Anode-free solid-state batteries with dendrite prevention and interface adhesion control functional layers

Abstract

The present application provides an apparatus, system, and method for powering an electric vehicle. A battery pack can be disposed within the electric vehicle to power the electric vehicle. The apparatus can include a battery. The battery can have a housing defining a cavity. The battery can have a solid electrolyte. The electrolyte can be disposed within the cavity. The battery can have a cathode disposed within the cavity along a first surface of the electrolyte. The battery can have a functional layer disposed within the cavity along a second surface of the electrolyte. The first surface of the functional layer can be in contact with the second surface of the electrolyte. The functional layer can form an alloy with a lithium material received through the electrolyte. The battery can have a framework layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the functional layer.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16 / 209,828, filed Dec. 4, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. [Background technology]

[0002] Batteries may contain electrochemical cells for providing power to various electrical components connected thereto. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003]

[0003] The present disclosure relates to a battery for a battery pack. The battery can be an anode-free rechargeable battery comprising an anti-dendrite functional layer and a framework layer. Both the anti-dendrite functional layer and the framework layer can be disposed between an electrolyte layer and a conductive layer in the battery. The anti-dendrite functional layer can have a higher interfacial adhesion with the electrolyte layer than with the conductive layer. During operation of the battery, the anti-dendrite functional layer can combine with lithium ions that migrate from the cathode layer through the electrolyte layer to form an alloy with the lithium material. The inclusion of the anti-dendrite functional layer can improve the operation and durability of the battery by preventing dendritic growth of lithium into the electrolyte layer. The higher interfacial adhesion with the electrolyte layer can direct the spread of lithium to the interface with the conductive layer, thereby spatially limiting the growth of dendritic lithium from the electrolyte layer and the cathode layer.

[0004]

[0004] At least one aspect relates to an apparatus for powering an electric vehicle. The apparatus can include a battery pack. The battery pack can be disposed within the electric vehicle to power the electric vehicle. The apparatus can include a battery. The battery arranged within the battery pack. The battery can have a housing that defines a cavity within the battery housing. The battery can have a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte has a first surface and a second surface and can transfer ions between the first surface and the second surface. The solid electrolyte can be arranged within the cavity. The battery can have a cathode. The cathode can be disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte. The cathode can be electrically coupled to a positive terminal. The battery can have an anti-dendrite functional layer. The anti-dendrite functional layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can have a first surface and a second surface. The first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer can contact the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can form an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte. The battery can include a framework layer. The framework layer can be disposed within the cavity along a second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer. The framework layer can be electrically coupled to the negative terminal.

[0005]

[0005] At least one aspect relates to a method of providing a battery for powering an electric vehicle. The method can include disposing a battery pack in an electric vehicle for powering the electric vehicle. The method can include arranging a battery in the battery pack, the battery pack having a housing defining a cavity in the battery housing. The method can include disposing a solid electrolyte in the cavity, the solid electrolyte having a first side and a second side, and for transferring ions between the first side and the second side. The method can include disposing a cathode in the cavity along the first side of the solid electrolyte, the cathode being electrically coupled to a positive terminal. The method can include disposing an anti-dendrite functional layer in the cavity along the second side of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer having a first side and a second side. The first side of the anti-dendrite functional layer can be in contact with the second side of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can form an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte. The method can include disposing a framework layer in the cavity along the second side of the anti-dendrite functional layer, the framework layer being electrically coupled to a negative terminal.

[0006]

[0006] At least one aspect relates to an electric vehicle. The electric vehicle can include one or more components. The electric vehicle can include a battery pack. The battery pack can be disposed within the electric vehicle to power the one or more components. The electric vehicle can include a battery. The battery is disposed within the battery pack. The battery can have a housing that defines a cavity within the battery housing. The battery can have a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte has a first surface and a second surface and can transfer ions between the first surface and the second surface. The solid electrolyte can be disposed within the cavity. The battery can have a cathode. The cathode can be disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte. The cathode can be electrically coupled to a positive terminal. The battery can have an anti-dendrite functional layer. The anti-dendrite functional layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can have a first surface and a second surface. The first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer can be in contact with the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can form an alloy with a lithium material received through the solid electrolyte. The battery can include a framework layer. The framework layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer. The framework layer can be electrically coupled to the negative terminal.

[0007]

[0007] At least one aspect relates to a method. The method can include providing an apparatus. The apparatus can be included in an electric vehicle. The apparatus can include a battery pack. The battery pack can be disposed in the electric vehicle to power the electric vehicle. The apparatus can include a battery. The battery arranged in the battery pack. The battery can have a housing that defines a cavity within the battery housing. The battery can have a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte has a first surface and a second surface and can transfer ions between the first surface and the second surface. The solid electrolyte can be arranged in the cavity. The battery can have a cathode. The cathode can be disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte. The cathode can be electrically coupled to a positive terminal. The battery can have an anti-dendrite functional layer. The anti-dendrite functional layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can have a first surface and a second surface. The first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer can be in contact with the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can form an alloy with a lithium material received through the solid electrolyte. The battery can have a framework layer. The framework layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer. The framework layer can be electrically coupled to the negative terminal.

[0008]

[0008] At least one aspect relates to a battery for powering an electric vehicle. The battery can be disposed within a battery pack. The battery pack can be disposed within the electric vehicle to power the electric vehicle. The battery can have a housing that defines a cavity within the battery housing. The battery can have a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte can have a first surface and a second surface and can move ions between the first surface and the second surface. The solid electrolyte can be arranged within the cavity. The battery can have a cathode. The cathode can be disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte. The cathode can be electrically coupled to a positive terminal. The battery can have an anti-dendrite functional layer. The anti-dendrite functional layer can be disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can have a first surface and a second surface. The first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer can be in contact with the second surface of the solid electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer can form an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte. The battery can include a framework layer. The framework layer can be disposed within the cavity along a second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer. The framework layer can be electrically coupled to the negative terminal.

[0009]

[0009] These and other aspects and embodiments are described in detail below. The information above and the detailed description below include examples of the various aspects and embodiments and provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the claimed aspects and embodiments. The drawings set forth illustrations of the various aspects and embodiments are provided to facilitate a further understanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification.

[0010]

[0010] The accompanying drawings are not drawn to scale. Like reference numbers and labels in different drawings indicate like elements. For clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1]1 is an isometric cross-sectional perspective view of an exemplary battery for powering an electric vehicle; [Diagram 2]

[0012] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary battery for powering an electric vehicle. [Diagram 3]

[0013] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary layer pattern of a battery for powering an electric vehicle. [Figure 4]

[0014] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary layer pattern of a battery for powering an electric vehicle. [Diagram 5]

[0015] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary layer pattern of a battery for powering an electric vehicle. [Figure 6]

[0016] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary battery for powering an electric vehicle during a charging cycle. [Figure 7]

[0017] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary battery for powering an electric vehicle during a discharge cycle. [Figure 8]

[0018] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of an exemplary battery module for holding batteries in an electric vehicle. [Figure 9]

[0019] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a top view of an exemplary battery pack for holding batteries in an electric vehicle. [Figure 10]

[0020] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a cross-section of an exemplary electric vehicle equipped with battery packs. [Figure 11]

[0021] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method for assembling cells for a battery pack for an electric vehicle. [Figure 12]

[0022] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for providing batteries for a battery pack for an electric vehicle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012]

[0023] Below is a more detailed description of various concepts and examples of cells for battery packs in electric vehicles. The cells can be anode-free solid-state lithium-ion batteries with dendrite prevention and interface adhesion control functional layers. The various concepts introduced above and described in more detail below can be implemented in any of a variety of ways.

[0013]

[0024] Described herein are batteries for battery packs in electric vehicles for automotive configurations. Automotive configurations include configurations, arrangements, or networks of electrical, electronic, mechanical, or electromechanical devices in any type of vehicle. Automotive configurations can include batteries for battery packs in electric vehicles (EVs). EVs can include electric cars, cars, motorcycles, scooters, passenger vehicles, passenger or commercial trucks, and other vehicles, such as marine or air transport vehicles, airplanes, helicopters, submarines, ships, or drones. EVs can be fully autonomous, partially autonomous, or unmanned.

[0014]

[0025] Lithium ion batteries can be used in electric vehicles to power components therein. In a lithium ion battery, lithium ions can migrate from a positive electrode to a negative electrode during charging of the battery, and can migrate back from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharging of the battery. Each component of a lithium ion battery can at least partially comprise lithium material. The cathode of a lithium ion battery can comprise a lithium-based oxide material. The electrolyte of a lithium ion battery can be a solid electrolyte that includes lithium material. The anode of a lithium ion battery can comprise lithium or graphite. The cathode and anode can be arranged along opposite sides of the electrolyte in the battery. Upon repeated charging and discharging of the battery, lithium material that migrates through the electrolyte can be deposited in the anode of the battery, and the uneven distribution of lithium material can result in dendrite growth into the electrolyte. Eventually, dendritic growth of lithium material from the anode can penetrate the electrolyte in contact with the cathode, resulting in a short circuit and catastrophic failure of the battery.

