Method for early detection of glial cell activation in neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory diseases - Patent Application 20070233633

Abstract

The present disclosure provides methods for determining the efficacy of treatment with a SEMA4D antagonist, e.g., a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, in treating a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury, the methods providing for measuring differences in glucose uptake in the brain, for example, by FDG-PET imaging.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 461,945, filed February 22, 2017. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 461,945 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Sequence Listing The Sequence Listing, which is 5880 bytes (measured in MS-Windows), created on Feb. 20, 2018, contains 10 sequences and was provided herewith via the USPTO's EFS system, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0003] background Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), also known as CD100, is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the semaphorin gene family. SEMA4D is expressed on the cell surface as a homodimer, but upon cell activation it can be released from the cell surface via proteolytic cleavage to generate a soluble form of the protein, sSEMA4D. sSEMA4D is also biologically active. See Suzuki et al., Nature Rev. Immunol. 3:159-167 (2003); Kikutani et al., Nature Immunol. 9:17-23 (2008).

[0004] SEMA4D is expressed at high levels in lymphoid organs, including spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, as well as in non-lymphoid organs, such as brain, heart, and kidney. In lymphoid organs, SEMA4D is abundantly expressed on the surface of resting T cells, but is only weakly expressed on resting B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs). However, in these cells, SEMA4D expression is upregulated after activation by various immunological stimuli. Cell activation also increases the release of soluble SEMA4D from immune cells.

[0005] SEMA4D has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, demyelinating diseases, and cancer. In the central nervous system (CNS), SEMA4D is expressed, for example, on the surface of infiltrating immune cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and its receptor is expressed, for example, on the surface of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells (Okuno, T. et al., J. Immunol. 184:1499-1506 (2010)). SEMA4D can act as an axon guidance molecule (Swiercz et al., Neuron 35:51-63 (2002)) and can mediate, among other activities, the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses (Paradis et al., Neuron 53:217-232 (2007)).

[0006] SEMA4D has also been shown to play a role in neuronal and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration and differentiation, CNS inflammation, and neurodegeneration. For example, SEMA4D-deficient mice are resistant to the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Kumanogoh A. et al., Immunity 13:621-631 (2000)), and SEMA4D blockade can inhibit microglial activation and neuroinflammation in EAE (Okuno, T. et al., J. Immunol. 184:1499-1506 (2010)). Similarly, endothelial cells can be stimulated with SEMA4D to produce the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 (Yang, YH et al., PLoS One 6:e25826 (2011)).

[0007] Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a pathogenic expansion of a polyglutamine-coding CAG tract in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene to 36 or more repeats (Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group (HDCRG) Cell 72:971-983 (1993)). More than 36 glutamines (expanded polyQ) in HTT cause the production of a variant called mHTT (mutated HTT) that increases the rate at which certain types of neurons degenerate. The degree of degeneration is related to the length of the polyQ and explains about 60% of the variability in the age of onset and rate of progression of symptoms in HD. HD is an autosomal dominant disorder, and if one parent has HD, there is a 50 / 50 chance (risk) of being born with one mutant huntingtin gene (via the X or Y sex chromosome on which the gene resides). Everyone who inherits this gene will develop the disease at some point in their life. According to the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), there are 30,000 US patients with HD at any one time, and an additional 150,000 who have a 50% risk of developing the disease. HD is a complex, severely debilitating, and incurable disease for which there is no cure.

[0008] HD is characterized by motor and cognitive impairments, as well as psychiatric disorders, and usually leads to death 15-20 years after onset. Disease onset is clinically defined as the onset of motor disorders and typically occurs in middle age, although many HD features can appear years to decades earlier, including, for example, immune activation (Bjorkqvist M. et al., J. Exp. Med 205:1869-1877 (2008)), striatal atrophy, and brain white matter loss (Tabrizi SJ et al., Lancet Neurol. 8:791-801 (2009)). In addition, turnover of cells of neuronal and oligodendrocyte lineages in the human HD striatum can be significantly reduced (Ernst A. et al., Cell 156:1072-1083 (2014)). Transcriptional dysregulation can be an early HD feature. For example, expression of SEMA4D and its major CNS receptor, Plexin-B1, may be elevated in HD striatum and cortex, but not in the cerebellum (Hodges et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 15:965-977 (2006)).

[0009] Inhibition of SEMA4D signaling by anti-SEMA4D treatment is a novel treatment for HD. In a particular aspect, a study using a YAC128 transgenic mouse model of HD demonstrated that treatment with anti-SEMA4D antibody ameliorates certain neuropathological effects, including striatal atrophy, cortical atrophy, and corpus callosum atrophy, and prevents testicular degeneration. In addition, some behavioral symptoms are improved in YAC128 mice treated with anti-SEMA4D antibody, including reduction of anxiety-like behavior and rescue of cognitive impairment. See Southwell AL et al., Neurobiol. Dis. 76:46-56 (2015) (Non-Patent Document 14) and U.S. Patent No. 9,249,227 issued on February 2, 2016 (Patent Document 1). Given the long time period involved in the onset of measurable HD symptoms and the alleviation of those symptoms, there remains a need for methods to reproducibly detect early whether a particular therapy, particularly an anti-SEMA4D treatment, is effective in individuals who are genetically predisposed to developing HD. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 9,249,227 [Non-patent literature]

[0011] [Non-Patent Document 1] Suzuki et al., Nature Rev. Immunol. 3:159-167 (2003) [Non-Patent Document 2] Kikutani et al., Nature Immunol. 9:17-23 (2008) [Non-Patent Document 3] Okuno, T. et al., J. Immunol. 184:1499-1506 (2010) [Non-Patent Document 4] Swiercz et al., Neuron 35:51-63 (2002) [Non-Patent Document 5] Paradis et al., Neuron 53:217-232 (2007) [Non-Patent Document 6] Kumanogoh A. et al., Immunity 13:621-631 (2000) [Non-Patent Document 7] Okuno, T. et al., J. Immunol. 184:1499-1506 (2010) [Non-Patent Document 8] Yang, Y.H. et al., PLoS One 6:e25826 (2011) [Non-Patent Document 9] Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (HDCRG) Cell 72:971-983 (1993) [Non-Patent Document 10] Bjorkqvist M. et al., J. Exp. Med 205:1869-1877 (2008) [Non-Patent Document 11] Tabrizi S.J. et al., Lancet Neurol. 8:791-801 (2009) [Non-Patent Document 12] Ernst A. et al., Cell 156:1072-1083 (2014) [Non-Patent Document 13] Hodges et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 15:965-977 (2006) [Non-Patent Document 14] Southwell A.L. et al., Neurobiol. Dis. 76:46-56 (2015) [Summary of the Invention]

[0012] Summary The present disclosure provides methods for determining whether a semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury.

[0013] In one aspect, the method includes administering an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; measuring a level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain compared to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0014] In another aspect, the method includes measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; administering an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0015] In another aspect, the method includes administering an initial dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; measuring a level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain compared to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above the baseline is detected, the adjustment being determined based on the level of increase, or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to the baseline. According to this aspect, the method may further comprise increasing the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody compared to that tested in step (b) and re-measuring the change in glucose uptake levels compared to a new baseline in a different patient who has not been previously treated, or a new baseline in the same patient after cessation of treatment of the same patient at a period determined to have accumulated a historical deficit in the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, and further adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody if a further increase is detected.

[0016] In another aspect, the method includes measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; administering an initial dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected, the adjustment being determined based on the level of increase, or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline. According to this aspect, the method may further include increasing the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody compared to that tested in step (c) and re-measuring the change in glucose uptake levels compared to a new baseline in a different patient who has not been previously treated, or compared to a new baseline in the same patient after cessation of treatment of the same patient at a period determined to have accumulated historical deficits in the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, and further adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody if a further increase is detected.

[0017] In another aspect, the method includes administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; measuring a level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain compared to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0018] In another aspect, the method includes measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, determined to have, or suspected of having a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0019] In another aspect, the method includes administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; ordering measuring a level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain compared to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the subject's brain measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0020] In another aspect, the method includes the steps of: ordering measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; ordering re-measuring glucose uptake levels in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0021] In another aspect, the method includes measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or shown to be at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; and re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration by a healthcare provider of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; and instructing the healthcare provider to continue administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or instructing the healthcare provider to discontinue administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0022] In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof for use in the provided methods inhibits the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor, such as Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, or CD72. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof inhibits Plexin-B1 signaling via SEMA4D.

[0023] In certain aspects, a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof for use in the provided methods competitively inhibits binding to SEMA4D of a reference antibody comprising a variable heavy region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a variable light region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. In certain aspects, a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof for use in the provided methods binds to the same SEMA4D epitope as a reference antibody comprising a VH comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5.

[0024] In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody for use in the provided methods has a VH and a VL, where the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, except for at least one or two conservative single amino acid substitutions in one or more of the CDRs. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody for use in the provided methods has a VH and a VL, where the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively. In certain aspects, the VH has an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, and the VL has an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:5. In certain aspects, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5.

[0025] In certain aspects of the provided methods, a first dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody is administered, followed by administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody at least once a week, at least once every two weeks, at least once every three weeks, at least once a month, or at least once every two months.

[0026] In certain aspects of the provided methods, the baseline measurement of glucose uptake is measured immediately prior to the first dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody. In certain aspects of the provided methods, the change in glucose uptake compared to baseline is measured at least 1 week after the first dose, at least 2 weeks after the first dose, at least 1 month after the first dose, at least 2 months after the first dose, at least 3 months after the first dose, at least 4 months after the first dose, at least 5 months after the first dose, at least 6 months after the first dose, or any combination thereof.

[0027] In certain aspects of the provided methods, glucose uptake in the brain of the subject is determined by: 18 It is measured by F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging.

[0028] In a particular aspect of the provided method, the subject is human.In a particular aspect of the provided method, the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder or injury is Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Down's syndrome, ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, (MS), epilepsy, meningitis, cerebral edema, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), HIV-associated cognitive impairment, CNS lupus, mild cognitive impairment, or combinations thereof.

