHSC), high strength concrete (HSC), and ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC). (2) A mixture of cement-based material and polymer material, in which cement is involved in hydration. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer emulsion. Preferably, the polymer material is a polymer material that can be cured on its own. Preferably, the polymer material is an epoxy resin. (3) Polymer materials that can be cured on their own Preferably, the self-curing polymer material includes an epoxy resin. (4) A mixture of a polymer material that can be cured by itself and a solid powder, or / or solid granules. Preferably, the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and a solid powder, preferably the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material and solid granules, and preferably the material of portion B is a mixture of a polymer material, a solid powder and solid granules. Preferably the solid powder is a metal powder or an inorganic nonmetallic material powder, and the solid granules are a metal granule or an inorganic nonmetallic material granule, and preferably the inorganic nonmetallic material powder and granules are stone powder and stone (pebble), respectively.

[0382] 《5.1.9.》 Energy Storage Devices The energy storage device has the following characteristics: When the compressive stress on its pressure-receiving surface increases, the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the compressive stress decreases, the energy storage device releases energy. The types of energy storage devices include internal surface pressure-receiving energy storage devices and external surface pressure-receiving energy storage devices.

[0383] 《5.1.10.》Internal Surface Pressure Energy Storage Device A characteristic of the internal surface pressure energy storage device is that it includes a cavity, and when the pressure of the static liquid in the cavity increases, the volume of the cavity increases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the pressure in the cavity decreases, the volume of the cavity decreases, and the energy storage device releases energy.

[0384] Section A (5.1.11) also serves as an energy storage device. If part A of the component has an energy storage function, then part A is an internal surface pressure-receiving energy storage device. Preferably, part A contains one or more energy storage regions, the energy storage regions are adjacent to a cavity, and as the static fluid pressure inside the cavity increases, the energy storage regions undergo bending deformation. A bending torque is generated in a cross section in a certain direction. The energy stored by bending deformation is much higher than the energy stored by tensile or compressive deformation.

[0385] 《5.1.12.》 High-energy storage tubes When the inner wall of a pipe is subjected to a uniform normal pressure, the pipe wall deforms, absorbing and storing energy. For pipes of the same length and subjected to the same uniform normal pressure on the inner wall, the energy absorbed and stored in a high-energy storage pipe is far greater than that of a pipe of the same material. A high-energy storage pipe is an internal pressure energy storage device. A characteristic of the aforementioned circular pipe with equal cross-section is that, in the cross-section, both the inner and outer contour lines of the circular pipe with equal cross-section are circular, and the centers of the inner and outer contour lines overlap. The circular pipe with equal cross-section has the same cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe bore and the same cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe wall as the high-energy storage pipe.

[0386] Preferably, at least two of the outer contour lines of the high-energy storage tube have different curvatures, corresponding to any one cross-section. Preferably, at least two of the inner contour lines of the high-energy storage tube have different curvatures, corresponding to any one cross-section. The inner contour lines are the lines of intersection between the inner surface of the tube and the cross-section. Preferably, the cross-section of the high-energy storage tube has one or more straight inner contour lines, or one or more straight outer contour lines. Alternatively, at least one outer contour line and at least one inner contour line are straight and parallel to each other.

[0387] Preferably, the figures enclosed by the outer and inner contour lines of the pipe are both polygons, or both are rounded polygons, or both are ellipses. The figures enclosed by the outer and inner contour lines of the pipe are both exoconvex polygons, or exoconvex rounded polygons.

[0388] Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional shapes of several high-energy storage tubes. Tubes a and b are circular tube walls with one and two segments of straight inner and outer contour lines, respectively, while tube c is square. Tube d is a square with rounded corners, tube e is a regular dodecagon, and tube f is elliptical. When a uniform normal compressive stress acts inside the tubes, the tube walls of the straight segments in the cross-sections of tubes a-e bulge outward; this is bending deformation, and the tubes absorb and store energy. In the elliptical cross-section of tube e, the minor axis lengthens and the major axis shortens, causing bending deformation inside the tube wall, absorbing and storing energy.

[0389] 《5.1.13.》 High Energy Storage Stage The high-energy storage stage is a pipe having the same cross-section as the high-energy storage pipe. The high-energy storage stage is a segment of the pipe in section A. The high-energy storage stage is also an internal surface pressure energy storage device.

[0390] 《5.1.14.》Apparent Volume The term "apparent volume" has two meanings. The first is the apparent volume of material B, and the second is the apparent volume of the apparatus. The apparent volume of a device is the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the device.

[0391] 《5.1.15.》 External pressure energy storage device The aforementioned external pressure-sensitive energy storage device has the following characteristics: When the uniform pressure on the outer surface increases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device decreases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the uniform pressure on the outer surface decreases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device increases, and the energy storage device releases energy. External pressure energy storage devices are selected from, but are not limited to, bag-type energy storage devices, solid elastic energy storage devices, and elastic housing energy storage devices.

[0392] 《5.1.16.》Bag-type device A key feature of bag-type devices is that the apparent volume of the bag can change in accordance with the change in the volume of the internal fluid. During the process of the apparent volume changing, the external surface area of ​​the bag-type device may or may not change. The types of bag-type devices include bag-type energy storage devices, bag-type pressurizing devices, and bag-type pressurized energy storage devices.

[0393] 《5.1.17.》Bag-type energy storage device The bag-type energy storage device is a bag-type device having an energy storage function, and includes an energy storage liquid bag, an energy storage gas bag, and an energy storage gas-liquid bag.

[0394] 《5.1.18.》 Energy Storage Liquid Bag A feature of the aforementioned energy storage liquid bag is that the liquid bag is connected to an accumulator via a pipeline. When the pressure of the liquid in the liquid bag increases, the liquid is pushed into the accumulator, and when the pressure of the liquid in the liquid bag decreases, the liquid flows out of the accumulator.

[0395] 《5.1.19.》 Energy Storage Gas Bags A key feature of the aforementioned energy storage gas bag is that it is filled with compressed gas.

[0396] 《5.1.20.》 Energy Storage Gas Liquid Bags A characteristic of the aforementioned energy storage gas liquid bag is that it is filled with liquefied gas, and a portion of the medium in the liquid bag is in a gaseous state, while the other portion is in a liquid state.

[0397] 《5.1.21.》Solid Elastic Energy Storage Device The solid elastic energy storage device is a solid elastic body, and the material of the elastic body is a material with a very large amount of elastic deformation, such as rubber or polyurethane.