[0015]

[0026] One method to mitigate dendritic growth of lithium material can include placing an organic or inorganic buffer layer between the electrolyte and the anode. The organic and inorganic buffer layers can transport lithium ions from the electrolyte to the anode while maintaining a similar electrical impedance through the battery. The buffer layer can physically block the deposition of lithium material to retain the lithium material in the anode. However, the barrier to lithium growth provided by the buffer layer may eventually fail. Organic or inorganic buffer layers may not prevent dendritic growth over long cycles because such buffer layers do not consider or address the non-uniformity of lithium migration through the electrolyte and deposition on the anode. Non-uniform or uneven distribution of lithium may be a bigger problem, especially at higher charging rates. Therefore, it may be difficult to suppress dendritic growth of lithium into the electrolyte using an organic or inorganic blocking layer between the anode and the electrolyte.

[0016]

[0027] To solve the technical problem of dendrite growth of lithium material in lithium ion batteries, an anode-free solid-state lithium ion battery is available that includes a dendrite prevention and interface adhesion control functional layer and a framework layer. Both the dendrite prevention functional layer and the framework layer can be disposed and positioned on the negative electrode side of the battery. The dendrite prevention functional layer can be arranged in the battery along the surface of the electrolyte opposite the cathode. The framework layer can be arranged between the solid electrolyte and the conductive contact to pass electrical current into or out of the battery. The dendrite prevention functional layer can include any stoichiometric combination of various elements, such as bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), silver (Au), gold (Ag), germanium (Ge), antimony (Se), selenium (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt). The dendrite prevention functional layer can form a bond or alloy with the lithium material received through the electrolyte. The anti-dendrite functional layer may also form part of the framework layer structure, with the material of the buffer layer being at least partially dispersed into the framework layer structure. The anti-dendrite functional layer may be separate from and in contact with the framework layer structure and may be a single layer or a multi-layer structure.

[0017]

[0028] During the initial charging process, lithium ions from the cathode may migrate through the electrolyte and reach the anti-dendrite functional layer and the framework layer structure on the opposite side. When the lithium material reaches the anti-dendrite functional layer, the anti-dendrite functional layer may form an alloy with the lithium material and retain the lithium material therein. When the lithium material is combined with the buffer layer, the interdiffusion buffer layer may function as a barrier layer to reduce the possibility of lithium dendrite growth and as an accelerator to promote the diffusion of lithium ions into the electrolyte. In addition, the lithium material traversing the anti-dendrite functional layer may be directed toward the interface between the framework layer structure and the conductive contact. The interfacial adhesion between the insulator (e.g., organic or inorganic buffer layer) and the framework layer structure may be stronger than the interfacial adhesion between the framework layer structure and the conductive contact. Therefore, the lithium material received through the electrolyte may cover the interface between the framework layer structure and the conductive contact. Furthermore, even if the distribution and concentration of the lithium material at the interface between the framework layer structure and the conductive layer is inhomogeneous, the dendrite growth into the electrolyte may be prevented by the anti-dendrite functional layer.

[0018]

[0029] In particular, FIG. 1 shows an isometric cross-sectional view of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle. The battery 105 can be part of a system or device 100, which can include at least one battery pack including the battery 105 for powering components of the electric vehicle. The battery 105 can be an anode-free lithium ion battery for powering an electric component. The electric component can be part of the electric vehicle. The electric component powered by the battery 105 can be outside the electric vehicle setting. The battery 105 can include a housing 110. The housing 110 can be contained in a battery module, battery pack, or battery array that is attached to the electric vehicle. The housing 110 can be any shape. The shape of the housing 110 can be a cylinder with a base that is circular (e.g., as shown), oval, or elliptical, etc. The shape of the housing 110 can also be a prism with a polygonal base, such as a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a pentagon, and a hexagon. The length (or height) of the housing 110 may range from 65 mm to 125 mm. The width (or diameter in the cylindrical example as shown) of the housing 110 may range from 18 mm to 45 mm. The thickness of the housing 110 may range from 100 mm to 200 mm.

[0019]

[0030] The housing 110 of the battery 105 can include one or more materials having various electrical or thermal conductivities, or a combination thereof. Electrically and thermally conductive materials for the housing 110 of the battery 105 can include metallic materials such as aluminum, aluminum and copper alloys, silicon, tin, magnesium, manganese, or zinc (e.g., aluminum 1000, 4000, or 5000 series), iron, iron-carbon alloys (e.g., steel), silver, nickel, copper, and copper alloys, etc. Electrically insulating and thermally conductive materials for the housing 110 of the battery 105 can include ceramic materials (e.g., silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, zirconium dioxide, beryllium oxide, etc.), thermoplastic materials (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or nylon), etc.

[0020]

[0031] The housing 110 of the battery 105 can have at least one lateral surface, e.g., a top surface 115 and a bottom surface 120. The top surface 115 can correspond to a top lateral surface of the housing 110. The top surface 115 can be an integral part of the housing 110. The top surface 115 can be separate from the housing 110 and can be attached to the top lateral surface of the housing 110. The bottom surface 120 can correspond to a bottom lateral surface of the housing 110 and can be the opposite surface of the top surface 115. The bottom surface 120 can correspond to a top lateral surface of the housing 110. The bottom surface 120 can be an integral part of the housing 110. The top surface 115 can be separate from the housing 110 and can be attached to the top lateral surface of the housing 110. The housing 110 of the battery 105 can have at least one longitudinal surface, e.g., a sidewall 125. The sidewall 125 can extend between the top surface 115 and the bottom surface 120 of the housing 110. The sidewall 125 can have a recessed portion thereon (sometimes referred to herein as a neck or reduced area). The top surface 115, the bottom surface 120, and the sidewall 125 can define a cavity 130 within the housing 110. The cavity 130 can correspond to an empty space, area, or volume within the housing 110 for holding the contents of the battery 105. The cavity 130 can extend between the top surface 115, the bottom surface 120, and the sidewall 125 within the housing 110.

[0021]

[0032] The battery 105 can include at least one cathode layer 135 (sometimes generally referred to herein as a cathode). The cathode layer 135 can be positioned, arranged, or otherwise disposed within the cavity 130 defined by the housing 110. At least a portion of the cathode layer 135 can be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the sidewall 125. At least a portion of the cathode layer 135 can be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the bottom surface 120. The cathode layer 135 can emit normal current from the battery 105 and can receive electrons during discharge of the battery 105. The cathode layer 135 can also emit lithium ions during discharge of the battery 105. Conversely, the cathode layer 135 can receive normal current to the battery 105 and can emit electrons during charging of the battery 105. The cathode layer 135 can receive lithium ions during charging of the battery 105. The cathode layer 135 may include a lithium-based oxide or phosphate material. The cathode layer 135 may include any of a variety of materials, including lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi x Mn y Co z The cathode layer 135 may include lithium-based materials such as lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) and other lithium-based materials. The length (or height) of the cathode layer 135 may range from 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the cathode layer 135 may range from 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the cathode layer 135 may range from 1 μm to 200 μm. The area loading of the cathode layer 135 may be 0.3 gm / cm 2 ~60mg / cm 2 The range may be:

[0022]

[0033] The battery 105 can be anode-free and can lack an active (or reactive) anode layer (sometimes referred to generally herein as an anode). In batteries that include an anode, the anode layer can be an active host material, such as graphite (e.g., activated carbon or impregnated with a conductive material), lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O 12 ), or silicon, and other materials. During discharge of such a battery, oxidation may occur in the anode layer, which may receive normal current into the battery and release electrons from the battery. At the same time, reduction may occur in the cathode layer of such a battery, which may receive normal current into the battery and release electrons from the battery. Conversely, during charging of such a battery, reduction may occur in the anode layer, which may receive normal current into the battery and accept electrons from the battery. Additionally, oxidation may occur in the cathode layer of such a battery, which may receive normal current into the battery and release electrons from the battery.

[0023]

[0034] The battery 105 may include at least one composite structure 140 (sometimes referred to herein as a passive layer, inactive layer, non-reactive layer, or interdiffusion layer) in place of an active anode layer. The composite structure 140 may be positioned, arranged, or otherwise disposed within the cavity 130 defined by the housing 110. At least a portion of the composite structure 140 may be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the sidewall 125. At least a portion of the composite structure 140 may be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the bottom surface 120. The composite structure 140 may provide for normal current transport to the battery 105 during discharge of the battery 105 and from the battery 105 during charging of the battery 105. Unlike the anode layer of a battery that includes an anode, the composite structure 140 of the battery 105 may not undergo oxidation or reduction during operation of the battery 105. The length (or height) of the composite structure 140 may range from 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the composite structure 140 may range from 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the composite structure 140 may range from 1 μm to 40 μm.