[0029] In certain aspects of the provided method, the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder or injury is Huntington's disease (HD).In certain aspects, the subject is at risk of developing HD due to family history of HD or genetic testing, for example, genetic testing shows 36 or more CAG repeats in the subject's HTT gene.In certain aspects, the subject is suspected of having HD due to mild motor dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, or mild neuropsychiatric features.In certain aspects, the subject is diagnosed with HD due to brain atrophy, elevated Uniform Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score (UHDRS), elevated Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery (HD-CAB) score, elevated Huntington's Disease Quantitative Motor Assessment score, or combinations thereof. In certain aspects, the subject is in the presymptomatic, early prodromal, late prodromal, early manifest stage, moderate manifest stage, or advanced manifest stage of HD. [The present invention 1001] 1. A method for determining whether a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) administering an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject relative to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1002] 1. A method for determining whether a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) administering to the subject an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; (c) re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1003] 1. A method for determining an effective dose of a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or fragment thereof for treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) administering a starting dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject relative to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and (i) adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected, where the adjustment is determined based on the level of increase; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1004] Increasing the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody compared to that tested in step (b); and re-measuring the change in glucose uptake levels relative to a new baseline in a different patient who has not been previously treated, or relative to a new baseline in the same patient after cessation of treatment of the same patient for a period determined to have accumulated historical deficits in the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; and If a further increase is detected, further adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody. The method of the present invention 1003 further comprises: [The present invention 1005] 1. A method for determining an effective dose of a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or fragment thereof for treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) administering to the subject a starting dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; (c) re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and (i) adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected, where the adjustment is determined based on the level of increase; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1006] Increasing the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody compared to that tested in step (c); and re-measuring the change in glucose uptake levels relative to a new baseline in a different patient who has not been previously treated, or relative to a new baseline in the same patient after cessation of treatment of the same patient for a period determined to have accumulated historical deficits in the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; and If a further increase is detected, further adjusting the dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody. The method of the present invention 1005 further comprises: [The present invention 1007] 1. A method for treating a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject relative to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1008] 1. A method for treating a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, determined to have, or suspected of having a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject; (c) re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1009] 1. A method for determining whether a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) ordering measuring a level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject relative to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1010] 1. A method for determining whether a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) ordering measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; (b) administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject; (c) ordering re-measuring glucose uptake levels in the brain of the subject following administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof; and (i) continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) discontinuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1011] 1. A method for determining whether a Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is effective in treating a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject having, suspected of having, or shown to be at risk for developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; and (b) re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject following administration by a health care provider of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject; and (i) instructing a health care provider to continue administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or (ii) instructing a healthcare provider to discontinue administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. [The present invention 1012] The method of any of claims 1001 to 1011, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment thereof inhibits the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor. [The present invention 1013] The method of claim 1012, wherein the receptor is Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, or CD72. [The present invention 1014] The method according to any one of claims 1001 to 1013, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment thereof inhibits Plexin-B1 signaling via SEMA4D. [The present invention 1015] Any of the methods of the present invention 1001 to 1014, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment thereof competitively inhibits a reference antibody comprising a variable heavy chain region (VH) having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a variable light chain region (VL) having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 from binding to SEMA4D. [The present invention 1016] Any of the methods of claims 1001 to 1015, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof binds to the same SEMA4D epitope as a reference antibody comprising a VH having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. [The present invention 1017] The method of the present invention 1015 or 1016, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody comprises a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, except for at least one or two conservative single amino acid substitutions in one or more of the CDRs. [The present invention 1018] The method of the present invention 1015 or 1016, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody comprises a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively. [The present invention 1019] Any of the methods of claims 1015 to 1018, wherein VH comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, and VL comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:5. [The present invention 1020] The method of claim 1019, wherein VH comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and VL comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. [The present invention 1021] Any of the methods of inventions 1001 to 1020, wherein a first dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody is administered, followed by administration of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody at least once a week, at least once every two weeks, at least once every three weeks, at least once a month, or at least once every two months. [The present invention 1022] The method of claim 1021, wherein the baseline measurement of glucose uptake is measured immediately prior to the first dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody. [The present invention 1023] The method of any one of claims 1021 to 1022, wherein the change in glucose uptake compared to baseline is measured at least 1 week after the first dose, at least 2 weeks after the first dose, at least 1 month after the first dose, at least 2 months after the first dose, at least 3 months after the first dose, at least 4 months after the first dose, at least 5 months after the first dose, at least 6 months after the first dose, or any combination thereof. [The present invention 1024] The method of any of claims 1001 to 1023, wherein glucose uptake in the subject's brain is measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging. [The present invention 1025] The method according to any one of claims 1001 to 1024, wherein the subject is a human. [The present invention 1026] Any of the methods of claims 1001-1025, wherein the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury is Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Down's syndrome, ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy, meningitis, cerebral edema, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), HIV-associated cognitive impairment, CNS lupus, mild cognitive impairment, or a combination thereof. [The present invention 1027] The method of claim 1026, wherein the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury is Huntington's disease (HD). [The present invention 1028] The method of claim 1027, wherein the subject is at risk for developing HD due to a family history of HD or genetic testing. [The present invention 1029] The method of claim 1028, wherein the genetic test indicates 36 or more CAG repeats in the subject's HTT gene. [The present invention 1030] The method of any of claims 1027 to 1029, wherein the subject is suspected of having HD by mild motor dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, or mild neuropsychiatric features. [The present invention 1031] Any of the methods of claims 1027 to 1030, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with HD by brain atrophy, an elevated Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score (UHDRS), an increased Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery (HD-CAB) score, an increased Huntington's Disease Quantitative Motor Assessment score, or a combination thereof. [The present invention 1032] The method of claim 1031, wherein the subject is in the prodromal, early prodromal, late prodromal, early overt, mid-overt, or advanced overt stage of HD. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0030] [Figure 1] Schematic diagram of the treatment plan for Cohort A of the SIGNAL clinical study. [Diagram 2]Schematic and timeline showing the various patient "groups" compared in Cohort A of the Signal clinical study. VV(7-0) is the group treated with VX15 during the first 6 months of the blinded portion of the study. PV(7-0) is the group treated with placebo during the first 6 months of the blinded portion of the study. VV(12-7) is the group treated with VX15 from the beginning of the study and evaluated over the period from months 7 to 11. PV(12-7) is the group given a placebo for the first 6 months of the study, then crossed over at the beginning of month 7 to receive VX15 and evaluated over the period from months 7 to 11. VV(12-0) is the group treated with VX15 throughout the study and evaluated from day 0 to month 11. PV(12-0) was the group that received placebo for the first 6 months of the study, then crossed over to receive VX15 at the beginning of the 7th month and was evaluated from day 0 to month 11. [Diagram 3] MRI Volumetrics: VV(7-0) vs. PV(7-0): Figure 3A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in MRI volumetric changes in each brain region of interest (ROI) between the VX15-treated group (VV(7-0), n=17) after 6 months and the placebo-treated group (PV(7-0), n=19) after 6 months of treatment, expressed in mm3. The left and right hemispheres were measured separately and the left and right hemispheres were averaged for that brain region. The bars around each point are the 95% confidence interval. Figure 3B shows the MRI volumetric changes for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in Figure 3A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of treatment for each group. [Figure 4]MRI volumes: PV(12-7) vs. PV(7-0): Figure 4A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in MRI volumetric changes of each brain region of interest (ROI) between 6 months of treatment, expressed in mm3, between a group treated with placebo for the first 6 months, then treated with VX15 between months 7 and 11, and assessed over the period from month 7 to month 11 (PV(12-7), n=19) and the same group treated with placebo for the first 6 months, and assessed from day 0 to the end of month 6 (PV(7-0), n=19). Left and right hemispheres were measured separately, and the left and right hemispheres were averaged. The bars around each point are the 95% confidence intervals. Figure 4B shows the MRI volumetric changes of the same groups and brain regions of interest as in Figure 4A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of evaluation for each group. [Diagram 5] MRI Volume: VV(12-7) vs. PV(7-0): Figure 5A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in MRI volumetric changes in each brain region of interest (ROI) in mm3 between the VX15-treated group (VV(12-7), n=17) assessed over a period from month 7 to month 11, and the placebo-treated group (PV(7-0), n=19) at 6 months assessed from day 0 to the end of month 6. The bars around each point are 95% confidence intervals. Figure 5B shows the MRI volumetric changes for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in Figure 5A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of evaluation for each group. [Figure 6] MRI Volumetrics: VV(12-0) vs. PV(12-0): FIG. 6A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in MRI volumetric changes in each brain region of interest (ROI) in mm3 over the full 11 months of treatment between the VX15 treatment group (VV(12-0), n=17) assessed over the period from day 0 to month 11 and the placebo / crossover treatment group (PV(12-0), n=19) assessed over the period from day 0 to month 11. The bars around each point are 95% confidence intervals. FIG. 6B shows the MRI volumetric changes for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in FIG. 6A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of treatment for each group. [Figure 7]Schematic diagram of the link between glutamate uptake and metabolism in astrocytes and glucose transport and glycolysis, completing the cycle with transport of glutamine to neurons for glutamate synthesis. [Figure 8] FDG-PET signal change between VV(7-0) and PV(7-0): FIG. 8A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in FDG-PET signal change expressed as SUV (standard uptake value) for each brain region of interest (ROI) between the VX15-treated group (VV(7-0), n=11) and the placebo-treated group (PV(7-0), n=8) at 6 months over 6 months of treatment. ROIs were defined by co-registration of the subject's MRI and FDG-PET signal was calibrated relative to a reference region (brainstem). For cortical ROIs, the left and right hemispheres were measured separately and the left and right hemispheres were averaged. The bars around each point are the 95% confidence interval. FIG. 8B shows the FDG-PET signal change for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in FIG. 8A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of treatment for each group. [Figure 9] FDG-PET signal changes between PV(12-7) and PV(7-0): Figure 9A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in FDG-PET signal changes in each brain region of interest (ROI) between a group treated with placebo for the first 6 months, then treated with VX15 from months 7 to 11, and assessed over the period from month 7 to 11 (PV(12-7), n=8) and the same group treated with placebo for the first 6 months, and assessed from day 0 to the end of month 6 (PV(7-0), n=8). The bars around each point are the 95% confidence intervals. Figure 9B shows the FDG-PET signal changes for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in Figure 9A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of evaluation for each group. [Figure 10]FDG-PET signal change between VV(12-7) and PV(7-0): Figure 10A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in FDG-PET signal change in each brain region of interest (ROI) between the VX15-treated group (VV(12-7), n=11) assessed over the period from month 7 to month 11, and the placebo-treated group (PV(7-0), n=8) at 6 months assessed from day 0 to the end of month 6. The bars around each point are 95% confidence intervals. Figure 10B shows the FDG-PET signal change in the same groups and brain regions of interest as in Figure 10A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of evaluation for each group. [Figure 11] FDG-PET signal changes between VV(12-0) and PV(12-0): FIG. 12A shows the least squares (LS) mean difference in FDG-PET signal changes in each brain region of interest (ROI) over the full 11 months of treatment between the VX15 treatment group (VV(12-0), n=11) assessed over the period from day 0 to month 11 and the placebo / crossover treatment group (PV(12-0), n=8) assessed over the period from day 0 to month 11. The bars around each point are 95% confidence intervals. FIG. 12B shows the FDG-PET signal changes for the same groups and brain regions of interest as in FIG. 12A, expressed as % of baseline at the start of treatment for each group. [Figure 12] Schematic representation of various VX15 treatment effects observed by MRI and FDG-PET. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] Detailed Description definition It should be noted that the term "a" or "an" entity refers to one or more of that entity. For example, "a binding molecule" is understood to represent one or more binding molecules. Thus, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more," and "at least one" can be used interchangeably herein.

[0032] Furthermore, "and / or" as used herein is to be construed as expressly disclosing two specified features or components, respectively, with or without the other. Thus, the term "and / or" when used herein in phrases such as "A and / or B" is intended to include "A and B", "A or B", "A" (only), and "B" (only). Similarly, the term "and / or" when used in phrases such as "A, B, and / or C" is intended to include the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (only); B (only); and C (only), respectively.

[0033] Unless otherwise defined, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains.For example, Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press; and Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press provide those skilled in the art with a comprehensive dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.

[0034] Units, prefixes, and symbols are expressed in the format accepted by the International System of Units (SI). Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise specified, amino acid sequences are written from left to right in the amino to carboxy direction. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects of this disclosure that can be had by reference to the entire specification. Thus, the terms defined immediately below are more specifically defined by reference to the entire specification.

[0035] Whenever an embodiment is described using the word "comprising," analogous embodiments are also provided that are described using "consisting of" and / or "consisting essentially of."

[0036] Amino acids are referred to herein by their commonly known three letter or one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Similarly, nucleotides are referred to by their commonly accepted one-letter codes.

[0037] The term "polypeptide" as used herein is intended to include a singular "polypeptide" as well as a plurality of "polypeptides" and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds). The term "polypeptide" refers to any chain of two or more amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptide, dipeptide, tripeptide, oligopeptide, "protein," "amino acid chain," or any other term used to refer to a chain of two or more amino acids is included within the definition of "polypeptide," and the term "polypeptide" can be used in place of or synonymously with any of these terms. The term "polypeptide" is also intended to refer to the product of post-expression modifications of a polypeptide. Post-expression modifications include, but are not limited to, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization with known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification with non-natural amino acids. Polypeptides may be derived from biological sources or produced by recombinant technology, but are not necessarily translated from a specified nucleic acid sequence. Polypeptides can be made in any manner, including chemical synthesis.

[0038] The polypeptides disclosed herein may be polypeptides of about 3 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 75 or more, 100 or more, 200 or more, 500 or more, 1,000 or more, or 2,000 or more amino acids in size. A polypeptide may have a defined three-dimensional structure, but does not necessarily have such a structure. A polypeptide that has a defined three-dimensional structure is said to be folded, and a polypeptide that does not have a defined three-dimensional structure and can adopt many different conformations is said to be unfolded. The term glycoprotein, as used herein, refers to a protein that is linked to at least one carbohydrate moiety attached to the protein through an oxygen- or nitrogen-containing side chain of an amino acid, such as serine or asparagine.

[0039] An "isolated" polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof refers to a polypeptide that is not in its natural environment. No particular level of purification is required. For example, an isolated polypeptide may be removed from its natural or natural environment. Recombinantly produced and expressed polypeptides and proteins in host cells are considered isolated as disclosed herein, as are natural or recombinant polypeptides that have been separated, fractionated, or partially or substantially purified by any suitable technique.

[0040] As used herein, the term "non-naturally occurring polypeptide" or any grammatical variation thereof specifically excludes, but is not limited to, any form of polypeptide that has been or may be determined or construed as "naturally occurring" by a judicial or administrative agency or judicial body. deer This is a conditional definition that does not exclude anything.

[0041] Other polypeptides disclosed herein are fragments, derivatives, analogs, or variants of the aforementioned polypeptides, and any combination thereof. The terms "fragment," "variant," "derivative," and "analog" disclosed herein include any polypeptide that retains at least some of the properties of the corresponding natural antibody or polypeptide, e.g., specifically binds to an antigen. Polypeptide fragments include, for example, specific antibody fragments discussed elsewhere herein, as well as proteolytic fragments as well as deletion fragments. Variants, e.g., polypeptide variants, include the fragments described above, and also include polypeptides in which the amino acid sequence has been altered by amino acid substitution, deletion, or insertion. In certain aspects, the variants may be non-natural. Non-natural variants can be generated using mutagenesis methods known in the art. Variant polypeptides may include conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions. Derivatives are polypeptides that have been altered to exhibit additional features not found in the original polypeptide. Examples include fusion proteins. Variant polypeptides may also be referred to herein as "polypeptide analogs." As used herein, the "derivative" of a polypeptide also refers to the present polypeptide in which one or more amino acids are chemically derivatized by reaction of functional side groups.The peptide containing one or more derivatives of the 20 standard amino acids is also included as a "derivative".For example, 4-hydroxyproline may be used instead of proline, 5-hydroxylysine may be used instead of lysine, 3-methylhistidine may be used instead of histidine, homoserine may be used instead of serine, and ornithine may be used instead of lysine.

[0042] "Conservative amino acid substitution" refers to the substitution of one amino acid with another amino acid with similar side chain.The family of amino acids with similar side chains is defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), non-polar side chains (e.g., glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), β-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine), and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).For example, phenylalanine is substituted for tyrosine as a conservative substitution. In certain embodiments, conservative substitutions in the sequences of the polypeptides and antibodies of the present disclosure do not inhibit the binding of the polypeptide or antibody containing the amino acid sequence to the antigen that the binding molecule binds to.Methods for identifying conservative substitutions of nucleotides and amino acids that do not abolish antigen binding are well known in the art (see, for example, Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1 187 (1993); Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:.412-417 (1997)).

[0043] The term "polynucleotide" is intended to include single nucleic acids as well as multiple nucleic acids, and refers to an isolated nucleic acid molecule or construct, e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA), cDNA, or plasmid DNA (pDNA). A polynucleotide may contain conventional phosphodiester bonds or non-conventional bonds (e.g., amide bonds, e.g., amide bonds found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA)). The term "nucleic acid" or "nucleic acid sequence" refers to any one or more nucleic acid segments, e.g., DNA or RNA fragments, present in a polynucleotide.

[0044] By "isolated" nucleic acid or polynucleotide is intended any form of nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is separated from its natural environment. For example, a gel-purified polynucleotide or a recombinant polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide contained in a vector would be considered "isolated". Also, a polynucleotide segment that has been engineered to have a restriction site for cloning, e.g., a PCR product, is considered "isolated". Further examples of isolated polynucleotides include recombinant polynucleotides maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) polynucleotides that are in a non-native solution, such as a buffer or saline solution. Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of polynucleotides, where said transcripts are not found in nature. Additionally, isolated polynucleotides or nucleic acids include such molecules that are produced synthetically. Additionally, polynucleotides or nucleic acids may be or include regulatory elements, such as promoters, ribosome binding sites, or transcription terminators.

[0045] As used herein, the term "non-naturally occurring polynucleotide" or any grammatical variation thereof specifically excludes nucleic acids or polynucleotides in a form that has been or may be determined or construed as "naturally occurring" by a judge or administrative or judicial body, but does not include nucleic acids or polynucleotides in that form. deer This is a conditional definition that does not exclude anything.

