Beam shaping device for incident laser beam

Abstract

The present invention relates to a beam shaping device (100) for an incident laser beam (1), comprising a prism (2), a polarization rotator (3) and a thin film polarizer (4), the prism (2) being arranged to split the incident laser beam (1) into a first half beam (12) and a second half beam (14), at least the first half beam (12) being coupled into the prism (2), the first half beam (12) being incident into the prism (2) at a first entrance face (20), the prism (2) being shaped such that the first entrance face (20) is arranged at a Brewster angle (B) with respect to the incident laser beam (1), the prism (2) being arranged such that the first entrance face (20) is arranged at a Brewster angle (B) with respect to the incident laser beam (1), the prism (2) being arranged such that the first half beam (12) coupled into the prism (2) is coupled into the prism (2) at a Brewster angle (B) with respect to the incident laser beam (1), the prism (2) being arranged such that the first half beam (1 ... A first half beam (12) is formed to be output from the prism (2) at the output face (24) of the prism (2), the first half beam (12) is output from the prism (2) at the Brewster angle, the thin film polarizer (4) is arranged to be passed by the first half beam (12) output from the prism (2), the polarization rotator (3) is arranged to be passed by the second half beam (14) and to rotate the polarization of the second half beam (14), the second half beam (14) is guided to be reflected by the thin film polarizer (4), and the thin film polarizer (4) superimposes the first half beam (12) and the second half beam (14).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a beam shaping device for a laser beam comprising a prism, a polarization rotator and a thin film polarizer. [Background technology]

[0002] In laser applications, it is often desirable to spatially separate the generation of the laser beam from the actual use of the laser beam. Spatial coupling may be desirable for safety reasons or because environmental conditions prevail in the area where the laser is used, e.g. during material processing, which may affect the lifetime of the laser source. Furthermore, it is also possible for a single laser source to supply multiple processing stations.

[0003] Such a separation and guidance of a laser beam is possible using optical fibers, whereby the laser beam is coupled into a flexible optical fiber, which can then be laid, for example, in a space-saving manner, in a cable duct to the actual point of use. This method of laying is applied in particular to high-power lasers, such as direct diode lasers or wide-stripe emitters of diode lasers, since for safety reasons the laser power generated there cannot be guided through the air in a free jet. However, these types of lasers, due to their generation principle, have a very asymmetric beam cross-section. In particular, the width along the first beam cross-section axis is often significantly greater than the width along the other beam cross-section axes. In order to couple such a widened laser beam into an optical fiber, it is necessary to compress the beam cross-section of the laser beam as losslessly as possible, so that the laser beam can be coupled into the optical fiber using adjustment optics. In certain applications, it is also necessary to provide a beam cross-section that is substantially rotationally symmetric.

[0004] US Pat. No. 5,399,433 shows an apparatus for increasing the laser intensity and for beam shaping. In this document, a laser beam is split into two partial beams, whereby the first beam passes through a polarization rotator and is then superimposed in a beam splitter with the second partial beam into one beam, so that the beam cross section of the outgoing laser beam is reduced. US Pat. No. 5,399,433 also discloses such a beam shaping apparatus, in which the superimposition of the beams is carried out by a polarizing beam splitter cube.

[0005] One of the drawbacks of these devices is their mechanical stability, which is a prerequisite for safe operation, especially at high laser powers. The glue that fixes the prisms in the beam splitter cube can melt under high laser powers. Furthermore, coated surfaces in the beam path reduce the efficiency of the system. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0006] [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. 2008 / 156598A2 Brochure [Patent Document 2] DE 10113019 A1 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved device for beam shaping on the basis of the prior art. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] This problem is solved by a beam shaping device for an incident laser beam with the features of claim 1. Advantageous further configurations are specified in the dependent claims, the accompanying drawings and the description.

[0009] Therefore, a beam shaping device for a laser beam is proposed, which comprises a prism, a polarization rotator and a thin-film polarizer, where the prism is arranged to split an incoming laser beam into a first half beam and a second half beam, and where at least the first half beam is coupled into the prism. Furthermore, the first half beam enters the prism at a first entrance surface, and the prism is shaped such that the first entrance surface is arranged at a Brewster angle with respect to the incident laser beam, and the prism is shaped such that the first half beam coupled into the prism is output from the prism at an output surface of the prism, the first half beam is output from the prism at the Brewster angle, and a thin-film polarizer is arranged to be passed by the first half beam output from the prism, and a polarization rotator is arranged to be passed by the second half beam and to rotate the polarization of the second half beam, and the second half beam is guided to be reflected by the thin-film polarizer, which superimposes the first and second half beams.