[0024]

[0035] The battery 105 can include a solid electrolyte layer 145 (sometimes generally referred to herein as an electrolyte or solid electrolyte). The solid electrolyte layer 145 can be located, disposed, or otherwise arranged within the cavity 130 defined by the housing 110. At least a portion of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the sidewall 125. At least a portion of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in contact with or flush with the inner surface of the bottom surface 120. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can be arranged between the composite structure 140 and the cathode layer 135 to separate the composite structure 140 and the cathode layer 135. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can transfer ions between the composite structure 140 and the cathode layer 135. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can transfer cations from the composite structure 140 to the cathode layer 135 during operation of the battery 105. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can transport anions (e.g., lithium ions) from the cathode layer 135 to the composite structure 140 during operation of the battery 105. The length (or height) of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in the range of 1 μm to 200 μm.

[0025]

[0036] The solid electrolyte layer 145 can include a solid electrolyte material. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can include a ceramic electrolyte material, such as lithium oxynitride (LiOx). x PO y N z ), lithium germanium sulfur phosphate (Li 10 GeP2S 12 ), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO 12), beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), perovskite ceramics (e.g., strontium titanate (SrTiO3)), and the like. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can include polymer electrolyte materials (sometimes referred to herein as hybrid or pseudo-solid electrolytes), such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), and polynylidene fluoride (PVDF), and the like. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can include glassy electrolyte materials, such as lithium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (Li2S-P2S5), lithium sulfide-boron sulfide (Li2S-B2S3), and tin sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (SnS-P2S5). The electrolyte material 145 can include any combination of ceramic electrolyte materials, polymer electrolyte materials, and glassy electrolyte materials, and the like.

[0026]

[0037] The battery 105 may include at least one central support 150. The central support 150 may be positioned, arranged, or disposed within the cavity 130 defined by the housing 130. At least a portion of the central support 150 may contact or be flush with the inner surface of the sidewall 125. At least a portion of the central support 150 may contact or be flush with the inner surface of the bottom surface 120. The central support 150 may be positioned within a cavity defined by the composite structure 140, the cathode layer 135, or the solid electrolyte layer 145. The central support 150 within the cavity may be any structure or member that wraps around the cathode layer 135, the passive layer 140, and the electrolyte layer 145 in a stacked configuration. The central support 150 may include an electrically insulating material and may not function as a positive or negative terminal for the battery 105. The battery 105 can also lack or not include the central support 150 .

[0027]

[0038] In particular, FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle. As shown, at least one cathode layer 135, at least one composite structure 140, and at least one solid electrolyte layer 145 can be arranged in a cavity 130 in a housing 110 of the battery 105. The at least one cathode layer 135, at least one composite structure 140, and at least one solid electrolyte layer 145 can be arranged in series or can be stacked one on top of the other. At least one of the cathode layers 135 and at least one of the anode layers 140 can be separated without a solid electrolyte 145 between the cathode layer 135. At least one of the cathode layers 135 and at least one of the anode layers 140 can be adjacent to each other. The group of cathode layers 135 and the group of anode layers 140 can be electrically connected to each other in series. Each cathode layer 135 can be electrically connected to one of the anode layers 140. Each composite structure 140 can be electrically coupled to one of the cathode layers 135. Each cathode layer 135, each composite structure 140, and each solid electrolyte layer 145 can be vertically arranged within the cavity 130. Each cathode layer 135, each composite structure 140, and each solid electrolyte layer 145 can extend at least partially from the bottom surface 120 to the top surface 115. Each cathode layer 135, each composite structure 140, and each solid electrolyte layer 145 can be horizontally arranged within the cavity 130. Each cathode layer 135, each composite structure 140, and each solid electrolyte layer 145 can extend at least partially from one sidewall 125 to the other sidewall 125.

[0028]

[0039] The solid electrolyte layer 145 may include at least one first surface 200. The first surface 200 may correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The first surface 200 may correspond to a surface of the solid electrolyte layer 145 facing the cathode layer 135. The cathode layer 135 may be disposed within the cavity 130 at least partially along the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion of the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 may be in contact with or flush with at least one surface of the cathode layer 135. The solid electrolyte layer 145 may be electrically coupled to the cathode layer 135 via the first surface 200. During operation (e.g., charging or discharging) of the battery 105, the solid electrolyte layer 145 may receive lithium material from the cathode layer 135 via the first surface 200. Lithium material released by the cathode layer 135 can migrate as cations through the solid electrolyte layer 145 toward the composite structure 140 on the opposite side of the solid electrolyte layer 145 .

[0029]

[0040] The solid electrolyte layer 145 can include at least one second surface 205. The second surface 205 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The second surface 205 can be on the opposite side of the first surface 200. The second surface 205 can correspond to a surface facing the composite structure 140. The composite structure 140 can be disposed at least partially within the cavity 130 along the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion of the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be in contact with or flush with at least one surface of the composite structure 140. During operation of the battery 105 (e.g., charging or discharging), the solid electrolyte layer 145 can transport lithium material from the cathode layer 135 to the composite structure 140 via the second surface 205. In a battery without any buffer layer, dendritic growth of lithium material can occur in the anode layer as the lithium material accumulates with repeated operation of the battery. Dendritic formation of lithium material from the anode layer can eventually penetrate the electrolyte layer to the cathode layer, leading to a short circuit in the battery.

[0030]

[0041] The cathode layer 135 can include at least one first surface 210. The first surface 210 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the cathode layer 135. The first surface 210 of the cathode layer 135 can face a first surface of the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion of the first surface 210 of the cathode layer 135 can be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The first surface 210 of the cathode layer 135 can be in contact with the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The cathode layer 135 can be electrically coupled to the solid electrolyte layer 145 via the first surface 210. During operation (e.g., charging or discharging) of the battery 105, the cathode layer 135 can release lithium material to the solid electrolyte layer 145 via the first surface 210. In addition, the cathode layer 135 can include at least one second surface 215. The second surface 215 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the cathode layer 135. The second surface 215 can be opposite the first surface 210 on the cathode layer 135. During discharge of the battery 105, the cathode layer 135 can receive electrons through the second surface 215 and emit a normal current through the second surface 215. During charging of the battery 105, the cathode layer 135 can emit electrons through the second surface 215 and receive a normal current through the second surface 215.

[0031]

[0042] The composite structure 140 can include at least one first surface 220. The first surface 220 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the composite structure 140. The first surface 220 of the composite structure 140 can face the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion of the first surface 220 of the composite structure 140 can be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The first surface 220 of the composite structure 140 can be in contact with the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The composite structure 140 can be electrically coupled to the solid electrolyte layer 145 via the first surface 220. During operation (e.g., charging or discharging) of the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can receive lithium material released by the cathode layer from the solid electrolyte layer 145 via the first surface 220. Additionally, the composite structure 140 can include at least one second surface 225. The second surface 225 can be opposite the first surface 220 on the composite structure 140. During discharging of the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can emit electrons through the second surface 225 and receive a normal current through the second surface 225. Conversely, during charging of the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can receive electrons from the second surface 225 and emit a normal current through the second surface 225.

[0032]

[0043] The battery 105 may include at least one positive conductive layer 230 (sometimes referred to herein as a positive conductive plate or sheet). The positive conductive layer 230 may correspond to or define a positive terminal for the battery 105. The positive conductive layer 230 may be disposed or arranged along the second surface 215 of the cathode layer 135 within the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. At least a portion of the positive conductive layer 230 may be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of the second surface 215 of the cathode layer 135. The positive conductive layer 230 may contact the cathode layer 135 along the second surface 215. The positive conductive layer 230 may be electrically coupled to the cathode layer 135 via the second surface 215. Through the positive conductive layer 230, the cathode layer 135 may be electrically coupled to a positive terminal for the battery 105. The positive conductive layer 230 may include a conductive material. The conductive material for the positive conductive layer 230 may include metallic materials such as nickel, copper, aluminum-copper alloys, silicon, tin, magnesium, manganese, or zinc (e.g., aluminum 1000, 4000, or 5000 series), iron, iron-carbon alloys (e.g., steel), silver, and copper alloys. The conductive material for the positive conductive layer 230 may also include carbon-based materials such as graphite and carbon fiber. During discharging of the battery 105, the positive conductive layer 230 may receive electrons to the battery 105 and emit a normal current from the battery 105. Conversely, during charging of the battery 105, the positive conductive layer 230 may emit electrons from the battery 105 and receive a normal current to the battery 105. The length (or height) of the positive conductive layer 230 may range from 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the positive conductive layer 230 may be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm, and the thickness of the positive conductive layer 230 may be in the range of 1 to 30 μm.