[0398] 《5.1.22.》 Elastic Housing Energy Storage Device A characteristic of elastic housing energy storage devices is that the housing is manufactured from an elastic material, forming a sealed hollow space enclosed by the housing. When subjected to the pressure of the surrounding fluid, at least a portion of the housing undergoes bending deformation. Such housings store energy primarily through this bending deformation.

[0399] 《5.1.23.》 Pressurizing device A characteristic of the aforementioned pressurizing device is that it is configured to change or maintain the pressure between its outer surface and the medium in contact with it. The pressurizing device can be selected from a pressurizing piston, a bag-type pressurizing device, a pressurizing pipeline and a medium in the pipeline, and a self-expanding pressurizing device. The bag-type pressurizing device is selected from a pressurized gas bag, a pressurized liquid bag, and a pressurized gas-liquid bag. Preferably, the self-inflating device is a Type A self-inflating device. Preferably, the Type A self-inflating device is a Type A1 self-inflating device. Preferably, the Type A1 self-inflating device is a Type A1a and / or Type A1b self-inflating device. Preferably, the self-expansion device is a type B self-expansion device.

[0400] 《5.1.24.》Pressurized piston The pressurizing piston is a rod member made of a solid material with a smooth surface, inserted into the hollow portion enclosed by portion A through a piston hole in portion A, and configured to seal the space between the pressurizing piston and the piston hole. The pressurizing piston is also configured to move along its longitudinal direction, increasing the pressure by occupying the space of the material in portion B, and / or decreasing the pressure by giving up the occupied space.

[0401] 《5.1.25.》 Pressurized gas bag The pressurized gas bag is connected to a pressure source via a pipeline, and the pressure source can adjust the gas pressure in the pipeline and the airbag. Preferably, the pressure source is an air pump. When the air pump stops, the pressurized gas bag becomes an energy storage device.

[0402] 《5.1.26》Pressurized liquid bag The pressurized liquid bag is connected to a hydraulic pressure source via a pipeline, and the hydraulic pressure source can adjust the pressure of the liquid in the pipeline and the liquid bag. Preferably, an accumulator is further connected to the tubing of the pressurized liquid bag. If the volume of the accumulator is very small, the accumulator only serves to stabilize the pressure. In this case, the pressurized liquid bag can still be considered a pressurized liquid bag. If the volume of the accumulator is relatively large, the pressurized liquid bag becomes a pressurized energy storage liquid bag.

[0403] 《5.1.27》 Pressurized gas liquid bag The pressurized gas-liquid bag is connected via a pipeline to a pressure source and / or a hydraulic source, which can adjust the pressure of the gas and / or liquid in the pipeline and the gas-liquid bag.

[0404] 《5.1.28.》 Pressurized Energy Storage Device The aforementioned pressurized energy storage device has the following characteristics A and B. The aforementioned characteristic A A pressurized energy storage device is configured to change or maintain the pressure between its outer surface and the medium in contact with it. The aforementioned characteristic B Under the condition that other influencing factors remain constant, the apparent volume of the pressurized energy storage device decreases when the pressure of the surrounding flowable medium increases. Or / and, the apparent volume of the pressurized energy storage device increases when the pressure of the surrounding flowable medium decreases.

[0405] The pressurized energy storage device is selected from a pressurized gas bag, a pressurized gas liquid bag, a pressurized energy storage liquid bag, a Type A self-expansion device, and a Type B self-expansion device.

[0406] Preferably, the Type A self-expansion device is a Type A1 self-expansion device. Preferably, the Type A1 self-expansion device is a Type A1a and / or Type A1b self-expansion device. Pressurized gas bags and pressurized liquid gas bags can be considered pressurized energy storage devices because the gas in them is compressible and they have an energy storage function.

[0407] 《5.1.29.》 Pressurized Energy Storage Liquid Bag The pressurized liquid bag has the following characteristics: The liquid bag is connected not only to a hydraulic pressure source via a pipeline, but also to an accumulator. The hydraulic pressure source can regulate the liquid pressure in the pipeline. The accumulator stores and releases energy, stabilizing the liquid pressure.

[0408] 《5.1.30.》Condensation-delaying pressurized liquid bag A key feature of a settling-delay pressurized liquid bag is that the liquid medium in the pressurized liquid bag is a settling-delay material, and its settling time and the time it takes to reach a predetermined strength satisfy the requirement of applying pressure to material B within the component.

[0409] During pressurization, the medium inside the bag remains fluid. Before the component enters the use phase, the medium inside the bag solidifies and reaches a predetermined strength.

[0410] After the pressurized liquid bag completes its pressurization task, if only the liquid inside the bag is drained, the bag wall will no longer provide pressure to the surrounding material B. When material B is subjected to pressure, the solution will delaminate or otherwise break down near the contact surface with the bag wall.

[0411] Once the pressurized liquid bag has completed its pressurization task, the liquid inside the bag is first drained, and then the bag is filled with a solidifiable material. When the component is used, the filler material inside the bag solidifies and reaches a predetermined strength. When the component treated in this way is subjected to force during use, the material, which is part B, will delaminate near the wall of the bag. The wall of the bag provides support to the material, which is part B, limiting its delamination and increasing the load capacity of the component.

[0412] If the liquid medium in a pressurized liquid bag is a setting retarder, the setting retarder reaches a predetermined strength before or at least before the member enters the service phase. The already solidified setting retarder supports the bag walls within the bag, and the bag walls are made of the surrounding material, part B. When the member is compressed, if the material part B cracks, peels, or undergoes other forms of failure near the bag walls, the bag walls provide support to the material part B, and the failure of the assembled material part B can improve the load-bearing capacity of the member.

[0413] 《5.1.31.》Condensation-delayed energy storage liquid bag The characteristic of a condensation-delayed energy storage liquid bag is that the liquid medium inside the liquid bag is a condensation-delaying material, and its solidification time and the time it takes to reach a predetermined strength satisfy the requirement of applying pressure to material B inside the component.

[0414] 《5.1.32.》 Self-expansion device The self-expanding device is a device whose apparent volume can be expanded, or a device whose apparent volume can be expanded under certain conditions.

[0415] 《5.1.33.》A type self-expansion device A Type A self-expanding device includes a sheath and a gas generator. The sheath is made of an impermeable or nearly impermeable material and is a sealed device with a variable apparent volume, or a sealed device with a variable external shape and apparent volume. The impermeability means that no gas or / or liquid accompanied by it can pass through the sheath. When certain predetermined conditions are met, the gas generator generates gas, which pushes the sheath from the inside, thereby increasing the apparent volume of the self-expanding device.