[0046] As used herein, a "coding region" is a nucleic acid portion consisting of codons that are translated into amino acids. A "stop codon" (TAG, TGA, or TAA) may be considered part of a coding region even though it is not translated into amino acids. However, any adjacent sequences, such as promoters, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminators, introns, etc., are not part of a coding region. Two or more coding regions may be present in one polynucleotide construct, e.g., in one vector, or in separate polynucleotide constructs, e.g., in separate (different) vectors. Furthermore, any vector may contain one coding region or may contain two or more coding regions. For example, one vector may separately encode an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region and an immunoglobulin light chain variable region. Furthermore, a vector, polynucleotide, or nucleic acid may contain a heterologous coding region, either fused or unfused to another coding region. Heterologous coding regions include, but are not limited to, heterologous coding regions that encode specialized elements or motifs, such as secretory signal peptides or heterologous functional domains.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide or nucleic acid is DNA. In the case of DNA, a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide may typically include a promoter and / or other transcription or translation control elements operably linked to one or more coding regions. Operable linkage is when a coding region for a gene product, e.g., a polypeptide, is linked to one or more regulatory sequences such that expression of the gene product is under the influence or control of the regulatory sequences. Two DNA fragments (e.g., a polypeptide coding region and a promoter linked thereto) are "operably linked" if induction of promoter function results in transcription of an mRNA encoding a desired gene product, and if the nature of the link between the two DNA fragments does not interfere with the ability of the expression regulatory sequences to induce expression of the gene product or the ability of the DNA template to be transcribed. Thus, a promoter region would be operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide if the promoter is capable of transcribing that nucleic acid. The promoter may be a cell-specific promoter that induces substantial DNA transcription in a predetermined cell. To direct cell-specific transcription, other transcription control elements, besides a promoter, for example enhancers, operators, repressors, and transcription termination signals, can be operably associated with the polynucleotide.

[0048] A variety of transcription control regions are known to those skilled in the art. These include, but are not limited to, transcription control regions that function in vertebrate cells, such as promoter and enhancer segments from cytomegalovirus (e.g., immediate early promoter and intron-A), Simian Virus 40 (e.g., early promoter), and retroviruses (e.g., Rous sarcoma virus). Other transcription control regions include transcription control regions from vertebrate genes such as actin, heat shock protein, bovine growth hormone, and rabbit β-globin, as well as other sequences that can control gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Further suitable transcription control regions include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers and lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g., promoters induced by interferon or interleukin).

[0049] Similarly, various translation control elements are known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, ribosome binding sites, translation initiation and termination codons, and elements derived from picornaviruses (particularly internal ribosome entry sites, or IRES, also called CITE sequences).

[0050] In other embodiments, the polynucleotide can be RNA, for example, in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, or ribosomal RNA.

[0051] The polynucleotide and nucleic acid coding regions may be associated with additional coding regions that code for secretory or signal peptides that induce the secretion of the polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides disclosed herein. According to the signal hypothesis, proteins secreted by mammalian cells have a signal peptide sequence or secretory leader sequence that is cleaved from the mature protein once the transport of the growing protein chain through the rough endoplasmic reticulum has begun. Those skilled in the art know that polypeptides secreted by vertebrate cells have a signal peptide fused to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, which is cleaved from the complete or "full-length" polypeptide to give the secretory or "mature" form of the polypeptide. In certain embodiments, a native signal peptide is used, such as an immunoglobulin heavy chain signal peptide or light chain signal peptide, or a functional derivative of that sequence that retains the ability to induce the secretion of a functionally linked polypeptide. Alternatively, a heterologous mammalian signal peptide or a functional derivative thereof may be used. For example, the wild-type leader sequence may be replaced with the leader sequence of human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or mouse β-glucuronidase.

[0052] Certain binding molecules or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof are disclosed herein. Unless a full-sized antibody is specifically mentioned, the term "binding molecule" includes full-sized antibodies as well as antigen-binding subunits, fragments, variants, analogs, or derivatives of such antibodies, such as engineered antibody molecules or fragments that bind to antigens in the same way as antibody molecules, but use different scaffolds.

[0053] The term "binding molecule" as used herein refers in its broadest sense to a molecule that specifically binds to a receptor, e.g., an epitope or antigenic determinant. As further described herein, a binding molecule may include one or more "antigen-binding domains" as described herein. A non-limiting example of a binding molecule is an antibody, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof that retains antigen-specific binding.

[0054] The term "binding domain" or "antigen-binding domain" as used herein refers to a region of a binding molecule that is necessary and sufficient to specifically bind to an epitope. For example, an antibody's "Fv", e.g., variable heavy and variable light chains, are considered "binding domains" whether they are two separate polypeptide subunits or a single chain. Other binding domains include, but are not limited to, the variable heavy chain (VHH) of an antibody from a camelid species, or the six immunoglobulin complementarity determining regions (CDRs) expressed in a fibronectin scaffold. A "binding molecule" as described herein may contain one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or more "antigen-binding domains".

[0055] The terms "antibody" and "immunoglobulin" can be used interchangeably herein. An antibody (or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof as disclosed herein) comprises at least a heavy chain variable domain (in the case of camelid species) or at least a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain. The basic immunoglobulin structure in vertebrate systems is fairly well understood. See, for example, Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988). Unless otherwise specified, the term "antibody" includes anything ranging from a small antigen-binding fragment of an antibody to a full-sized antibody, e.g., an IgG antibody containing two complete heavy chains and two complete light chains, an IgA antibody containing four complete heavy chains and four complete light chains, and optionally a J chain and / or secretory component, or an IgM antibody containing 10 or 12 complete heavy chains and 10 or 12 complete light chains, and optionally a J chain.

[0056] As discussed in more detail below, the term "immunoglobulin" includes a wide variety of classes of polypeptides that can be biochemically distinguished. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon (γ, μ, α, δ, ε), with several subclasses within these (e.g., γ1-γ4 or α1-α2). It is the nature of the chain that defines the "class" of an antibody, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG, or IgE, respectively. Immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, etc., have been clearly characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. In light of the present disclosure, modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art and are therefore within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0057] Light chains are classified as kappa or lambda (κ, λ). Each heavy chain class can be associated with either a κ or λ light chain. Generally, light and heavy chains are covalently linked to each other, and when immunoglobulins are produced by hybridomas, B cells, or genetically engineered host cells, the "tail" portions of the two heavy chains are linked to each other by covalent or non-covalent disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequence of a heavy chain runs from the N-terminus at the bifurcated end of the Y configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain. The basic structure of a particular antibody, e.g., an IgG antibody, comprises two heavy chain subunits and two light chain subunits covalently linked via disulfide bonds to form a "Y" structure, also referred to herein as an "H2L2" structure.

[0058] Both light and heavy chains are divided into regions of structural and functional homology. Functionally, the terms "constant" and "variable" are used. In this regard, it is understood that the variable domain of the variable light chain portion (VL) and the variable domain of the variable heavy chain portion (VH) determine antigen recognition and specificity. Conversely, the constant domain of the light chain (CL) and the constant domain of the heavy chain (CH1, CH2, or CH3) confer biological properties such as secretion, transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding, etc. By convention, the numbering of the constant region domains increases with increasing distance from the antigen binding site or amino terminus of the antibody. The N-terminal portion is the variable region, while the C-terminal portion contains the constant region. The CH3 (or CH4 in the case of IgM) and CL domains actually constitute the carboxy termini of the heavy and light chains, respectively.

[0059] As mentioned above, the variable region (i.e., "binding domain") allows a binding molecule to selectively recognize and specifically bind to an epitope on an antigen. That is, the VL domain and VH domain or a subset of complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a binding molecule, such as an antibody, together form a variable region that defines a three-dimensional antigen binding site. More specifically, the antigen binding site is defined by three CDRs on each of the VH and VL chains. Some antibodies form larger structures. For example, IgA can form a molecule that includes two H2L2 units, a J chain, and a secretory component, all of which are covalently linked via disulfide bonds. IgM can form a pentameric or hexameric molecule with five or six H2L2 units and, optionally, a J chain covalently linked via disulfide bonds.

[0060] The six "complementarity determining regions" or "CDRs" present in an antibody antigen-binding domain are short, non-contiguous amino acid sequences that are specifically positioned to form a binding domain when the antibody adopts a three-dimensional configuration in an aqueous environment. The remaining amino acids in the binding domain are called the "framework" regions, which show less variation within the molecule than the "CDRs". The framework regions adopt a predominantly β-sheet conformation, while the CDRs form loops that connect, and in some cases form part of, the β-sheet structure. Thus, the framework regions act to form a scaffold that orients the CDRs by non-covalent interchain interactions. The binding domain formed by the positioned CDRs defines a surface that is complementary to the epitope on the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the non-covalent binding of the antibody to its cognate epitope. Because the amino acids that make up the CDRs and the amino acids that make up the framework regions have each been defined in a variety of different ways (see, "Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest", Kabat, E., et al., US Department of Health and Human Services, (1983); and Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol., 196:901-917 (1987), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties), one of skill in the art can readily identify the amino acids that make up the CDRs and the framework regions for a given heavy chain variable region or light chain variable region.

[0061] In the event that there are more than one definition of a term used and / or accepted in the art, the definition of the term as used herein is intended to include all such meanings unless expressly stated to the contrary. A specific example is the use of the term "complementarity determining region" ("CDR") to describe the non-contiguous antigen binding sites found in the variable regions of heavy and light chain polypeptides. These particular regions are described, for example, by Kabat et al., US Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest" (1983) and Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987), which are incorporated herein by reference. The Kabat and Chothia definitions include overlapping or subsets of amino acids when compared with each other. Nonetheless, the use of either definition (or other definitions known to those skilled in the art) to refer to the CDRs of an antibody or variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term as defined and used herein, unless otherwise specified. The appropriate amino acid residues which comprise the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited references are set forth below in Table 1 for comparison. The exact amino acid numbers which comprise a particular CDR will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. One of skill in the art can routinely determine which amino acids constitute a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of an antibody.

[0062] (Table 1) CDR definition 1 TIFF0007626416000001.tif51128 1 The numbering of all CDR definitions in Table 1 is according to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al. (see below).

[0063] Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of skill in the art can unambiguously assign this "Kabat numbering" system to any variable domain sequence without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself. As used herein, "Kabat numbering" refers to the numbering system described in Kabat et al. US Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest" (1983). However, consecutive numbering is used for all amino acid sequences in this disclosure unless the use of the Kabat numbering system is explicitly stated.

[0064] Binding molecules, such as antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, human, humanized, or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, epitope-binding fragments, such as Fab, Fab', and F(ab')2, Fd, Fv, single chain Fv (scFv), single chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fv (sdFv), fragments containing either the VL or VH domain, fragments produced by a Fab expression library. ScFv molecules are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,019. The immunoglobulin or antibody molecules encompassed by the present disclosure may be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2), or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.

[0065] "Specifically bind" generally means that a binding molecule, such as an antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, binds to an epitope via its antigen-binding domain, and that the binding requires some complementarity between the antigen-binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, a binding molecule is said to "specifically bind" to an epitope when it binds to the epitope via its antigen-binding domain, more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term "specificity" is used herein to describe the relative affinity with which a particular binding molecule binds to a particular epitope. For example, binding molecule "A" may be considered to have a higher specificity for a particular epitope than binding molecule "B", and binding molecule "A" may be said to bind epitope "C" with a higher affinity than related epitope "D".

[0066] The binding molecules disclosed herein, such as antibodies or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can be used to bind to a polypeptide of at least 5×10 -2 sec -1 , 10 -2 sec -1 , 5X10 -3 sec -1 , 10 -3 sec -1 , 5X10 -4 sec -1 , 10 -4 sec -1 , 5X10 -5 sec -1 , or 10 -5 sec -1 , 5X10 -6 sec -1 , 10 -6 sec -1 , 5X10 -7 sec -1 , or 10 -7 sec -1 It can be said that an antibody binds to a target antigen with an off-rate (k(off)) that is less than or equal to the off-rate (k(off)).

[0067] The binding molecules, e.g., antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives disclosed herein, can be used in combination with one or more of the following antibodies:3 M -1 sec -1 , 5X10 3 M -1 sec -1 , 10 4 M -1 sec -1 , 5X10 4 M -1 sec -1 , 10 5 M -1 sec -1 , 5X10 5 M -1 sec -1 , 10 6 M -1 sec -1 , or 5X10 6 M -1 sec -1 , or 10 7 M -1 sec -1 It can be said to bind to the target antigen with an on rate (k(on)) that is greater than or equal to.

[0068] A binding molecule, such as an antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, is said to competitively inhibit the binding of a reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment to a particular epitope if it preferentially binds to a particular epitope to such an extent that it blocks, to some extent, the binding of the reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment to the particular epitope.Competitive inhibition can be determined by any method known in the art, such as a competitive ELISA assay.A binding molecule can be said to competitively inhibit the binding of a reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment to a particular epitope by at least 90%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%.

[0069] The term "affinity" as used herein refers to a measure of the strength of binding between an individual epitope and one or more binding domains, e.g., one or more binding domains of an immunoglobulin molecule. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988) pp. 27-28. The term "avidity" as used herein refers to the overall stability of the complex between a population of binding domains and an antigen. See, e.g., Harlow, pp. 29-34. Avidity relates to the affinity of an individual binding domain in a population to a particular epitope, and also relates to the availability of immunoglobulins and antigens. For example, the interaction of a bivalent monoclonal antibody with an antigen having a highly repeated epitope structure, such as a polymer, would be a high avidity interaction. The interaction between a bivalent monoclonal antibody and a receptor present at high density on the cell surface would also be a high avidity interaction.

[0070] The binding molecules disclosed herein or their antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives can also be described or designated in terms of cross-reactivity.As used herein, the term "cross-reactivity" refers to the ability of a binding molecule, such as an antibody or its fragment, variant, or derivative, specific for one antigen to react with a second antigen.This is a measure of the association between two different antigenic substances.A binding molecule is therefore cross-reactive if it binds to an epitope other than the epitope that induced its formation.A cross-reactive epitope generally contains many of the same complementary structural features as the induced epitope, and in some cases may actually fit better than the original.

[0071] Binding molecules, e.g., antibodies or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can also be described or specified in terms of their binding affinity to an antigen. For example, a binding molecule can have a binding affinity of 5×10 -2 M, 10 -2 M, 5x10 -3 M, 10 -3 M, 5x10 -4M, 10 -4 M, 5x10 -5 M, 10 -5 M, 5x10 -6 M, 10 -6 M, 5x10 -7 M, 10 -7 M, 5x10 -8 M, 10 -8 M, 5x10 -9 M, 10 -9 M, 5x10 -10 M, 10 -10 M, 5x10 -11 M, 10 -11 M, 5x10 -12 M, 10 -12 M, 5x10 -13 M, 10 -13 M, 5x10 -14 M, 10 -14 M, 5x10 -15 M, or 10 -15 Dissociation constant or K not greater than M D can bind to the antigen.

