Oscillator

Abstract

To provide an oscillator capable of reducing crosstalk.SOLUTION: An oscillator includes a SQUID 102, a transmission line 103a connected to the SQUID 102, a ground plane 106, and a first connection circuit 107a provided near a node of an electric field of a standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates and connecting the ground planes 106 existing on both sides of the transmission line 103a.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 10A

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to oscillators, and more particularly to techniques for reducing crosstalk in superconducting quantum circuits. [Background technology]

[0002] In quantum circuit chips where multiple quantum bits are integrated, reducing crosstalk is an important issue. Here, crosstalk refers to, for example, when a control signal is input to a certain quantum bit, the control signal couples with another quantum bit for some reason, and unintentionally controls the other quantum bit as well. Specifically, for example, it changes the resonant frequency of the other quantum bit. In experiments, crosstalk has been observed both when a DC (Direct Current) control signal is input to a quantum bit, and when a high-frequency control signal such as 20 GHz is input to a quantum bit.

[0003] A superconducting quantum circuit chip is fabricated using, for example, a coplanar waveguide structure. Patent Document 1 discloses a technique capable of reducing crosstalk in such a quantum circuit chip. In the configuration described in this document, an air bridge is used to electrically connect the GND (ground) on both sides of the core wire of the coplanar waveguide, thereby keeping the GND on both sides of the core wire at an equal potential. This suppresses the slot line mode, and as a result, crosstalk can be reduced. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Special Publication No. 2018-524795 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] However, superconducting quantum circuits are a technology that is still evolving in research and development, and there is a demand for providing new techniques for reducing crosstalk.

[0006] The present disclosure has been made to solve such problems, and has an object to provide an oscillator capable of reducing crosstalk. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The oscillator according to the first aspect of the present disclosure comprises: SQUID and a transmission line connected to the SQUID; A ground plane; and a first connection circuit that is provided in the vicinity of a node of the electric field of a standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates and connects the ground planes that exist on both sides of the transmission line. Effect of the Invention

[0008] According to the above-mentioned configuration, it is possible to provide an oscillator capable of reducing crosstalk. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows the chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit. [Diagram 2] This is an equivalent circuit diagram of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit. [Figure 3A] This is an enlarged view of the SQUID area of ​​the chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit. [Figure 3B] This is an enlarged view of the SQUID area of ​​the chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit. [Figure 4] 13 is a graph showing a simulation result when a 20 GHz control signal is input to a first quantum bit from a control line of the first quantum bit. [Diagram 5]This figure shows a chip layout in which air bridges are placed at intervals of 1 / 10 or less of the wavelength corresponding to 20 GHz over the entire λ / 4 line. [Figure 6] 13 is a graph showing a simulation result when an air bridge is installed over the entire λ / 4 line and a 20 GHz control signal is input to the first quantum bit from the control line of the first quantum bit. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of a first quantum bit in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. [Figure 10A] 2 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of a SQUID in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. FIG. [Figure 10B] 2 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of a SQUID in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. FIG. [Figure 11] 11 is a graph showing a simulation result when a 20 GHz control signal is input to a first quantum bit from a control line of the first quantum bit in the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a chip layout of a superconducting circuit according to a second embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of a first quantum bit in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the second embodiment. [Figure 14] FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the SQUID of the second quantum bit in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the second embodiment. [Figure 15] 13 is a graph showing a simulation result when a 20 GHz control signal is input to a first quantum bit from a control line of the first quantum bit in the superconducting circuit of the second embodiment. [Figure 16A] 2 is a diagram showing the layout of a second quantum bit in the quantum circuit shown in FIG. 1. [Figure 16B]2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a second quantum bit in the quantum circuit shown in FIG. 1. [Figure 16C] FIG. 13 illustrates a layout of a second quantum bit of the second embodiment. [Figure 16D] FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a second quantum bit according to the second embodiment. [Figure 17A] FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the operation when setting the resonant frequency of a second quantum bit in which an air bridge is not provided. [Figure 17B] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a second quantum bit in which an air bridge is not installed when a DC current that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane. [Figure 18A] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an operation when setting the resonant frequency of the second quantum bit according to the second embodiment. [Figure 18B] 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating the operation of the second quantum bit of the second embodiment when a DC current that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane. [Figure 19] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing six types of configuration examples that were used in a simulation. [Figure 20] 13 is a graph showing simulation results for six types of configurations. [Figure 21] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a chip layout of a superconducting circuit according to a second modified example of the second embodiment. [Figure 22] FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a superconducting circuit according to a second modified example of the second embodiment. [Figure 23] FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the SQUID of the first quantum bit in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the third embodiment. [Figure 24] FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a superconducting circuit according to a third embodiment. [Diagram 25] FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the SQUID of the first quantum bit in the chip layout of the superconducting circuit of the fourth embodiment. [Figure 26] FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a superconducting circuit according to a fourth embodiment. [Figure 27] FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit. [Figure 28] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit. [Figure 29] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 30] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 31] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a modification of the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 32] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a sixth embodiment. [Diagram 33] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a seventh embodiment. [Diagram 34] FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a first modification of the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 35] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a first modification of the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 36] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a first modification of the fifth embodiment. [Figure 37] FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a second modification of the fifth embodiment. [Figure 38] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a second modification of the fifth embodiment. [Figure 39] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another layout of a lumped-constant superconducting quantum bit according to a second modification of the fifth embodiment. [Diagram 40] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the layout of a chip forming a part of a quantum bit according to an eighth embodiment. [Diagram 41] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate on which a part of a quantum bit according to an eighth embodiment is formed. [Diagram 42]FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a structure in which a chip on which a part of a quantum bit is formed and a substrate are flip-chip connected according to an eighth embodiment. [Diagram 43] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a chip layout when the GND planes on both sides of a control line are connected. [Diagram 44] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a board layout when the GND planes on both sides of a control line are connected. [Diagram 45] FIG. 13 shows the layout of the chip when U-shaped control lines are used. [Diagram 46] FIG. 13 shows a board layout when U-shaped control lines are used. [Figure 47] FIG. 13 shows the layout of the chip when straight control lines are used. [Figure 48] FIG. 13 shows a board layout when straight control lines are used. [Figure 49] This figure shows the layout shown in FIG. 41 with explanatory drawings added. [Figure 50] FIG. 50 is a diagram for explaining a problem that occurs when a current that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane of the board shown in FIG. 49. [Figure 51] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to a ninth embodiment. [Figure 52] 52 is a diagram for explaining an influence when a current flows in the GND plane of the board shown in FIG. 51. FIG. [Diagram 53] FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to a first modified example of the ninth embodiment. [Figure 54] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a structure in which a chip and a substrate are flip-chip connected using bumps. [Figure 55] FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to a second modified example of the ninth embodiment. [Figure 56] FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to a third modified example of the ninth embodiment. [Figure 57] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to another modified example of the ninth embodiment. [Figure 58] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a layout of a substrate according to another modified example of the ninth embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] In the following description, a Josephson junction refers to an element having a structure in which a thin insulating film is sandwiched between a first superconductor and a second superconductor. A SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) is an element in which two Josephson junctions are connected in a loop shape by a superconducting line. A part or all of the circuit described below is constructed using, for example, a line (wiring) formed of a superconductor, and is used in a temperature environment of, for example, about 10 mK (millikelvin) to realize a superconducting state.

[0011] [Advance consideration] First, we will discuss the problem of crosstalk in superconducting quantum circuit chips on which multiple quantum bits are integrated.

[0012] As an example of a quantum circuit chip on which multiple quantum bits are integrated, FIG. 1 shows the chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit. FIG. 2 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of the 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit of FIG. 1. This 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit has a configuration in which a first quantum bit 1001 and a second quantum bit 1002 are coupled via a capacitor 1303. The first quantum bit 1001 and the second quantum bit 1002 have the same configuration. The first quantum bit 1001 has a configuration in which two distributed constant lines are connected to both ends of a SQUID 1102. These distributed constant lines have a length corresponding to 1 / 4 of the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the first quantum bit 1001, and are therefore referred to as λ / 4 line 1103a and λ / 4 line 1103b below. When the operating frequency of the first quantum bit 1001 is about 10 GHz, the length of the λ / 4 line 1103a and the λ / 4 line 1103b is about 2 to 3 mm. The control line 1104 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 1102. In other words, the control line 1104 and the SQUID 1102 are magnetically coupled in a non-contact manner due to mutual inductance. The resonant frequency of the first quantum bit 1001 can be set by inputting a DC control signal from the control line 1104. In a state where a DC control signal for setting a certain resonant frequency is input to the control line 1104, the first quantum bit 1001 can be oscillated by further inputting a control signal having a frequency twice the set resonant frequency to the control line 1104. The operating frequency of the first quantum bit 1001 (the set resonant frequency) is, for example, about 10 GHz. Therefore, when first quantum bit 1001 is operated, a signal in which a DC control signal and a high-frequency control signal of about 20 GHz are superimposed is input from control line 1104. The configuration and operation method of second quantum bit 1002 are similar to those of first quantum bit 1001, so a detailed description will be omitted.

[0013] In the configuration shown in the figure, a first quantum bit 1001 and a second quantum bit 1002 are present on a chip 1004 electrically connected to wiring on a printed circuit board (PCB) 1005 using bonding wires 1006. The second quantum bit 1002 has a SQUID 1202, a λ / 4 line 1203a, and a λ / 4 line 1203b. A control line 1204 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 1202. One end of the λ / 4 line 1103a of the first quantum bit 1001 is connected to the SQUID 1102, and the other end of the λ / 4 line 1103a is connected to a capacitor 1301. One end of the λ / 4 line 1103b of the first quantum bit 1001 is connected to the SQUID 1102, and the other end of the λ / 4 line 1103b is connected to a capacitor 1303. Similarly, one end of λ / 4 line 1203a of second quantum bit 1002 is connected to SQUID 1202, and the other end of λ / 4 line 1203a is connected to capacitor 1302. Also, one end of λ / 4 line 1203b of second quantum bit 1002 is connected to SQUID 1202, and the other end of λ / 4 line 1203b is connected to capacitor 1303. As shown in Fig. 2, SQUID 1102 is an element in which Josephson junction 1105a and Josephson junction 1105b are connected in a loop shape, and both ends of the element are connected to λ / 4 lines 1103a and 1103b. Similarly, the SQUID 1202 is an element in which a Josephson junction 1205a and a Josephson junction 1205b are connected in a loop shape, and both ends of the element are connected to λ / 4 lines 1203a and 1203b.

[0014] Figure 3A shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of SQUID 1102 of first quantum bit 1001 in Figure 1. Also, Figure 3B shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of SQUID 1202 of second quantum bit 1002 in Figure 1. Here, we will explain first quantum bit 1001 in Figure 3A, and omit the explanation of quantum bit 1002, which can be explained in a similar manner.