[0416] Preferably, the outer casing of the Type A self-expanding device is a sealed device made of a polymer material, and after fully expanding, its shape becomes tubular, spherical, or elliptical. Preferably, the polymer material is rubber. Preferably, the outer casing of the Type A self-expanding device is a thin-walled metal tube with a non-circular cross-section and closed at both ends, and when the inner wall is compressed by pressure, a change in shape occurs in the thin-walled tube, and the apparent volume increases.

[0417] 《5.1.33.》Type 1 Self-Expansion Device The gas generator in the Type 1 self-expansion device contains at least two types of materials, which are normally isolated from each other. When certain conditions are met, the two types of materials mix together, a chemical reaction occurs, and a gas is generated. The gas causes the outer casing to expand.

[0418] Preferably, when the pressure acting on the gas generator reaches a predetermined value (a pre-set value), the two materials mix to generate gas. Preferably, the two materials are sodium bicarbonate and a liquid containing hydrogen ions, respectively. Preferably, a safety valve is attached to the self-expansion device to maintain the gas pressure near the predetermined value. If the gas pressure exceeds the predetermined pressure value of the safety valve, the gas is discharged from the valve port, and if the gas pressure is below the predetermined value, the safety valve closes.

[0419] Preferably, the two materials that generate the gas are water and polyurethane grout liquid, respectively.

[0420] 《5.1.35.》Type 1a Self-Expanding Device - Brittle Housing Rubber Bag The Type 1a self-expanding device contains chemical component a in a sealed space enclosed by its outer casing, and chemical component b in a brittle housing. When chemical components a and b mix, a gas is generated. Pressing the self-expanding device initiates its self-expanding process. The expansion mechanism works as follows: when the outer casing of the self-expanding device is pressed, the casing presses against and breaks the brittle housing inside, causing chemical components a and b to mix and generate a gas, which then expands the casing. Preferably, the brittle housing is a non-circular cross-section tube 313 made of a brittle material and closed at both ends. As shown in Figure 5, the cross-section of the glass tube is further elliptical, rectangular, or a combination of a rectangle and two semicircles. Preferably, the brittle material is a brittle polymer material or glass. Preferably, the brittle polymer material is a brittle plastic.

[0421] As shown in Figure 6, preferably, the outer casing of the self-expanding device is a rubber tube 310 with both ends closed, containing chemical component a, and a glass tube with a rectangular cross-section and both ends closed is installed inside, with the liquid filling the glass tube being chemical component b. When pressed by the hydrostatic pressure around the rubber tube, the rubber tube presses against the glass tube inside and breaks, causing the chemical component a in the liquid in the glass tube to leak out and react with component b to generate gas. Furthermore, component a is sodium carbonate and component b is hydrochloric acid. Preferably, component a is polyurethane grout liquid and component b is water, and when the two are mixed and foamed, volume expansion occurs, and the product has a certain degree of strength after hardening.

[0422] Preferably, the masses of chemical components a and b are determined based on the mass of the gas to be produced, and the mass of the gas is determined based on the ambient temperature, the volume of the gas, and the gas pressure. Preferably, a safety valve is installed in the self-expansion device, and if the gas pressure exceeds a predetermined value, some of the gas is released, thereby reducing the pressure to below the predetermined value.

[0423] 《5.1.36.》Type 1b Self-Expanding Device - Brittle Housing Rubber Bag The Type A1b self-expansion device has two sealed devices, A and B, installed in a sealed space. Both the housings of devices A and B are brittle housings. Device A contains chemical component a, and device B contains another chemical component b. When components a and b mix, gas can be generated. When sealed devices A and B are pressed by the outer casing 310, they rupture one after the other, and component a mixes with b to generate gas. The expansion of this gas causes the self-expansion device to expand, increasing its apparent volume.

[0424] As shown in Figure 7, preferably, the self-expanding device is a PVC pipe 310 with both ends closed. Inside the PVC pipe 310, two brittle plastic pipes with a rectangular cross-section and both ends closed, namely brittle plastic pipe 311 and brittle plastic pipe 313, are installed. The brittle plastic pipe 311 is filled with liquid 312 containing chemical component a, and the brittle plastic pipe 313 is filled with liquid 3214 containing chemical component b. When the brittle plastic pipes are pressed by the outer casing of the self-expanding device, if the pressure reaches a certain value, the brittle plastic pipes 3211 and 3213 rupture one after the other or simultaneously. Liquids 314 and 312 in the two brittle plastic pipes flow out, mix, and undergo a chemical reaction, and the resulting gas expands the rubber pipe from the inside out.

[0425] Preferably, component a is a sodium carbonate solution and component b is hydrochloric acid. Preferably, component a is polyurethane grout liquid and component b is water, and when the two are mixed, foaming occurs, resulting in volume expansion, and the product has a certain degree of strength after hardening.

[0426] 《5.1.37.》Otsu-type self-expansion device-memory alloy device The aforementioned Type B self-expanding device is manufactured from a shape memory alloy, or the materials used include a shape memory alloy. When the temperature changes, the shape of the memory alloy changes, and the volume of the self-expanding device changes. When the temperature is within the T1 temperature range, the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the self-expanding device is at its minimum or near-minimum. When the temperature is within the T2 temperature range, the apparent volume of the device is at its maximum or near-maximum. The internal temperature of the composite structure is not within the T1 temperature range, but it is within the T2 temperature range. Before pressure is applied to the material that is part B in the hollow area enclosed by part A, the memory alloy self-expansion device is within the T1 temperature range. After the memory alloy self-expansion device is installed in the hollow area enclosed by part A, the temperature is within the T2 temperature range, so the device expands in apparent volume and pushes the material that is part B.

[0427] A commonly used type of self-expanding device is a tube made of shape memory alloy with both ends closed. When the temperature reaches the T2 range, the cross-sectional shape of the tube wall changes, and the volume enclosed by the outer surface expands, applying pressure to the cement-containing material. When the cross-sectional shape of the tube wall changes, at least a portion of the tube wall is bent in the cross-section. Since a large amount of elastic energy is stored when the tube wall is bent, such a device also has an energy storage function.

[0428] Another type of self-expanding device is made of a soft material and a memory alloy, and when the memory alloy changes shape, the soft material also deforms, thereby changing the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the self-expanding device.

[0429] 《5.1.38.》 Precompressible stress Precompressive stress is the stress applied to material B in the hollow portion surrounded by material A in a composite structure by compressing material B before a certain time.