[0033]

[0044] The battery 105 may include at least one negative conductive layer 235 (sometimes referred to herein as a negative conductive plate or sheet). The negative conductive layer 235 may correspond to or define a negative terminal of the battery 105. The negative conductive layer 235 may be of opposite polarity to the positive conductive layer 230. The negative conductive layer 235 may be disposed or arranged along the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140 within the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. At least a portion of the negative conductive layer 235 may contact or be flush with at least a portion of the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. The negative conductive layer 235 may contact the composite structure 140 along the second surface 225. The negative conductive layer 235 may be electrically coupled to the composite structure 140 via the second surface 225. Through the negative conductive layer 235, the composite structure 140 can be electrically coupled to a negative terminal for the battery 105. The negative conductive layer 235 can include a conductive material. The conductive material for the negative conductive layer 235 can include metallic materials such as nickel, copper, aluminum-copper alloys, silicon, tin, magnesium, manganese or zinc (e.g., aluminum 1000, 4000, or 5000 series), iron, iron-carbon alloys (e.g., steel), silver, and copper alloys. The conductive material for the negative conductive layer 235 can also include carbon-based materials such as graphite and carbon fiber. During discharging of the battery 105, the negative conductive layer 235 can emit electrons from the battery 105 and receive normal current from the battery 105. Conversely, during charging of the battery 105, the negative conductive layer 235 can receive electrons from the battery 105 and emit normal current to the battery 105. The length (or height) of the negative conductive layer 235 may be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the negative conductive layer 235 may be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the negative conductive layer 235 may be in the range of 1 to 30 μm.

[0034]

[0045] In particular, FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a layer pattern 300 of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle. As shown, in the layer pattern 300 for the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can include at least one anti-dendrite functional layer 305 (sometimes referred to herein as an electrolyte interface interdiffusion buffer layer or an anti-dendrite and interface adhesion control layer). In the layer pattern 300, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be disposed or arranged along the second side 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 within the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can form or correspond to at least a portion of the composite structure 140 along the first side 220 of the composite structure 140. At least one side of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include or correspond to the first side 220 of the composite structure 140. The surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 corresponding to the first surface 220 of the composite structure 140 can face the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the first surface 220 can be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be in contact with the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be bonded to the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be electrically coupled to the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. In addition, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can have at least one second surface 315 (sometimes referred to herein as an intermediate surface). The second surface 315 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be opposite the first surface 220 in contact with the solid electrolyte layer 145. The length (or height) of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be in the range of 0.01 μm to 10 μm.The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can correspond to the distance between the first surface 220 and the second surface 315 .

[0035]

[0046] The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may include a metal, semiconductor, or non-metallic material, such as bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), silver (Au), gold (Ag), germanium (Ge), antimony (Se), selenium (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof. The concentration of the material in the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may range from 0.1 g / cc to 30 g / cc. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may also include inorganic or organic materials. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may initially be free of any lithium material until the first charge cycle of the battery 105. During operation of the battery 105 (e.g., discharging or charging), the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may receive lithium material that migrates from the cathode layer 135 through the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may bond or form an alloy with the lithium material received from the solid electrolyte layer 145. Through forming an alloy with the received lithium material, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may bond to the solid electrolyte layer 145 along the first surface 220. The bonding of the lithium material to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be independent of non-uniformity in the distribution of the lithium material through the solid electrolyte layer 145. The alloy formed by the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include, for example, a binary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth (Li-Bi), lithium-tin (Li-Sn), or lithium-silicon (Li-Si)), a ternary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth-silicon (Li-Bi-Sn) or lithium-phosphorus-platinum (Li-P-Pt)), or a quaternary alloy (e.g., lithium-silicon germanium-antimony (Li-Si-Ge-Se)), and any other combination. By forming an alloy with the lithium material received from the solid electrolyte layer 145, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can prevent dendrite growth of lithium into the solid electrolyte layer 145. In addition, due to the properties of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can accelerate the diffusion of the lithium material moving through the solid electrolyte layer 145.

[0036]

[0047] In the layer pattern 300 of the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can include at least one framework layer 310 (sometimes referred to herein as a carbon matrix structure, a graphite matrix structure, or a 3D mesh structure). The framework layer 310 can be disposed or arranged within the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. The framework layer 310 can form a portion along or correspond to the second side 225 of the composite structure 140. At least one side of the framework layer 310 can include or correspond to the second side 225 of the composite structure 140. The side of the framework layer 310 that corresponds to the second side 225 of the composite structure 140 can face one side of the negative conductive layer 235. At least a portion along the second side 225 of the framework layer 310 can contact or be flush with at least a portion of one side of the negative conductive layer 235. The framework layer 310 can be mechanically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 through the second side 225. The framework layer 310 can contact the negative conductive layer 235 through the second side 225. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 through the second side 225.

[0037]

[0048] In addition, the framework layer 310 can have at least one first surface 320 (sometimes referred to herein as an intermediate surface). The first surface 320 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be opposite the first surface 220 that contacts the solid electrolyte layer 145. At least a portion along the first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can contact or be flush with at least a portion of the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be mechanically coupled to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 through the second surface 315. The first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can contact the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 through the second surface 315. The first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be mechanically coupled (e.g., interlocked, bonded, or connected) to the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. When interlocked or bonded, the first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can overlap the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, or vice versa. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 via the first surface 320 of the framework layer 310. The length (or height) of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 1 μm to 30 μm. The thickness of the framework layer 310 can correspond to the distance between the first surface 320 and the second surface 225. The thickness of the framework layer 310 can be greater than the thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The ratio of the thickness of the framework layer 310 to the thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be in the range of 0-1000.

[0038]

[0049] The framework layer 310 may include an organic material. The framework layer 310 may include a carbon-based composite material, such as carbon fiber, various carbons, pyrolytic carbon, graphene, graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), and the like. The carbon-based composite material may include carbon and a binder, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and polyimide (PI). The porosity of the carbon-based composite material of the framework layer 310 may range from 1% to 99%. The framework layer 310 may include a metal-organic framework (MOF) or a covalent organic framework (COF). The framework layer 310 may include an inorganic material, such as a metal oxide or a metal-inorganic framework (MIF). The porosity of the inorganic material for the framework layer 310 may range from nanometers to micrometers. The framework layer 310 can initially be free of any lithium material until the first charge cycle of the battery 105. The material of the framework layer 310 can be bonded to the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. For example, at least a portion of the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the second surface 315 can be interdigitated or sandwiched with the carbon-based composite material along the second surface 320 of the framework layer 310. Thus, the interface between the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the second surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be a bevel.

[0039]

[0050] During charging of the battery 105, lithium material received from the cathode layer 135 through the solid electrolyte layer 145 may bond with the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 or may cross the framework layer 310. Due to the difference in materials, the interfacial adhesion between the first surface 220 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the second surface 205 of the electrolyte layer 145 may be stronger than the interfacial adhesion between the second surface 225 of the framework layer 310 and the surface of the negative conductive layer 235. The stronger interfacial adhesion between the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the electrolyte 145 may reduce the possibility of lithium material attachment along the second surface 205. Instead, the lithium material may be more likely to attach along the second surface 225 of the framework layer 310. Thus, the lithium material may be guided through the framework layer 310 to the negative conductive layer 235, rather than being deposited on the first surface 220 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The framework layer 310 may allow for the accumulation of lithium material along the second surface 225 during charging of the battery 105. As the lithium material further deposits from the solid electrolyte layer 145, the likelihood of the growth of lithium material penetrating into the solid electrolyte layer 145 may be reduced. Conversely, during discharging of the battery 105, the lithium material may migrate again from the negative conductive layer 235 to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The framework layer 310 may allow for the dispersion or exfoliation of lithium material accumulated along the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140 during discharging of the battery 105. In this manner, plating of lithium material received in the composite structure 140 may be limited by the framework layer 310 toward the second surface 225.

[0040]

[0051] In particular, FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a layer pattern 400 of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle. As shown, the composite structure 140 in the layer pattern 400 for the battery 105 can include an anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and a framework layer 310. In addition, in the layer pattern 400 of the battery 105, the framework layer 310 can have at least one second surface 405 (sometimes referred to herein as an intermediate surface) separated from the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. The framework layer 310 can form or correspond to at least one intermediate portion of the composite structure 140 in the layer pattern 400. The second surface 405 can be separate and physically separated from the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. As such, the second surface 405 of the framework layer 310 cannot be in direct physical contact with the negative conductive layer 235. The second surface 405 of the framework layer 310 cannot be in direct contact with the negative conductive layer 235. The second surface 405 of the framework layer 310 can be electrically connected to the negative conductive layer 235 through other underlying layers of the composite structure 140. On the other hand, in the layer pattern 400, at least a portion of the first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be in contact with or flush with the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The first surface 320 of the framework layer 310 can be in contact with the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305.