[0015] The tip of the control line 1104 branches into a first branch line 11041 and a second branch line 11042, of which the first branch line 11041 is laid out near the SQUID 1102 so as to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 1102. On the other hand, the second branch line 11042 is laid out away from the SQUID 1102 so as not to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 1102.

[0016] The control line 1104 and the λ / 4 lines 1103a and 1103b are configured as coplanar waveguides. A GND (ground) plane 1106 is present around the lines configured as coplanar waveguides. Both the first branch line 11041 and the second branch line 11042 are connected to this GND plane 1106. This branching reduces bias in the current from the control line 1104 that flows into the GND planes 1106 on both sides of the control line 1104.

[0017] In Fig. 3A, reference numeral 11031a denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 1103a, and reference numeral 11031b denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 1103b. Similarly, in Fig. 3B, reference numeral 12031a denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 1203a, and reference numeral 12031b denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 1203b. Furthermore, in Fig. 3B, reference numerals 12041 and 12042 denote the first and second branch lines of the control line 1204, and reference numeral 1206 denotes the GND plane.

[0018] Crosstalk refers to, for example, when a DC or high-frequency control signal is input from control line 1104 to first quantum bit 1001, the control signal is somehow coupled with SQUID 1202 of second quantum bit 1002, and affects second quantum bit 1002. Specifically, for example, the resonant frequency of second quantum bit 1002 changes.

[0019] In order to understand the cause of this crosstalk, a simulation was performed using electromagnetic field analysis software. Here, the simulation was performed using ANSYS HFSS manufactured by ANSYS Japan Co., Ltd. As a result of the simulation, when a 20 GHz control signal was input to the first quantum bit 1001 from the control line 1104 of the first quantum bit 1001, a strong current flowed along the λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a. Furthermore, the following results were obtained. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the current flowing through the SQUID 1102 of the first quantum bit 1001 and the current flowing through the SQUID 1202 of the second quantum bit 1002 when a 20 GHz control signal is input to the first quantum bit 1001 from the control line 1104 of the first quantum bit 1001. In the graph of FIG. 4, the horizontal axis indicates the phase of the control signal. The vertical axis indicates the magnitude of the current. As shown in FIG. 4, a current that varies sinusoidally depending on the phase flows through the SQUID 1102 of the first quantum bit 1001. The vertical axis in FIG. 4 is normalized so that the maximum value is 1. Since the SQUID 1102 of the first quantum bit 1001 is designed to be magnetically coupled to the control line 1104, the current flowing through the SQUID 1102 of the first quantum bit 1001 is an intended operation. However, as shown in FIG. 4, a current also flows through the SQUID 1202 of the second quantum bit 1002, through which no current should flow. The maximum value of the current flowing through the SQUID 1202 of the second quantum bit 1002 is 0.32, which means that a current as large as 32% of the current flowing through the SQUID 1102 of the first quantum bit 1001 flows. In other words, it is clear that the SQUID 1202 of the second quantum bit 1002 is affected by high-frequency crosstalk.

[0020] The results in Figure 4 show that when a high-frequency control signal of 20 GHz is input from the control line 1104, a high-frequency electromagnetic field propagates along the λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a. This is thought to be due to the occurrence of a potential difference in the GND planes 1106 and 1206 on both sides of the core wires 11031a, 11031b, 12031b, and 12031a of the λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a, which should be at equipotential. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is sufficient to electrically short the GND planes 1106, 1206 on both sides of the cores 11031a, 11031b, 12031b, 12031a of the λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, 1203a. Specifically, this can be achieved by installing air bridges at various points on the λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, 1203a, as described in Patent Document 1, for example. In this case, there is a method of setting the intervals at which the air bridges are installed sufficiently shorter than the wavelength of the propagating electromagnetic field. The frequency of the control signal considered here as an example is 20 GHz, so the wavelength on the silicon substrate is about 5.9 mm. It is considered to install the air bridges at intervals sufficiently shorter than that, for example, at intervals of 600 μm (about 1 / 10 of the wavelength) or less. Here, an air bridge is a structure made of a conductive material, for example, metal, that electrically connects the GND planes on both sides of the core wire. The air bridge does not come into contact with the core wire, but crosses it three-dimensionally. Therefore, the air bridge and the core wire are not electrically connected. The space between the air bridge and the core wire is generally air or vacuum. In the case of a superconducting quantum circuit, the space between the air bridge and the core wire is vacuum. However, although air bridges are generally made using semiconductor process technology, there is a possibility that dielectrics such as resist may remain around the air bridge during the process of making the air bridge.

[0021] Fig. 5 shows a chip layout in which air bridges 1107a-1107m and 1207a-1207m are placed on λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a at intervals sufficiently shorter than the wavelength corresponding to 20 GHz, based on such a concept. Fig. 6 shows a simulation result in which a 20 GHz control signal is input from control line 1104 of first quantum bit 1001 to first quantum bit 1001 in the configuration shown in Fig. 5. By providing air bridges 1107a-1107m and 1207a-1207m, the current flowing along λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, 1203a is suppressed, and as a result, as shown in Fig. 6, the current flowing through SQUID 1202 of second quantum bit 1002 is reduced to approximately 1% of the current flowing through SQUID 1102 of first quantum bit 1001. Therefore, it can be seen that high frequency crosstalk can be significantly suppressed by providing a plurality of air bridges 1107a-1107m and 1207a-1207m at intervals sufficiently shorter than the wavelength of the control signal over the entire λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, 1203a.

[0022] However, forming an air bridge over the entire λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a may reduce the quality factor (Q factor) of the quantum bit. One possible cause of this is dielectric loss due to dielectrics such as resist that remain when the air bridge is fabricated. When the quantum bit is in operation, a standing wave is generated in the quantum bit. Since this standing wave is generated over the entire quantum bit, an electric field is also generated on the λ / 4 line when the quantum bit is in operation. Therefore, when an air bridge is formed over the entire λ / 4 lines 1103a, 1103b, 1203b, and 1203a, the electric field generated on the λ / 4 line spreads to the inside of the dielectric remaining near the air bridge, and dielectric loss in the dielectric may cause a reduction in the Q factor. Therefore, an embodiment that can reduce crosstalk while suppressing a reduction in the Q factor of the quantum bit will be described.

[0023] [First embodiment] FIG. 7 is a chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit in which two superconducting circuits (oscillators) according to the first embodiment are integrated. The superconducting circuit described here is also called an oscillator because it oscillates. FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of the 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit of FIG. 7. The superconducting circuit of the first embodiment is a superconducting quantum bit, specifically, the first quantum bit 1 or the second quantum bit 2 in the equivalent circuit diagram shown in FIG. 8. The 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuits of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 have a configuration in which the first quantum bit 1 and the second quantum bit 2 are coupled via a capacitor 303. The first quantum bit 1 and the second quantum bit 2 have the same configuration.

[0024] The first quantum bit 1 has a configuration in which two distributed constant lines (transmission lines) are connected to both ends of the SQUID 102. These distributed constant lines have a length corresponding to 1 / 4 of the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency (resonant frequency) of the first quantum bit 1, and are therefore referred to as λ / 4 line 103a and λ / 4 line 103b below. When the operating frequency of the first quantum bit 1 is about 10 GHz, the length of λ / 4 line 103a and λ / 4 line 103b is about 2 to 3 mm. The control line 104 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 102. In other words, the control line 104 and the SQUID 102 are magnetically coupled in a non-contact manner due to mutual inductance. The resonant frequency of the first quantum bit 1 can be set by inputting a DC control signal from the control line 104. With a DC control signal for setting a certain resonant frequency input to control line 104, a control signal having a frequency twice the set resonant frequency can be further input to control line 104 to oscillate first quantum bit 1. The operating frequency of first quantum bit 1 (set resonant frequency) is, for example, about 10 GHz. Therefore, when operating first quantum bit 1, a signal in which a DC control signal and a high-frequency control signal of about 20 GHz are superimposed is input from control line 104. The configuration and operation method of second quantum bit 2 are similar to those of first quantum bit 1, and therefore a detailed description will be omitted.

[0025] In the configuration shown in FIG. 7, a first quantum bit 1 and a second quantum bit 2 are present on a chip 4 electrically connected to wiring on a printed circuit board 5 using a bonding wire 6. The second quantum bit 2 has a SQUID 202, a λ / 4 line 203a, and a λ / 4 line 203b. A control line 204 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 202. One end of the λ / 4 line 103a of the first quantum bit 1 is connected to one end of the SQUID 102, and the other end of the λ / 4 line 103a is connected to a capacitor 301. One end of the λ / 4 line 103b of the first quantum bit 1 is connected to the other end of the SQUID 102, and the other end of the λ / 4 line 103b is connected to a capacitor 303. Similarly, one end of λ / 4 line 203a of second quantum bit 2 is connected to one end of SQUID 202, and the other end of λ / 4 line 203a is connected to capacitor 302. In addition, one end of λ / 4 line 203b of second quantum bit 2 is connected to the other end of SQUID 202, and the other end of λ / 4 line 203b is connected to capacitor 303.

[0026] As shown in Fig. 8, SQUID 102 is an element in which Josephson junction 105a and Josephson junction 105b are connected in a loop shape, and both ends of the element are connected to λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b. Similarly, SQUID 202 is an element in which Josephson junction 205a and Josephson junction 205b are connected in a loop shape, and both ends of the element are connected to λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b. As will be described later, in this embodiment, air bridge 107 (see Fig. 7) is provided at a predetermined position for first quantum bit 1, and air bridge 207 (see Fig. 7) is provided at a predetermined position for second quantum bit 2.

[0027] Fig. 9 shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of the first quantum bit 1 in the chip layout of Fig. 7. Also, Fig. 10A shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of SQUID 102 of the first quantum bit 1 in the chip layout of Fig. 7. Also, Fig. 10B shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 in the chip layout of Fig. 7.

[0028] Here, the first quantum bit 1 will be described, and the quantum bit 2, which can be described in a similar manner, will not be described. The tip of the control line 104 is branched at a branch point 108 into a first branch line 1041 and a second branch line 1042, of which the first branch line 1041 is laid out near the SQUID 102 so as to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 102. On the other hand, the second branch line 1042 is laid out away from the SQUID 102 so as not to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 102. Specifically, the first branch line 1041 is wired along the SQUID 102, and the second branch line 1042 is wired in the opposite direction to the first branch line 1041 so as to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 102 while the second branch line 1042 is not magnetically coupled to the SQUID 102.

[0029] The control line 104 and the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b are configured as coplanar waveguides. A GND plane 106 is present around the lines configured as coplanar waveguides. Both the first branch line 1041 and the second branch line 1042 are connected to this GND plane 106.