[0430] 《5.1.39.》Residual precompressive stress Residual precompressible stress means that even after materials B1 and B2 solidify, materials B1 and / or B2 shrink, reducing the original precompressible stress in the materials, and the remaining precompressible stress after this reduction is the residual precompressible stress.

[0431] 《5.1.40.》Liquidity The fluidity of a material means that the material possesses at least one of the following properties: (1) It has no static shear strength, regardless of the presence or absence of hydrostatic pressure. Having almost no static shear strength means that the static shear strength at that point in time is very small, ranging from one tens of thousands to one-tenth of the final static shear strength of the solidifiable material. (2) The material has no static uniaxial compressive strength. Having almost no static uniaxial compressive strength means that the static compressive strength at that point in time is very small, ranging from one tens of thousands to one-tenth of the final static uniaxial compressive strength of a solidifiable material. (3) When subjected to any very small shear force, it deforms continuously over time. The very small shear force means that when the shear force is applied, the shear force is only one tens of thousands to one tenth of the final static shear strength of the solidifiable material. (4) If the material is fluid, the long-term strength of the material will not decrease even if shear deformation is applied to the material.

[0432] 《5.1.41.》 Fluid state A material is in a flowable state if it possesses fluidity.

[0433] 《5.1.42.》 Relatively high liquidity If, at a given point in time, both the first and second materials are subjected to the same stress, and this stress does not change over time, and the deviatoric tensor of stress is not zero, and the deviatoric strain rate of the first material is faster than the deviatoric strain rate of the second material, then the first material is considered to have relatively higher fluidity than the second material.

[0434] 《5.1.43》 Coagulation (solidification) In the present invention, solidification means the process by which a material changes from a state in which its static or quasi-static shear strength is zero or nearly zero to a state in which it has static or quasi-static shear strength. A static or quasi-static shear strength of nearly zero means that the static shear strength at that point in time is very small, ranging from one tens of thousands to one-tenth of the final static shear strength of the solidifiable material. Coagulation includes, but is not limited to, the following meanings. The setting and hardening process of cement paste, cement mortar, concrete, reactive powder concrete, etc., and the process by which polymer materials change from a fluid state to a solid. During the solidification process, the creep properties of the material gradually change, and the viscosity coefficient gradually increases.

[0435] 《5.1.44.》 Volume contraction turning point The newly mixed fluid-to-solid conversion material is placed in a sealed environment and undergoes two steps. (1) In the first stage, allow for changes in pressure and temperature experienced by the material. (2) In the second stage, the temperature and pressure are kept constant, and a curve showing the relationship between volumetric strain and time is recorded.

[0436] In the second stage, if the curve showing the relationship between volumetric strain and time has the following characteristics, that point is a turning point in contraction. A characteristic of this point is that the curvature of the curve is maximum at this point, and the volumetric strain rate beyond this point is much smaller than the average rate of the previous second stage, only a fraction of the previous rate, and even smaller. When a shrinkage inversion point appears within the normal range of water-cement ratio or water-binder ratio, the material already possesses a certain degree of static shear strength.

[0437] If there is no turning point in the curve showing the relationship between volumetric strain and time in the second stage, it indicates that the start time of the second stage is too late. By shortening the time of the first stage, it is possible to make a turning point appear in the curve of the second stage. If the material is still flowable when the second stage begins, a turning point will always be found. Even if the material has a certain amount of static shear strength at the start of the second stage, a turning point will still be found if the strength is not sufficiently high. The temperature-pressure history experienced by the material before the volume contraction transition point appears influences whether the transition point appears early or late. Under conditions where the transition point appears earlier than the volume contraction, the start time of the second phase should be as close as possible to the time when the volume contraction transition point appears.

[0438] 《5.1.45.》Columnar body The characteristics of a columnar body are that its axis is straight and its cross-section is the same.

[0439] 《5.1.46.》Rounded prism A characteristic of a rounded prism is that its cross-section is a rounded polygon.

[0440] 《5.1.47.》 Appearance volume of the apparatus The apparent volume of a device is the volume enclosed by the outer surface of the device.

[0441] 《5.1.48.》Chemical contraction During the chemical reaction, the absolute volume of the materials is smaller than the sum of the volumes of the individual components that were involved in the previous reaction. In cement and mixtures of cement and activated minerals, the absolute volume after hydration is smaller than the sum of the volumes of water and other components involved in hydration before hydration.

[0442] 《5.1.49.》 Material B Volume Compensation Mechanism Let's explain using cement-based materials as an example. Cement undergoes biochemical shrinkage during its reaction with water, and this volumetric shrinkage continues after it has reached a flowable state, solidified, and acquired a certain strength. Volume contraction negatively affects the load-bearing capacity of a structural member. In steel-tube concrete structures, when the concrete shrinks in volume, separation occurs between the concrete and the steel pipe. Volume contraction generates tensile stress within the cement-based material, which ultimately causes the material to tear. Regarding how to compensate for the volume loss of material B, we will now explain the single-B volume compensation method and the multi-B volume compensation method. Single-B means that the cavity contains only one type of material B, while multi-B means that the cavity contains multiple types of material B.

[0443] (1) Single B volume compensation plan The cross-section of the aforementioned member is shown in Figures 17 and 19, referring to Example 1. Part A is a rectangular steel pipe 1.2, with both ends closed to form a single cavity. A restraining device 5 is placed in the cavity, which is a pipe with a hole 5.2 in the pipe wall 5.1. The cavity is filled with material 2, which is part B, and precompressive stress is present in the material. A bulge occurs in the regular dodecagonal steel pipe, the straight portion of the pipe wall cross-section becomes curved, and energy is stored in the steel pipe 1.2.

[0444] The method for filling and pressurizing material B involves filling the cavity with material B, which is in a flowable state, using a pressurizing pump. After filling the cavity, material B is continued to be pushed into the cavity until the pressure of material B reaches a default value, after which the valve and pressurizing pump are closed, and thereafter material B no longer enters or leaves, and pre-compressive stress remains in material B. As hydration progresses, material B shrinks. While material B is still flowable, the compressive stress on material B is the same everywhere, and is equal to the compressive stress between the inner surface of the pipe and material B. As the volume of material B inside the dodecagonal steel pipe shrinks, the inner surface of the pipe moves. The compressive stress in the material that constitutes part B is kept within the required range. When material B, which is flowable in the internal region of the restraint device, shrinks, the material B between the restraint device and the inner surface of the dodecagonal steel pipe is pushed against the inner wall of the dodecagonal steel pipe and flows into the internal region of the restraint device through the connecting passage, filling the volume of material B that has shrunk in that region.