[0010] Beam shaping is understood in this context to mean, in particular, changing the beam cross section of a laser beam. The beam cross section is then the surface that the laser beam occupies perpendicular to its propagation direction. In particular, beam shaping is understood in this context to mean reducing the beam cross section, in particular halving it, or adapting the aspect ratio of the beam cross section. If one axis of the beam cross section is longer than the other axis, the reduction of the beam cross section can be achieved, for example, by shortening the length of the major axis.

[0011] The incident laser beam can originate, for example, from a wide-stripe emitter of a diode laser. Such emitters usually have a beam quality in one axis (slow axis) that is significantly worse than the beam quality in the other axis (fast axis). In particular, the poor beam quality of a wide-stripe emitter collimated in both axes means that the beam cross section along the slow axis is significantly larger than the beam cross section along the fast axis.

[0012] The incident laser beam can also be obtained from a direct diode laser, which combines the beams of several bars into one beam bundle by wavelength multiplexing, where each bar is composed of several emitters. The geometry of the individual emitters on the bars and the arrangement of the bars determine the beam cross section of the direct diode laser, which can be significantly longer, in particular along one axis, than along the other axis.

[0013] Regardless of the laser configuration, the incident laser beam is preferably provided p-polarized, either because the incident laser beam is already p-polarized upon its generation or because the incident laser beam is converted to a p-polarized state by suitable means.

[0014] The prism used is a three-dimensional optical component that is transparent to the incident laser beam and has a geometric shape. The prism is preferably made of glass, such as quartz glass or borosilicate glass. However, it can also be made of various optical crystals, such as quartz or sapphire. The material of the prism has a wavelength-dependent refractive index that is significantly different from the medium surrounding the prism. The surrounding medium can be, for example, air or vacuum. Thereby, in particular the reflection and transmission are determined when light passes from the surrounding medium to the prism and when light passes from the prism to the surrounding medium. In particular, the Brewster angle is defined by the refractive index of the prism (n2) and the refractive index of the surrounding medium (n1) as follows: B=arctan(n2 / n1). Furthermore, the angle of the beam refracted inside the prism, B'=arcsin(n1·sin(B) / n2), and the minimum angle B''>arcsin(n2 / n1) at which total reflection occurs at the boundary surface inside the prism can be derived from Snell's law of refraction.

[0015] The prisms have various flat surfaces that are disposed at an angle to each other. The angle at which the sides of the prism are disposed to each other can be derived from the Brewster angle using the formula: 90°-B. Thus, a beam parallel to the prism base will enter the first entrance face at Brewster and exit the exit face at the same Brewster angle.

[0016] In so doing, the incident laser beam is directed towards one edge of the prism, so that the edge of the prism splits the beam cross section into a first half beam and a second half beam, for example dividing the incident laser beam in two equal parts.

[0017] At least the first half beam is incident on the prism. If both half beams are incident on the prism, the first half beam passes through a thin film polarizer in its further beam path.

[0018] The first entrance face of the prism is the face of the prism where the first half beam enters the prism.

[0019] The plane of incidence is defined as the plane that the normal of the first face of incidence occupies with the incident laser beam.

[0020] The polarization of a laser beam is given by the direction of the electric field of the light in the laser beam. Thus, if the electric field of the light is in the plane of incidence, there is corresponding p-polarization. If the electric field of the light is perpendicular to the plane of incidence, there is corresponding s-polarization.

[0021] The first entrance face of the prism is oriented such that the first half-beam strikes the entrance face of the prism at the Brewster angle and then enters the prism with substantially no loss.

[0022] Brewster's angle is defined as the angle of incidence of light on a prism face, at which s-polarized light is reflected by the prism during its transition from the surrounding medium, while p-polarized light can be transmitted through the prism.

[0023] The Brewster angle is also always relative to the surface normal (perpendicular line) of the surface on which each half of the beam strikes or from which it emerges. The Brewster angle can be similarly defined for the transition from a prism to the surrounding medium.

[0024] For example, if p-polarized light is incident on a prism face at the Brewster angle, it will refract completely into the prism, which may mean that the transition of light between the surrounding medium and the prism is without loss of laser power.

[0025] In contrast, when s-polarized light is incident on the prism face at the Brewster angle, some of it is transmitted through the prism and some is reflected, so that s-polarized light is coupled into the prism only at the expense of laser power.

[0026] For example, if unpolarized light is incident on a prism face at Brewster's angle, only s-polarized light is reflected, so the reflected beam is linearly s-polarized. In contrast, the transmitted beam is p-polarized. It is therefore possible to split the light according to its polarization.

[0027] In particular, the incident laser beam is preferably already p-polarized so that it can enter the prism without loss.