[0072] Antibody fragments containing single chain antibodies or other binding domains may be present alone or in combination with one or more of the following: hinge region, CH1, CH2, CH3, or CH4 domain, J chain, or secretory component. Also included are antigen-binding fragments that may contain any combination of variable regions and one or more of hinge region, CH1, CH2, CH3, or CH4 domain, J chain, or secretory component. Binding molecules, such as antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, may be derived from any animal, including birds and mammals. The antibody may be a human antibody, a mouse antibody, a donkey antibody, a rabbit antibody, a goat antibody, a guinea pig antibody, a camel antibody, a llama antibody, an horse antibody, or a chicken antibody. In another embodiment, the variable region may be condricthoid in origin (e.g., from a shark). As used herein, a "human" antibody includes antibodies having the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin, including antibodies isolated from a human immunoglobulin library or from an animal that has been transgenic for one or more human immunoglobulins, as described below and, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,598 to Kucherlapati et al., and that optionally does not express endogenous immunoglobulins.

[0073] The term "heavy chain subunit" as used herein includes an amino acid sequence derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain. A binding molecule, e.g., an antibody, that includes a heavy chain subunit includes at least one of a VH domain, a CH1 domain, a hinge (e.g., the upper region, the middle region, and / or the lower region of the hinge), a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, a CH4 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. For example, a binding molecule, e.g., an antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, may include, in addition to a VH domain, a CH1 domain; a CH1 domain, a hinge, and a CH2 domain; a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain; a CH1 domain, a hinge, and a CH3 domain; or a CH1 domain, a hinge domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain. In certain aspects, a binding molecule, e.g., an antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, may include, in addition to a VH domain, a CH3 domain and a CH4 domain; or a CH3 domain, a CH4 domain, and a J chain. Additionally, binding molecules for use in the present disclosure may lack certain constant region portions, such as all or part of the CH2 domain. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these domains (e.g., heavy chain subunits) can be altered to differ in amino acid sequence from the original immunoglobulin molecule.

[0074] The heavy chain subunit of a binding molecule, e.g., an antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, may comprise domains derived from various immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a heavy chain subunit of a polypeptide may comprise a CH1 domain derived from an IgG1 molecule and a hinge region derived from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain subunit may comprise a hinge region derived in part from an IgG1 molecule and in part from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain subunit may comprise a chimeric hinge derived in part from an IgG1 molecule and in part from an IgG4 molecule.

[0075] As used herein, the term "light chain subunit" includes an amino acid sequence derived from an immunoglobulin light chain. A light chain subunit includes at least one VL or CL (e.g., Cκ or Cλ) domain.

[0076] Binding molecules, such as antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can be described or specified in terms of the epitope or portion of an antigen that they recognize or specifically bind. The portion of a target antigen that specifically interacts with the antigen-binding domain of an antibody is an "epitope" or "antigenic determinant." A target antigen may contain one epitope or at least two epitopes, and may contain any number of epitopes depending on the size, conformation, and type of antigen.

[0077] As indicated above, the subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of the constant regions of the various immunoglobulin classes are well known. As used herein, the term "VH domain" includes the amino-terminal variable domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, and the term "CH1 domain" includes the first (most amino-terminal) constant region domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The CH1 domain is adjacent to the VH domain and is amino-terminal to the hinge region of a typical immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule.

[0078] The term "CH2 domain" as used herein includes, for example, that portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends from about amino acid 244 to amino acid 360 of an IgG antibody using conventional numbering techniques (amino acids 244-360, Kabat numbering system; and amino acids 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat EA et al., supra). The CH3 domain extends from the CH2 domain to the C-terminus of the IgG molecule and includes about 108 amino acids. Certain immunoglobulin classes, e.g., IgM, further include a CH4 region.

[0079] As used herein, the term "hinge region" includes the portion of the heavy chain molecule that connects the CH1 and CH2 domains. This hinge region contains approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen-binding regions to move independently.

[0080] The term "disulfide bond" as used herein includes a covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms. The amino acid cysteine ​​contains a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond or crosslink with another thiol group. In a particular IgG molecule, the CH1 and CL regions are linked by a disulfide bond, and the two heavy chains are linked by two disulfide bonds at positions corresponding to 239 and 242 using the Kabat numbering system (positions 226 or 229, EU numbering system).

[0081] As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" refers to an antibody (which may be intact, partial, or modified) in which the immunoreactive region or site is obtained or derived from a first species and the constant region is obtained from a second species. In some embodiments, the target binding region or site is derived from a non-human source (e.g., mouse or primate) and the constant region is human.

[0082] The term "multispecific antibody" or "bispecific antibody" refers to an antibody that has binding domains for two or more different epitopes in one antibody molecule. In addition to classical antibody structures, other binding molecules with two specificities can be constructed. Epitope binding by bispecific or multispecific antibodies can be simultaneous or sequential. Triomas and hybrid hybridomas are two examples of cell lines that can secrete bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies can also be constructed by recombinant means (Strohlein and Heiss, Future Oncol. 6:1387-94 (2010); Mabry and Snavely, IDrugs. 13:543-9 (2010)). Bispecific antibodies can also be diabodies.

[0083] As used herein, "engineered antibody" refers to an antibody in which the variable domains in the heavy or light chain or both are altered by at least partial replacement of one or more amino acids in the CDRs or framework regions. In certain aspects, all CDRs from an antibody of known specificity can be grafted into the framework regions of a heterologous antibody. The replacement CDRs may be from an antibody of the same class or even subclass as the antibody from which the framework regions are derived, but the CDRs may also be from an antibody of a different class, for example, from an antibody from a different species. An engineered antibody in which one or more "donor" CDRs from a non-human antibody of known specificity are grafted into a human heavy or light chain framework region is referred to herein as a "humanized antibody". In certain aspects, not all of the CDRs are replaced with the complete CDRs from the donor variable domain, but the donor's antigen-binding ability can still be transferred to the recipient variable domain. Given the descriptions provided in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089, 5,693,761, 5,693,762, and 6,180,370, it is well within the capabilities of one of ordinary skill in the art to obtain a functional engineered or humanized antibody through routine experimentation or trial and error testing.

[0084] As used herein, the term "engineered" includes the manipulation of a nucleic acid or polypeptide molecule by synthetic means (e.g., by recombinant techniques, in vitro peptide synthesis, enzymatic or chemical coupling of peptides, or any combination of these techniques).

[0085] As used herein, the terms "linked," "fused," or "fusion" or other grammatical equivalents can be used interchangeably. These terms refer to the joining together of two or more elements or components, whatever means may include chemical conjugation or recombinant means. An "in-frame fusion" refers to the joining of two or more polynucleotide open reading frames (ORFs) to form a continuous, longer ORF, so as to maintain the translational reading frame of the original ORFs. Thus, a recombinant fusion protein is one protein that contains two or more segments that correspond to the polypeptides encoded by the original ORFs (these segments are not normally connected in nature in this way). Thus, the reading frame is continuous throughout the fused segments, but the segments may be physically or spatially separated, for example, by in-frame linker sequences. For example, polynucleotides encoding the CDRs of immunoglobulin variable regions are fused in frame, but may be separated by polynucleotides encoding at least one immunoglobulin framework region or additional CDR regions, so long as the "fused" CDRs are co-translated as part of a continuous polypeptide.

[0086] In the context of a polypeptide, a "linear sequence" or "sequence" is the order of amino acids in a polypeptide from the amino terminus to the carboxyl terminus, in which amino acids adjacent to each other in the sequence are contiguous in the primary structure of the polypeptide. A portion of a polypeptide that is "amino terminal" or "N-terminal" to another portion of the polypeptide is an earlier portion of the contiguous polypeptide chain. Similarly, a portion of a polypeptide that is "carboxy terminal" or "C-terminal" to another portion of the polypeptide is a later portion of the contiguous polypeptide chain. For example, in a typical antibody, the variable domain is "N-terminal" to the constant region, and the constant region is "C-terminal" to the variable domain.

[0087] The term "expression" as used herein refers to the process by which a gene produces a biochemical factor, e.g., a polypeptide. This process includes any manifestation of the functional presence of a gene in a cell, including, but not limited to, gene knockdown and transient and stable expression. "Expression" includes, but is not limited to, the transcription of a gene into messenger RNA (mRNA) and the translation of such mRNA into a polypeptide. If the desired end product is a biochemical factor, expression includes the production of this biochemical factor and any precursors. Gene expression produces a "gene product." A gene product as used herein may be a nucleic acid, e.g., a messenger RNA produced by transcription of a gene, or a polypeptide translated from a transcript. Additionally, gene products as described herein include nucleic acids that have been modified post-transcriptionally, e.g., polyadenylation, or polypeptides that have been modified post-translationally, e.g., methylation, glycosylation, addition of lipids, conjugation to other protein subunits, proteolytic cleavage, and the like.

[0088] The term "neuroinflammation" as used herein refers to inflammation occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, generation of reactive oxygen species, and expression, e.g., overexpression, of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Representative inflammatory cytokines include, but are not limited to, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Neuroinflammation can be caused by disease, disorder, or injury, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), meningitis, cerebral edema, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, viral or bacterial infection, environmental exposure, e.g., pollution or toxins, aging, or a combination thereof. In some cases, neuroinflammation can be the cause of subsequent neurodegeneration to the brain, and in other cases, neuroinflammation can be the result of neurodegeneration.

[0089] As used herein, the term "neurodegeneration" refers to the actual destruction, damage, or death of cells in the CNS and brain, the loss of structure and / or function of neurons or other brain cells. Neurodegeneration can be the result of and / or the cause of neuroinflammation.

[0090] As used herein, the term "neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury" refers to the full range of diseases, disorders, or injuries that ultimately result in neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration. Examples include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Down's syndrome, ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, (MS), epilepsy, meningitis, cerebral edema, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), HIV-associated cognitive impairment, CNS lupus, mild cognitive impairment, or combinations thereof.

[0091] Terms such as "treat" or "treatment" or "to treat" or "alleviate" or "to alleviate" refer to therapeutic measures that cure, slow, relieve the symptoms of, and / or stop or slow the progression of an existing diagnosed pathological condition or disorder. Terms such as "prevent", "prevention", "avoid", "inhibit", and the like refer to prophylactic or preventative measures that arrest the onset of an undiagnosed, targeted pathological condition or disorder. Thus, "in need of treatment" may include those already with the disorder; those susceptible to the disorder; and those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.

[0092] The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of an antibody, polypeptide, polynucleotide, small organic molecule, or other drug that is effective to "treat" a disease, disorder, or injury in a subject or mammal. In the case of cancer, a therapeutically effective amount of a drug can reduce the number of cancer cells; slow or stop cancer cell division, reduce or slow the increase in tumor size; inhibit, e.g., suppress, slow, prevent, stop, slow, or reverse cancer cell invasion into peripheral organs, including the spread of cancer to soft tissue and bone; inhibit, e.g., suppress, slow, prevent, reduce, stop, slow, or reverse tumor metastasis; inhibit, e.g., suppress, slow, prevent, stop, slow, or reverse tumor growth; relieve to some extent one or more symptoms associated with cancer, reduce morbidity and mortality; improve quality of life, or a combination of such effects. If a drug stops proliferation and / or kills existing cancer cells, it may be called cytostatic and / or cytotoxic.

[0093] "Subject" or "individual" or "animal" or "patient" or "mammal" means any subject for which diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired, particularly a mammalian subject. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, pigs, cows, bears, and the like.

[0094] As used herein, the phrases "subject that would benefit from a therapy" and "animal in need of treatment" include subjects, e.g., mammalian subjects, that would benefit from the administration of the therapies described herein.

[0095] As used herein, the term "healthcare provider" refers to a person or organization that directly interacts with and / or administers therapy to a living subject, e.g., a human patient. Non-limiting examples of healthcare providers include doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists, pharmacists, consultants, alternative medicine practitioners, medical facilities, examination rooms, hospitals, emergency rooms, clinics, urgent care centers, alternative medicine clinics / facilities, and any other entity that provides general and / or specialized treatment, evaluation, maintenance, therapy, medication, and / or advice related to all or any part of a patient's health condition, including, but not limited to, general care, specialty care, surgical treatment, and / or any other type of treatment, evaluation, maintenance, therapy, medication, and / or advice.

[0096] The term "clinical laboratory" as used herein refers to a facility for data acquisition and / or testing, and / or processing of data obtained from a living subject and / or material obtained from a living subject, e.g., a human. Non-limiting examples of processing include radiography (e.g., X-ray), fluorography, tomography (e.g., positron emission tomography or PET scan), or magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging of a subject, biological, biochemical, serological, chemical, immunohematological, hematological, biophysical, cytological, pathological, genetic, or other testing of material derived from a human body, for the purpose of providing data or information, e.g., for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any disease or impairment of the health of a living subject, e.g., a human, or for the evaluation of the health of a living subject, e.g., a human. These tests may include procedures for obtaining imaging data of a subject, procedures for collecting or otherwise obtaining samples, procedures for preparing various substances in a living subject, e.g., a human body, or samples obtained from a living subject, e.g., a human body, and procedures for determining, measuring, or otherwise indicating the presence or absence of such substances.

[0097] As used herein, the term "healthcare benefits provider" includes an individual entity, organization, or group that provides, offers, proposes, pays in whole or in part for, or is otherwise associated with providing patient access to one or more healthcare benefits, benefit plans, health insurance, and / or healthcare expense account programs.

[0098] In some aspects, a healthcare provider may administer a therapy or instruct another healthcare provider to administer a therapy to treat a particular disease, disorder, or injury. The healthcare provider, under the supervision of the first healthcare provider, may perform the following actions: undergo an imaging study or perform an imaging study on the patient, obtain a sample, process a sample, send a sample, receive a sample, transfer a sample, analyze or measure a sample, quantify a sample, provide results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample, receive results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample, compare / score results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples, provide a comparison / score from one or more samples, obtain a comparison / score from one or more samples, administer a therapy (e.g., The medical provider or the patient may be prompted to perform, or instruct another medical provider or the patient to: initiate administration of a therapy, discontinue administration of a therapy, continue administration of a therapy, suspend administration of a therapy, increase the amount of a therapeutic agent administered, decrease the amount of a therapeutic agent administered, continue administration of an amount of a therapeutic agent, increase the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, decrease the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, maintain the same dosing frequency of a therapeutic agent, replace a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or therapeutic agent, combine a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or additional therapeutic agents.

[0099] In some aspects, the health care provider can approve or disapprove, for example, imaging studies, sample collection, sample processing, sample submission, sample receipt, sample transfer, sample analysis or measurement, sample quantification, providing results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying the sample, transferring results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying the sample, comparing / scoring results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples, transferring comparisons / scores from one or more samples, administering a therapy or therapeutic agent, initiating administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, stopping administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, continuing administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, suspending administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, increasing the amount of an administered therapeutic agent, decreasing the amount of an administered therapeutic agent, continuing administration of an amount of a therapeutic agent, increasing the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, decreasing the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, maintaining the same dosing frequency of a therapeutic agent, replacing a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or therapeutic agent, or combining a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or additional therapeutic agent. In certain aspects, health care providers can approve or deny treatment based on the results of a companion diagnostic assay, such as an imaging study, that indicates whether a particular therapy will be effective in a particular patient individual.