[0445] If material portion B continues to shrink in volume after it has solidified, the surface of material B, which is still in close contact with the inner wall of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe, will move. If we separate the material portion B located in the internal region of the restraining device, the restraining device itself, and the material of part B located in the peripheral region of the restraining device, the length along the diameter will shorten, and the cause will manifest as ring compressive stress due to the shrinkage of material B within the material of the device itself.

[0446] After material B solidifies and its strength reaches the design requirements, pre-compressive stress still exists within material B. When the member is subjected to axial pressure, a force acts, causing material B in the internal region of the device to expand laterally. In the initial stages of expansion, the ring pressure of the restraining device gradually decreases. After the ring compressive stress within the material of the restraining device itself becomes equal to zero, if material B continues to expand laterally, the restraining device will limit its expansion, reducing the amount of expansion deformation and further increasing the axial crush strength. It is important to emphasize that after material B solidifies, it can no longer pass through the holes in the tube wall of the restraining device, and the restraining device can implement restrictions on the expansion of material B within its internal region.

[0447] (2) Compensation plan for multiple B volume To illustrate with an example where the cavity contains only two types of material in part B, the situation is similar for material in part B that contains more types. See Example 2.

[0448] As shown in Figures 21 and 22, the cross-sections of the members are the same as those in Figures 19 and 17, respectively, for the regular dodecagonal steel pipe 1.2 and the restraint device 5 (pipe wall 5.1, hole 5.2) of part A. An isolation device 4.1 is present in the internal region of the restraint device. The internal region of the isolation device 4.1 is filled with material B1, while the region between the outer surface of the isolation device 4.1 and the inner surface of the restraint device 5, the hole 5.2 in the wall of the restraint device pipe, and the region between the outer surface of the restraint device 5 and the inner surface of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe 1.2 are entirely filled with material B2. It is required that the end time of the flowable state of material B2 is later than the end time of the flowable state of material B1. Preferably, the end time of the flowable dynamic state of material B2 is later than the time when the volume contraction transition point of material B1 appears.

[0449] Once the filling is complete, the component will have the following characteristics: (1) The closed cavity of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe is isolated from the outside world, and material from part B, which no longer exists, enters and exits. (2) All materials B1 and B2 are in a flowable state. (3) Compressive stress exists within materials B1 and B2. (4) A bulge occurs in the cross-section of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe, causing the straight segments within the outer contour of the pipe wall to protrude outwards and become curved, storing elastic energy in the pipe wall.

[0450] Regardless of whether the B1 material is in a flowable or solid state, if the B1 material in the internal region of the isolation device 4 undergoes volume contraction, the isolation device 4.1 deforms according to the boundary of the B1 material it adheres to. When the B1 material contracts, the bulging regular dodecagonal steel pipe recovers its partial elastic deformation, pushing in the B2 material, which enters the internal region of the constraint device through the holes in the pipe wall of the constraint device, and the B2 material continues to adhere to the constraint device. Before the B2 material ends up in a flowable state, all of the volume contraction deformation of the B1 material is filled by the B2 material. After the B2 material becomes solid, if the B1 and B2 materials in the internal region of the constraint device undergo volume contraction, the B2 material in the peripheral region of the device will no longer fill the volume contraction of the material in the internal region because the B2 material will no longer be able to enter its internal region through the holes in the pipe wall of the constraint device. However, if the volume of material B2 is much smaller than the volume of B1, then by the time the flowable state of material B2 ends, most of the volume contraction of B1 will be complete, and if the volume contraction of material B1 is small thereafter, a large precompressive stress can remain on materials B1 and B2 within the internal region of the restraint device. When materials B1 and B2 within the internal region of the restraint device are compressed axially, the restraint device can provide a restraining force, and further enhance the axial crushing capacity of the material that constitutes portion B in that region.

[0451] The lateral restraining force within the internal region of the restraining device is provided jointly by the restraining device itself and the regular dodecagonal steel pipe used in section A. Because the cross-section of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe used in section A includes straight segments, the normal stiffness of the straight segment pipe walls of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe is low before the pipe becomes circular. Before the material of section B undergoes sufficient lateral expansion, the compressive stress applied to material B in the cavity by the inner wall of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe is small. After the material of section B has expanded sufficiently laterally, the cross-section of the regular dodecagonal steel pipe is supported to be nearly circular, and the steel pipe exerts a lateral restraining force on the material in the cavity, reaching or nearing its maximum value.

Claims

1. A composite structural member having the following features: (1) The member includes part A and part B, (2) The member includes a portion C, or / and the member includes a portion H for a certain period of time or for a long period of time. Here, (i) The portion A is a solid-state device having one or more cavities and has the following features: (i) In at least one cavity of part A, part B is present, or / or (ii) In at least one cavity of part A, part B and part C are present, (ii) The portion B comprises one or more types of solidifiable materials, the different solidifiable materials occupying different spatial regions in the cavity of the portion A. (iii) The portion C includes one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device surrounds a spatial region called the internal region of the restraint device, and the material of part B exists in this region. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, the passage is suitable for the flow of material of portion B in a flowing state near one or both ends of the passage, and the peripheral region of the restraint device surrounds the restraint device. (iv) The portion H is a solid device, which surrounds the outer cavity A and has the following characteristics: (i) The outer cavity A is located outside the outer surface of part A, (ii) At least one period of time, at least one of the solidifiable materials is present in the outer cavity A, (iii) A composite structural member wherein, in at least one period of time, a connecting passage exists between the outer cavity A and at least one cavity of the portion A, and the passage is suitable for the flow of material of the portion B in a flowing state near one or both ends of the passage.

2. A member according to claim 1, characterized in having the following feature A or / and feature B: (1) Feature A: (1) The spatial region corresponding to the cavity of at least one part A is a single-communication region, or / and (2) The spatial region corresponding to the cavity of at least one part A has the following characteristics: At least one cross-section can be found corresponding to the cavity, and the planar region in the cross-section corresponding to the cavity is a multi-communication region. (2) Feature B: (1) Having two or more cavities in the portion A, (2) At least two cavities are isolated from each other, and / or, at least two cavities are in communication with each other.

3. A member according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the cavities in portion A has the following characteristics: The portion A surrounding the cavity has energy storage properties. When the pressure exerted on the inner wall of the cavity by portion A from the static fluid inside the cavity increases, the volume of the cavity increases, and portion A absorbs energy. When the pressure exerted on the inner wall of the cavity by portion A from the static fluid inside the cavity decreases, the volume of the cavity decreases, and portion A releases energy.