[0028] The first half beam passes through a prism where it undergoes at least one reflection, and in particular the prism can be designed in such a way that the first half beam undergoes total internal reflection within the prism and finally reaches a first exit surface of the prism.

[0029] The first exit surface of the prism can then be arranged within the prism such that the exiting first half beam is parallel offset relative to the incident laser beam.

[0030] A parallel offset is understood to mean that the outgoing laser beam is offset by a certain distance with respect to the incoming laser beam of the prism, the incoming and outgoing laser beams having the same propagation direction. In particular, the parallel offset of the laser beam has little effect on the polarization and energy content of the laser beam.

[0031] The output first half-beam is then guided through a thin film polarizer.

[0032] A so-called thin film polarizer (TFP) is an optical component that utilizes the Brewster angle to split the polarization of light into p-polarized and s-polarized light. A thin film polarizer can be configured, for example, as a plane-parallel plate placed in the beam path of a laser beam. When light is incident on the parallel plate at the Brewster angle, the light is split into its p-polarized and s-polarized components according to the above principle.

[0033] In particular, thin film polarizers can be provided with optical coatings that allow the Brewster condition to be met over a range of angles, rather than just at a precise angle. Such coatings can be provided on individual or all surfaces of the prism. Prism surfaces provided with such optical coatings can also have the properties of thin film polarizers, and thus the prism surfaces so prepared can also be considered as thin film polarizers.

[0034] In particular, thin film polarizers can be used to superimpose p- and s-polarized components. For this purpose, p-polarized light can be transmitted through the TFP, while s-polarized light is reflected on the other side of the TFP. It should be noted that it may be necessary to correct for the parallel offset that occurs in the TFP when p-polarized light is transmitted.

[0035] The light in the first outgoing half-beam is p-polarized and can therefore pass through the thin-film polarizer without loss.

[0036] The second half-beam passes through a polarization rotator after splitting.

[0037] A polarization rotator is an optical component that can rotate the polarization of light by a certain angle as the light passes through it. Such polarization rotators usually contain birefringent crystals with the appropriate thickness and orientation. However, other optical materials that have this property can also be used.

[0038] Also, in the following, we assume that light incident on the polarization rotator retains its propagation direction upon exiting. If the light's propagation direction changes, an appropriate combination of mirrors and lenses can be used to redirect the output light parallel to the incident light.

[0039] For example, the polarization of the second half-beam can be rotated by 45°, making the second half-beam partially p-polarized and partially s-polarized.

[0040] The second half-beam, after passing through the polarization rotator, is reflected by the thin-film polarizer and thereby superimposed on the first half-beam.

[0041] This means, for example, that the second half-beam has partially s-polarized light and hits the thin-film polarizer at any angle, so that both s-polarized and p-polarized light are partially reflected at the thin-film polarizer and partially transmitted through it. In particular, the second half-beam can also be reflected at the thin-film polarizer at Brewster's angle, so that only s-polarized light is reflected and p-polarized light is transmitted.

[0042] The second half-beam also enters the thin film polarizer at an angle such that its reflected beam is subsequently parallel to the transmitted beam of the first half-beam, which is p-polarized.

[0043] In particular, the second half beam can be reflected by a thin film polarizer such that the first and second half beams are superimposed.

[0044] In this way, the first and second half beams are overlapped, which reduces the beam cross section.

[0045] In other words, the incident laser beam is split into two half beams and the two half beams are superimposed, whereby the beam cross section is correspondingly reduced.

[0046] The first exit surface may be at a Brewster angle with respect to a first half-beam that is coupled into the prism and impinges on the first exit surface, with the thin film polarizer positioned such that the first half-beam output from the prism passes through the thin film polarizer at the Brewster angle.

[0047] This has the advantage that the transmission through prisms and thin film polarizers is particularly high.

[0048] Preferably, the polarization rotator is attached to a prism and / or the polarization rotator can be a λ / 2 plate. In this way, a compact construction can be achieved.

[0049] This has the advantage that the construction space of the optical components can be minimized, and furthermore, the output light beam thereby has the same direction as the input light beam, so that additional optical components can be saved.

[0050] Attaching the polarization rotator to the prism can mean, for example, screwing or gluing the polarization rotator to the prism. However, it is also possible to insert the polarization rotator into a groove in the prism. In so doing, the polarization rotator can protrude beyond the prism face into which it is inserted.

[0051] It has the advantage of saving installation space, and furthermore it allows a more mechanically stable connection of the various optical components.

[0052] Preferably, the polarization rotator is configured to rotate the polarization of the second half-beam by 90°, preferably to s-polarization.