[0100] In some aspects, a clinical laboratory can, for example, perform imaging studies on patients under orders from a healthcare provider, compare baseline imaging studies with subsequent imaging studies after a particular therapy has been administered, collect and obtain samples, process samples, send samples, receive samples, forward samples, analyze or measure samples, quantitate samples, provide results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying samples, receive results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying samples, compare / score results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples, provide comparisons / scores from one or more samples, obtain comparisons / scores from one or more samples or other related activities. Clinical laboratories typically perform tests ordered by healthcare providers or healthcare benefit providers and typically work under the supervision of or in collaboration with healthcare providers and / or healthcare benefit providers.

[0101] Description of target polypeptide – SEMA4D As used herein, the terms "semaphorin-4D", "SEMA4D" and "SEMA4D polypeptide" are used interchangeably, as are "SEMA4D" and "Sema4D". In certain embodiments, SEMA4D is expressed on the cell surface or secreted by the cell. In other embodiments, SEMA4D is membrane bound. In other embodiments, SEMA4D is soluble, e.g., sSEMA4D. In other embodiments, SEMA4D may comprise full-sized SEMA4D or a fragment thereof or a SEMA4D variant polypeptide, where the fragment of SEMA4D or SEMA4D variant polypeptide retains some or all of the functional properties of full-sized SEMA4D.

[0102] The full-sized human SEMA4D protein is a homodimeric transmembrane protein consisting of two 150 kDa polypeptide chains. SEMA4D belongs to the semaphorin family of cell surface receptors, also called CD100. Both human and mouse SEMA4D / Sema4D are proteolytically cleaved from the transmembrane form to generate a 120 kDa soluble form, which gives rise to two Sema4D isoforms (Kumanogoh et al., J. Cell Science 116(7):3464 (2003)). Semaphorins consist of soluble and membrane-bound proteins that were originally defined as axon guidance factors that play a key role in establishing precise connections between neurons and their appropriate targets. Structurally considered class IV semaphorin, SEMA4D, consists of an amino-terminal signal sequence followed by a characteristic "Sema" domain containing 17 conserved cysteine ​​residues, an Ig-like domain, a lysine-rich region, a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail.

[0103] The SEMA4D polypeptide contains a signal sequence of about 13 amino acids followed by a semaphorin domain of about 512 amino acids, an immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain of about 65 amino acids, a lysine-rich region of 104 amino acids, a hydrophobic transmembrane region of about 19 amino acids, and a cytoplasmic tail of 110 amino acids. Consensus sites for tyrosine phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic tail support the predicted association of SEMA4D with tyrosine kinases (Schlossman et al., Eds. (1995) Leucocyte Typing V (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

[0104] SEMA4D is known to have at least three functional receptors, Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, and CD72. Plexin-B1 is expressed in non-lymphoid tissues and has been shown to be a high affinity (1 nM) receptor for SEMA4D (Tamagnone et al., Cell 99:71-80 (1999)). SEMA4D stimulation of Plexin-B1 signaling has been shown to induce neuronal growth cone collapse and oligodendrocyte process extension collapse and apoptosis (Giraudon et al., J. Immunol. 172:1246-1255 (2004); Giraudon et al., NeuroMolecular Med. 7:207-216 (2005)). After binding to SEMA4D, Plexin B1 signaling mediates R-Ras inactivation, which reduces integrin-mediated attachment to the extracellular matrix, activates RhoA, and reorganizes the cytoskeleton, resulting in cell collapse. See Kruger et al., Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6:789-800 (2005); Pasterkamp, ​​TRENDS in Cell Biology 15:61-64 (2005). Plexin-B2 has intermediate affinity for SEMA4D, and a recent report showed that PLXNB2 is expressed on keratinocytes and activates SEMA4D-positive γδ T cells to contribute to epithelial repair (Witherden et al., Immunity. 2012 Aug 24;37(2):314-25).

[0105] In lymphoid tissues, CD72 serves as a low affinity (300 nM) SEMA4D receptor (Kumanogoh et al., Immunity 13:621-631 (2000)). B cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) express CD72, and anti-CD72 antibodies have many of the same effects as sSEMA4D, such as enhancing CD40-induced B cell responses and B cell shedding of CD23. CD72 is thought to act as a negative B cell response regulator by recruiting the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which can bind to many inhibitory receptors. Interaction of SEMA4D with CD72 dissociates SHP-1, eliminating this negative activation signal. SEMA4D has been shown to promote T cell stimulation and B cell aggregation and survival in vitro. Addition of SEMA4D-expressing cells or sSEMA4D enhances CD40-induced B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production in vitro and promotes in vivo antibody responses (Ishida et al., Inter. Immunol. 15:1027-1034 (2003); Kumanogoh and H. Kukutani, Trends in Immunol. 22:670-676 (2001)). sSEMA4D enhances CD40-induced DC maturation, including upregulation of costimulatory molecules and increased IL-12 secretion. Furthermore, sSEMA4D can inhibit immune cell migration, which can be reversed by adding anti-SEMA4D mouse blocking antibodies (Elhabazi et al., J. Immunol. 166:4341-4347 (2001); Delaire et al., J. Immunol. 166:4348-4354 (2001)).

[0106] Sema4D is expressed at high levels in lymphoid organs, including the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, as well as in non-lymphoid organs, including the brain, heart, and kidney. In lymphoid organs, Sema4D is abundantly expressed on the surface of resting T cells, but is only weakly expressed on resting B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs).

[0107] Upon cell activation, the surface expression of SEMA4D increases and soluble SEMA4D (sSEMA4D) is generated. The expression pattern of SEMA4D suggests that SEMA4D plays important physiological and pathological roles in the immune system. SEMA4D has been shown to promote B cell activation, aggregation, and survival; enhance CD40-induced proliferation and antibody production; enhance antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens; increase T cell proliferation; enhance dendritic cell maturation and T cell stimulatory capacity, and has been directly linked to demyelination and axonal degeneration (Shi et al., Immunity 13:633-642 (2000); Kumanogoh et al., J Immunol 169:1175-1181 (2002); and Watanabe et al., J Immunol 167:4321-4328 (2001)).

[0108] Anti-SEMA4D antibody Antibodies that bind to SEMA4D have been described in the art.See, for example, US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008 / 0219971A1, US2010 / 0285036A1, and US2006 / 0233793A1, International Patent Application WO93 / 14125, WO2008 / 100995, and WO2010 / 129917, and Herold et al., Int. Immunol. 7(1): 1-8(1995).Each of these is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.In certain aspects, the antibody provided herein is a SEMA4D antagonist antibody.Because a SEMA4D antagonist antibody interferes with, inhibits, blocks, or destroys one or more activities or functions of SEMA4D.

[0109] In certain embodiments, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody blocks the interaction of SEMA4D with one or more of its receptors, such as Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, and / or CD72. Anti-SEMA4D antibodies with these properties can be used in the methods provided herein. Antibodies that can be used include, but are not limited to, Mab VX15 / 2503, 67, 76, 2282, and antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, which are fully described in US2010 / 0285036A1 and US2008 / 0219971A1. Mab VX15 / 2503 is also referred to herein as "VX15", and these terms can be used interchangeably. VX15 comprises a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. Additional antibodies that can be used in the methods provided herein include the BD16 antibody described in US2006 / 0233793A1, as well as antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof; or any of MAb301, MAb1893, MAb657, MAb1807, MAb1656, MAb1808, Mab59, MAb2191, MAb2274, MAb2275, MAb2276, MAb2277, MAb2278, MAb2279, MAb2280, MAb2281, MAb2282, MAb2283, MAb2284, and MAb2285, as well as any fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, as described in US2008 / 0219971A1. In certain embodiments, the anti-SEMA4D antibodies for use in the methods provided herein bind to human SEMA4D, bind to mouse SEMA4D, or bind to both human and mouse SEMA4D. Antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the foregoing antibodies, and / or antibodies that competitively inhibit the binding or activity of any of the foregoing antibodies, are also useful.

[0110] In certain embodiments, an anti-SEMA4D antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof useful in the methods provided herein has an amino acid sequence that has at least about 80%, about 85%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or about 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of a reference anti-SEMA4D antibody molecule, e.g., an anti-SEMA4D antibody molecule as described above. In further embodiments, the binding molecule shares at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence identity with the reference antibody.

[0111] In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof can inhibit the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor, e.g., Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, or CD72. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof can inhibit Plexin-B1 signaling via SEMA4D.

[0112] In certain aspects, a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof competitively inhibits a reference antibody comprising a variable heavy region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a variable light region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 from binding to SEMA4D. In certain aspects, a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof binds to the same SEMA4D epitope as a reference antibody comprising a VH comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. In certain aspects, the VH of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three cCDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, except for at least one, two, three, four, five, or six conservative single amino acid substitutions in one or more of the CDRs. In certain aspects, the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively.

[0113] In certain aspects, the VH of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, and the VL of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, or the VH comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:9, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:10. In one particular aspect, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. Alternatively, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

[0114] Also included are polypeptides encoding the anti-SEMA4D antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof described herein, polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, vectors encoding such polynucleotides, and host cells containing such vectors or polynucleotides, all for producing anti-SEMA4D antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof for use in the methods provided herein.

[0115] Suitable biologically active variants of the disclosed SEMA4D antagonist antibodies can be used in the disclosed methods. Such variants retain the desired binding properties of the parent anti-SEMA4D antibody. Methods for making antibody variants are generally available in the art.

[0116] Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence changes are well known in the art.See, for example, Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York); Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492 (1985); Kunkel et al., Methods Enzymol. 154:367-382 (1987); Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, NY); U.S. Patent No. 4,873,192; and references cited therein. These are incorporated herein by reference. Guidance regarding suitable amino acid substitutions that do not affect the biological activity of the polypeptide of interest can be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, DC), pages 345-352, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The Dayhoff et al. model uses a Point Accepted Mutation (PAM) amino acid similarity matrix (PAM250 matrix) to determine suitable conservative amino acid substitutions. In certain aspects, conservative substitutions, such as the exchange of one amino acid with another amino acid with similar properties, are used. Examples of conservative amino acid substitutions as disclosed by the PAM250 matrix of the Dayhoff et al. model include, but are not limited to, Gly Ala, Val Ile Leu, Asp Glu, Lys Arg, Asn Gln, and Phe Trp Tyr.

[0117] When constructing a variant of a SEMA4D antagonist binding molecule, such as an antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, polypeptide of interest, the variant is modified so that it continues to have the desired properties, for example, it can specifically bind to SEMA4D, for example, human SEMA4D, mouse SEMA4D, or both human SEMA4D and mouse SEMA4D, for example, to SEMA4D expressed on the cell surface or secreted by cells, and has SEMA4D blocking activity as described herein.In certain aspects, the mutations made in the DNA encoding the variant polypeptide maintain the reading frame and do not create complementary regions that can cause mRNA secondary structure.See EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.

[0118] Methods for measuring the binding specificity of anti-SEMA4D binding molecules, e.g., antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, include, but are not limited to, standard competitive binding assays, assays for monitoring immunoglobulin secretion by T cells or B cells, T cell proliferation assays, apoptosis assays, ELISA assays, etc. See, for example, assays such as those disclosed in WO93 / 14125; Shi et al., Immunity 13:633-642 (2000); Kumanogoh et al., J Immunol 169:1175-1181 (2002); Watanabe et al., J Immunol 167:4321-4328 (2001); Wang et al., Blood 97:3498-3504 (2001); and Giraudon et al., J Immunol 172(2):1246-1255 (2004). all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0119] Methods for determining the anti-angiogenic capacity of an anti-SEMA4D antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, are well known in the art.

[0120] When discussing herein whether any particular polypeptide comprising a constant region, CDR, VH domain, or VL domain disclosed herein is at least about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or even about 100% identical to another polypeptide, the percent identity can be determined using methods and computer programs / software known in the art, such as, but not limited to, the BESTFIT program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis. 53711). BESTFIT uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489 to find the best homology segment between two sequences. When using BESTFIT or any other sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence is, for example, 95% identical to a reference sequence of the present disclosure, parameters are, of course, set such that the percent identity is calculated over the full length of the reference polypeptide sequence and allows for homology gaps of up to 5% of the total number of amino acids in the reference sequence.

[0121] For purposes of this disclosure, percent sequence identity can be determined using the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm, using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, with a BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is disclosed in Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489. Variants can differ from a reference anti-SEMA4D antibody (e.g., MAb VX15 / 2503, 67, 76, or 2282), for example, by as few as 1-10 amino acid residues, such as 6-10 amino acid residues, 5 amino acid residues, 4 amino acid residues, 3 amino acid residues, 2 amino acid residues, or even as few as 1 amino acid residue.

[0122] The constant region of an anti-SEMA4D antibody can be mutated in many ways to alter effector function. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,737,056B1 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004 / 0132101A1, which disclose Fc mutations that optimize antibody binding to Fc receptors.

[0123] In certain anti-SEMA4D antibodies or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof useful in the methods provided herein, the Fc portion can be mutated to weaken effector functions using techniques known in the art. For example, constant region domains can be deleted or inactivated (by point mutation or other means) to weaken Fc receptor binding of the modified circulating antibody, thereby increasing tumor localization. In other cases, consistent with the present disclosure, constant region modifications can reduce complement binding and thus shorten serum half-life. Still other modifications of the constant region can be used to modify disulfide bonds or oligosaccharide moieties. Modification of disulfide bonds or oligosaccharide moieties increases localization by increasing antigen specificity or antibody mobility. The physiological profile, bioavailability, and other biochemical effects of the resulting modifications, such as tumor localization, biodistribution, and serum half-life, can be easily measured and quantified using well-known immunological techniques without undue experimentation.

[0124] Anti-SEMA4D antibodies for use in the methods provided herein include modified derivatives, for example, derivatives modified by covalently attaching any type of molecule to the antibody such that the covalent attachment does not prevent the antibody from specifically binding to its cognate epitope. For example, but not limited to, antibody derivatives include antibodies that have been modified by, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization with known protecting / blocking groups, protein cleavage, linkage with cellular ligands or other proteins, etc. Any of a large number of chemical modifications can be made by known techniques, including, but not limited to, specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, etc. Additionally, derivatives may contain one or more non-classical amino acids.

[0125] "Conservative amino acid substitution" refers to a substitution in which an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a side chain with a similar charge. Families of amino acid residues with side chains with similar charges have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), amino acids with acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), amino acids with uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), amino acids with non-polar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), amino acids with β-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine), and amino acids with aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence, for example by saturation mutagenesis, and the resulting mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity (e.g., the ability to bind to an anti-SEMA4D polypeptide or the ability to block the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor).