4. A member according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that at least one of the cavities in portion A has at least one of the following three characteristics: (1) When the inner wall of the cavity of portion A is subjected to pressure from the static fluid inside the cavity, portion A will bend and deform within at least a certain range. (2) When the inner wall of the cavity of portion A is subjected to pressure from the static fluid inside the cavity, the curvature of at least two regions A and B in portion A changes, and the amount of change in the curvature of region A is not equal to the amount of change in the curvature of region B. (3) When the inner wall of the cavity of portion A is subjected to pressure from the static fluid inside the cavity, a bending moment is generated and / or a change in the bending moment occurs in at least one region of one cross-section of portion A.

5. A member according to claim 1, wherein the outer cavity A has the following feature A or / and feature B: (1) Feature A: During at least one of the following time periods, the external cavity A has at least one of the following three characteristics: (1) A portion of the space region of the outer cavity A is occupied by compressed gas, and the compressed gas applies force to the surface of material B in the outer cavity A. (2) A bag-type pressurizing device and / or a bag-type energy storage device is provided in the outer cavity A, or other pressurizing device and / or energy storage device is provided. (3) The housing of the outer cavity A is capable of storing energy. Furthermore, when the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A increases, the volume of the outer cavity A increases, and the housing of the outer cavity A absorbs energy. When the pressure of the fluid medium in the outer cavity A decreases, the volume of the outer cavity A decreases, and the housing of the outer cavity A releases energy. (2) Feature B: At least for a certain period of time, pressure is present in the material of part B, When the volume of all the media in the cavity of part A increases, the material B that is in the cavity of part A, located in a region near the connecting passage, and is in a flowable state enters the cavity outside A through the connecting passage. When the volume of all the media in the cavity of part A decreases, material B, which is in the cavity outside A, located in a region near the connecting passage, and is in a flowable state, enters the cavity of part A through the connecting passage.

6. The member according to claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the outer cavity A includes a region of the outer surface of portion A, Components.

7. The member according to claim 1, wherein at least one cavity in portion A contains B １ , B ２ , ...B ｉ , B ｉ＋１ ...B Ｍ The material of the aforementioned part B of type M is included, each material occupies a different spatial region, and M ≥ 1, characterized in that Components.

8. A member according to claim 7, wherein in at least one cavity of the portion A, there exists at least one pair of i and j satisfying 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M (M ≥ 2) and i ≠ j, material Bi and material Bj are adjacent, and material Bi and material Bj satisfy the following characteristics: (1) At least a portion of the interface of material Bi is in direct contact with at least a portion of the interface of material Bj, or / or (2) An isolation device exists between at least a portion of the interface of material Bi and at least a portion of the interface of material Bj.

9. A member according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that in at least one cavity of the portion A, the material of the portion B has the following feature I or feature II: (1) Feature I: The material of the aforementioned portion B has at least one of the following features A and B. (1) Feature A: There exists at least one pair of m and n, where 1 ≤ m ≤ M, 1 ≤ n ≤ M, M ≥ 2, and m ≠ n, and there exists at least one time period corresponding to m and n, during which material Bn is relatively more fluid than material Bm. (2) Feature B: There exists at least one pair of m and n satisfying 1 ≤ m ≤ M, 1 ≤ n ≤ M, M ≥ 2, and m ≠ n, and the corresponding material Bm and material Bn have the following properties: (i) The end time of the flowable state of material Bn is simultaneous with or after the end time of the flowable state of material Bm, and earlier than the time of the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction of material Bm, (ii) The end of the flowable state of material Bn is simultaneous with or after the time of the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction of material Bm. (2) Feature II: There exists at least one k such that 1 ≤ k ≤ M, and the corresponding material B ｉ It has at least one of the following three characteristics: A, B, and C: (i) Feature A: Within the cavity enclosed by portion A, there exists at least one region Q1, and all of the region Q1 is made of material B ｋ It is occupied by, the material B ｋ in a stage where it is in a flowable state, within one time zone, a plurality of time zones, or the entire stage thereof, the material B within the region Q1 ｋ has the following characteristics: a. Material B within the region Q1 ｋ The compressive stress it experiences is higher than that at normal pressure, or / and b. Material B within the region Q1 ｉ The temperature is higher than room temperature. (ii) Feature B: Within the cavity enclosed by portion A, there exists at least one region Q2, and all of the region Q2 is made of material B. ｋ It is occupied by, The aforementioned material B ｋ In the solidification process in which material B transitions from a fluid state to a solid state, during one time period, multiple time periods, or the entire time period, the material B in region Q2 ｋ It has the following characteristics: a. Material B within the region Q2 ｋ Within, compressive stress, precompressible stress, or residual precompressible stress is present, or / or, b. Material B within the region Q2 ｉ The temperature is higher than room temperature. (iii) Feature C: Within the cavity enclosed by portion A, there exists at least one region Q3, and all of the region Q3 is made of material B ｋ It is occupied by, The aforementioned material B ｋ After solidification, it has the following properties: a. The material B within the region Q3 ｋ Within, compressive stress, precompressible stress, or residual precompressible stress is present, or / or, b. Material B within the region Q3 ｉ The temperature is higher than room temperature.

10. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the material of part B and a restraining device are present in at least one cavity of part A, and an energy storage device and / or a pressurizing device are present at least for a certain period of time, The aforementioned energy storage device has the following characteristics: When the pressure on the outer surface of the energy storage device increases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device decreases, and the energy storage device absorbs and stores energy. When the pressure on the outer surface decreases, the apparent volume of the energy storage device increases, and the energy storage device releases energy. The pressurizing device includes a pressurizing piston, a pressurizing gas bag, a pressurizing liquid bag, a pressurizing gas liquid bag, and a self-expanding pressurizing device selected from 1 to 9. Preferably, the pressurizing device further includes a pressurizing conduit communicating with the cavity of the portion A and a medium in the conduit.

11. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the material of part B is present in at least one cavity of part A, and further, at least one of the following is present: (1) Volume compensation device with housing, (2) Energy storage devices, (3) Pressurizing device.

12. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a further portion E exists within at least one cavity of portion A, the portion E comprises one or more support devices, the support devices are solid devices, and after the material of portion B solidifies, the support devices together with the solidified material of portion B can bear external forces. Components.

13. A member according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one support device belonging to the portion E is surrounded or enclosed by the material of the portion B within at least one cavity of the portion A. Components.