[0053] Thereby it can be achieved that when the second half beam hits the thin film polarizer at the Brewster angle, the second half beam is completely reflected at the thin film polarizer.

[0054] Preferably, the prism may be formed such that at least one of the half beams is totally internally reflected within the prism, which may mean that the change in direction caused by the total internal reflection of the half beam causes the first half beam to strike the exit face of the prism at an advantageous angle.

[0055] This may also mean that the change in direction caused by total internal reflection causes the second half beam to strike the prism base of the prism at a preferred angle, the prism base being the side of the prism from which the second half beam is totally internally reflected.

[0056] The prism base does not have to be parallel to the incident laser beam, but can be at an angle to it. This may mean that, especially with a wide angled prism base, the beam propagation time inside the prism is long. This is understood to mean that, especially with an angled prism base, the length of the prism must be chosen such that the beam does not leave the prism before total internal reflection occurs.

[0057] This has the advantage that the direction of the first and second half beams within the prism can be changed without power loss.

[0058] Preferably, at least one mirror is provided which reflects the second half-beam onto the thin film polarizer after passing through the polarization rotator.

[0059] In this case, the beam path of the second half beam can be reflected onto the thin-film polarizer using at least one mirror so that the second half beam reflected by the thin-film polarizer is superimposed on the first half beam transmitted through the thin-film polarizer.

[0060] Preferably, the mirror and the prism are pre-mounted on a common base plate, which improves the mechanical stability of the entire optical device.

[0061] The prism is preferably positioned and configured such that the second half beam is coupled into the prism at the second entrance surface, where the second entrance surface is arranged at a Brewster angle with respect to the incident laser beam.

[0062] Thereby, the second half beam is also completely coupled into the prism. Furthermore, the first and second half beams are redirected into different optical paths within the prism, so that further beam shaping can be performed by the shape of the prism.

[0063] Thereby, the optical alignment effort can be reduced and the mechanical stability and the directionality of the two partial beams can be improved.

[0064] The prism may further be configured such that the second half beam is output from the prism at a second exit surface, the second exit surface being positioned such that the second half beam strikes the second exit surface at Brewster's angle.

[0065] The second exit face is then the side of the prism from which the second half beam is output, whereby the p-polarized second half beam can be output completely from the prism.

[0066] The second exit face of the prism can then be attached to the prism base at an angle X, which depends on the angle of the prism base relative to the incident laser beam as well as the angle of total internal reflection, so that no energy of the superimposed beams is lost.

[0067] Preferably, the polarization rotator is arranged so that the second half beam output from the prism passes through the polarization rotator. In particular, the polarizer can then be arranged immediately downstream of the second exit face, thereby allowing the reflection efficiency at the thin film polarizer to be controlled.

[0068] However, the second half beam does not have to be incident on the prism but can also be guided away from the prism, which makes it possible to introduce additional optical components in the beam path of the second half beam in order to more easily optimize the beam path and beam properties of the second half beam.

[0069] Preferably, a thin film polarizer may be implemented on the first exit surface of the prism by means of a suitable optical coating.

[0070] This eliminates the need for additional optical components, and therefore improves the mechanical stability of the structure. By means of a suitable broadband coating, it is possible to make the first and second half beams have the Brewster angle effect in a given angular range.

[0071] The prism may be a Dove prism, which is understood to mean a prism having a trapezoidal base surface. In particular, the trapezoidal surface may be arranged such that the first half beam enters the prism at the Brewster angle, is totally reflected at the prism base and then strikes the first exit surface at the Brewster angle.

[0072] Thereby, a simple geometrical shape results, which is sufficient to move the first and second half beams into different beam paths and process them separately.

[0073] The object is further achieved by a method for beam shaping of a laser beam with the features of claim 15. Advantageous further configurations emerge from the description and the figures.

[0074] Therefore, a method for beam shaping a laser beam using an apparatus is proposed, the apparatus comprising a prism, a polarization rotator and a thin film polarizer, in which an incident laser beam is split into a first half beam and a second half beam by impinging on the prism, and the first half beam is impinged on a first entrance surface of the prism at Brewster's angle, then enters the prism, passes through the prism, impinges on a first exit surface at Brewster's angle and exits the prism, whereby the first half beam is offset parallel to the incident laser beam after passing through the prism. Furthermore, the first half beam is passed through a thin film polarizer after exiting the prism, and the polarization of the second half beam is rotated by a polarization rotator, in which case the second half beam is deflected in the direction of the thin film polarizer by refraction and / or reflection, and the second half beam is reflected by the thin film polarizer, and the first and second half beams are overlapped in coincidence on the downstream side of the thin film polarizer in the beam direction.