[0126] For example, it is possible to introduce mutations only in the framework regions or only in the CDR regions of an antibody molecule. The introduced mutations may be silent or missense neutral, i.e., mutations that have no or little effect on the ability of the antibody to bind to an antigen. These types of mutations may be useful for optimizing codon usage and may be useful for optimizing antibody production of hybridomas. Alternatively, non-missense neutral mutations may alter the ability of the antibody to bind to an antigen. Those skilled in the art will be able to design and test mutant molecules with desirable properties, such as unchanged or altered antigen binding activity (e.g., improved antigen binding activity or altered antibody specificity). After mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be routinely expressed, and the functional and / or biological activity of the encoded protein (e.g., ability to immunospecifically bind at least one epitope of a SEMA4D polypeptide) can be determined using techniques described herein or by routinely improving techniques known in the art.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody for use in the methods provided herein comprises at least one optimized complementarity determining region (CDR). By "optimized CDR" is meant that the CDR has been modified and optimized to improve the binding affinity and / or anti-SEMA4D activity conferred to the anti-SEMA4D antibody comprising the optimized CDR. "Anti-SEMA4D activity" or "SEMA4D blocking activity" may include activity that modulates one or more of the following activities associated with SEMA4D: B cell activation, aggregation, and survival; CD40-induced proliferation and antibody production; antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens; proliferation of T cells or other immune cells; maturation of dendritic cells; demyelination and axonal degeneration; apoptosis of multipotent neural precursors and / or oligodendrocytes; induction of endothelial cell migration; inhibition of spontaneous monocyte migration; inhibition, delay, or reduction of tumor cell proliferation or metastasis, binding to cell surface Plexin B1 or other receptors, or any other activity associated with soluble SEMA4D or SEMA4D expressed on the surface of SEMA4D+ cells. In certain embodiments, anti-SEMA4D activity includes the ability to inhibit, delay, or reduce tumor metastasis in combination with, or independent of, inhibition, delay, or reduction of primary tumor cell proliferation and tumor metastasis. Anti-SEMA4D activity may also result in a reduction in the incidence or severity of diseases associated with SEMA4D expression, including, but not limited to, certain types of cancer, including lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, including central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) inflammatory diseases, graft rejection, and invasive angiogenesis. Examples of optimized antibodies based on mouse anti-SEMA4D MAb BD16 are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0219971A1, International Patent Application WO93 / 14125, and Herold et al., Int. Immunol. 7(1): 1-8 (1995), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Modifications may involve the replacement of amino acid residues within the CDRs such that the anti-SEMA4D antibody retains specificity for the SEMA4D antigen and has improved binding affinity and / or improved anti-SEMA4D activity.

[0128] Astrocytes and astrocyte activation Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that perform many complex and essential functions in the healthy CNS, including regulation of blood flow, fluid / ion / pH / neurotransmitter homeostasis, synapse formation / function, energy and metabolism, and blood-brain barrier maintenance (Barres BA, Neuron 60:430-440 (2008)). Importantly, astrocytes mediate reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes respond to CNS injury by a process called reactive astrogliosis, resulting in "reactive astrocytes" or "astrocyte activation." The terms "reactive astrocytes" or "astrocyte activation" are used interchangeably herein. Reactive astrogliosis may serve as a major pathological feature of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence suggests that reactive astrogliosis may play a major or contributing role in CNS disorders through loss of normal astrocyte function or gain of abnormal activity. Given its central role in many CNS diseases, there is a great need to identify and rigorously test new molecular targets that restore normal astrocyte function to effectively slow or even reverse disease progression. There are several possible pathways by which astrocytes may affect CNS diseases.

[0129] Astrocytes play a central role in brain function by influencing neuronal activity by distributing energy substrates from the circulation to neurons (e.g., by taking up glucose from capillaries). See P. Lecca, Technical Report CoSBi 07 / 2007, University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, available at www.cosbi.eu / research / publications?pdf=5041 (last visited 30 January 2017). Lecca reports that neurons occupy up to 50% of the cerebral cortex volume and that astrocytes outnumber neurons (ibid.). One astrocyte can contact many cells. Astrocytes are star-shaped cells with many fine processes that cover the entire surface of the capillaries that feed the brain. Astrocytes therefore form the first cellular barrier encountered by glucose entering the brain parenchyma. Astrocytes are therefore the main site of glucose uptake in the CNS (ibid.).

[0130] Glucose uptake in astrocytes is induced by glutamate (see Figure 7 from Raichle ME and Mintun MA, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 29:449-76 (2006)). Raichle and Mintun state that glutamate uptake induces nonoxidative glucose utilization (aerobic glycolysis) in astrocytes and glucose uptake from the circulation via the glucose transporter GLUT1. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex (Figure 7). See also Hertz, L et al., J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 27:219-249 (2007), and Kasiscke, HD, et al., Science 305:99-103 (2004). Astrocyte processes support synapses between neurons and can take up free glutamate and convert it to glutamine (Maragakis, NJ and JD Rothstein Nature Clinical Practice / Neurology 2:679-689 (2006)). This uptake and conversion requires energy; two ATP molecules are required to take up one glutamate. Regulating glutamate levels at synapses is important because excess excitatory transmitters can induce excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration.

[0131] However, during reactive astrogliosis astrocytes may retract processes and no longer support synapses or take up excess glutamate. Thus, glucose metabolism in astrocytes, particularly glucose uptake from capillaries, may be reduced. Reactive astrocytes downregulate glutamate receptors and associated glycolysis and glucose transport, which can be detected as a decrease in FDG-PET signal. Reactive astrogliosis is a major pathological feature of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence suggests that reactive astrogliosis may play a primary or contributing role in CNS disorders through loss of normal astrocyte function or gain of abnormal activity. Given their central role in many CNS diseases, there is a great need to identify and rigorously test new molecular targets that restore normal astrocyte function to effectively slow or even reverse disease progression. There are several possible pathways by which astrocytes may affect CNS diseases.

[0132] Support of astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) Demyelination in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis is associated with a significant destruction and loss of cells, including the oligodendrocyte lineage (Ozawa K, et al. Brain 117:1311-1322 (1994)). Intrinsic remyelination mechanisms fail during the recovery phase, in part because OPCs fail to fully differentiate into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes (Wolswijk G. Brain 123:105-115 (2000)). Data from other experimentally induced demyelination models indicate that newly maturing OPCs, as opposed to surviving mature oligodendrocytes, are required for remyelination during the recovery phase (Levine JM, Reynolds R. Exp Neurol. 160:333-347 (1999)). Astrocytes have been shown to play a critical role in supporting the function and survival of the oligodendrocyte lineage. For example, Talbott and colleagues showed that astrocytes are required for full differentiation of Nkx2.2+ / Olig2+ OPCs into oligodendrocytes and remyelination in ethidium bromide-induced demyelinated lesions (Talbott, JF, et al., Exp Neurol. 192:11-24 (2005)). Arai and Lo demonstrated in vitro that astrocytes provide soluble trophic factor support to OPCs that protect them from increased oxidative stress (Arai, K. and Lo, EHJ Neurosci. Res. 88: 758-763 (2010)). Others have shown that inhibition of astrocyte activation in the setting of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental optic neuritis, and spinal cord injury leads to improved remyelination profiles and functional outcome measures (Brambilla R, et al., J Immunol 182:2628-2640 (2009); Brambilla R, et al., J Neuroinflammation 9:213; Brambilla R, et al, J Exp Med 202:145-156 (2005)).

[0133] Given the role that astrocytes play in promoting OPC survival and function, the proximity of SEMA4D-expressing OPCs to astrocytes expressing the SEMA4D receptor suggests that disease-associated astrocyte activation and associated upregulation of Plexin-B receptor and SEMA4D signaling may affect OPC function.

[0134] Astrocytes and Neuronal Support Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes play a role in synaptic transmission through the regulated release of synaptically active molecules, including glutamate, purines (ATP and adenosine), GABA, and D-serine (reviewed by Halassa MM et al., Trends Mol Med 13:54-63 (2007); Nedergaard M et al. Trends Neurosci 26:523-530 (2003)). Such release of gliotransmitters occurs in response to changes in neuronal synaptic activity and can involve astrocyte excitability as reflected by increased astrocyte calcium signaling, altering neuronal excitability (ibid.). In addition to directly influencing synaptic activity via gliotransmitter release, astrocytes can exert potent and long-lasting effects on synaptic function through the release of growth factors and related molecules (Barres BA Neuron 60:430-440 (2008)).

[0135] Astrocytes and blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​integrity Astrocytes play an essential role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​and in regulating trans-BBB transport, a homeostatic process critical for proper neuronal function. The BBB is a highly complex brain endothelial structure of a differentiated neurovasculature composed of pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. Defects in the BBB have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, including meningitis, cerebral edema, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). (Reviewed by Zlokovic BV Nat Rev Neurosci. 12:723-738 (2011)).

[0136] Astrocytes are "polarized" cells in that they extend specialized membrane processes composed of unique cellular machinery and membrane components that interact with specific cell types. For example, astrocyte processes close to cerebral microvessels or pia mater are characterized by a high density of the water channel aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) (Neely JD, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14108-14113 (2001); Amiry-Moghaddam M, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2106-2111 (2003)). In contrast, astrocytic processes pointing towards synaptic regions are enriched in glutamate transporters but have relatively little Aqp4 density (Nielsen S et al., (1997) J Neurosci 17:171-180 (1997); Chaudhry FA et al., Neuron 15:711-720 (1995)). Astrocyte polarization is disrupted in brains undergoing neurodegeneration. For example, in the setting of Alzheimer's disease, Aqp4 staining intensity is significantly reduced in areas with significant amyloid plaque burden. Indeed, Yang and colleagues showed that the accumulation of amyloid pathology in tg-ArcSwe AD mice is temporally and spatially coupled to the loss of astrocyte polarization (Yang JL, et al., J Alzheimer's Dis. 27:711-22 (2011)).

[0137] The role of SEMA4D signaling in promoting astrocyte activation and reactive astrogliosis. Given the association between SEMA4D receptor expression and the astrocyte activation marker GFAP, there is the possibility that SEMA4D signaling can enhance astrocyte activation, thereby providing a "feed-forward" mechanism during disease states.See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,249,227, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0138] Increased glucose uptake in brain regions as an early indicator of efficacy of SEMA4D antagonist antibody treatment

[0139] The present disclosure provides an early biomarker test to determine whether a SEMA4D antagonist antibody treatment is likely to be effective in treating a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury in a subject. The test measures baseline levels of cerebral glucose uptake in a patient, for example, by measuring the baseline levels of cerebral glucose uptake in a patient. 18 The method includes measuring glucose uptake in the brain of the subject by F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging, administering one or more initial doses of SEMA4D antagonist antibody to the subject, and then re-measuring glucose uptake in the brain of the subject. If glucose uptake is found to be increased, for example, by re-measuring via FDG-PET, compared to baseline measurement, the patient suffering from accumulated defects, sometimes referred to herein as historical defects in cerebral glucose uptake, for example, due to accumulation of reactive astrocytes in disease lesions as described elsewhere herein, will respond to therapy with SEMA4D antagonist antibody. This will show that the glucose uptake defect is related to a pathogenic mechanism that can be reversed by SEMA4D antagonist. The glucose uptake defect may have been developing for a period of weeks, months, or years before treatment begins. If no increase in FDG-PET signal is observed, one can conclude that the patient does not have a defect in cerebral glucose uptake, or that there is no pathogenic basis for such a defect in the disease and therefore the patient will not respond to SEMA4D antagonist antibody therapy, or that the patient cannot be reversed by SEMA4D antagonist therapy. In either case, treatment with the SEMA4D antagonist antibody could then be adjusted or discontinued.

[0140] In certain aspects, the disclosure provides a method for determining whether a semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is effective in treating a defined or specific neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising the steps of administering an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; measuring a level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject compared to a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured prior to administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof if an increase in glucose uptake above baseline is detected; or discontinuing or adjusting administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof if no change in glucose uptake is detected or a decrease is detected compared to baseline.

[0141] In certain aspects, the cerebral glucose uptake measurement can be performed, for example, by a clinical laboratory, under the explicit direction and control of a medical provider. In certain aspects, the medical provider can order the glucose uptake measurement to be performed. In certain aspects, the clinical laboratory can perform the cerebral glucose uptake measurement, and then instruct or inform the medical provider of the best treatment for the subject or patient. For example, the method may include measuring a baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject that has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing, a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, e.g., by a clinical laboratory; then, after administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to the subject, re-measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject; then, if an increase in brain glucose uptake over baseline is detected, instructing the health care provider to continue administering the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof; or, if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline, instructing the health care provider to discontinue administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. In certain aspects, the administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody and the measurement of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject can be performed by the same person or facility. In certain aspects, a health care provider may mandate the methods provided herein before approving payment for further treatment with a SEMA4D antagonist antibody.

[0142] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the "effective dose" of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody may vary between individual subjects or patients. The present disclosure further provides a method for determining an effective dose for an individual subject. By measuring changes in glucose uptake in the brain of an individual subject, a healthcare provider can use the methods provided herein to adjust dosing to find the most effective dose for a particular subject. For example, if no or only a small change in glucose uptake over baseline is observed after a particular administration of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, the dosage of the antibody can be increased and then glucose uptake in the brain of the subject can be remeasured. If a change is observed, the healthcare provider can then continue to treat the subject at that dosage. In certain aspects, glucose uptake can be measured multiple times to "fine-tune" the optimal SEMA4D antagonist antibody dosage for a particular subject or patient. However, care must be taken to allow sufficient time for historical or contemporary deficits that may be susceptible to reversal by SEMA4D antagonist treatment to accumulate. This can be established for each disease of interest by delaying resumption of treatment for several months to several years in very slowly progressing diseases.

[0143] Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising administering a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury; measuring the level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject, for example by FDG-PET, compared to the baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured before administration; and continuing administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof if an increase in glucose uptake over baseline is detected; or interrupting or adjusting administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected compared to baseline. Furthermore, the treatment method may include measuring the baseline level of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject, or in some aspects, such baseline measurement may have been performed previously.