[0041]

[0052] In the layer pattern 400 of the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can include at least one other anti-dendrite functional layer 410 (sometimes referred to herein as a conductive layer interface anti-dendrite functional layer). The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be disposed or arranged along the second surface 405 of the carbon matrix structure 310 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be positioned between the second surface 405 of the carbon matrix structure 310 and the negative conductive layer 235 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can form or correspond to at least a portion along the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. At least one surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can include or correspond to the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. The surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 corresponding to the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140 can face one side of the negative conductive layer 235. At least a portion of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 along the second surface 225 can be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of one side of the negative conductive layer 235. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be mechanically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 via the second surface 225. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can contact the negative conductive layer 235 through the second surface 225. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 via the second surface 225.

[0042]

[0053] In addition, the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can have at least one first surface 415 (sometimes referred to herein as an intermediate surface). The first surface 415 can correspond to one surface (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410. The first surface 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be opposite the second surface 225 that is in contact with the negative conductive layer 235. At least a portion along the first surface 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be in contact with or flush with at least a portion of the second surface 405 of the framework layer 310. The first surface 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be mechanically coupled to the framework layer 310 through the second surface 405. The first surface 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be in contact with the framework layer 310 through the second surface 405. The first surface 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be mechanically coupled (e.g., interlocked, bonded, or connected) to the second surface 405 of the framework layer 310. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be electrically coupled to the framework layer 310 via the first surface 405 of the framework layer 310. The length (or height) of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be in the range of 0.01 μm to 10 μm. The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be the same as or different from the thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can correspond to the distance between the first surface 415 and the second surface 225. The thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can be less than the thickness of the framework layer 310. The ratio between the thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer 405 and the thickness of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 0-1000.

[0043]

[0054] The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may include a metal, a semiconductor, or a non-metallic material, such as bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), silver (Au), gold (Ag), germanium (Ge), antimony (Se), selenium (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof. The concentration of the material in the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may range from 0.1 g / cc to 30 g / cc. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may also include inorganic or organic materials. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may initially be free of any lithium material until the first charge cycle of the battery 105. The carbon-based composite material of the framework layer 310 may bond with the material in the anti-dendrite functional layer 410. For example, at least a portion of the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 along the first side 415 may interdigitate or sandwich with the carbon-based composite material of the framework layer 310 along the second side 405. As such, the interface between the first side 415 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the second side 405 of the framework layer 310 may be a bevel.

[0044]

[0055] During charging of the battery 105, the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may receive lithium material emanating from the cathode layer 135 and traversing the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the framework layer 310. The anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may bond or form an alloy with the received lithium material. The bonding between the lithium material and the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may be independent of non-uniformity in the distribution of the lithium material through the solid electrolyte layer 145. The alloy formed by the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include, for example, a binary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth (Li-Bi), lithium-tin (Li-Sn), or lithium-silicon (Li-Si)), a ternary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth-silicon (Li-Bi-Sn) or lithium-phosphorus-platinum (Li-P-Pt)), or a quaternary alloy (e.g., lithium-silicon-germanium-antimony (Li-Si-Ge-Se)), and any other combination. By forming an alloy with the lithium material received from the solid electrolyte layer 145, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can prevent dendrite growth of lithium into the solid electrolyte layer 145. In addition, due to the properties of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can accelerate the diffusion of the lithium material moving through the solid electrolyte layer 145.

[0045]

[0056] During charging of the battery 105, lithium material received from the cathode layer 135 through the solid electrolyte layer 145 may bond with the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 or may cross the anti-dendrite functional layer 410. Due to the difference in materials, the interfacial adhesion between the first surface 220 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the second surface 205 of the electrolyte layer 145 may be stronger than the interfacial adhesion between the second surface 225 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 and the surface of the negative conductive layer 235. The stronger interfacial adhesion between the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the electrolyte 145 may reduce the possibility of lithium material attachment along the second surface 205. Instead, the possibility of lithium material attachment along the second surface 225 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 may be higher. Thus, rather than being deposited on the first surface 220 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, the lithium material can be guided through the framework layer 310 and the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 to the negative conductive layer 235. The framework layer 310 and the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can allow for the accumulation of lithium material along the second surface 225 during charging of the battery 105. The lithium material can further deposit from the solid electrolyte layer 145, thereby reducing the likelihood of the growth of lithium material into the solid electrolyte layer 145. Conversely, during discharging of the battery 105, the lithium material can migrate again from the negative conductive layer 235 to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The framework layer 310 and the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 can allow for the dispersion or exfoliation of lithium material accumulated along the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140 during discharging of the battery 105. In this manner, plating of the lithium material received in the composite structure 140 can be limited toward the second surface 225 by the framework layer 310 and the anti-dendrite functional layer 410 .

[0046]

[0057] In particular, FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a layer pattern 500 of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle. In the layer pattern 500 for the battery 105, the composite structure 140 can include a framework layer 310, in which an anti-dendrite functional layer 305 is interspersed. The framework layer 310 can be disposed or arranged along the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105. The framework layer 310 can form or correspond to the entire or substantially the entire (e.g., more than 85%) of the composite structure 140 in the layer pattern 500 of the battery 105. The framework layer 310 can extend at least partially from the first surface 220 to the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can extend partially within the framework layer 310, emanating from the first surface 220 toward the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140.

[0047]

[0058] At least one side (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the framework layer 310 can include or correspond to a first surface 220 of the composite structure 140. At least a portion along the first surface 220 of the framework layer 310 can contact or be flush with at least a portion of the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The framework layer 310 can be mechanically coupled to the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. The framework layer 310 can contact the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. At least one side (e.g., vertical or horizontal) of the framework layer 310 can include or correspond to a second surface 225 of the composite structure 140. At least a portion along the second surface 225 of the framework layer 310 can contact or be flush with at least a portion of one surface of the negative conductive layer 235. The framework layer 310 can be mechanically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 through the second surface 225. The framework layer 310 can be in contact with the negative conductive layer 235 through the second surface 225. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 through the second surface 225. In the layer pattern 500, the length (or height) of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 50 mm to 120 mm. The width of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 50 mm to 2000 mm. The thickness of the framework layer 310 can be in the range of 0.02 μm to 30 μm. The thickness of the framework layer 310 can correspond to the distance between the first surface 220 and the second surface 225 of the composite structure 140.

[0048]

[0059] The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be diffused, distributed, or interspersed in the framework layer 310. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include a metal, a semiconductor, or a non-metallic material, such as bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), silver (Au), gold (Ag), germanium (Ge), antimony (Se), selenium (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include an inorganic or organic material. The material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be infused, interdigitated, or interspersed in the organic or inorganic material of the framework layer 310. The density or concentration of the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be varied or different within the framework layer 310 and may range from 0.1 g / cc to 30 g / cc.

[0049]

[0060] The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may form a gradient distribution within the framework layer 310. The gradient distribution of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 within the framework layer 310 may be linear (e.g., as shown by shading in FIG. 5). The concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the first surface 220 may be higher than the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the second surface 225. For example, the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be greatest along the first surface 220 and may range from 25 g / cc to 30 g / cc. The concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be least along the second surface 225 and may range from 0.1 g / cc to 5 g / cc. Conversely, the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the first surface 220 may be lower than the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the second surface 225. For example, the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be greatest along the first surface 220 and may range from 10 g / cc to 15 g / cc. The concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be least along the second surface 225 and may range from 25 g / cc to 30 g / cc. The gradient distribution of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be convex or concave. The concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the first surface 220 and the second surface 225 may generally be greater than the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 along the centerline 505 of the carbon matrix structure 310. For example, the concentration of material for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be in the range of 25 g / cc to 30 g / cc toward the first side 220, in the range of 20 g / cc to 25 g / cc toward the second side 225, and in the range of 0.1 g / cc to 5 g / cc along the centerline 505.

[0050]

[0061] During operation of the battery 105, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the framework layer 310 can receive lithium material emanating from the cathode layer 135 through the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can bond or form an alloy with the lithium material received from the solid electrolyte layer 145. The bonding between the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the lithium material can be independent of non-uniformity in the distribution of the lithium material through the solid electrolyte layer 145. The alloy formed by the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can include, for example, a binary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth (Li-Bi), lithium-tin (Li-Sn), or lithium-silicon (Li-Si)), a ternary alloy (e.g., lithium-bismuth-silicon (Li-Bi-Sn) or lithium-phosphorus-platinum (Li-P-Pt)), or a quaternary alloy (e.g., lithium-silicon-germanium-antimony (Li-Si-Ge-Se)), and any other combination. By forming an alloy with the lithium material received from the solid electrolyte layer 145, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can prevent dendrite growth of lithium into the solid electrolyte layer 145. In addition, due to the properties of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can accelerate the diffusion of the lithium material moving through the solid electrolyte layer 145.