[0030] In the figure, reference numeral 1031a denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 103a, reference numeral 1031b denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 103b, reference numeral 2031a denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 203a, and reference numeral 2031b denotes the core of the λ / 4 line 203b. Furthermore, reference numerals 2041 and 2042 denote the first and second branch lines of the control line 204, reference numeral 208 denotes the branch point, and reference numeral 206 denotes the GND plane.

[0031] The difference between the superconducting quantum bit according to the first embodiment and the superconducting quantum bit described with reference to Figures 3A and 3B is in the layout. Specifically, the superconducting quantum bit according to the first embodiment differs from the superconducting quantum bit described with reference to Figures 3A and 3B in the way in which the air bridges are arranged. As shown in Figures 9 and 10A, in the first quantum bit 1 according to the first embodiment, air bridges 107a and 107b are installed on λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only in the vicinity of the nodes of the electric field of the standing wave generated in the quantum bit when the quantum bit operates. In other words, air bridges 107a and 107b are installed on λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only in the vicinity of the nodes of the electric field of the standing wave generated when the superconducting quantum bit (oscillator) oscillates. In other words, the air bridges 107a and 107b are installed on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only near the connection points with the SQUID 102. In further words, the air bridges 107a and 107b are installed on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only near the positions farthest from the connection points with the capacitors 301 and 303. Specifically, it is preferable to install the air bridges 107a and 107b on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only at positions as close as possible to the connection points with the SQUID 102. For example, it is preferable to install the air bridges 107a and 107b on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only at positions that are 1 / 20 or less of the length of the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b from the connection points between the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b and the SQUID 102. More preferably, the air bridges 107a, 107b are provided on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b only at positions within 1 / 30 of the length of the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b from the connection point with the SQUID 102. In the example shown in Figures 9 and 10A, the air bridges 107a, 107b are provided on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b only at positions approximately 60 µm from the connection point with the SQUID 102 (in other words, positions on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b that are approximately 1 / 30 of the length of the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b from the connection point with the SQUID 102). In this embodiment, the length of the air bridge, in other words, the length from the place where one end of the air bridge is connected to the GND plane to the place where the other end of the air bridge is connected to the GND plane, is preferably as short as possible. Specifically, the length of the air bridge is preferably 1 / 10 or less of the wavelength on the chip of the high-frequency control signal input from the control line, more preferably 1 / 30 or less, and even more preferably 1 / 50 or less. For example, when the frequency of the control signal is 20 GHz, the wavelength of the control signal on the chip is about 5.9 mm, so in that case, the length of the air bridge is preferably 590 μm or less, more preferably 196 μm or less, and even more preferably 118 μm or less. Note that the preferred length of the air bridge is as described above in all embodiments and modifications other than the first embodiment described in this specification. In this embodiment, the length of the air bridge is set to 62 μm. This length is approximately 1 / 95 of the wavelength of a 20 GHz control signal on the chip. In all embodiments and modifications other than the first embodiment described in this specification, the length of the air bridge is set to 62 μm.

[0032] The standing wave generated in the first quantum bit 1 during operation of the first quantum bit 1 forms an antinode of the electric field on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b near the connection points with the capacitors 301, 303, and forms a node of the electric field on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b near the connection points with the SQUID 102. In other words, on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b, the amplitude of the electric field is largest near the connection points with the capacitors 301, 303, and the amplitude of the electric field decreases with increasing distance from the capacitors 301, 303, and the amplitude of the electric field is smallest near the connection points with the SQUID 102. In the first embodiment, the air bridges 107a, 107b are installed on the λ / 4 lines only near the nodes of the electric field of this standing wave, that is, near the places where the electric field is weakest. By doing so, most of the components of the electric field of the standing wave generated in the first quantum bit 1 during the operation of the first quantum bit 1 are far away from the air bridges 107a and 107b. Therefore, even if a dielectric such as a resist remains on the air bridges 107a and 107b, the electric field spreading in the residue can be minimized. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the dielectric loss, and as a result, there is an effect that the decrease in the Q value of the first quantum bit 1 can be suppressed. Although not explained, the air bridges 207a and 207b are also arranged in the second quantum bit 2 in the same way as the first quantum bit 1.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 9, in the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment, in addition to the air bridges 107a and 107b installed on the λ / 4 line, air bridges 107c to 107h are also installed at arbitrary positions on the control line 104. The control line 104 extends in a different direction from the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b and is far away from the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b. Therefore, even if the air bridges 107c to 107h are installed on the control line 104, they do not directly affect the Q value of the first quantum bit 1. In other words, even if the air bridges 107c to 107h are installed on the control line 104, they do not cause a decrease in the Q value of the first quantum bit 1. More specifically, the air bridges 107c to 107h are provided on the non-branched portion of the control line 104, which is a portion other than the first branch line 1041 and the second branch line 1042. In this embodiment, the control line 204 of the second quantum bit 2 is also provided with an air bridge 207c or the like.

[0034] As described above, in this embodiment, the air bridges 107a, 107b, 207a, and 207b are installed only near the nodes of the electric field on the λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b, 203a, and 203b. This makes it possible to suppress high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing the decrease in the Q value of the first quantum bit 1 and the second quantum bit 2. Here, the simulation results are shown. In the configuration of the first embodiment, FIG. 11 shows the results of a simulation in which a 20 GHz control signal is input to the first quantum bit 1 from the control line 104 of the first quantum bit 1. As shown in FIG. 11, the current flowing through the SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 is 1% or less of the current flowing through the SQUID 102 of the first quantum bit 1. From this, the use of the superconducting circuit of the first embodiment has the effect of significantly reducing high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing the decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit.

[0035] The above-mentioned superconducting circuit, that is, the oscillator, can also be described as follows. The oscillator has a SQUID, a transmission line (distributed constant line) connected to the SQUID, a GND plane, and a connection circuit. Here, the connection circuit is a circuit that connects the GND planes on both sides of the transmission line, and corresponds to the above-mentioned air bridge that connects the GND planes across the transmission line. This connection circuit is provided at a position corresponding to the vicinity of a node of the electric field of the standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates. With this configuration, it is possible to reduce crosstalk while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit. In order to reduce crosstalk, a connection circuit (air bridge) may also be provided for a control line that is magnetically coupled to the SQUID and through which a control signal is input. That is, the oscillator may further have a connection circuit that connects the GND planes on both sides of the control line (a circuit such as the air bridge 107c that connects the GND planes across the control line).

[0036] [Second embodiment] Next, the second embodiment will be described. Note that the description of the same components as those in the first embodiment will be omitted as appropriate. FIG. 12 is a chip layout of a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit in which two superconducting circuits (oscillators) according to the second embodiment are integrated. The chip layout shown in FIG. 12 differs from that of the first embodiment in the configuration near the SQUID 102 and the SQUID 202. This difference will be described later using an enlarged view. The superconducting circuit of the second embodiment is a superconducting quantum bit, and the equivalent circuit diagram is the same as that of FIG. 8, so the description of the equivalent circuit diagram will be omitted here. The chip layout shown in FIG. 12 is a 2-bit distributed constant type superconducting quantum circuit configured by coupling two quantum bits according to the second embodiment via a capacitor 303.

[0037] The difference between the superconducting quantum bit according to the second embodiment and the superconducting quantum bit according to the first embodiment is in the arrangement of the air bridges. FIG. 13 shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of the first quantum bit 1 in the chip layout of FIG. 12. As shown in FIG. 13, in the superconducting circuit according to the second embodiment, air bridges 107a and 107b are installed on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b only at locations as close as possible to the connection points with the SQUID 102, and air bridges 107c to 107h are also installed on the control line 104, as in the first embodiment. However, the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that certain restrictions are imposed on the positions of the air bridges 107a and 107b installed on the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b. This will be explained. FIG. 14 shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of the SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 in the chip layout of FIG. 12. The positions of air bridges 107 a and 107 b for the first quantum bit 1 are similar to the positions of air bridges 207 a and 207 b for the second quantum bit 2 .

[0038] The air bridges 207a and 207b in the first embodiment do not have to be disposed at equal distances from the branch point 208 of the control line 204 as in FIG. 10B. In the second embodiment, the air bridges 207a and 207b are disposed at equal distances from the branch point 208 of the control line 204 as in FIG. 14. In other words, the air bridges 207a and 207b are disposed at the respective end points of the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042, which have the same length, that is, at the grounding point of the first branch line 2041 with the GND plane 206 and the grounding point of the second branch line 2042 with the GND plane 206. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 14, in the second embodiment, the air bridges 207a and 207b are disposed at two locations on the λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b that are equal distances from the branch point 208 of the control line 204. Although the air bridges 207a and 207b are described as being at equal distances here, this is an ideal case, and in reality, a manufacturing error of ±10% or less is allowed. That is, the difference between the two may be 10% or less of the length of either one. Thus, in this embodiment, the installation positions of the air bridges 207a and 207b may be approximately the same distance from the branch point 208. In the first embodiment, the placement of the air bridges 207a and 207b on the λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b near the connection points with the SQUID 202 is specified only to be placed as close to the SQUID 202 as possible. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 10B, the positions of the two air bridges 207a and 207b on the λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b near the connection points with the SQUID 202 do not necessarily have to be equidistant from the branch point 208 of the control line 204. This is the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment.

[0039] Here, the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 are arranged so that the current flowing through the first branch line 2041 and the current flowing through the second branch line 2042 are equal in amount and in opposite directions. Specifically, as shown in the figure, the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 are configured symmetrically. The first branch line 2041 is wired along the SQUID 202, and the second branch line 2042 is wired in the opposite direction to the first branch line 2041. Therefore, the first branch line 2041 is configured to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 202, while the second branch line 2042 is configured not to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 202. More specifically, for example, as shown in FIG. 14, the control line 204 is a T-shaped line, and the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 branched at the branch point 208 are aligned in a straight line. That is, the angle between the first branch line 2041 and the non-branched portion of the control line 204 is 90 degrees, the angle between the second branch line 2042 and the non-branched portion of the control line 204 is 90 degrees, and the angle between the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 is 180 degrees. These angles are ideal values, and in reality, manufacturing errors of ±10% or less of these angles are allowed.

[0040] As shown in Fig. 14, the positional relationship between the SQUID 202, the λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b, and the control line 204 is, for example, as follows. The λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b and the SQUID 202 are arranged in a first direction (vertical direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 202. The first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 are also wired in this first direction (vertical direction in the drawing). The non-branched portion of the control line 204 extends in a second direction (horizontal direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 202, and extends from the branch point 208 so as to move away from the SQUID 202. In other words, the non-branched portion of the control line 204 is wired on the opposite side to the SQUID 202 with respect to the branch point 208. The first branch line 2041 is located at a position facing the SQUID 202 , but the second branch line 2042 is located at a position not facing the SQUID 202 .