14. A member according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the cavities in the portion A has the following characteristic A, and characteristic A is characterized in that, for at least a certain period of time, there is at least one restraining device having the following characteristic within the cavity: (1) Material B in the internal region of the restraint device undergoes volume contraction, If an isolation device exists within the internal region of the restraint device, the material B in the internal region of the restraint device includes the material of the portion B located within the internal region of the isolation device, and the material B interposed between the outside of the isolation device and the inside of the restraint device. (2) In the area surrounding the restraint device, the material B is in a flowable state and compressive stress exists within the material B. (3) The material B in the area surrounding the restraint device enters the internal area of ​​the restraint device through the connecting passage due to the action of pressure, and fills in and compensates for the volume contraction of the material B in that area.

15. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in having the following feature I or feature II: (1) Feature I The material of part B, which fills at least one cavity in part A, is a single material. (2) Feature II The material of part B, which fills at least one cavity in part A, comprises two or more materials, each material occupying a different area. If we refer to two of these materials as material B1 and material B2, then material B1 and material B2 have at least one of the following characteristics: (i) The B1 material is present in at least one internal region of the restraint device, and the B2 material is present in all regions other than the internal regions of the restraint device. (ii) The B1 material is present in the internal region of at least one isolation device, the B2 material is present in the region outside the isolation device, and the isolation device is located in the internal region of the restraint device. (iii) The material of part B1 is present in the internal region of each restraint device, and the material of B2 is present in all regions other than the internal region of all restraint devices. (iv) The material of part B1 is present in the internal region of each isolation device, and the material of B2 is present in the external region of all isolation devices.

16. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the portion A comprises one or more tubes, each tube having one or more tube holes, one or more of all tube holes in all tubes being closed tube holes, both ends of each closed tube hole being sealed by a closing device, and each closed tube hole being a cavity in the portion A. Components.

17. A member according to claim 16, wherein the portion A has at least one of the following features: (1) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having a plurality of tube holes, each tube having a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole having one cavity in the portion A. (2) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube has a plurality of tube holes, each tube has only one tube hole which is a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole is one cavity in the portion A. (3) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having one tube hole, at least one tube having a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole is one cavity of the portion A. (4) The portion A includes a plurality of tubes, each tube having one tube hole, each tube hole being a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole being a cavity of the portion A. (5) The portion A includes one tube, the tube having a plurality of tube holes, at least one of which is a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole is one cavity of the portion A. (6) The portion A includes one tube, the tube having a plurality of tube holes, each tube hole being a closed tube hole, and each closed tube hole being one cavity of the portion A. (7) The part A comprises one tube and two closing devices, the tube having only one tube hole, both ends of the tube hole being sealed by the closing devices, the closing tube hole being one cavity of the part A. (8) The portion A comprises at least one inner tube and one outer tube, the inner tube being located within the bore of the outer tube, the end of the region between the outer wall of the inner tube and the inner wall of the outer tube being sealed by a sealing device, the sealed region between the inner tube and the outer tube being a closed cavity of the portion A, preferably the ends of the inner tube and the outer tube being aligned, preferably the length of the inner tube being greater than the length of the outer tube, and at least one end of the inner tube protruding from the end of the outer tube.

18. A member according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the portion A includes at least one tube which comprises a high-energy storage segment, the high-energy storage segment being a single-segment tube and having the same cross-section as the high-energy storage tube, Components.

19. A member according to claim 16, 17, or 18, wherein the high-energy storage tube or the high-energy storage segment has at least one of the following three features: A, B, or C: (1) Feature A In any one cross-section, at least two of the outer contour lines of the pipe have different curvatures, or / or, In any one cross-section, at least two of the internal contour lines of the pipe have different curvatures, and these internal contour lines are the intersection lines of the inner surface of the pipe and the cross-section. (2) Feature B In any one cross-section, at least one of the outer contour lines of portion A is a straight line, and / or, In any one cross-section, at least one of the inner contour lines of portion A is a straight line. (3) Feature C In any one cross-section, the figure formed by the outer contour line is an outward-convex polygon, and / or the figure formed by the inner contour line is an outward-convex polygon.

20. A member according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that one or more restraining devices are present in at least one closed tube hole of at least one of the tubes, and the restraining devices are selected from type A, type B, type C, and type D restraining devices: Eventually, (1) The Type A restraining device includes a tube having a hole in its wall, (2) The Type B restraint device includes a plurality of short pipes, with a gap between two adjacent pipes. Preferably, the adjacent short pipes have the same diameter, and preferably, in the two adjacent short pipes, the outer diameter of one short pipe is smaller than the inner diameter of the other short pipe, and one short pipe is inserted into the hole of the other short pipe. (3) The Type C restraint device includes a spiral hoop, Preferably, the hoop has a gap, preferably the gap changes periodically, and preferably the gap is fixed. (4) The T-shaped restraint device is a spiral band with a gap.

21. The member according to claim 16, characterized in that an outer cavity A exists on the outside of the tube wall of at least one tube hole of at least one of the tubes, Components.

22. A member according to claim 16, characterized in that it has at least one of the following features: (1) At least one of the pipes has one or more elongated A-shaped external cavities on the outside of the pipe wall, (2) One or more annular outer cavities A exist on the outside of the wall of at least one of the pipes.

23. A member according to claim 16, characterized in that a closing plate or flange is connected to at least one end of the pipe, and at least one A outer cavity is located at or near the end of the pipe. Components.

24. A member according to claim 23, characterized in that at least one outer cavity A has at least one of the following features: (1) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange at the end of the steel pipe. (2) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange at the end of the steel pipe, and at least a portion of the housing of the outer cavity A can increase the tensile resistance and / or pressure resistance and / or bending resistance between the pipe and the closing plate or flange. (3) The cavity wall surface of the outer cavity A includes the surface of the closing plate or flange at the end of the steel pipe, and reinforcing ribs are present between the pipe and the closing plate or between the flange, and at least one of the reinforcing ribs is located within at least one of the outer cavity A.

25. A member according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that at least one of the cavities in part A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity in part A is a single communication region or multiple communication regions.

26. A member according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that at least one of the cavities in part A has the following characteristics: (1) A connecting passage exists between the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A. (2) The cavity in part A is one of the tube opening regions of the tube.

27. A member according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the member is one of a lattice column, a truss, an arch rib, and a beam. Components.