[0075] Further preferred embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail in the following figure description. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0076] [Figure 1A] 1 is a schematic diagram of a beam shaping apparatus according to a first embodiment and a beam path through the apparatus; [Figure 1B] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prism according to the first embodiment. [Figure 1C] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the beam path of a first half beam through a prism of the first embodiment. [Figure 1D] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the beam path of the second half beam through the prism of the first embodiment. [Figure 1E] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the entrance and exit angles depending on the length of the prism base. [Figure 2A] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a further beam shaping device and the beam path through the device; [Figure 2B] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a beam path of a first half beam through a prism in a further embodiment; [Figure 2C] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a beam path of a second half beam through a prism in a further embodiment; [Figure 2D] 4 is a schematic diagram of a prism shape according to a further embodiment; FIG. [Figure 3A] 4 is a schematic diagram of yet another beam shaping apparatus and the beam path therethrough. [Figure 3B] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a beam path according to yet another embodiment to illustrate the prism angles. [Figure 3C] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a beam path according to yet another embodiment to illustrate the prism angles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] In the following, preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the figures, in which identical, similar or similarly acting elements in different figures are given the same reference numerals, and repeated descriptions of these elements will be partially omitted to avoid redundancy.

[0078] Figure 1, including Figures 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D, is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a beam shaping device 100 for a generally indicated laser beam 1. A laser source is not shown in this embodiment, but the laser beam 1 is not considered to be dependent on it for its generation.

[0079] The laser beam 1 can be provided, for example, by a direct diode laser or a wide stripe emitter and has a non-rotationally symmetric profile. In particular, due to the properties of its source, the laser beam 1 has a substantially rectangular beam cross section 10, which has a width b greater than its height h.

[0080] This beam cross section 10 of the laser beam 1 is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1A, where the width extent b of the beam cross section 10 lies in the plane of the paper and the height extent h correspondingly is perpendicular to the plane of the paper.

[0081] In the illustrated embodiment, the beam shaping device 100 includes a prism 2 , a polarization rotator 3 , a thin film polarizer 4 , and a mirror 5 .

[0082] The laser beam 1 is in this embodiment provided p-polarized with respect to the interface of the prism 2. This p-polarization can be obtained by suitable optical means, such as for example processing the laser beam with a birefringent crystal or a λ / 4 plate before it enters the beam shaping device 100.

[0083] In the illustrated embodiment, a prism 2 is used which is substantially mirror symmetrical with respect to the central plane 200 and which is formed in principle like a Dove prism. This prism is shown in detail in FIG. 1B. However, in contrast to a conventional Dove prism, whose sides are usually arranged at an angle of 45°, the sides of the proposed prism 2 are arranged with respect to the incoming laser beam 1 and the outgoing light beam, respectively, at an angle which corresponds to the Brewster angle. In the illustrated embodiment, this corresponds to an angle of 55.42°. The refractive index of the prism depends on the wavelength, so that the Brewster angle is also different for different wavelengths.

[0084] The prism 2 is geometrically designed such that the entrance face 20 forms an angle B with the prism base 28 and the exit face 24 forms an angle B' with the prism base 28. The angle B of the entrance face 20 corresponds to the Brewster angle of the incident laser beam 1 parallel to the prism base 28. The angle B' of the refracted beam at the exit face 24 corresponds to the angle B' of the laser beam exiting the prism 2. Typically, the refractive index of glass is 1.45 (1 in air), so B and B' are different. By extending the prism base 28, the propagation distance within the prism and therefore the exit position at the exit face 24 can be changed. In this case, however, the exit angle remains the same, as shown in FIG. 1E.

[0085] The incident laser beam 1 is p-polarized, which is indicated by a double arrow in the plane of the paper. The incident laser beam 1 is oriented with respect to the prism 2 such that it hits the edge 220 of the prism 2 and is split into a first half beam 12 and a second half beam 14. Thereby, both half beams each contain only half of the beam cross section 10 of the incident laser beam 1. In this embodiment, the incident laser beam 1 is split exactly in half.

[0086] The first half beam 12 strikes the first prism face 20 at Brewster's angle B. As the first half beam 12 is p-polarized, it is coupled into the prism 2 without energy and reflection losses. The first half beam 12 passes through the prism 2 and, due to the appropriately selected geometry of the prism 2, is totally reflected at the prism base 28, thereby changing the propagation direction of the first half beam 12 within the prism 2 without energy and reflection losses.

[0087] The first half beam 12 then strikes the first exit face 24 at an angle B'. It should then be noted that Brewster's angle B applies to the transition from the surrounding medium into the prism 2, whereas the resulting angle B' of the refracted beam applies to the reverse transition.