[0041] The aim of the second embodiment in the above-mentioned configuration will be described later. First, FIG. 15 shows the simulation result when a 20 GHz control signal is input to the first quantum bit 1 from the control line 104 of the first quantum bit 1 in the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 15, when a 20 GHz high-frequency control signal is input from the control line 104 of the first quantum bit 1, the current flowing through the SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 is 1% or less of the current flowing through the SQUID 102 of the first quantum bit 1. That is, it can be seen that the second embodiment can significantly suppress high-frequency crosstalk, similar to the first embodiment. From this, the second embodiment has the effect of suppressing high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit, similar to the first embodiment.

[0042] [Additional Effects of the Second Embodiment] Next, the aim of the second embodiment will be described. Thus far, a means for suppressing crosstalk when a high-frequency control signal such as 20 GHz is input from a control line has been described, but in an experiment, crosstalk was also observed when a DC control signal was input from a control line. The cause of this is considered to be that, for example, the SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 senses the magnetic field generated when the DC control signal flows through the GND plane after flowing through the control line 104 of the first quantum bit 1. In other words, the mechanism of occurrence (in other words, the path and manner of propagation of the current that causes crosstalk) is considered to be different from the high-frequency crosstalk propagating along the λ / 4 line described so far. The second embodiment is an embodiment that aims to suppress not only the high-frequency crosstalk described so far, but also DC crosstalk (more precisely, crosstalk generated by current flowing through the GND plane). This will be described in detail below.

[0043] Fig. 16A is a diagram showing the layout of second quantum bit 1002 in the quantum circuit shown in Fig. 1, that is, second quantum bit 1002 when an air bridge is not provided, and Fig. 16B is its equivalent circuit diagram. Fig. 16C is a diagram showing the layout of second quantum bit 2 in the second embodiment, and Fig. 16D is its equivalent circuit diagram. As shown in Figs. 16C and 16D, in the second embodiment, air bridges 207a and 207b are placed on λ / 4 lines 203a and 203b near the connection points with SQUID 202 so as to be equidistant from branch point 208 of control line 204. As a result, a superconducting loop 209 (loop circuit shown by dotted lines in FIG. 16C and FIG. 16D) of GND plane 206-air bridge 207a-GND plane 206-second branch line 2042-first branch line 2041-GND plane 206-air bridge 207b-GND plane 206 is formed so as to surround the outside of SQUID 202. That is, superconducting loop 209 is a superconductor circuit using GND plane 206, air bridges 207a and 207b, first branch line 2041, and second branch line 2042. The superconducting loop is also called a superconducting loop circuit. In this way, the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 of the control line 204 are arranged on the superconducting loop 209. A characteristic of superconductivity is that the magnetic flux penetrating the inside of the superconducting loop must be preserved. In the second embodiment, this characteristic of superconductivity is utilized. Although not particularly limited in the first embodiment, in this embodiment, the air bridges 207a and 207b, the GND plane 206, and the control line 204 are superconductors for the second quantum bit 2. This is also true for the first quantum bit 1.

[0044] 17A and 17B are diagrams for explaining the operation of a second quantum bit 1002 in which no air bridge is provided. Fig. 17A is a diagram for explaining the operation when setting the resonant frequency of quantum bit 1002, and Fig. 17B is a diagram for explaining the operation of quantum bit 1002 when a DC current that causes crosstalk flows in GND plane 1206.

[0045] 17A, in the case of a quantum bit 1002 without an air bridge, the resonant frequency of the quantum bit 1002 is controlled as follows. That is, when a DC control current (control signal) I0 is input from a control line 1204, I0 is branched into I1 and I2 by a first branch line 12041 and a second branch line 12042. As a result, a part of the magnetic flux G1 generated by I1 passes through the loop of the SQUID 1202. A unique property of SQUIDs is that the magnetic flux passing through the SQUID loop must be an integer multiple of the magnetic flux quantum. For this reason, if the magnetic flux G1 generated by I1 that passes through the loop of the SQUID 1202 is not exactly an integer multiple of the magnetic flux quantum, a circular current flows through the SQUID 1202 so that the magnetic flux passing through the loop of the SQUID 1202 becomes an integer multiple of the magnetic flux quantum in total. The magnetic flux generated by this circular current is indicated by the symbol G3 in the figure. The symbol G2 indicates the magnetic flux generated by I2. In contrast, when the magnetic flux G1 generated by I1 that passes through the loop of the SQUID 1202 is exactly an integer multiple of the magnetic flux quantum, no circular current flows through the SQUID 1202. By changing the magnitude and direction of the control current I0, the magnitude and direction of I1 also change, and the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux G1 generated by I1 that passes through the loop of the SQUID 1202 can be changed, and therefore the magnitude and direction of the circular current flowing through the SQUID 1202 can be changed. In this way, the circular current flowing through the SQUID 1202, i.e., the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through the Josephson junctions 1205a and 1205b, can be controlled by the magnitude and direction of the control current I0. Since the equivalent inductance of a Josephson junction can be controlled by the magnitude of the current flowing through the Josephson junction, the equivalent inductance of Josephson junctions 1205a and 1205b can be controlled by changing the magnitude and direction of control current I0, and therefore the effective inductance of SQUID 1202 can be controlled, thereby controlling the resonant frequency of second quantum bit 1002.In other words, by changing the effective inductance of the SQUID 1202, the total inductance of the second quantum bit 1002 consisting of the SQUID 1202 and the λ / 4 lines 1203a and 1203b can be changed, and the resonant frequency of the second quantum bit 1002 can be changed. On the other hand, since I2 and the SQUID 1202 are separated, the magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 hardly penetrates the loop of the SQUID 1202. Here, since the superconductor has the property of perfect diamagnetism, the magnetic field cannot penetrate the superconductor. Therefore, the magnetic field can only penetrate where there is no superconductor. Therefore, the magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 mainly penetrates the gap between the core wires 12031a and 12031b of the λ / 4 lines 1203a and 1203b and the GND plane 1206, and the magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 does not have any effect on the SQUID 1202. The operation described so far is exactly what we intended.

[0046] On the other hand, referring to FIG. 17B, consider the case where a DC current causing crosstalk flows in the GND plane 1206 in the quantum bit 1002 where no air bridge is provided. For example, in the 2-bit distributed constant type quantum circuit of FIG. 1, it is assumed that a DC control current input to the first quantum bit 1001 flows from the control line 1104 to the GND plane 1106 and then flows to the GND plane 1206. When a DC current IR1 causing crosstalk flows in the GND plane 1206 as shown in FIG. 17B, a part of the magnetic flux G4 generated by IR1 passes through the loop of the SQUID 1202. According to the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux passing through the loop of the SQUID 1202, a circular current flows in the SQUID 1202 as described above, and a current flows through the Josephson junctions 1205a and 1205b. Therefore, the effective inductance of SQUID 1202 fluctuates due to current IR1, which in turn fluctuates the resonant frequency of second quantum bit 1002. This is the mechanism of DC crosstalk, and such DC crosstalk can be observed in second quantum bit 1002 when a DC control current is input to first quantum bit 1001, and has been observed in experiments. In FIG. 17B, the magnetic flux generated by the circular current is indicated by the symbol G5.

[0047] In contrast, the operation of the second quantum bit 2 of the second embodiment will be described below. Figures 18A and 18B are diagrams for explaining the operation of the second quantum bit 2 of the second embodiment. Figure 18A is a diagram for explaining the operation when setting the resonant frequency of the second quantum bit 2, and Figure 18B is a diagram for explaining the operation of the quantum bit 2 when a DC current that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane 206.

[0048] First, referring to FIG. 18A, the resonant frequency of the second quantum bit 2 of the second embodiment is controlled as follows. That is, when a DC control current I0 is supplied from the control line 204, I0 is branched into I1 and I2 by the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042. As a result, a part of the magnetic flux G1 generated by I1 passes through the loop of the SQUID 202. According to the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux passing through the loop of the SQUID 202, a circular current flows through the SQUID 202 as described above, and a current flows through the Josephson junctions 205a and 205b. Therefore, by changing the magnitude and direction of the control current I0, the effective inductance of the SQUID 202 can be controlled, and thereby the resonant frequency of the second quantum bit 2 can be controlled. The magnetic flux generated by this circular current is indicated by the symbol G3 in the figure. On the other hand, since I2 and the SQUID 202 are separated, the magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 hardly penetrates the loop of the SQUID 202. The magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 mainly penetrates the gap between the core wires 2031a, 2031b of the λ / 4 lines 203a, 203b and the GND plane 206, so it does not have any effect on the SQUID 202. In the second embodiment, the air bridges 207a, 207b near the connection points with the SQUID 202 on the λ / 4 lines 203a, 203b are installed at equal distances from the branch point 208 of the control line 204, so that the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 have the same shape and the same inductance. As described above, there is a characteristic unique to superconductivity that the magnetic flux penetrating the inside of the superconducting loop 209 must be conserved. However, I1 and I2 have the same magnitude but opposite directions, so the magnetic flux G1 (magnetic flux = current × inductance) generated by I1 in the area inside superconducting loop 209 and the magnetic flux G2 generated by I2 are equal and opposite in direction, so they cancel each other out. For this reason, the magnetic flux in the area inside superconducting loop 209 remains zero. Therefore, no shielding current is generated in superconducting loop 209 even when a control current is input. Therefore, the resonant frequency is not set to an unintended frequency.

[0049] On the other hand, with reference to FIG. 18B, consider the case where a DC current causing crosstalk flows in the GND plane 206 in the second quantum bit 2 of the second embodiment. When a DC current IR1 causing crosstalk flows in the GND plane 206 as shown in FIG. 18B, a part of the magnetic flux G4 generated by IR1 penetrates the loop of the SQUID 202. However, as described above, there is a characteristic specific to superconductivity that the magnetic flux inside the superconducting loop 209 must be conserved, so a shielding current IS1 flows as shown in FIG. 18B. That is, the shielding current IS1 flows through the path of the GND plane 206, the air bridge 207b, the GND plane 206, the first branch line 2041, the second branch line 2042, the GND plane 206, the air bridge 207a, and the GND plane 206. The magnetic flux G6 generated inside the superconducting loop 209 by the shielding current IS1 is completely canceled out by the magnetic flux generated inside the superconducting loop 209 by the current IR1. This is because, as described above, there is a characteristic of superconductivity that the magnetic flux in the superconducting loop must be conserved. A part of the magnetic flux G6 generated by the shielding current IS1 penetrates the loop of the SQUID 202. The magnetic flux G4 generated in the loop of the SQUID 202 by the current IR1 causing crosstalk and the magnetic flux G6 generated in the loop of the SQUID 202 by the shielding current IS1 are in the opposite direction. Therefore, in the loop of the SQUID 202, the magnetic flux G4 generated by the current IR1 causing crosstalk and the magnetic flux G6 generated by the shielding current IS1 cancel each other out, so that the magnetic flux penetrating the loop of the SQUID 202 becomes zero or very small. At least, due to the effect of the shielding current IS1, the magnetic flux penetrating the loop of the SQUID 202 becomes smaller than the magnetic flux penetrating the loop of the SQUID 202 among the magnetic flux generated by IR1 causing crosstalk. As a result, the effect of the shielding current IS1 can suppress the fluctuation in the effective inductance of SQUID 202 due to current IR1, which causes crosstalk, that is, the fluctuation in the resonant frequency of second quantum bit 2. In other words, DC crosstalk can be suppressed.