[0051]

[0062] The accumulation of lithium material can be maintained in the framework layer 310 by the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. In addition, due to the properties of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can accelerate the diffusion of the lithium material moving through the solid electrolyte layer 145. Furthermore, due to the interspersion in the framework layer 310, an alloy formed between the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the received lithium material can be present in the framework layer 310. The concentration of the alloy formed between the material of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the received lithium material can depend on the concentration of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 in the framework layer 310.

[0052]

[0063] Furthermore, due to the difference in materials, the interfacial adhesion between the first surface 220 and the second surface 205 of the electrolyte layer 145 may be higher than the interfacial adhesion between the second surface 225 and the surface of the negative conductive layer 235. The stronger interfacial adhesion between the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and the electrolyte 145 may reduce the possibility of lithium material adhesion along the second surface 205. Instead, the possibility of lithium material adhesion along the second surface 225 of the framework layer 310 may be increased. Therefore, instead of depositing on the first surface 220, the lithium material may be guided through the framework layer 310 toward the negative conductive layer 235. The framework layer 310 allows the accumulation of lithium material along the second surface 225 during charging of the battery 105. The lithium material may be further deposited from the solid electrolyte layer 145, thereby reducing the possibility of lithium material growth into the solid electrolyte layer 145. Conversely, during discharging of the battery 105, the lithium material may be moved away from the negative conductive layer 235 through the electrolyte layer 145. Framework layer 310 can allow for the dispersion or exfoliation of lithium material that accumulates along second side 225 during discharge of battery 105. In this manner, plating of lithium material received by composite structure 140 can be limited by carbon matrix structure 300 toward second side 225.

[0053]

[0064] In particular, FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a battery 105 for powering an electric vehicle during a charging cycle 600. Prior to charging the battery 105, the composite structure 140 may initially be free of any accumulation or deposition of lithium material (605). Instead, the lithium material of the battery 105 may reside in the cathode layer 135 or the solid electrolyte layer 145. As the battery 105 is charged, the lithium material may accumulate (610) within the composite structure 140 as plating 615 along the negative conductive layer 235. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 is aligned along the solid electrolyte layer 145 such that the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte layer 145 can be directed through the framework layer 310 towards the negative conductive layer 235. Once towards the negative conductive layer 235, the framework layer 310 can accumulate the lithium material to cause lithium plating 615 at the interface between the framework layer 310 and the negative conductive layer 235. The thickness 620 of the lithium plating 615 may range from 0.01 μm to 100 μm. As the battery 105 is further charged, more and more lithium material may accumulate (625) in the framework layer 310 along the interface with the negative conductive layer 235. As more and more lithium is received through the solid electrolyte layer 145, the lithium plating 615 may have a thickness 630 that is thicker than the thickness 620. The thickness 630 of the lithium plating 615 may range from 0.01 μm to 100 μm. The further accumulated lithium material may bond or form an alloy with the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 of the composite structure 140, thereby preventing dendritic growth of lithium into the solid electrolyte layer 145.

[0054]

[0065] In particular, FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery 105 having a layer pattern 300 for powering an electric vehicle during a discharge cycle 700. After a charge cycle 600, the composite structure 140 may have a lithium plating 615 in the framework layer 310 along the interface with the negative conductive layer 325 (705). The lithium plating 615 may have a thickness 630. The plating of the lithium material may be reversed by discharging. When the battery 105 is discharged, the lithium material may migrate from the passive layer 145 back to the solid electrolyte layer 145 and the cathode layer 135 (710). As a result, the lithium plating 615 may have a thickness 715, which may be less than the thickness 630 after charging. The thickness 715 of the lithium plating 615 may range from 0.01 μm to 100 μm. As the battery 105 is further discharged, more and more lithium material may again migrate toward the solid electrolyte layer 145 and the cathode layer 145, and the lithium plating 615 may eventually peel off (720).

[0055]

[0066] As the battery 105 is repeatedly used (e.g., charge cycle 600 and discharge cycle 700), the migration of the lithium material may be unevenly distributed. This may result in lithium concentrating in one area and being devoid of lithium in other areas along the interface. Without the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 in the composite structure 140, the battery 105 may grow lithium dendrites that may eventually penetrate the solid electrolyte layer 145, causing a short circuit. However, when the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 is disposed along the solid electrolyte layer 145, it may prevent the lithium material from growing dendrites into the solid electrolyte layer 145. As the lithium material moves back toward the solid electrolyte layer 145 and the cathode layer 135, it may become bonded to the anti-dendrite functional layer 305 and form an alloy with it.

[0056]

[0067] In particular, FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery module 800 for holding a collection of cells 105 in an electric vehicle. The battery module 800 can be part of the system or device 100. The battery module 800 can be of any shape. The shape of the battery module 800 can be a cylinder with a circular, oval, or elliptical base, etc. The shape of the battery module 800 can also be a prism with a polygonal base, for example, triangular, square, rectangular (e.g., as shown), pentagonal, and hexagonal. The length of the battery module 800 can range from 10 cm to 200 cm. The width of the battery module 800 can range from 10 cm to 200 cm. The height of the battery module 800 can range from 65 mm to 100 cm.

[0057]

[0068] The battery module 800 may include at least one battery case 805 and a capping element 815. The battery case 805 may be separate from the capping element 815. The battery case 805 may include or define a collection of holders 810. Each holder 810 may be or include a hollow or hollow portion defined by the battery case 805. Each holder 810 may house, accommodate, store, or hold a battery cell 105. The battery case 805 may include at least one electrically conductive or thermally conductive material or a combination thereof. Between the battery case 805 and the capping element 815, the battery module 800 may include at least one positive current collector 820, at least one negative current collector 825, and at least one electrically insulating layer 830. The positive current collector 820 and the negative current collector 825 may each include an electrically conductive material for providing power to other electrical components in the electric vehicle. The positive current collector 820 (sometimes referred to herein as a positive bus bar) can be connected or otherwise electrically coupled to the positive conductive layer 230 of each battery 105 housed within the collection of holders 810 via a coupling element 835. One end of the coupling element 835 can be bonded, welded, connected, attached, or otherwise electrically coupled to the positive conductive layer 230 of the battery 105. The negative current collector 825 (sometimes referred to herein as a negative bus bar) can be connected or otherwise electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 of each battery 105 housed within the collection of holders 810 via a coupling element 840. The coupling element 840 can be bonded, welded, connected, attached, or otherwise electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 of the battery 105.

[0058]

[0069] The positive current collector 820 and the negative current collector 825 can be separated from each other by an electrical insulation layer 830. The electrical insulation layer 830 can include spaces to pass through or fit a positive coupling element 835 connected to the positive current collector 820 and a negative coupling element 825 connected to the negative current collector 825. The electrical insulation layer 830 can span a portion or the entire volume defined by the battery case 805 and the capping element 815. The top surface of the electrical insulation layer 830 can be in contact with or flush with the bottom surface of the capping element 815. The bottom surface of the electrical insulation layer 830 can be in contact with or flush with the top surface of the battery case 805. The electrical insulation layer 830 can include any electrically insulating or dielectric material, such as air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), ceramics, glass, and plastics (e.g., polysiloxanes), to separate the positive current collector 820 from the negative current collector 825.

[0059]

[0070] In particular, FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of a battery module 800 for holding a plurality of batteries 105 in an electric vehicle. The battery module 800 may define or include a collection of holders 810. The shape of each holder 810 may match the shape of the battery 105 housing 105. The shape of each holder 810 may be a cylinder with a circular (e.g., as shown), oval, or elliptical base, etc. The shape of each holder 810 may also be a prism with a polygonal base, e.g., triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal. The shape of each holder 810 may vary or be the same throughout the battery module 800. For example, some holders 810 may be hexagonal in shape, while other holders may be circular in shape. The dimensions of each holder 810 may be greater than the dimensions of the batteries 105 housed therein. The length of each holder 810 may range from 10 mm to 300 mm. The width of each holder 810 may range from 10 mm to 300 mm. The height (or depth) of each holder 810 may range from 65 mm to 100 cm.

[0060]

[0071] In particular, FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of an electric vehicle 1000 equipped with a battery pack 1005. The device that powers the electric vehicle 1000 can include at least one battery pack 1005 including at least one cell 105, at least one battery module 800, and components thereof. For example, the battery pack 1005 can include one or more battery modules. The electric vehicle 1000 can be an electric car (e.g., as shown), a hybrid, a motorcycle, a scooter, a passenger vehicle, a passenger or commercial truck, and other types of vehicles, such as marine or air transport vehicles, airplanes, helicopters, submarines, ships, or drones. The electric vehicle 1000 can include at least one battery pack 1005. The battery pack 1005 can be part of a system or device 100. The battery pack 1005 can house, accommodate, or otherwise include a collection of battery modules 700. The number of battery modules 700 in the battery pack 1005 can range from 100 to 1000. The battery pack 1005 can be of any shape. The shape of the battery pack 1005 can be a cylinder with a circular, oval, or elliptical base, etc. The shape of the battery pack 1005 can also be a prism with a polygonal base, for example, a triangle, a square, a rectangle (e.g., as shown), a pentagon, and a hexagon. The length of the battery pack 905 can range from 100 cm to 600 cm. The width of the battery pack 905 can range from 50 cm to 400 cm. The height of the battery pack 905 can range from 70 mm to 1000 mm.