[0088] The exit face 24 is provided with an optical coating, whereby it acts as a thin-film polarizer 4. The p-polarized first half beam 12 can pass unhindered through the thin-film polarizer 4, since the thin-film polarizer 4 is 100% transmissive for this polarization. The first half beam 12 exiting the prism 2 then has a parallel offset P with respect to the incoming first half beam 12.

[0089] In this embodiment, the second half beam 14 is guided to pass by the prism 2 and passes a polarization rotator 3 coupled to the prism 2. The polarization rotator 3 is provided in this embodiment in the form of a λ / 2 plate, which rotates the polarization of the second half beam 14 by 90°. After passing through the polarization rotator 3, the second half beam 14 is therefore s-polarized, which is indicated by a black dot.

[0090] The s-polarized second half beam 14 is incident on the mirror 5. The position and angle of the mirror 5 are set such that the second half beam 14 hits the thin film polarizer 4 implemented by optical coating on the exit face 24 of the prism 2 at the Brewster angle B. The thin film polarizer 4 has a reflectivity of nearly 100 percent, for example more than 90 percent, for this polarization, so that the s-polarized second half beam 14 is completely reflected by the thin film polarizer 4 arranged on the exit face 24 of the prism 2.

[0091] Furthermore, the position and angle of the mirror 5 are set such that the second half beam 14 reflected by the thin film polarizer 4 overlaps with the first half beam 12 transmitted therethrough, so that both half beams 12, 14 coincide, thereby forming a resultant beam 16.

[0092] The resulting beam 16 has a beam cross section 18 that is substantially only half as wide b′ with respect to the beam cross section 10 of the incident laser beam 1 .

[0093] Furthermore, the resulting laser beam 16 includes a p-polarized portion from the first half-beam 12 and an s-polarized portion from the second half-beam 14 .

[0094] FIG. 2, which includes FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D, illustrates a further embodiment of a beam shaping apparatus 100. As shown in FIG.

[0095] An incoming p-polarized laser beam 1 hits the edge 220 of the prism 2 where it is split into a first half-beam 12 and a second half-beam 14 .

[0096] In this case, the prism 2 is geometrically shaped and the laser beam 1 is oriented with respect to the prism 2 such that the first half beam 12 and the second half beam 14 both impinge on the first entrance face 20 and the second entrance face 22 of the prism 2, respectively, at the Brewster angle B. Furthermore, the incident laser beam 1 is oriented such that the first half beam 12 and the second half beam 14 have substantially the same beam cross-section.

[0097] The incident laser beam 1 is p-polarized with respect to the boundary surfaces of the prism 2 and can therefore be coupled without losses into the prism 2 via the first entrance face 20 and the second entrance face 22 .

[0098] The first half beam 12 refracts in the prism towards the first exit face 24 where it strikes the first exit face 24 at an angle B' and exits the prism 2. The angle B' is applied to the first half beam 12 traveling in the prism 2 at the first exit face 24.

[0099] This should be understood in particular to mean that in this embodiment the first entrance face 20 and the first exit face 24 can be arranged parallel to each other. The first half beam 12 exiting the prism 2 then has a parallel offset with respect to the first half beam 12 entering it.

[0100] The outgoing first half beam 12 then passes through the thin film polarizer 4, whereby the p-polarized light of the first half beam 12 results in 100% transmission of the thin film polarizer 4. Depending on the thickness of the thin film polarizer 4, a slight parallel offset of the beam 16 emerging from the thin film polarizer 4 may occur, which parallel offset is preferably already taken into account in the configuration of the prism.

[0101] The second half beam 14 refracts within the prism 2 towards the prism base 28, where the propagation direction of the second half beam 14 within the prism 2 changes due to total internal reflection. In this embodiment, the prism base 28 extends parallel to the incident laser beam 1. After total internal reflection at the prism base 28, the second half beam 14 strikes the second exit face 26 at an angle B', thereby exiting the prism 2 at the Brewster angle.

[0102] The emitted second half beam 14 then passes through the λ / 2 plate 3, where the second half beam 14 is polarized rotated, so that the second half beam 14 exhibits s-polarization after the λ / 2 plate.

[0103] In this embodiment, the geometry of the prism 2 is selected such that the s-polarized second half-beam 14 strikes the thin film polarizer at Brewster's angle B, where it is 100% reflected.

[0104] In particular, the geometry of the prism 2 and the arrangement of the thin film polarizer 4 are selected such that the two partial beams 12 , 14 coincide and form the resultant beam 16 accordingly.

[0105] The resulting beam 16 has a beam cross section 18 that is substantially only half as wide b′ with respect to the beam cross section 10 of the incident laser beam 1 .