[0050] In this way, the second embodiment can not only suppress high-frequency crosstalk propagating along the λ / 4 line while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit, but also suppress DC crosstalk caused by DC current propagating through the GND plane.

[0051] It is preferable that the control line 204 is arranged so that a shielding current does not flow in the superconducting loop 209 due to the control current (control signal) of the control line. That is, as in this embodiment, it is preferable that the control line 204 is arranged so that two types of magnetic fluxes having the same magnitude but opposite directions pass through the superconducting loop 209 due to the control current (control signal) flowing through the control line 204. It is not necessary that the magnitudes of these two types of magnetic fluxes are completely the same, and an error is allowed. That is, these two types of magnetic fluxes may be magnetic fluxes having approximately the same magnitude. For example, the difference between the two may be 10% or less of the magnitude of either one. However, although a configuration in which two types of magnetic fluxes having approximately the same magnitude but opposite directions pass through the superconducting loop 209 is a preferable configuration for suppressing the influence of the current IR1 that causes crosstalk, it is not necessarily a required configuration. Therefore, a superconducting circuit that can achieve the above-mentioned effects, that is, an oscillator, can also be expressed as follows. The oscillator has a SQUID, a transmission line (distributed constant line) connected to the SQUID, a GND plane, and a connection circuit. Here, two transmission lines are connected to the SQUID, one transmission line is connected to one end of the SQUID, and the other transmission line is connected to the other end of the SQUID. The connection circuit is a circuit that connects the GND planes on both sides of the transmission line, and is provided for each of the two transmission lines. This connection circuit is provided near a node of the electric field of the standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates. The oscillator is provided with a superconducting loop circuit using the GND plane and the connection circuit so as to surround the SQUID. With this configuration, it is possible to suppress high-frequency crosstalk propagating along the λ / 4 line while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit, and also to suppress DC crosstalk caused by DC current propagating through the GND plane.

[0052] Incidentally, the inventors performed a simulation on the position of the air bridge provided on the control line 104 in this embodiment. The following describes the results of the simulation on the position of the air bridge provided on the control line 104. In this simulation, a single air bridge was provided on the control line in the second embodiment. In particular, the simulation examined how the crosstalk suppression effect changes when the position of the air bridge provided on the control line is changed. In the following description, the simulation on the first quantum bit is described, and a description of the simulation on the second quantum bit, which provides similar results, is omitted.

[0053] FIG. 19 is a diagram showing six types of configurations for which a simulation was performed. FIG. 19 shows six types of configuration examples in the second embodiment, in which the number of air bridges installed on the control line is one. These six configuration examples differ in the distance from the branch point 108 of the control line 104 to the air bridge 107c on the control line 104. Specifically, the simulation was performed for six types of cases in which the distance on the control line 104 from the branch point 108 to the air bridge 107c is about λ / 4 (case 1), about λ / 6 (case 2), about λ / 10 (case 3), about λ / 20 (case 4), about λ / 50 (case 5), and about λ / 100 (case 6). Here, λ is the wavelength on the chip of the 20 GHz signal input from the control line 104, and in this embodiment, λ is about 5.9 mm. In this simulation, we investigated what percentage of the current flowing through SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 is the current flowing through SQUID 102 of the first quantum bit 1 when a 20 GHz control signal is input to control line 104 of the first quantum bit 1. The larger this percentage value, the greater the effect of crosstalk, and the smaller this percentage value, the smaller the effect of crosstalk (i.e., the greater the crosstalk suppression effect).

[0054] The results of the simulation are shown in FIG. 20. FIG. 20 shows the results for the six types of cases described above in a graph. In the graph of FIG. 20, the horizontal axis represents the distance (in mm) from the branch point 108 of the control line 104 to the air bridge 107c installed on the control line 104 divided by the wavelength (5.9 mm) of the 20 GHz signal on the chip. Also, in FIG. 20, the vertical axis represents the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the current flowing through the SQUID 202 of the second quantum bit 2 to the current flowing through the SQUID 102 of the first quantum bit 1. The points plotted in FIG. 20 correspond to the above-mentioned cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, from the right.

[0055] As shown by the results in FIG. 20, in the second embodiment, when only one air bridge is installed on the control line, the crosstalk suppression effect is higher when the air bridge is installed farther from the branch point of the control line than when it is closer to the branch point of the control line. It is noted from FIG. 20 that, in order to suppress the crosstalk to less than 10%, it is preferable that the distance from the air bridge installed on the control line to the branch point of the control line is 1 / 20 or more of the wavelength of the control signal (the value of the horizontal axis in FIG. 20 is 0.05 or more). In view of the above, the following can be said. When only one air bridge is installed on the control line, in order to enhance the crosstalk suppression effect, the longer the distance from the air bridge installed on the control line to the branch point of the control line, the more preferable. For example, it is preferable that the distance from the air bridge installed on the control line to the branch point of the control line is 1 / 20 or more of the wavelength on the chip of the high-frequency control signal (a control signal having a frequency twice the operating frequency of the quantum bit) input from the control line. In other words, it is preferable that the distance on the control line from this air bridge to the branch point is 1 / 20 or more of the wavelength of the control signal. More preferably, the distance from the air bridge installed on the control line to the branch point of the control line is 1 / 10 or more of this wavelength. Note that in the second embodiment, the number of air bridges installed on the control line may be two or more. Note that the above-mentioned positions of the air bridges installed on the control line may be adopted in the first embodiment.

[0056] [First Modification of the Second Embodiment] In the second embodiment, the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 have the same shape and the same inductance. However, even if the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 do not have the same shape, the same effect as that of the second embodiment can be obtained. In other words, even if the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042 do not have the same inductance, two types of magnetic fluxes having the same magnitude but opposite directions can be made to penetrate the superconducting loop 209 by the control current (control signal) flowing through the control line 204. That is, the same effect as that of the second embodiment can be obtained by other configurations. As an example of such a modified example of the second embodiment, for example, consider a case in which the air bridges 207a and 207b are installed at equal distances from the branch point 208 of the control line 204, but the line width of the second branch line 2042 is wider than that of the first branch line 2041. That is, consider a case where the inductance L2 of the second branch line 2042 is smaller than the inductance L1 of the first branch line 2041. In this case, the control current I0 input from the control line 204 is divided into a current I1 flowing through the first branch line 2041 and a current I2 flowing through the second branch line 2042, but the currents are divided in a ratio of the reciprocal of the inductance. That is, I1:I2=L2:L1. Therefore, I1L1=I2L2. Therefore, the magnetic flux I1L1 (the product of I1 and L1) generated by the current I1 flowing through the first branch line 2041 (inductance L1) and the magnetic flux I2L2 (the product of I2 and L2) generated by the current I2 flowing through the second branch line 2042 (inductance L2) are equal regardless of the values ​​of L1 and L2. Here, air bridges 207a and 207b are arranged at the location where first branch line 2041 is grounded to GND and the location where second branch line 2042 is grounded, i.e., at the terminal positions of each branch line, so that the magnetic fluxes penetrating the inside of superconducting loop 209 generated by the control current are magnetic flux I1L1 and magnetic flux I2L2. Therefore, the magnetic flux (magnetic flux = current × inductance) generated by I1 and the magnetic flux generated by I2 in the area inside superconducting loop 209 are equal in amount and in opposite directions, and therefore cancel each other out.For this reason, as described above, there is a characteristic of superconductivity that the magnetic flux penetrating the inside of superconducting loop 209 must be preserved, but the magnetic flux in the area inside superconducting loop 209 is preserved as zero. Therefore, when a control current is input, no shielding current caused by the control current is generated in superconducting loop 209, and therefore there is no effect on the setting of the resonant frequency.

[0057] [Second Modification of the Second Embodiment] FIG. 21 is a layout of a superconducting circuit according to the second modified example. FIG. 22 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a superconducting circuit according to the second modified example. The superconducting circuit according to this modified example can be used as a superconducting quantum bit, as in the above-mentioned embodiment. Here, as in the description of the above-mentioned embodiment, the configuration of one quantum bit will be specifically described with reference to the drawings, and the description of other quantum bits having a similar configuration will be omitted. Also, the description of the similar configuration of the second embodiment will be omitted as appropriate, and the differences will be specifically described. In the above-mentioned embodiment, the terminal side of the control line 204 is branched, and the two terminals of the control line 204 are respectively connected to the GND planes 206 present on both sides of the control line 204. In contrast, in this modified example, the terminal side of the control line 204 is not branched, and the terminal of the control line 204 is connected only to one of the GND planes 206 present on both sides of the control line 204. That is, in this modified example, the control line 204 is a single line without any branching. The terminal end of the control line 204 is wired along the SQUID 202 so that the control line 204 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 202. In the example shown in the figure, the control line 204 is an L-shaped line, and more specifically, has the following configuration. That is, the control line 204 in FIG. 21 is an L-shaped line having a portion that extends in a first direction (up and down direction in the drawing) along the SQUID 202 and a portion that extends in a second direction (left and right direction in the drawing). That is, the control line 204 in FIG. 21 is bent at 90 degrees near the SQUID 202, and the portion of the control line 204 that extends in the second direction extends in a direction away from the SQUID 202.

[0058] In the superconducting quantum bit according to this modification, a superconducting loop 209 is formed by air bridges 207a, 207b, and 207c so as to surround the outside of SQUID 202. That is, in this modification, superconducting loop 209 is a superconductor circuit using GND plane 206 and air bridges 207a, 207b, and 207c. In the configuration shown in FIG. 21, similarly to the first or second embodiment, air bridges 207a and 207b are provided in close proximity to SQUID 202. Air bridge 207a is a superconductor connection circuit connecting GND planes 206 on both sides of λ / 4 line 203a, and air bridge 207b is a superconductor connection circuit connecting GND planes 206 on both sides of λ / 4 line 203b. Air bridge 207c is a superconductor connection circuit connecting GND planes 206 on both sides of control line 204.

[0059] In this modification, similarly to the first and second embodiments, air bridges 207a, 207b are provided on λ / 4 lines 203a, 203b only at locations as close as possible to the connection points with SQUID 202. Therefore, in this modification, too, it is possible to obtain the effects described in the first and second embodiments, that is, the effect of reducing high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit.

[0060] In addition, in this modified example, the outside of the SQUID 202 is surrounded by the superconducting loop 209, so that the effect described in the second embodiment can be obtained, that is, the effect of suppressing crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane by the action of the shielding current.