28. A member according to claim 27, characterized by having the following configuration: (1) At least one column end of the lattice column has the following characteristics: The column legs of the lattice column include a tube containing a closed tube hole, the material of part B, and further include a restraining device and / or part H. The aforementioned portion H surrounds the outer cavity A. (2) At least one compression string rod in the truss has the following characteristics: The chord rod of the truss includes a tube with a closed tube hole, the material of part B, and further includes a restraining device and / or part H. The aforementioned portion H surrounds the outer cavity A. (3) The arch rib portion A includes at least one tube, and the tube has at least one closed tube hole, The aforementioned closed tube opening is filled with the material of portion B. A restraining device is present inside the closed tube hole, and / or an external cavity A is present outside the tube. (4) The portion of at least one segment of the beam that is subjected to pressure includes a pressure receiving device having the following characteristics: The pressure receiving device comprises a tube including a closed tube hole, a material of part B, and further comprises a restraining device and / or part H. The aforementioned portion H surrounds the outer cavity A.

29. The manufactured component is characterized by being the component described in any of claims 1 to 28. A method for manufacturing composite structural members.

30. A method for manufacturing composite structural members, having the following characteristics: (1) The member includes part A and part B, (2) The member includes a portion C, and / or the member includes a portion H for at least a certain time period. Eventually, (1) The above manufacturing method includes the following steps: (1) Obtain part A, or part A and part H, The aforementioned portion A has at least one cavity, (2) If there is no part H, select a cavity that is part of at least one part A, Part C is placed in the cavity of part A, and the material of part B is filled into the cavity of part A. (3) If there is a partial HH, take step (3.1) or step (3.2). （３．１） The material of part B is filled into the cavity of part A, or the material of part B is filled into the cavity of part A and the outer cavity of part A surrounded by part H. （３．２） (3.2.1) Place portion C within the cavity of portion A. (3.2.2) Fill the cavity of part A with the material of part B, or fill the cavity of part A with the material of part B in the cavity of part A and the cavity outside A surrounded by part H. (4) Control the pressure and temperature of part B so that the pressure of the material in part B is higher than atmospheric pressure and / or the temperature is higher than room temperature for at least a certain period of time. However, the order in which steps (3.1) or (3.2) are performed is not limited to the order described. (2) Among them, (1) The part A is a solid device, (2) The portion B comprises one or more solidifiable materials, the different solidifiable materials occupy different spatial regions within the cavity of the portion A, and the material of the portion B is in a flowable state during filling and for a certain period of time after filling is complete. (3) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices, at least one of which has the following characteristics: (i) The restraint device surrounds a spatial region referred to as the internal region of the restraint device, and the material of part B is present in this region. (ii) A connecting passage exists between the internal region of the restraint device and the peripheral region of the restraint device, the passage is suitable for the material of the flowing portion B near one or both ends of the passage to flow through, and the peripheral region of the restraint device surrounds the restraint device. (4) The portion H surrounds the outer cavity of the portion A, the outer cavity of the portion A is located outside the outer surface of the portion A, and the outer cavity of the portion A has a connecting passage between it and at least one of the outer cavities of the portion A.

31. A method according to claim 30, wherein the method for manufacturing the composite structural member is a method for manufacturing a type II composite structural member comprising three parts A, B, and C, and the method is characterized in that it includes the following steps S1, S2, and S3: S1. Obtain part A: The aforementioned part A is a solid device and comprises one or more cavities. S2. Perform one, two, three, or four of the following items (1) to (4): (1) In at least one of the cavities of the portion A, portions B and C are realized to be located within this cavity. (2) In at least one of the cavities of portion A, portions B, C and D are located within this cavity. (3) In at least one of the cavities of part A, parts B, C and E are realized to be located within this cavity. (4) In at least one of the cavities of portion A, portions B, C, D, and E are located within this cavity. Here, (i) The portion B is composed of one or more materials of the portion B: The material of part B is a solidifiable material, and during and for a certain period of time after filling the cavity, the material of part B is in a flowable state, and the spatial area occupied by different types of material of part B is different. (ii) The portion C comprises one or more restraint devices: The restraining device has the characteristic that, after the material in portion B of the internal region of the restraining device solidifies, if the material in portion B of the internal region expands, the restraining device can reduce the magnitude of the expansion deformation, and the internal region of the restraining device is the spatial region that surrounds or encloses the restraining device. (iii) The portion D comprises one or more isolation devices: The isolation device separates the material of part B located in the internal region of the isolation device from the material of part B located in the peripheral region, wherein the material of part B in the internal region and the material of part B in the peripheral region are two different materials, the internal region of the isolation device is the spatial region surrounded or enclosed by the isolation device, and the peripheral region of the isolation device is the region surrounding or enclosed by the outer surface of the isolation device. (iv) The portion E comprises one or more support devices: The support device is a solid device, and after the material of part B solidifies, the support device can cooperate with the solidified material of part B to bear external forces. S3. Apply pressure to the material of portion B in at least one cavity.

32. A method according to claim 30, wherein in at least one cavity of the portion A, there is a material of type M of the portion B, and the material of the portion B is B １ , B ２ , ..., B ｉ , B ｉ＋１ , ..., B Ｍ The material is characterized in that different materials occupy different spatial regions, and M is M ≥ 1. Manufacturing method.

33. A method according to claim 32, characterized in that in at least one cavity of portion A, the material of portion B has at least one of the following features A and B: (1) Feature A: There exists at least one pair of (i, j) satisfying 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, M ≥ 2, and i ≠ j, and there exists at least one time period corresponding to i and j, and in that time period, material B ｉ In comparison, material B ｊ Its liquidity is relatively high, (2) Feature B: There exists at least one pair of (i, j) satisfying 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ M, M ≥ 2, and i ≠ j, and the material B corresponding to this pair exists. ｉ and material B ｊ It has the following characteristics: (i) Material B ｊ The end time of the flowable state of material B ｉ Later than the end time of the flowable state of material B ｉ Earlier than the time of appearance of the turning point in volume contraction, (ii) The material B ｊ The end time of the flowable state of material B ｉ The time of the appearance of the turning point in volume contraction, or later.

34. A method according to claim 30 or 31, characterized in that, in at least one cavity of portion A, pressure is applied to material B in the cavity by one or more of the following methods: (1) In one or more time periods, the compressive stress in the material of part B is changed or maintained by a pressurizing piston. (2) At one or more time intervals, change or maintain the compressive stress in the material of part B using a pressurized gas bag. (3) In one or more time periods, change or maintain the compressive stress in the material of part B using a pressurized liquid bag. (4) Change or maintain the compressive stress in the material of part B using a pressurized gas liquid bag during one or more time periods. (5) In one or more time periods, change or maintain the compressive stress in the material of part B using the pressurized pipeline and the medium in the pipeline. (6) At least for a certain period of time, the compressive stress in the material of part B is changed or maintained by a self-expansion device.

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