[0106] Furthermore, the resulting laser beam 16 includes a p-polarized portion from the first half-beam 12 and an s-polarized portion from the second half-beam 14 .

[0107] FIG. 3, which includes FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C, illustrates yet another embodiment of a beam shaping apparatus 100. As shown in FIG.

[0108] 2, the incident p-polarized laser beam 1 is split into a first half beam 12 and a second half beam 14 when it hits the prism 2. The beam path of the first half beam 12 is the same as in FIG.

[0109] However, the beam path of the second half beam 14 differs from that shown in Fig. 2. After entering the prism 2, the second half beam 14 refracts towards the prism base 28. However, the prism angle P is larger than in the previous example, so the prism base 28 is not parallel to the incident laser beam 1.

[0110] 2, the second half beam 14 is also totally reflected at the prism base 28. However, the prism angle X that the second exit face 26 makes with the prism base 28 is larger than in the embodiment of FIG. 2 so that the condition for total reflection is satisfied.

[0111] The second half beam 14 leaves the prism 2 at the Brewster angle B and hits the first mirror 5, which reflects the second half beam 14 towards the polarization rotator 3. At the polarization rotator 3, the polarization direction of the second half beam 14 is changed to s-polarization. After the polarization rotator 3, the second half beam 14 is reflected by a further mirror 5 towards the thin-film polarizer 4. The first half beam 12 is transmitted through the thin-film polarizer 4 and the second half beam 14 is totally reflected by the thin-film polarizer due to its s-polarization.

[0112] Thereby, similar to the above embodiment, the two half beams 12 , 14 are preferably coincidentally superimposed, whereby the beam profile 18 of the resulting beam 16 is smaller than the beam profile 10 of the incident laser beam 1 .

[0113] Figure 3B shows the various angular relationships important to this embodiment. For reasons of clarity, only the lower beam boundary of the second half beam 14 is shown.

[0114] The starting point shown is the incident laser beam 1, which specifies the horizontal line about which angles are determined in the system. In this embodiment, the first entrance face 20 and the second entrance face 22 are arranged at an angle of 90°-B relative to the incident laser beam 1.

[0115] The second half-beam 14 strikes the second entrance face 22 at the Brewster angle with respect to the surface normal and is refracted under an angle B' with respect to the surface normal. Within the prism 2, the second half-beam 14 extends at an angle B-B' with respect to the horizontal and is finally totally internally reflected at the prism base 28 under an angle T.

[0116] The angle T is calculated from the prism opening angle 90°-B, the prism angle P, and the angle of the second half beam 14 relative to the horizontal using the relationship 360°=[90°-B]+[P]+[T]+[180°-(B-B')], resulting in T=90°+2B-B'-P.

[0117] In the above equation, the relevant angles of the system are grouped together in square brackets. In particular, T must be smaller than the angle of total reflection, so that the second half beam 14 is totally internally reflected at the prism base 28. However, it should be noted that angles of incidence flatter than the angle of total reflection also lead to total reflection, so that the angle of total reflection resulting from the refractive indices of the prism 2 and the surrounding medium can be considered as an upper limit.

[0118] 3C shows further angular relationships of prism 2, where for reasons of clarity only the upper beam boundary of second half beam 14 is shown. Since second half beam 14 must strike second exit face 26 at angle B', prism angle X follows from the relationship: 180°=[T]+[X]+[90°-B']. Since reflection angle T depends on prism angle P as described above, the following relationship holds overall for prism angle X: X=P-2B.

[0119] If the above angular relationships are maintained, the second half beam 14 strikes the second prism face 22 at Brewster's angle B and exits the second exit face 26 at Brewster's angle B. Additionally, the overall geometric dimensions of the prism 2 also result from the angular relationships.

[0120] The first half beam 12 is also shown in FIG. 3C. However, for reasons of clarity, only its lower beam boundary is shown. The first half beam 12 makes an angle of 90°-2B+B' with the second prism face 22. Since the first half beam 12 must strike the first exit face 24 under angle B', the prism angle Y follows from the relationship 180°=[90°-2B+B']+[Y]+[B-B'], and therefore Y=90°+B.

[0121] By adding a deflection mirror, the angle of the thin film polarizer is preferably independent of the prism configuration. In particular, the thin film polarizer can be positioned such that the reflected beam with s-polarization is superimposed on the beam with p-polarization.

[0122] The polarization properties of thin film polarizers are determined, inter alia, by the thin film stack, which can be optimized for different angles of incidence, so that depending on the morphology of the thin film polarizer, a p-polarized beam can be incident on the thin film polarizer at angles other than Brewster's angle.

[0123] The angular relationships can also be directly applied to the geometry shown in FIG.