[0061] Here, in the second embodiment, a superconducting loop circuit is formed using the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042, but in this modified example, such a superconducting loop circuit is not formed. Even if a superconducting loop circuit is formed using the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042, theoretically, as described above, no shielding current caused by the control current flowing through the control line 204 is generated. However, if a shielding current caused by the control current occurs due to some reason, there is a risk that the magnetic flux caused by the shielding current will act greatly on the SQUID 202. This is because there is a large mutual inductance between the first branch line 2041 and the SQUID 202 that are linearly configured. If the magnetic flux caused by this shielding current acts on the SQUID 202, it will be hindered from setting the resonant frequency to an intended value. Also, if the magnetic flux generated by the control current flowing through the second branch line 2042 penetrates the loop of the SQUID 202 for some reason, the resonant frequency is prevented from being set to the intended value. In contrast, in this modification, the superconducting loop 209 surrounding the SQUID 202 does not use the first branch line 2041 and the second branch line 2042. That is, as described above, the superconducting loop 209 consisting of the GND plane 206 and the air bridges 207a, 207b, and 207c surrounds the SQUID 202. Therefore, compared to the configuration shown in the second embodiment, it is possible to suppress the resonant frequency from being prevented from being set to the intended value. Also, by not branching the control line 204, the control current contributing to the application of the magnetic flux to the SQUID 202 can be increased compared to the case where the control line 204 is branched.

[0062] [Third embodiment] FIG. 23 is a layout of the superconducting circuit of the third embodiment. FIG. 24 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the superconducting circuit of the third embodiment. The superconducting circuit of the third embodiment is a superconducting quantum bit, as in the above-mentioned embodiment. In the description of this embodiment, as in the description of the above-mentioned embodiment, the configuration of one quantum bit is specifically described with reference to the drawings, and the description of other quantum bits having the same configuration is omitted. This also applies to the description of other embodiments, etc., described below, unless otherwise specified. The equivalent circuit diagram of FIG. 24 is similar to the equivalent circuit diagram of the first quantum bit 1 or the second quantum bit 2 in FIG. 8, except that the configuration of the control line is different. Specifically, in the superconducting quantum bit according to the third embodiment, unlike the superconducting quantum bits according to the first and second embodiments, the control line 104 is not branched. In the superconducting quantum bit according to the third embodiment, a superconducting loop 109 is formed so as to surround the outside of the SQUID 102 by air bridges 107a, 107b, and 107c. That is, in this embodiment, the superconducting loop 109 is a superconductor circuit using the GND plane 106 and the air bridges 107a, 107b, and 107c. The control line 104 is shaped so that it goes from the outside of the superconducting loop 109 to the inside of the superconducting loop 109, turns back inside the superconducting loop 109, and goes out to the outside of the superconducting loop 109 again. That is, in this embodiment, the control line 104 is wired in a U-shape so as to turn back near the SQUID 102. In this embodiment, the air bridges 107a and 107b are provided in the vicinity of the SQUID 102, as in the first or second embodiment. In this embodiment, the air bridge 107c connects the GND plane 106 across the control line 104, as in the first and second embodiments. However, in this embodiment, the air bridge 107c is a connection circuit made of a superconductor that connects the GND planes 106 on both sides of the outgoing and returning paths of the U-shaped control line 104.

[0063] 23, the positional relationship between the SQUID 102, the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b, and the control line 104 is, for example, as follows: The λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b and the SQUID 102 are aligned in a first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 102. The control line 104 extends in a second direction (the horizontal direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 102 and turns back near the SQUID 102. In other words, the control line 104 is wired on the opposite side to the SQUID 102 with the turn-back portion as a reference.

[0064] In the third embodiment, similarly to the first and second embodiments, air bridges 107a, 107b are provided on λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b only at locations as close as possible to the connection points with SQUID 102. Therefore, in the third embodiment, the effect described in the first and second embodiments can be obtained, that is, the effect of reducing high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit.

[0065] Also, in the third embodiment, the structure is such that the outside of the SQUID 102 is surrounded by the superconducting loop 109, so that the effect described in the second embodiment, that is, the effect of suppressing crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane by the action of the shielding current, can be obtained. Also, as shown in FIG. 23, when the control current I0 is supplied from the control line 104 to control the quantum bit, the magnetic flux generated by I0 is equal in amount and in opposite directions on the right and left sides of the control line 104. Therefore, the magnetic fluxes G0a and G0b generated by I0 inside the superconducting loop 109 can be made zero or very small in total. Therefore, when the control current I0 is input from the control line 104, the shielding current generated in the superconducting loop can be made zero or very small. Therefore, there is no effect on the setting of the resonant frequency.

[0066] [Fourth embodiment] FIG. 25 is a layout of the superconducting circuit of the fourth embodiment. FIG. 26 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the superconducting circuit of the fourth embodiment. The superconducting circuit of the fourth embodiment is a superconducting quantum bit, as in the above-mentioned embodiment. In the description of this embodiment, as in the description of the above-mentioned embodiment, the configuration of one quantum bit is specifically described with reference to the drawings, and the description of other quantum bits having the same configuration is omitted. The equivalent circuit diagram of FIG. 26 is similar to the equivalent circuit diagram of the first quantum bit 1 or the second quantum bit 2 in FIG. 8 except that the configuration of the control line is different. Specifically, in the superconducting quantum bit according to the fourth embodiment, unlike the superconducting quantum bits according to the first and second embodiments, the control line 104 is not branched. In the superconducting quantum bit according to the fourth embodiment, a superconducting loop 109 is formed so as to surround the outside of the SQUID 102 by air bridges 107a, 107b, 107c, and 107d. That is, in this embodiment, the superconducting loop 109 is a superconducting circuit using the GND plane 106 and the air bridges 107a, 107b, 107c, and 107d. The control line 104 is shaped so as to go from the outside of the superconducting loop 109 to the inside of the superconducting loop 109 and then go out to the outside of the superconducting loop 109. That is, in this embodiment, the control line 104 is wired in a straight line, crossing one of the two transmission lines (λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b) connected to the SQUID 102 in a three-dimensional manner. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 25, an air bridge 107e is provided in the middle of the control line 104 to cross the λ / 4 line 103b. That is, the control line 104 and the λ / 4 line 103b cross each other in a three-dimensional manner due to the air bridge 107e. In this embodiment, air bridges 107a and 107b are provided in close proximity to SQUID 102, similar to the first and second embodiments. In this embodiment, air bridges 107c and 107d connect GND planes 106 on both sides of control line 104 across control line 104, similar to the first and second embodiments. Air bridges 107c and 107d are provided on both sides of the position where control line 104 and λ / 4 line 103b intersect at an intersection.

[0067] 25, the positional relationship between the SQUID 102, the λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b, and the control line 104 is, for example, as follows: The λ / 4 lines 103a and 103b and the SQUID 102 are aligned in a first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 102. The control line 104 extends in a second direction (the horizontal direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 102, crossing the λ / 4 line 103b in a multilevel intersection. In other words, the control line 104 is wired across the transmission line in a direction that crosses the direction in which the transmission line and the SQUIDs are aligned.

[0068] In the fourth embodiment, similarly to the first, second, and third embodiments, air bridges 107a, 107b are provided on λ / 4 lines 103a, 103b only at locations as close as possible to the connection points with SQUID 102. Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the effect described in the first, second, and third embodiments can be obtained, that is, the effect of reducing high-frequency crosstalk while suppressing a decrease in the Q value of the quantum bit.

[0069] Also, in the fourth embodiment, since the outside of the SQUID 102 is surrounded by the superconducting loop 109, the effect described in the second and third embodiments, that is, the effect of suppressing crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane by the action of the shielding current, can be obtained. Also, as shown in FIG. 25, when the control current I0 is supplied from the control line 104 to control the quantum bit, the magnetic flux generated by I0 is equal and opposite on the right and left sides of the control line 104. Therefore, the magnetic fluxes G0a and G0b generated by I0 inside the superconducting loop 109 can be zero or very small in total. Therefore, when the control current I0 is input from the control line 104, the shielding current generated in the superconducting loop can be zero or very small. Therefore, there is no effect on the setting of the resonant frequency.

[0070] [Other configurations] In the first, second, third, and fourth embodiments, an air bridge is used as a connection circuit for electrically shorting the GND planes on both sides of the core of the λ / 4 line, but any conductor may be used as the material of the air bridge. However, in order to make the potentials of the GND planes on both sides of the core as equal as possible, a conductor with a small electrical resistance is preferable, and a material that becomes a superconductor at the temperature (about 10 mK) at which the quantum circuit is operated is most preferable. Note that, in order to obtain the effect of suppressing DC crosstalk using the shielding current, a superconducting loop circuit made of a superconductor is necessary, so the air bridge and the GND planes that constitute the superconducting loop circuit must be superconductors. Examples of materials that become superconductors at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated include aluminum (Al), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and alloys containing these. Also, instead of an air bridge, a bonding wire may be used to electrically short the GNDs on both sides of the λ / 4 line or the control line. Any material may be used for the bonding wires as long as they are conductive, but a conductive material with a small electrical resistance is preferable, and a material that becomes a superconductor at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated is most preferable. Even when using a bonding wire, the bonding wire must be a superconductor in order to obtain the effect of suppressing DC crosstalk using the shielding current. Examples of materials that become a superconductor at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated include aluminum (Al). Also, instead of an air bridge, the following connection circuit may be used. That is, a structure in which TSVs (Through Silicon Via) are formed on the GND planes on both sides of the core of the λ / 4 line, and wiring is formed on the back side of the chip to electrically connect these TSVs may be used as the connection circuit. With such a structure, it is possible to realize a connection circuit that crosses the core of the λ / 4 line in a three-dimensional manner without contacting the core of the λ / 4 line. Any material may be used for the TSVs and the wiring on the back side of the chip as long as it is conductive. However, in order to make the potentials of the GND planes on both sides of the core wire as equal as possible, a conductor with low electrical resistance is preferable, and a material that becomes a superconductor at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated (approximately 10 mK) is most preferable.In order to obtain the effect of suppressing DC crosstalk using the shielding current, a superconducting loop circuit made of a superconductor is necessary, so the TSVs constituting the superconducting loop circuit, the wiring on the back side of the chip, and the GND plane must be superconductors. Examples of materials that become superconductors at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated include aluminum (Al), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and alloys containing these. In addition, in a configuration in which a chip on which a quantum circuit is formed is flip-chip connected to a substrate such as an interposer, bumps for connecting the chip and the substrate and wiring on the substrate may be used instead of using an air bridge. That is, the GND planes on both sides of the λ / 4 line or control line on the chip may be electrically short-circuited by the bumps and wiring on the substrate. In this case, the materials for the bumps and wiring on the substrate may be any conductive material, but a conductive material with a smaller electrical resistance is preferable, and a material that is a superconductor at the temperature at which the quantum circuit is operated is most preferable. Materials that become superconductors at the temperatures at which quantum circuits are operated include indium (In) for the bumps, and niobium (Nb), aluminum (Al) for the interposer wiring. In this case too, to obtain the effect of suppressing DC crosstalk using shielding current, the bumps and the wiring on the substrate must be superconductors.