[0144] As mentioned above, the treatment method can be further "fine-tuned" by additional measurement of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject after adjusting the dosage of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody. Furthermore, the glucose uptake measurement of the treatment can be performed, for example, by a clinical laboratory, under the clear direction and control of the medical provider. In certain aspects, the medical provider can order the glucose uptake measurement to be performed as part of the treatment regimen. In certain aspects, the clinical laboratory can perform the brain glucose uptake measurement, and then instruct or inform the medical provider of the treatment of the subject or patient. In certain aspects, the administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody and the measurement of the glucose uptake in the brain of the subject can be performed by the same person or facility. In certain aspects, the medical benefit provider can order the method provided herein before approving payment for further treatment with the SEMA4D antagonist antibody.

[0145] In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment, variant, or derivative for use in the methods provided herein can inhibit the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor, such as Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, or CD72. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment, variant, or derivative can inhibit Plexin-B1 signal transduction via SEMA4D. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment, variant, or derivative is related to the SEMA4D antagonist antibody VX15. For example, in certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment, variant, or derivative can competitively inhibit VX15, i.e., a reference antibody comprising a variable heavy chain region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a variable light chain region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5, from binding to SEMA4D, or can bind to the same epitope as VX15. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has a VH with three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and a VL with three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, except for at least one, two, three, four, five, or six conservative single amino acid substitutions in one or more of the CDRs. In certain aspects, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has a VH with three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and a VL with three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively.In certain aspects, the VH of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, and the VL of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, or the VH has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:9, and the VL has an amino acid sequence at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:10. In certain aspects, the VH of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and the VL of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5. Alternatively, the VH of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:9 and the VL of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10.

[0146] In accordance with the methods provided herein, a first dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody can be administered, followed by additional doses of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, for example, at least once a week, at least once every two weeks, at least once every three weeks, at least once a month, or at least once every two months, etc. Once treatment is found to be effective in accordance with the methods provided herein, administration of the SEMA4D antibody can be continued for as long as necessary, possibly for the entire life of the subject or patient, or in other cases for discrete periods of time until the subject's or patient's neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury is under control, cured, or symptoms are in remission.

[0147] According to the methods provided herein, the baseline measurement of glucose uptake in the brain of a subject is typically measured immediately before the first dose of SEMA4D antagonist antibody, but in certain cases may be performed earlier, and in certain cases may be performed immediately after the first dose of SEMA4D antagonist antibody. In methods where dosage adjustments are evaluated, a new "baseline" can be measured some time after the first dose, which can range from several months to several years, depending on the rate of disease progression. The recovery of accumulated or "historical" deficits in glucose uptake compared to baseline measurements, which are markers of effective treatment with SEMA4D antagonist antibody, may appear quickly after the first dose of SEMA4D antagonist antibody, or may require a period of time, i.e., multiple doses of SEMA4D antagonist antibody, to become observable using available techniques, such as FDG-PET. Thus, remeasurement of glucose uptake in the subject's brain compared to baseline may be performed, for example, at least 1 week after the first dose, at least 2 weeks after the first dose, at least 1 month after the first dose, at least 2 months after the first dose, at least 3 months after the first dose, at least 4 months after the first dose, at least 5 months after the first dose, at least 6 months after the first dose, or even later, or any combination thereof.

[0148] In certain aspects, the patient or subject undergoing the methods provided herein is a mammalian subject, such as a rodent, non-human primate, or a human subject.

[0149] Neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory diseases, disorders, or injuries that may benefit from administration of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody in accordance with the methods provided herein may be, for example, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Down's syndrome, ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, (MS), epilepsy, meningitis, cerebral edema, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), HIV-associated cognitive impairment, CNS lupus, mild cognitive impairment, or a combination thereof.

[0150] In certain aspects, the disease is Huntington's disease (HD) as described elsewhere herein. In certain aspects, the subject is at risk for developing HD due to family history of HD or genetic testing. For example, testing reveals that the subject's HTT gene contains 36 or more CAG repeats. The benefit of the methods provided herein is that such subjects often do not show outward symptoms of HD, but are clearly at risk. As shown in the examples, early treatment can provide benefits over later treatment, and such individuals can be evaluated long before they show outward symptoms as to whether they are likely to benefit from treatment with a SEMA4D antagonist antibody according to the methods provided herein. In certain aspects, the subject is suspected of having HD, for example, due to mild motor dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, or mild neuropsychiatric features. Tests for determining such mild dysfunction are well known to those skilled in the art and are available in the literature, for example, in Bates, GP, et al., Nature Reviews / Disease Primers 1:1-21 (2015). In certain aspects, the subject has already been diagnosed with HD, for example, by increasing the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score (UHDRS), Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery (HD-CAB) score, quantitative motor function assessment, or a combination thereof.In subjects known to be at risk for HD, the subject may be in the prodromal stage of HD, early prodromal stage of HD, late prodromal stage of HD, and after diagnosis, may be in the early overt stage of HD, mid-overt stage of HD, or advanced overt stage of HD.The signs and symptoms of various stages of HD can be found, for example, in Bates, GP, et al., Nature Reviews / Disease Primers 1:1-21 (2015).

[0151] Methods of Treatment with SEMA4D Antagonist Antibodies The diagnostic methods of the present disclosure relate to the use of SEMA4D antagonist antibodies, including antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives of SEMA4D antagonist antibodies, to treat subjects with neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, or injuries, or to assess whether a subject would benefit from treatment with a SEMA4D antagonist antibody. Although the following discussion refers to the administration of SEMA4D antagonist antibodies, the methods described herein can also be applied to antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives of SEMA4D antagonist antibodies, or other biologics or small molecules, that retain the desirable properties of the SEMA4D antagonist antibodies of the present disclosure, e.g., can specifically bind to SEMA4D, e.g., human SEMA4D, mouse SEMA4D, or human SEMA4D and mouse SEMA4D, can have SEMA4D neutralizing activity, and / or can block the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor, e.g., Plexin-B1.

[0152] In one aspect, the disclosure provides for the administration of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or other biologic or small molecule that binds and neutralizes SEMA4D as described herein, to a patient who has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury. In another aspect, treatment is also intended to include the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a patient who has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury.

[0153] The SEMA4D antagonist antibody or binding fragment thereof described herein is useful for treating various neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, or injuries. In some aspects, the treatment is intended to induce an improvement in symptoms associated with said disease, disorder, or injury. In other embodiments, the treatment is intended to reduce, delay, or stop the increase in symptom expression. In other aspects, the treatment is intended to inhibit, e.g., suppress, delay, block, stop, or reverse, symptom expression. In other aspects, the treatment is intended to alleviate to some extent one or more symptoms associated with said disorder. In these situations, the symptoms may be, for example, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and / or motor dysfunction. In other aspects, the treatment is intended to reduce morbidity and mortality. In other aspects, the treatment is intended to improve quality of life.

[0154] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof as a medical agent to ameliorate symptoms associated with a disorder, in particular the use of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof for use in the treatment of various neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, or injuries.

[0155] According to the methods of the present disclosure, at least one SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, or other biologic or small molecule as defined elsewhere herein, can be used to promote a positive therapeutic response for a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury. A "positive therapeutic response" for a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury is intended to include an improvement in symptoms associated with the disorder. Such a positive therapeutic response is not limited to the route of administration and may include administration to a donor, donor tissue (e.g., organ perfusion), host, any combination thereof, and the like. In particular, the methods provided herein are directed to inhibiting, preventing, reducing, alleviating, or attenuating the progression of a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury in a patient. Thus, for example, an improvement in a disorder can be characterized as an absence of clinically observable symptoms, a reduction in the incidence of clinically observable symptoms, or a change in clinically observable symptoms.

[0156] A SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, or other biologic or small molecule, can be combined with at least one other treatment for a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury, where the additional therapy is administered before, during, or after the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative therapy. Thus, when the combination therapy includes the administration of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof in combination with the administration of another therapeutic agent, the methods of the disclosure include co-administration using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, simultaneous administration, or sequential administration in either order.

[0157] In certain aspects, the neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury may be, for example, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Down's syndrome, ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), HIV-associated cognitive impairment, CNS lupus, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, meningitis, or a combination thereof. In certain aspects of any of the foregoing procedures, the neurodegenerative disease is Huntington's disease.

[0158] In some aspects, a health care provider can administer a therapy comprising an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, or can instruct another health care provider to administer a therapy comprising an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of suffering from a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury. The health care provider can be configured to perform the following activities: obtaining a sample or image, processing the sample or image, transmitting the sample or image, receiving the sample or image, transferring the sample or image, analyzing or measuring the sample or image, quantifying the sample or image, providing a result obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying the sample or image, receiving a result obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying the sample or image, comparing / scoring a result obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples or images, providing a comparison / score from one or more samples, obtaining a comparison / score from one or more samples or images, administering the therapy. , for example, may be performed or instruct another healthcare provider or the patient to administer an effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody, to initiate administration of a therapy, to discontinue administration of a therapy, to continue administration of a therapy, to temporarily suspend administration of a therapy, to increase the amount of a therapeutic agent administered, to decrease the amount of a therapeutic agent administered, to continue administration of an amount of a therapeutic agent, to increase the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, to decrease the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, to maintain the same dosing frequency of a therapeutic agent, to replace a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or therapeutic agent, or to combine a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or additional therapeutic agents.

[0159] In some aspects, the health care provider can approve or disapprove, for example, performing imaging, collecting a sample or image, processing a sample or image, submitting a sample or image, receiving a sample or image, transferring a sample or image, analyzing or measuring a sample or image, quantitating a sample or image, providing results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample or image, transferring results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample or image, comparing / scoring results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples or images, transferring a comparison / score from one or more samples or images, administering a therapy or therapeutic agent, initiating administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, stopping administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, continuing administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, suspending administration of a therapy or therapeutic agent, increasing the amount of an administered therapeutic agent, decreasing the amount of an administered therapeutic agent, continuing administration of an amount of a therapeutic agent, increasing the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, decreasing the frequency of administration of a therapeutic agent, maintaining the same dosing frequency of a therapeutic agent, replacing a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or therapeutic agent, or combining a therapy or therapeutic agent with at least another therapy or additional therapeutic agent.

[0160] Additionally, a health care provider may, for example, approve or deny prescription of a therapy, approve or deny coverage of a therapy, approve or deny reimbursement for the cost of a therapy, determine or deny eligibility for a therapy, and the like.

[0161] In some aspects, a clinical laboratory may, for example, collect or obtain a sample or image, process a sample or image, send a sample or image, receive a sample or image, forward a sample or image, analyze or measure a sample or image, quantitate a sample or image, provide results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample or image, receive results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying a sample or image, compare / score results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more samples or images, provide a comparison / score from one or more samples or images, obtain a comparison / score from one or more samples or images or other related activities.

[0162] In certain aspects, any of the above procedures can be used to determine whether a subject has a neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, or injury in which alterations in glucose uptake may be a causative factor that is affected by treatment with a SEMA4D antagonist.

[0163] In some aspects, a healthcare provider, a clinical laboratory, or other entity can, for example, collect or obtain images, process images, transmit images, receive images, transfer images, analyze or measure images, quantify images, provide results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying images, receive results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying images, compare / score results obtained after analyzing / measuring / quantifying one or more images, provide comparison / score from one or more images, obtain comparison / score from one or more images or other related activities. Images that can be used in such aspects include, but are not limited to, images obtained by angiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), such as FDG-PET, optical coherence tomography (OCT), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and NIR fluorescence. In certain embodiments, imaging techniques described in the literature can be used (Tardif et al. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4:319-333 (2011)).

[0164] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration Methods for preparing SEMA4D antagonist antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof and administering them to subjects in need thereof are well known to or easily determined by those skilled in the art. The route of administration of SEMA4D antagonist antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof may be, for example, oral, parenteral by inhalation, or topical. The term parenteral as used herein includes, for example, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, or vaginal administration. Although all of these forms of administration are expressly intended to be within the scope of this disclosure, one example of a form of administration would be an injectable solution, particularly a solution for intravenous or intraarterial injection or infusion. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injection may include buffers (e.g., acetate, phosphate, or citrate buffers), surfactants (e.g., polysorbates), and optionally, stabilizers (e.g., human albumin), and the like. However, in other methods consistent with the disclosures herein, SEMA4D antagonist antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof can be delivered directly to the site of harmful cell populations, thereby increasing exposure of affected tissues to therapeutic agents.

[0165] As discussed herein, to treat neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, or injuries in vivo, the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative can be administered in a pharmacologic effective amount. In this regard, it is understood that the disclosed SEMA4D antagonist antibody can be formulated to facilitate administration and promote the stability of the active agent. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure comprises a pharmacologic acceptable, non-toxic, and sterile carrier, such as saline, non-toxic buffer, preservative, and the like. For the purposes of this application, a pharmacologic effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative shall be considered to mean an amount sufficient to effectively bind to a target and obtain a benefit, such as an amount sufficient to improve symptoms associated with a neurodegenerative disorder. The diagnostic method provided herein allows a person skilled in the art to determine and / or "tweak" the effective amount of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment for any subject or individual patient.

[0166] Pharmaceutical compositions used in the present disclosure include pharma- ceutically acceptable carriers including, for example, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol, and wool fat.

[0167] Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, e.g., olive oil, and injectable organic esters, e.g., ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include, for example, water, alcoholic / aqueous solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. In the present disclosure, pharma- ceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, 0.01-0.1 M, e.g., about 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Other common parenteral vehicles include sodium phosphate solutions, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, e.g., those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as bactericides, antioxidants, chelating agents, and noble gases.

[0168] More specifically, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (if water soluble) or dispersions, and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In such cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, and can be preserved to prevent the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be, for example, a solvent or dispersion medium containing water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, etc.), and suitable mixtures thereof. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by maintaining the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. Formulations suitable for use in the therapeutic methods disclosed herein are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co.) 16th ed. (1980).

[0169] The activity of microorganisms can be prevented by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, etc. In many cases, isotonic agents, such as sugars, polyalcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride, can be included. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be achieved by including in the composition an absorption-delaying agent, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0170] In any case, a sterile injectable solution can be prepared by dissolving the required amount of active compound (e.g., SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative alone or in combination with other active agents) in a suitable solvent, optionally with one or a combination of ingredients listed herein, followed by sterilization by filtration. In general, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and other required ingredients from the ingredients listed above. In the case of sterile powders for preparing sterile injectable solutions, preparation methods include vacuum drying and freeze-drying. Vacuum drying and freeze-drying can obtain a powder of the active ingredient and any additional desired ingredients from a previously sterilized solution of the active ingredient and any additional desired ingredients that has been previously sterilized by filtration. The preparations for injection are processed and placed into containers such as ampoules, bags, bottles, syringes, or vials, and sealed under aseptic conditions according to methods known in the art. In addition, the preparations can be packaged and sold in the form of a kit. Such articles of manufacture may have a label or package insert indicating that the associated composition is useful for treating a subject suffering from or predisposed to a disease or disorder.