[0061]

[0072] The electric vehicle 1000 may include at least one chassis 1010 (e.g., a frame, an inner frame, or a support structure). The chassis 1010 may support various components of the electric vehicle 1000. The chassis 1010 may span a front portion 1015 (e.g., a hood or bonnet portion), a body portion 1020, and a rear portion 1025 (e.g., a trunk portion) of the electric vehicle 1000. The battery pack 1005 may be mounted or installed within the electric vehicle 1000. The battery pack 1005 may be mounted on the chassis 1010 of the electric vehicle 1000 in the front portion 1015, the body portion 1020 (as shown in FIG. 10), or the rear portion 1025.

[0062]

[0073] The electric vehicle 1000 may include one or more components 1030. The one or more components 1030 may include an electric engine, an entertainment system (e.g., a radio, a display screen, and an audio system), an on-board diagnostic system, and an electronic control unit (ECU) (e.g., an engine control module, a transmission control module, a brake control module, and a body control module), etc. The one or more components 1030 may be mounted in a front portion 1015, a body portion 1020, or a rear portion 1025 of the electric vehicle 100. A battery pack 1005 mounted in the electric vehicle 1000 may provide power to the one or more components 1030 via at least one positive current collector 1035 and at least one negative current collector 1040. The positive current collector 1035 and the negative current collector 1040 may be connected or otherwise electrically coupled to other electrical components of the electric vehicle 1000 to provide power. The positive current collector 1035 (e.g., a positive bus bar) can be connected to or otherwise electrically coupled to each positive current collector 1035 of each battery module 800 in the battery pack 1005. The negative current collector 1040 (e.g., a negative bus bar) can be connected to or otherwise electrically coupled to each negative current collector 825 of each battery module 800 in the battery pack 1005.

[0063]

[0074] In particular, FIG. 11 illustrates a method 1100 of assembling a battery for powering an electric vehicle. The functionality of the method 1100 may be implemented or performed using any of the systems, devices, or batteries described in detail above with respect to FIGS. 1-10. The method 1000 may include disposing a battery pack 1005 (operation 1105). The battery pack 905 may be mounted, arranged, or otherwise disposed within the electric vehicle 1000. The battery pack 905 may house, accommodate, or include a collection of battery modules 700. The battery pack 905 may store power for one or more components 1030 of the electric vehicle 1000. The battery pack 1005 may provide power to the one or more components 1030 via a positive current collector 1035 and a negative current collector 1040.

[0064]

[0075] The method 1100 may include arranging the battery 105 (operation 1110). The battery 105 may be a lithium ion battery. The battery 105 may be stored or contained in a holder 820 of a battery module 800 contained within a battery pack 1005. The battery 105 may include a housing 110. The housing 110 may be formed from a cylindrical casing having a circular, oval, or elliptical base, or from a prismatic casing having a polygonal base. The housing 110 may include a top surface 115, a bottom surface 120, and a sidewall 125. The housing 110 may have a cavity 130 that contains the contents of the battery 105. The cavity 130 in the housing 110 may be defined by the top surface 115, the bottom surface 120, and the sidewall 125.

[0065]

[0076] The method 1100 may include disposing a solid electrolyte layer 145 (operation 1115). The solid electrolyte layer 145 may include a solid or liquid electrolyte material. The material for the solid electrolyte layer 145 may be formed using a deposition technique such as chemical vapor deposition (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD)) or physical vapor deposition (e.g., molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or physical vapor deposition (PVD)). In the case of a liquid electrolyte, the material for the solid electrolyte layer 145 may be immersed or melted in an organic solvent. The solid electrolyte layer 145 may be provided, inserted, or otherwise disposed in the cavity 130 of the housing 110 for the battery 105. The solid electrolyte layer 145 may extend at least partially between the top surface 115, the bottom surface 120, and the sidewall 125 of the housing 110 for the battery 105.

[0066]

[0077] The method 1100 may include disposing the cathode layer 140 (operation 1120). The cathode layer 135 may be formed using a deposition technique such as chemical vapor deposition (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD)) or physical vapor deposition (e.g., molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or physical vapor deposition (PVD)). The cathode layer 135 may include a solid cathode material, such as a lithium-based oxide material or phosphorus. The cathode layer 135 may be placed or inserted into the cavity 130 of the housing 110 for the battery 105. The cathode layer 135 may be positioned at least partially along the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The cathode layer 135 may output a normal current to the battery 100. The cathode layer 135 may be electrically coupled to a positive conductive layer 230 that is also inserted into the cavity 130 in the housing 110 for the battery 105.

[0067]

[0078] The method 1100 may include disposing an anti-dendrite functional layer 305 (operation 1125). The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be formed using a slurry coating processing technique mixed with a metal precursor, a solvent (e.g., inorganic or organic), or a carbon material, etc. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may also be formed using deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD)) or physical vapor deposition (e.g., molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or physical vapor deposition (PVD)). The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be formed by molding, casting, and smelting one or more materials for the anti-dendrite functional layer 305, such as bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), silver (Au), gold (Ag), germanium (Ge), antimony (Se), selenium (Sb), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and platinum (Pt). The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be formed using electroplating techniques. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be placed or inserted as part of the composite structure 140 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110 for the battery 105. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be positioned at least partially along the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be electrically coupled through other components to the negative conductive layer 235 that is also inserted into the cavity 130 of the housing 110 of the battery 105 .

[0068]

[0079] The method 1100 may include disposing a framework layer 310 (operation 1130). The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 may be formed using a slurry coating process technique mixed with a precursor material, a solvent (e.g., inorganic or organic), or a carbon material, etc. The framework layer 310 may be formed using a deposition technique, such as chemical vapor deposition (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD)) or physical vapor deposition (e.g., molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or physical vapor deposition (PVD)). The framework layer 310 may include a carbon-based composite material. The framework layer 310 may be placed or inserted as part of a composite structure 140 within a cavity 130 of a housing 110 for the battery 105. The framework layer 310 may be positioned at least partially along a second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the negative conductive layer 235 that is also inserted into the cavity 130 within the housing 110 of the battery 105 .

[0069]

[0080] In particular, FIG. 12 illustrates a method 1200 of providing a battery for powering an electric vehicle. The functionality of the method 1200 may be implemented or performed using any of the systems, devices, or batteries described in detail above with respect to FIGS. 1-10. The method 1100 may include providing an apparatus 100 (operation 1205). The apparatus 100 may be mounted on the electric vehicle 1000. The apparatus 100 may include a battery pack 1005 disposed on the electric vehicle 1000 to power one or more components 930 of the electric vehicle 1000. The battery pack 1005 may include one or more battery modules 800. The apparatus 100 may include a collection of batteries 105. Each battery 105 may be arranged within a battery module 800. The batteries 105 may include a housing 110. The housing 110 may include a top surface 115, a bottom surface 120, and a sidewall 125. The top surface 115 , the bottom surface 120 , and the sidewalls 125 may define a cavity 130 .

[0070]

[0081] The battery 105 can have a solid electrolyte layer 145 in a cavity 130 defined by the housing 110. The solid electrolyte layer 145 can have a first surface 200 and a second surface 205 and can transfer ions between the first surface 200 and the second surface 205. The battery 105 can have a cathode layer 135 disposed along the first surface 200 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110. The cathode layer 135 can be electrically coupled to a positive terminal of the battery via a positive conductive layer 230. The battery 105 can have an anti-dendrite functional layer 305 disposed along the second surface 205 in the cavity 130 of the housing 110. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be part of a composite structure 140 disposed in the cavity 130 along the second surface 205 in the housing 110. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can have a first surface 220 and a second surface 315. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can be in contact with the second surface 205 of the solid electrolyte layer 145 through the first surface 220. The anti-dendrite functional layer 305 can form an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte layer 145. The battery 105 can have a framework layer 310 disposed within the cavity 130 of the housing 110 along the second surface 315 of the anti-dendrite functional layer 305. The framework layer 310 can be electrically coupled to the negative terminal of the battery 105 through the negative conductive layer 235.

[0071]

[0082] Although operations are shown in a particular order in the figures, such operations do not have to be performed in the particular order or sequential order shown, and not all of the operations shown must be performed. Operations described herein may be performed in other orders.