[0071] In the first, second, third, and fourth embodiments, the embodiments have been described using a 2-bit distributed constant quantum circuit as an example of a quantum circuit in which multiple quantum bits are integrated. However, the number of quantum bits integrated does not have to be two, and these embodiments can be applied to a quantum circuit in which any number of distributed constant quantum bits, 3 or more, are integrated, and similar effects can be obtained.

[0072] Although we have discussed distributed constant qubits so far, the idea of ​​reducing crosstalk caused by current flowing in the GND plane by using the shielding effect of the superconducting loop can also be applied to lumped constant qubits. Below, we will explain lumped constant qubits.

[0073] FIG. 27 is an example of an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped-constant quantum bit 2000. The lumped-constant quantum bit 2000 is a loop-shaped circuit in which each terminal of the SQUID 2001 is connected to each terminal of the capacitor 2003 by superconducting wiring. In other words, the input / output terminals of the SQUID 2001 are shunted by the capacitor 2003. That is, it can be said that a loop circuit in which the SQUID 2001 is incorporated on the loop line is formed by connecting the capacitor 2003 and the SQUID 2001 in a ring shape. The SQUID 2001 is a loop-shaped circuit including two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b. That is, the SQUID 2001 is formed by connecting the two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b in a ring shape. One terminal of the SQUID 2001 may be grounded. The control line 2004 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001. In other words, the control line 2004 and the SQUID 2001 are magnetically coupled in a non-contact manner by mutual inductance.

[0074] In the distributed constant type quantum bit of FIG. 2, a resonator is formed using a SQUID and a λ / 4 line, but as shown in FIG. 27, a lumped constant type quantum bit 2000 differs from a distributed constant type quantum bit in that an LC resonant circuit is formed using the effective inductance of a SQUID 2001 and a capacitor 2003. The distributed constant type quantum bit as shown in FIG. 2 has a size approximately equal to the length of the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the quantum bit, so the quantum bit is very large. In contrast, the lumped constant type quantum bit 2000 as shown in FIG. 27 does not use a distributed constant line, so the quantum bit can be realized with a circuit that is very small compared to the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the quantum bit 2000. Therefore, when integrating a large number of quantum bits 2000, there is an advantage that a large number of quantum bits 2000 can be integrated in a small area.

[0075] The operation of the lumped constant type quantum bit 2000 is the same as that of the distributed constant type quantum bit of FIG. 2. That is, the resonant frequency of the quantum bit 2000 can be set by inputting a DC control signal from the control line 2004. In a state where a DC control signal for setting a certain resonant frequency is input to the control line 2004, the quantum bit 2000 can be oscillated by further inputting a control signal having a frequency twice the set resonant frequency to the control line 2004. The operating frequency (set resonant frequency) of the quantum bit 2000 is, for example, about 10 GHz. Therefore, when operating the quantum bit 2000, a signal in which a DC control signal and a high-frequency control signal of about 20 GHz are superimposed is input from the control line 2004. In this way, the lumped constant type quantum bit oscillates by the control signal from the control line. For this reason, a configuration including a lumped constant type quantum bit may be called an oscillator.

[0076] FIG. 28 is an example of the layout of the lumped constant type quantum bit 2000 of FIG. 27. In this example, a thin film of a superconducting material (such as niobium or aluminum) is formed on a silicon substrate to realize quantum bit 2000 having a coplanar waveguide structure. As shown in FIG. 28, in quantum bit 2000, a cross-shaped electrode (also called a conductive member) 2005 is formed inside a cross-shaped area opened in GND plane 2006. That is, GND plane 2006 is arranged around electrode 2005 so as to surround electrode 2005. Note that GND plane 2006 and electrode 2005 are separated from each other, and a gap exists between them. One end of electrode 2005 is connected to GND plane 2006 using two thin electrodes, and Josephson junction 2002a is provided in the middle of one of the two thin electrodes, and Josephson junction 2002b is provided in the middle of the other electrode. With this configuration, the electrode 2005, the GND plane 2006, and the two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b constitute the SQUID 2001. That is, the SQUID 2001 uses the electrode 2005 and the GND plane 2006 to connect the two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b that constitute the SQUID 2001 in a loop shape. In this way, one end of the SQUID 2001 is connected to the electrode 2005, and the other end is connected to the GND plane 2006. It can also be said that the SQUID 2001 is disposed between the electrode 2005 and the GND plane 2006. In this manner, in quantum bit 2000, as shown in FIG. 28, SQUID 2001 is connected to one of the four ends (i.e., the tips of the four arms of cross-shaped electrode 2005) that are the parts that protrude outward in cross-shaped electrode 2005, so as to bridge it with GND plane 2006. Since there is a gap between cross-shaped electrode 2005 and the GND plane, capacitor 2003 is formed between this electrode 2005 and GND plane 2006. In addition, control line 2004 is arranged linearly near SQUID 2001. That is, in FIG. 28, the horizontally long electrode arranged below cross-shaped electrode 2005 is control line 2004.When a current is passed through control line 2004, a portion of the magnetic flux generated by the current passing through control line 2004 passes through the loop of SQUID 2001, making it possible to control the effective inductance of SQUID 2001 or to cause quantum bit 2000 to oscillate.

[0077] The layout of FIG. 28 is susceptible to the effects of the crosstalk described above, particularly the crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane. This can occur when, for example, a DC control current is input to one quantum bit 2000 in a chip integrating multiple quantum bits 2000, and the SQUID 2001 of another quantum bit 2000 senses the magnetic field generated when the control current flows through the control line and then through the GND plane. In order to reduce the effects of such crosstalk, a method similar to the above-mentioned method can be applied. Hereinafter, an embodiment for reducing the effects of crosstalk in a lumped-constant quantum bit will be described.

[0078] [Fifth embodiment] FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the layout of a quantum bit according to the fifth embodiment. Hereinafter, differences from the configuration shown in FIG. 28 will be described, and similar configurations will be omitted as appropriate. The equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped constant quantum bit 2000 according to this embodiment is the same as that shown in FIG. 27, so the layout shown in FIG. 28 will be described. In this embodiment, too, a quantum bit 2000 having a coplanar waveguide structure is shown. For this reason, as shown in FIG. 29, the electrode 2005 and the control line 2004 are configured as coplanar waveguides, and a GND plane 2006 made of a superconductor is present around the line configured as a coplanar waveguide. In this embodiment, too, as shown in FIG. 29, in the quantum bit 2000, a cross-shaped electrode (also referred to as a conductive member) 2005 is formed inside a cross-shaped area opened in the GND plane 2006. That is, the GND plane 2006 is arranged around the electrode 2005 so as to surround the electrode 2005. Also, there is a gap between the GND plane 2006 and the electrode 2005, and this gap forms a capacitor 2003 between the electrode 2005 and the GND plane 2006. Also in this embodiment, in the quantum bit 2000, the SQUID 2001 is connected to one of the four ends (i.e., the tips of the four arms of the cross-shaped electrode 2005) which are the parts protruding outward from the cross-shaped electrode 2005, so as to bridge the GND plane 2006. However, while one end of the SQUID 2001 is directly connected to the electrode 2005, the other end is connected to the GND plane 2006 via one thin electrode 2008. The electrode 2008 may be referred to as a connecting conductive member or a conductive line. In the example shown in FIG. 29, the electrode 2005, the SQUID 2001, and the electrode 2008 are arranged in a first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing). In other words, the SQUID 2001 and the electrode 2008 are arranged in the direction of extension of the arm to which the SQUID 2001 is connected, out of the four arms of the cross-shaped electrode 2005. Note that in this embodiment as well, the SQUID 2001 is composed of a Josephson junction 2002a provided midway on one of two thin electrodes, and a Josephson junction 2002b provided midway on the other thin electrode.That is, in this embodiment, the SQUID 2001 uses the electrodes 2005 and 2008 to connect the two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b that constitute the SQUID 2001 in a loop shape. Therefore, as described above, one end of the SQUID 2001 is connected to the electrode 2005, and the other end is connected to the GND plane 2006 via the electrode 2008. It can also be said that the SQUID 2001 is disposed between the electrode 2005 and the GND plane 2006.

[0079] As shown in Fig. 29, in this embodiment, the control line 2004 is disposed beside the SQUID 2001, and the tip of the control line 2004 branches into a first branch line 20041 and a second branch line 20042 at a branch point 2108. The first branch line 20041 is disposed near the SQUID 2001 so that the first branch line 20041 and the SQUID 2001 are magnetically coupled. On the other hand, the second branch line 20042 is disposed away from the SQUID 2001 so that the second branch line 20042 and the SQUID 2001 are not magnetically coupled. Specifically, these branch lines are wired as follows so that the first branch line 20041 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001 while the second branch line 20042 is not magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001. That is, the first branch line 20041 is wired along the SQUID 2001, and the second branch line 20042 is wired along the electrode 2008 in the opposite direction to the first branch line 20041. Both the first branch line 20041 and the second branch line 20042 are connected to the GND plane 2006.

[0080] The control line 2004 is a T-shaped line, and a first branch line 20041 and a second branch line 20042 branched at a branch point 2108 are aligned in a straight line. Here, the positional relationship between the SQUID 2001, the electrode 2005, and the control line 2004 is, for example, as shown in Fig. 29. As described above, the electrode 2005 and the SQUID 2001 are aligned in a first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 2001. The first branch line 20041 and the second branch line 20042 are also wired in this first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing). The non-branched portion of control line 204 (i.e., the portion of control line 2004 other than first branch line 20041 and second branch line 20042) extends in the second direction (left-right direction in the drawing) near SQUID 2001 and extends from branch point 2108 so as to move away from SQUID 2001. In other words, the non-branched portion of control line 2004 is wired on the opposite side of SQUID 2001 with branch point 2108 as the reference. First branch line 20041 is located opposite SQUID 2001, while second branch line 20042 is located not opposite SQUID 2001.