[0124] Wherever applicable, all individual features illustrated in the examples can be combined and / or substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. [Explanation of symbols]

[0125] 1. Incident laser beam 10 Beam cross section of incident laser beam 12 First half beam 14 Second half beam 16 Resulting beam 18 Beam cross section of the resulting beam 2. Prism 20 First entrance surface 22 Second entrance surface 24 First exit surface 26 Second exit surface 28 Prism Base 3 Polarization Rotator 4 Thin Film Polarizer 5. Mirror X, P, Y Prism Angle T reflection angle

Claims

1. A beam shaping device (100) for a laser beam (1), comprising: A prism (2), a polarization rotator (3), and a thin film polarizer (4), the prism (2) is arranged to split an incoming laser beam (1) into a first half beam (12) and a second half beam (14), at least the first half beam (12) being coupled into the prism (2); the first half beam (12) enters the prism (2) at a first entrance face (20), the prism (2) being shaped such that the first entrance face (20) is positioned at a Brewster angle (B) with respect to the incident laser beam (1); the prism (2) is configured such that the first half beam (12) coupled into the prism (2) is output from the prism (2) at an output face (24) of the prism (2), the first half beam (12) is output from the prism (2) at a Brewster angle, and the thin film polarizer (4) is arranged to be passed by the first half beam (12) output from the prism (2), the polarization rotator (3) is passed by the second half beam (14) and is arranged to rotate the polarization of the second half beam (14), The second half beam (14) is guided to be reflected by the thin film polarizer (4), which overlaps the first half beam (12) and the second half beam (14).

2. a first exit face (24) at a Brewster angle (B') with respect to the first half-beam (12) coupled into the prism (2) and incident on the first exit face (24); 2. The device (100) of claim 1, wherein the thin film polarizer (4) is arranged such that the first half beam (12) output from the prism (2) passes through the thin film polarizer (4) at Brewster's angle (B).

3. 3. Apparatus (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the incident laser beam (1) is provided p-polarized.

4. 3. The device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polarization rotator (3) is attached to the prism (2) and / or that the polarization rotator (3) is a λ / 2 plate.

5. 3. Apparatus (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polarization rotator (3) is formed to rotate the polarization of the second half beam (14) by 90°.

6. 3. The device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the prism (2) is shaped such that at least one of the first half beam (12) and the second half beam (14) is totally reflected within the prism (2).

7. 3. The device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one mirror (5) is provided which reflects the second half beam (14) onto the thin film polarizer (4) after passing through the polarization rotator (3).

8. 8. The device (100) according to claim 7, characterized in that the at least one mirror (5) and the prism (2) are pre-mounted on a common base plate.

9. the prism (2) is arranged and configured such that the second half beam (14) is coupled into the prism (2) at a second entrance face (22); 3. The device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the second entrance face (22) is arranged at Brewster's angle (B) with respect to the incident laser beam (1).

10. the prism (2) is configured such that the second half beam (14) exits the prism (2) at a second exit face (26); 10. The apparatus (100) of claim 9, wherein the second exit surface (26) is arranged such that the second half beam (14) strikes the second exit surface (26) at Brewster's angle.

11. 11. The device (100) according to claim 10, characterized in that the polarization rotator (3) is arranged such that the second half beam (14) output from the prism (2) passes through the polarization rotator (3).

12. 3. The device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the second half beam (14) is not incident on the prism (2).

13. 13. The device (100) according to claim 12, characterized in that the thin film polarizer (4) is implemented by a suitable optical coating at the first exit face (24) of the prism (2).

14. 13. Apparatus (100) according to claim 12, characterized in that the prism (2) is a Dove prism.

15. A method for shaping a laser beam (1) using an apparatus (100), the apparatus (100) comprising a prism (2), a polarization rotator (3), and a thin film polarizer (4), comprising: Splitting an incoming laser beam (10) into a first half beam (12) and a second half beam (14) by impinging on said prism (2), impinging the first half beam (12) on a first entrance face (20) of the prism (2) at the Brewster angle, entering the prism (2), passing through the prism (2) and exiting the prism (2) at the Brewster angle, offsetting the first half beam (12) parallel to the incident laser beam (10) after passing through the prism (2); Passing the first half beam (12) through the thin film polarizer (4) after exiting the prism (2); Rotating the polarization of the second half beam (14) by the polarization rotator (3), deflecting the second half-beam (14) towards the thin-film polarizer (4) by refraction and / or reflection, The second half beam (14) is reflected by the thin film polarizer (4), A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first half-beam (12) and the second half-beam (14) are coincidentally superimposed downstream of the thin-film polarizer (4) in the beam direction.

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