[0072]

[0083] Although several exemplary embodiments have been described above, it should be clear that the above are presented by way of example and are illustrative and not restrictive. In particular, although many of the examples presented herein include specific combinations of method operations or system elements, these operations and these elements can be combined in other ways to achieve the same purpose. Operations, elements, and features described in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from similar roles in other embodiments or embodiments.

[0073]

[0084] The phraseology and terminology used herein are for purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The words "including," "comprising," "having," "containing," "involving," "characterized by," "characterized by," and variations thereof herein are intended to encompass the preceding recited items, equivalents thereof, and additional items, as well as alternative embodiments consisting only of the preceding recited items. In one embodiment, the systems and methods described herein consist of one, any combination of more than one, or all of the described elements, operations, or components.

[0074]

[0085] Any reference herein to system and method embodiments or elements or acts in the singular can also include embodiments that include a plurality of those elements, and any reference herein to any embodiment or element or act in the plural can also include embodiments that include only a singular element. References in the singular or plural are not intended to limit the systems or methods disclosed herein, their components, acts, or elements to a singular or plural configuration. References to any act or element that is based on any information can include embodiments in which the act or element is based at least in part on any information, act, or element.

[0075]

[0086] Any embodiment disclosed herein may be combined with any other embodiment or embodiment, and reference to "an embodiment," "several embodiments," "an embodiment," or the like is not necessarily mutually exclusive and indicates that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment or embodiment. Such terms as used herein do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. Any embodiment may be combined, inclusively or exclusively, with any other embodiment that is in any way compatible with the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein.

[0076]

[0087] References to "or" can be construed as inclusive, and any term described with "or" can refer to one, more than one, or all of the described terms. For example, "at least one of A and B" can include only A, only B, and both A and B. Such references used with "comprising" or other open-ended terms can include other items as well.

[0077]

[0088] Where a reference sign is attached to a technical feature in a drawing, detailed description, or any claim, this reference sign is included for the sake of readability of the drawing, detailed description, and claim, and thus neither the reference sign nor its absence has a limiting effect on the scope of any claim element.

[0078]

[0089] Changes in the described elements and operations, such as changes in the size, dimensions, structure, shape, and proportions of the various elements, the numerical values ​​of the parameters, the mounting arrangements, the use of materials, colors, and orientations, may be made without substantially departing from the teachings and advantages of the subject matter disclosed herein. For example, elements shown as integrally formed may be configured as multiple parts or elements, the location of elements may be reversed or otherwise changed, and the nature or number or location of individual elements may be modified or changed. Other substitutions, improvements, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangements of the disclosed elements and operations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0079]

[0090] The systems and methods described herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the characteristics thereof. For example, descriptions of positive and negative electrical properties may be reversed. For example, elements described as negative elements may be configured instead as positive elements, and elements described as positive elements may be configured instead as negative elements. Furthermore, descriptions of relative parallel, vertical, longitudinal, and other orientations or orientations include variations within + / -10% or + / -10 degrees from pure longitudinal, parallel, or perpendicular orientations. References to "approximately," "about," "substantially," or other terms indicating degree also include variations of + / -10% from the indicated measurement, unit, or range, unless expressly indicated otherwise. Interlocked elements may be electrically, mechanically, or physically connected to each other directly or by means of intervening elements. The scope of the systems and methods described herein is therefore indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all such changes within the meaning and range of equivalents of the claims are intended to be encompassed therein.

Claims

1. In an apparatus for supplying power to an electric vehicle, a battery pack disposed within the electric vehicle for powering the electric vehicle; a battery arranged within the battery pack, the battery having a housing defining a cavity within the housing for the battery; a solid electrolyte having a first surface and a second surface for transferring ions between the first surface and the second surface, the solid electrolyte being disposed within the cavity; a cathode having a positive electrode active material disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte, the cathode being electrically coupled to a positive terminal; an anti-dendrite functional layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer contacting the second surface of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer being made of bismuth (Bi), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof, and forming an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte; a framework layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer, the framework layer being electrically coupled to a negative terminal; and an anode-free battery having no negative electrode active material; An apparatus comprising:

2. The battery, the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer being in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material via the solid electrolyte; a second dendrite prevention functional layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the framework layer and configured to prevent dendrite growth of the lithium material from the second surface of the framework layer; 10. The device of claim 1, comprising the battery having:

3. The battery, a positive conductive layer electrically coupled to the positive terminal; the cathode having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the cathode in contact with the solid electrolyte and the second surface of the cathode in contact with the positive conductive layer; 10. The device of claim 1, comprising the battery having:

4. The battery, a negative conductive layer electrically coupled to the negative terminal; the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer being in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material through the solid electrolyte, and the second surface of the framework layer being electrically coupled to the negative terminal through the negative conductive layer; 10. The device of claim 1, comprising the battery having:

5. the anti-dendrite functional layer coupled to the solid electrolyte via the alloy formed with the lithium material along the second surface of the solid electrolyte to receive the lithium material through the solid electrolyte; The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising:

6. the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer being in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material via the solid electrolyte, the second surface of the framework layer enabling lithium plating generation upon charging of the battery and lithium stripping upon discharging of the battery; The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising:

7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising the framework layer including a gradient distribution of at least a portion of the anti-dendrite functional layer.

8. 10. The device of claim 1, further comprising: said framework layer being free of said lithium material until a first charge cycle of said battery.

9. the device includes an anti-dendrite functional layer having a thickness in the range of 0.01 μm to 10 μm, the thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer being less than a thickness of the framework layer; 2. The apparatus of claim 1.

10. the device includes a framework layer having a thickness in the range of 1 μm to 30 μm, the thickness of the framework layer being greater than a thickness of the anti-dendrite functional layer; 2. The apparatus of claim 1.

11. The battery pack is mounted within the electric vehicle and powers one or more components of the electric vehicle. The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising:

12. 1. A method of providing a battery for powering an electric vehicle, comprising: disposing a battery pack within the electric vehicle to power the electric vehicle; arranging in the battery pack an anode-free battery having no negative electrode active material, the battery having a housing that defines a cavity within the housing of the battery; disposing within the cavity a solid electrolyte having a first surface and a second surface and allowing ions to move between the first surface and the second surface; disposing a cathode having an active cathode material within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte, the cathode being electrically coupled to a positive terminal; disposing within the cavity and along the second surface of the solid electrolyte an anti-dendrite functional layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer contacting the second surface of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer being comprised of bismuth (Bi), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof, and which forms an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte; disposing a framework layer within the cavity along the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer, the framework layer being electrically coupled to a negative terminal; The method includes:

13. disposing the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material via the solid electrolyte; disposing a second anti-dendrite functional layer within the cavity along the second surface of the framework layer to inhibit dendritic growth of the lithium material from the second surface of the framework layer; The method of claim 12, comprising:

14. disposing a positive conductive layer within the cavity, the positive conductive layer being electrically coupled to the positive terminal; disposing the cathode having a first side and a second side, the first side of the cathode in contact with the solid electrolyte and the second side of the cathode in electrical contact with the positive conductive layer; The method of claim 12, comprising:

15. disposing a negative conductive layer within the cavity, the negative conductive layer being electrically coupled to the negative terminal; disposing the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material via the solid electrolyte, and the second surface of the framework layer electrically coupled to the negative terminal via the negative conductive layer; The method of claim 12, comprising:

16. disposing the framework layer including a gradient distribution of at least a portion of the anti-dendrite functional layer; The method of claim 12, comprising:

17. In electric vehicles, One or more components; a battery pack for powering the one or more components; a battery arranged within the battery pack, the battery having a housing defining a cavity within the housing for the battery; a solid electrolyte having a first surface and a second surface for transferring ions between the first surface and the second surface, the solid electrolyte being disposed within the cavity; a cathode having a positive electrode active material disposed within the cavity along the first surface of the solid electrolyte, the cathode being electrically coupled to a positive terminal; an anti-dendrite functional layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer contacting the second surface of the solid electrolyte, the anti-dendrite functional layer being made of bismuth (Bi), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), or platinum (Pt), or any combination thereof, and forming an alloy with the lithium material received through the solid electrolyte; a framework layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer, the framework layer being electrically coupled to a negative terminal; and an anode-free battery having no negative electrode active material; Including electric vehicles.

18. The battery, the framework layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the framework layer being in contact with the second surface of the anti-dendrite functional layer to receive the lithium material via the solid electrolyte; a second dendrite prevention functional layer disposed within the cavity along the second surface of the framework layer to prevent dendrite growth of the lithium material from the second surface of the framework layer; 20. The electric vehicle of claim 17 including the battery having

19. The battery, a positive conductive layer disposed within the cavity and electrically coupled to the positive terminal; the cathode having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the cathode in contact with the solid electrolyte and the second surface of the cathode in electrical contact with the positive conductive layer; 20. The electric vehicle of claim 17 including the battery having

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