[0171] Parenteral formulations may be a single bolus dose, an infusion, or a loading bolus dose followed by a maintenance dose. These compositions may be administered at specific fixed intervals or at variable intervals, for example, once a day or "as needed."

[0172] Certain pharmaceutical compositions used in the present disclosure can be orally administered in acceptable dosage forms, including, for example, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions, or solutions.Certain pharmaceutical compositions can also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.Such compositions can be prepared as a solution in saline with benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption enhancers that enhance bioavailability, and / or other conventional solubilizers or dispersants.

[0173] The amount of SEMA4D antagonist antibody, or its fragment, variant, or derivative, that is combined with carrier material to produce a dosage form varies depending on the host treated and the specific administration method, and can be determined according to the method provided herein. The composition can be administered as a single dose, multiple doses, or over a period of time during infusion. The dosage regimen can also be adjusted to obtain the optimal desired response (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic response).

[0174] In accordance with the scope of the present disclosure, a sufficient amount of SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative to produce a therapeutic effect can be administered to a human or other animal according to the above-mentioned treatment method. SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative can be administered to such a human or other animal in a conventional dosage form prepared by combining the antibody of the present disclosure with a conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent according to known techniques. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the form and characteristics of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent will depend on the amount of active ingredient to be combined, the route of administration, and other well-known variables. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that a cocktail containing one or more species of SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative of the present disclosure can be used.

[0175] The amount of SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its binding fragment, variant or derivative to be administered can be easily determined by those skilled in the art according to the present disclosure.The factors that affect the administration method and the amount of SEMA4D antagonist antibody, its antigen-binding fragment, variant or derivative include, but are not limited to, the severity of disease, medical history, and the age, height, weight, health condition and physical condition of the individual undergoing therapy.Similarly, the amount of SEMA4D antagonist antibody or its fragment, variant or derivative to be administered depends on the administration method and whether the subject receives a single dose or multiple doses of this drug.

[0176] The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology that are within the skill of those in the art, and such techniques are fully explained in the literature. For example, Sambrook et al., ed. (1989) Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Sambrook et al., ed. (1992) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, NY); DN Glover ed., (1985) DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II; Gait, ed. (1984) Oligonucleotide Synthesis; Mullis et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,683,195; Hames and Higgins, eds. (1984) Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Hames and Higgins, eds. (1984) Transcription And Translation; Freshney (1987) Culture Of Animal Cells (Alan R. Liss, Inc.); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press) (1986); Perbal (1984) A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning; the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., NY); Miller and Calos eds. (1987) Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Wu et al., eds., Methods In Enzymology, Vols.See 154 and 155; Mayer and Walker, eds. (1987) Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Academic Press, London); Weir and Blackwell, eds., (1986) Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV; Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1986); and Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md.).

[0177] The general principles of antibody engineering are presented in Borrebaeck, ed. (1995) Antibody Engineering (2nd ed.; Oxford Univ. Press). The general principles of protein engineering are presented in Rickwood et al., eds. (1995) Protein Engineering, A Practical Approach (IRL Press at Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, Eng.). The general principles of antibodies and antibody-hapten binding are presented in Nisonoff (1984) Molecular Immunology (2nd ed.; Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.); and Steward (1984) Antibodies, Their Structure and Function (Chapman and Hall, New York, NY). Furthermore, standard methods in immunology known in the art and not specifically described will be followed, generally as described in Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Stites et al., eds. (1994) Basic and Clinical Immunology (8th ed; Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn.) and Mishell and Shiigi (eds) (1980) Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology (WH Freeman and Co., NY).

[0178] Standard reference books presenting the general principles of immunology include Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Klein (1982) J., Immunology: The Science of Self-Nonself Discrimination (John Wiley & Sons, NY); Kennett et al., eds. (1980) Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridoma: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses (Plenum Press, NY); Campbell (1984) "Monoclonal Antibody Technology" in Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ed. Burden et al., (Elsevier, Amsterdam); Goldsby et al., eds. (2000) Kuby Immunology (4th ed.; H. Freeman and & Co.); Roitt et al. (2001) Immunology (6th ed.; London: Mosby); Abbas et al. (2005) Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th ed.; Elsevier Health Sciences Division); Kontermann and Dubel (2001) Antibody Engineering (Springer Verlag); Sambrook and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press); Lewin (2003) Genes VIII (Prentice Hall 2003); Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press); Dieffenbach and Dveksler (2003) PCR Primer (Cold Spring Harbor Press). .

[0179] All references cited above, as well as all references cited herein, are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0180] The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. EXAMPLES

[0181] Example 1: Clinical Protocol The protocol for Cohort A of the Signal clinical trial is shown in Figure 1. Thirty-six subjects aged 21 years or older with late precursor HD (CAG-age product score (CAP score) >200 and Diagnostic Confidence Level (DCL) of 2 or 3) or early overt HD (Total Functional Capacity (TFC) of 11 or more) were enrolled in Signal Cohort A. All subjects enrolled also underwent genetic testing and had 36 or more known CAG repeats. All subjects were able and consented to informed consent for study participation. Subjects were randomized, with 17 patients assigned to the VX15 treatment group and 19 patients assigned to the placebo treatment group. 21 subjects with prodromal status and 15 subjects with early overt status were enrolled. A summary of the patients enrolled in the study is shown in Table 2.

[0182] Table 2: Patient data TIFF0007626416000002.tif121147TIFF0007626416000003.tif213147TIFF0007626416 000004.tif208147TIFF0007626416000005.tif215147TIFF0007626416000006.tif81147

[0183] As shown in FIG. 1, Cohort A subjects were treated with VX15 or placebo for 6 months, and then all subjects were treated with VX15 for an additional 5 months, followed by 3 months of follow-up.

[0184] Patients in cohort A were treated with 20 mg / kg VX15 (n=17) or placebo (n=19) intravenously for 6 months. This portion of the study was blinded. After the first 6 months, all subjects enrolled in cohort A continued in the study and underwent an additional 5 months of open-label treatment with VX15 / 2503. The timeline of the various study arms and treatments is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 also shows the designations used below to represent the different treatment regimens and time frames. For example, PV(7-0) indicates the arm treated with placebo (P) for the first 6 months and VX15 (V) for the next 5 months, focusing on the change in MRI volume or FDG-PET signal between the baseline visit 0 at the start of the study and the 7th visit at the end of the 6 months (7-0). This is the control used to compare all other 5- or 6-month VX15 treatment periods. At each monthly visit, patients were screened for safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Blood samples were tested for total serum soluble SEMA4D (sSEMA4D). Efficacy assessments were administered periodically during monthly visits. These included the Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery (HD-CAB) and the Quantitative Motor Function (Q-Motor) Battery. The HD-CAB is able to differentiate between controls, pre-HD, and early HD subjects. The battery has high sensitivity to disease state, large effect size, high reliability, and well-characterized psychometric and practice effects (Stout JC, et al., Mov Disord. 29:1281-1288 (2014)). HD motor symptoms can be objectively assessed using the Q-Motor Assessment. The Q-Motor Battery includes assessment of a variety of motor tasks related to functionally relevant daily tasks (see, e.g., Tabrizi SJ, et al., Lancet Neurol. 8:791-801 (2009)). All patients underwent MRI imaging and a subset of patients underwent FDG-PET imaging at baseline, t=0, and between the 7th monthly visit (v7) at the end of 6 months of treatment and the 12th visit (v12) at the end of 11 months of treatment. Multiple brain regions were analyzed for changes in MRI and FDG-PET signals.The primary brain regions of interest (ROIs) for MRI are shown in Tables 3 and 4, and the primary brain ROIs for FDG-PET are shown in Table 5. When applicable, the left and right hemispheres were measured separately and the average of these was also calculated.

[0185] Table 3. MRI cortical volume measurements TIFF0007626416000007.tif19298

[0186] (Table 4) MRI volume measurement TIFF0007626416000008.tif65128 * Based on previous studies of the natural history of Huntington's disease

[0187] Table 5. Brain ROIs for FDG-PET uptake measurements TIFF0007626416000009.tif207127

[0188] After all Cohort A subjects had completed 6 months of blinded treatment, analysis of the primary data for the double-blind portion of Cohort A was completed. After all Cohort A subjects had completed 11 months of treatment, analysis of the imaging data was completed.

[0189] The treatment was well tolerated and had excellent compliance. No safety signals were identified.

[0190] Statistical methods: Analyses followed the intention to treat (ITT) principle and used standard statistical methods: Fisher exact test, chi-square, and logistic regression analysis for categorical data, and two-sample t-test, analysis of covariance, and mixed-effect model with repeated measures (MMRM) for continuous data.

[0191] The MRI results for Cohort A are shown in Figures 3-6. These results show the average MRI-detected volumetric changes of different brain ROIs between different time points of comparable length in VX15-treated and placebo-treated subjects, as detailed below. MRI volumes were measured in mm 3 Compared to the MRI volumetric decline observed during the first 6 months of placebo treatment, PV(7-0), VX15 treatment in all other 5-6 month time frames, VV(7-0), PV(12-7), and VV(12-7), prevented or minimized disease-related brain volumetric decline in the majority of ROIs. For each such comparison, the null hypothesis of random distribution per zero difference can be rejected with a significance of P<0.001 as determined by a chi-square statistical test. In Figure 6, the MRI volume changes after 6 months in the placebo group (PV(12-0)) that crossed over to VX15 treatment for the first time at the 7th visit compared to the group that received VX15 treatment throughout the period (VV(12-0)) demonstrate that the delayed start of treatment after 6 months in the placebo group does not compensate for the MRI volume loss during the first 6 months of treatment with placebo alone, compared to the group that received VX15 therapy for the full 11 months. This demonstrates a prophylactic benefit of starting treatment early and suggests that VX15 is a disease-modifying treatment. This is shown diagrammatically in the top half of Figure 12.

[0192] The results observed in FDG-PET imaging are shown in Figures 8-11. For each treatment regimen and observed period, FDG-PET was expressed as the SUV (standardized uptake value) of each brain ROI relative to the reference region, the brainstem, (SUVR). During the first half of the study, a glucose uptake increase above the norm was observed in the SEMA4D-treated (VV(7-0)) group compared to the control placebo-treated (PV(7-0)) group (Figure 8). That is, the mean FDG-PET signal increase in the majority of brain ROIs in the VX15-treated VV(7-0) group was greater than the mean decrease observed in the placebo PV(7-0) group for the same ROIs during the same period. Similarly, a relative increase in glucose uptake above the norm was shown when comparing FDG-PET imaging of placebo-treated patients (PV(7-0)) during the first 6 months of treatment with that of the same patients (PV(12-7)) when treated with VX15 during the last 5 months of the study (Figure 9). In both cases, the null hypothesis of a random distribution around zero difference can be rejected with a chi-square statistical test at p<0.001. In contrast, when comparing the average FDG-PET signal obtained during the last 5 months from patients previously treated with VX15 during the first 6 months (VV(12-7)) with the placebo group (PV(7-0)) during the first part of the study, the same chi-square test showed no significant difference from the random distribution around zero (Figure 10). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the VX15-treated group (VV(12-0)) and the placebo-treated group (PV(12-0)) over the entire 11 months of treatment (Figure 11).

[0193] Whether the comparison is VV(7-0) vs. PV(7-0) or PV(12-7) vs. PV(7-0), VX15 treatment clearly increased FDG-PET signal above baseline compared to the decrease observed in the placebo group during the first 6-month treatment period. However, continued treatment with VX15 during the next 5 months VV(12-7) does not repeat the same large treatment effect, but appears to only prevent or minimize further FDG-PET signal decline. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, a plausible interpretation of the benefit above baseline of the initial VX15 treatment is that the initial VX15 treatment reverses the historical defect in glucose uptake that accumulated before treatment began. This may reflect a reversal from accumulated reactive astrocytes to normal astrocyte function, including increased glutamate transport and glucose uptake and glycolysis. However, if this benefit was captured by VX15 treatment during VV(7-0), it is not repeated by continued treatment during VV(12-7). This effect is shown diagrammatically in the lower half of Figure 12. The observed correction of this historical defect in glucose uptake may be an early biomarker of treatment efficacy.

[0194] The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

[0195] Table 6: Sequence TIFF0007626416000010.tif197150

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing a neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury, comprising a SEMA4D antagonist antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, (i) to continue administration of the pharmaceutical composition upon detection of an increase in glucose uptake measured in the brain of the subject after administration of the pharmaceutical composition over a baseline of glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured before administration of the pharmaceutical composition; or (ii) discontinue administration of the pharmaceutical composition if no change or a decrease in glucose uptake is detected in the brain of a subject after administration of the pharmaceutical composition compared to the baseline glucose uptake in the brain of the subject measured before administration of the pharmaceutical composition. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof inhibits the interaction of SEMA4D with its receptor.

3. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the receptor is Plexin-B1, Plexin-B2, or CD72.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment thereof inhibits Plexin-B1 signaling via SEMA4D.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or a fragment thereof competitively inhibits a reference antibody comprising a variable heavy chain region (VH) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a variable light chain region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:5 from binding to SEMA4D.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody or fragment thereof binds to the same SEMA4D epitope as a reference antibody comprising a VH comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:

5.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 or 6, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody comprises a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, except for at least one or two conservative single amino acid substitutions in one or more of the CDRs.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 or 6, wherein the SEMA4D antagonist antibody comprises a VH and a VL, wherein the VH comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3, and the VL comprises three CDRs LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, and the CDRs comprise the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein VH comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, and VL comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:

5.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein VH comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and VL comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:

5.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that a first dose of a SEMA4D antagonist antibody is administered, followed by administration of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody at least once a week, at least once every two weeks, at least once every three weeks, at least once a month, or at least once every two months.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein baseline glucose uptake is measured immediately prior to the first dose of the SEMA4D antagonist antibody.

13. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein the change in glucose uptake after administration of the pharmaceutical composition compared to baseline is measured at least 1 week after the first dose, at least 2 weeks after the first dose, at least 1 month after the first dose, at least 2 months after the first dose, at least 3 months after the first dose, at least 4 months after the first dose, at least 5 months after the first dose, at least 6 months after the first dose, or any combination thereof.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein glucose uptake in the subject's brain is measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the subject is a human.

16. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury is Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, mild cognitive impairment, or a combination thereof.

17. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease, disorder, or injury is Huntington's disease (HD).

18. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17, wherein the subject is at risk for developing HD due to a family history of HD or genetic testing.

19. 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the genetic test indicates 36 or more CAG repeats in the subject's HTT gene.

20. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the subject is in the prodromal, early prodromal, early overt, or mid-overt stage of HD.

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