[0081] In this embodiment, an air bridge 2007a is provided near the terminal of the SQUID 2001 on the electrode 2005 side. The air bridge 2007a is a superconductor connection circuit that connects the GND planes 2006 that exist on both sides of the connection portion between the SQUID 2001 and the electrode 2005. In the configuration shown in FIG. 29, the air bridge 2007a straddles the vicinity of the connection portion between the electrode 2005 and the SQUID 2001 and connects the GND planes 2006 that exist on both sides of this connection portion. More specifically, the air bridge 2007a straddles the end of the electrode 2005 that is connected to the SQUID 2001 and connects the GND planes 2006 that exist on both sides of this end. As a result, in this embodiment, the air bridge 2007a, the GND plane 2006, the first branch line 20041, and the second branch line 20042 form a superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the SQUID 2001. Specifically, this superconducting loop 2009 surrounds the SQUID 2001 and the thin electrode 2008. The air bridge 2007a, the GND plane 2006, the first branch line 20041, and the second branch line 20042 constituting the superconducting loop 2009 are all superconductors. The first branch line 20041 and the second branch line 20042 constituting the superconducting loop 2009 have the same shape. As described above, in this embodiment, since the superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the SQUID 2001 exists, it is possible to obtain an effect that the influence of crosstalk can be reduced. In addition, in superconducting loop 2009, first branch line 20041 and second branch line 20042 have the same shape, so that the current input from control line 2004 is divided in equal amounts in opposite directions into first branch line 20041 and second branch line 20042. Therefore, generation of a shielding current in superconducting loop 2009 caused by inputting a control current to control line 2004 is suppressed, and the resonant frequency is prevented from being set to an unintended frequency.

[0082] As shown in FIG. 30, an air bridge 2007b may be added to connect the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the core of the non-branched portion of the control line 2004.

[0083] [Modification of the fifth embodiment] FIG. 31 is a layout of a lumped constant type quantum bit according to a modification of the fifth embodiment. The following will specifically explain the differences from the fifth embodiment. In the fifth embodiment, the terminal side of the control line 2004 branches, and the two terminals of the control line 2004 are connected to the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the control line 2004, respectively. In contrast, in this modification, the terminal side of the control line 2004 is not branched, and the terminal of the control line 2004 is connected to only one of the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the control line 2004. That is, in this modification, the control line 2004 is a single line without a branch. Note that the terminal side of the control line 2004 is wired along the SQUID 2001 so that the control line 2004 is magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001. In the example shown in the figure, the control line 2004 is an L-shaped line, and in more detail, is configured as follows. That is, control line 2004 in Fig. 31 is an L-shaped line having a portion extending in a first direction (up and down direction in the drawing) along SQUID 2001 and a portion extending in a second direction (left and right direction in the drawing). That is, control line 2004 in Fig. 31 is bent at 90 degrees near SQUID 2001, and the portion of control line 2004 extending in the second direction extends in a direction away from SQUID 2001. Note that, although control line 2004 is L-shaped in the example shown in Fig. 31, control line 2004 may be a straight line extending in the first direction (up and down direction in the drawing).

[0084] In the superconducting quantum bit according to this modification, a superconducting loop 2009 is formed by air bridges 2007a and 2007b so as to surround the outside of a SQUID 2001. That is, in this modification, the superconducting loop 2009 is a superconductor circuit using a GND plane 2006 and air bridges 2007a and 2007b. In the configuration shown in FIG. 31, the air bridge 2007a is provided in the vicinity of the terminal of the SQUID 2001 on the electrode 2005 side, as in the fifth embodiment. The air bridge 2007a is a superconductor connection circuit that connects the GND planes 2006 present on both sides of the connection point between the SQUID 2001 and the electrode 2005. The air bridge 2007b is a superconductor connection circuit that connects the GND planes 2006 present on both sides of the control line 2004.

[0085] In this modification as well, since there is a superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the SQUID 2001, it is possible to obtain the effect of reducing the influence of crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane.

[0086] Here, in the fifth embodiment, a superconducting loop circuit is formed using the first branch line 20041 and the second branch line 20042, but in this modification, such a superconducting loop circuit is not formed. Therefore, as described in the explanation of the second modification of the second embodiment, it is possible to suppress the inhibition of setting the resonance frequency to an intended value. Also, by not branching the control line 2004, it is possible to increase the control current that contributes to the application of magnetic flux to the SQUID 2001 compared to the case where the control line 2004 is branched.

[0087] [Sixth embodiment] Next, another embodiment for reducing the influence of crosstalk in a lumped constant type quantum bit will be described. FIG. 32 shows the layout of a lumped constant type quantum bit according to the sixth embodiment. Hereinafter, the differences from the fifth embodiment will be specifically described. As shown in FIG. 32, in this embodiment, unlike the fifth embodiment, the control line 2004 is not branched. In addition, in this embodiment, the superconducting loop 2009 is formed so as to surround the outside of the SQUID 2001 by the air bridges 2007a and 2007b. That is, in this embodiment, the superconducting loop 2009 is a superconductor circuit using the GND plane 2006 and the air bridges 2007a and 2007b. And the control line 2004 is shaped so as to enter the inside of the superconducting loop 2009 from the outside, turn back inside the superconducting loop 2009, and go out to the outside of the superconducting loop 2009 again. That is, in this embodiment, the control line 2004 is wired in a U-shape so as to be folded back near the SQUID 2001. In this embodiment, the air bridge 2007a is provided near the terminal of the SQUID 2001 on the electrode 2005 side, as in the fifth embodiment. The air bridge 2007b connects the GND plane 106 across the control line 2004. Specifically, the air bridge 2007b is a superconductor connection circuit that connects the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the outward and return paths of the U-shaped control line 104.

[0088] As shown in Fig. 32, the positional relationship between the SQUID 2001, the electrode 2005, and the control line 2004 is, for example, as follows: the electrode 2005 and the SQUID 2001 are aligned in a first direction (the vertical direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 2001. The control line 2004 extends in a second direction (the horizontal direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 2001, and turns back near the SQUID 2001. In other words, the control line 2004 is wired on the opposite side to the SQUID 2001 with respect to the turning back portion. In this way, the structures of the control line 2004 and the superconducting loop 2009 of this embodiment are similar to those of the third embodiment (the embodiment of the distributed constant type quantum bit).

[0089] In this embodiment as well, the presence of superconducting loop 2009 surrounding SQUID 2001 provides the advantage of reducing the influence of crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane. Moreover, for the same reason as in the third embodiment, the generation of a shielding current in superconducting loop 2009 caused by inputting a control current to control line 2004 is suppressed, and the resonant frequency is prevented from being set to an unintended frequency.

[0090] [Seventh embodiment] Next, another embodiment for reducing the influence of crosstalk in a lumped constant type quantum bit will be described. FIG. 33 shows a layout of a lumped constant type quantum bit according to the seventh embodiment. Hereinafter, differences from the fifth embodiment will be specifically described. As shown in FIG. 33, in this embodiment, unlike the fifth embodiment, the control line 2004 is not branched. In addition, in this embodiment, a superconducting loop 2009 is formed so as to surround the outside of the SQUID 2001 by air bridges 2007a, 2007b, and 2007c. That is, in this embodiment, the superconducting loop 2009 is a superconductor circuit using the GND plane 2006 and the air bridges 2007a, 2007b, and 2007c. And the control line 2004 is shaped so as to go from the outside of the superconducting loop 2009 into the inside of the superconducting loop 2009 and go out again to the outside of the superconducting loop 2009. That is, the control line 2004 is wired in a straight line, crossing the electrode 2008 connected to the SQUID 2001 at a three-dimensional intersection. The control line 2004 may be wired in a straight line, crossing the SQUID 2001 at a three-dimensional intersection. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 33, an air bridge 2007d is provided in the middle of the control line 2004 to cross the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001. That is, the air bridge 2007d crosses the control line 2004 and the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 at a three-dimensional intersection. In this embodiment, the air bridge 2007a is provided in the vicinity of the terminal of the SQUID 2001 on the electrode 2005 side, as in the fifth embodiment. The air bridges 2007b and 2007c connect the GND planes 106 on both sides of the control line 2004. Air bridges 2007b and 2007c are provided on both sides of the position where control line 2004 and electrode 2008 or SQUID 2001 cross over each other.

[0091] As shown in FIG. 33, the positional relationship between the SQUID 2001, the electrode 2005, and the control line 2004 is, for example, as follows. The electrode 2005, the SQUID 2001, and the electrode 2008 are arranged in a first direction (vertical direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 2001. The control line 2004 extends in a second direction (horizontal direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 2001 while crossing the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001. In other words, the control line 2004 is wired across the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 in a direction crossing the direction in which the electrode 2005 and the SQUID 2001 are arranged. In this way, the structure of the control line 2004 and the structure of the superconducting loop 2009 in this embodiment are similar to those in the fourth embodiment (embodiment of distributed constant type quantum bits).

[0092] In this embodiment as well, the presence of the superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the SQUID 2001 provides the advantage of reducing the influence of crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane. Moreover, for the same reason as in the fourth embodiment, the generation of a shielding current in the superconducting loop 2009 caused by inputting a control current to the control line 2004 is suppressed, and the resonant frequency is prevented from being set to an unintended frequency.

[0093] The fifth to seventh embodiments have been described above, and the lumped constant circuit shown in these embodiments, that is, the oscillator including the quantum bit having the above-mentioned configuration, can also be described as follows. The oscillator has a GND plane (GND plane 2006), a conductive member (electrode 2005), a SQUID (SQUID 2001), a first connection circuit (air bridge 2007a), and a superconducting loop circuit (superconducting loop 2009). Here, the GND plane is made of a superconductor. The conductive member is surrounded by this GND plane with a gap. In this oscillator, a capacitor (capacitor 2003) is formed by the gap between the GND plane and the conductive member. Also, one end of the SQUID is connected to the conductive member, and the other end is connected to the GND plane. The first connection circuit is a superconductor circuit that connects the GND planes present on both sides near the connection part between the conductive member and the SQUID. The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using a GND plane and a first connection circuit, and surrounds the SQUID. With such an oscillator, the superconducting loop surrounding the SQUID can reduce the influence of crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane. In addition, in this oscillator, a control line (control line 2004) may be arranged so that two types of magnetic fluxes having the same magnitude but opposite directions pass through the superconducting loop circuit by a control signal flowing through the control line. This control line is magnetically coupled to the SQUID, and a control signal is input to the control line. Note that the magnitudes of the above-mentioned two types of magnetic fluxes do not need to be completely the same, and an error is allowed. That is, these two types of magnetic fluxes may be magnetic fluxes of approximately the same magnitude. For example, the difference between the two may be 10% or less of the magnitude of either one. In this way, the generation of a shielding current in the superconducting loop circuit caused by inputting a control signal to the control line is suppressed, and the resonant frequency is suppressed from being set to an unintended frequency.

[0094] In particular, the oscillator shown in the fifth embodiment can be described as an oscillator having the following characteristics. That is, in the oscillator shown in the fifth embodiment, the control line is branched into a first branch line and a second branch line from a branch point on the control line in the above-mentioned oscillator. Here, the first branch line is wired along the SQUID, and the second branch line is wired in the opposite direction to the first branch line. The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using a GND plane, a first connection circuit, a first branch line, and a second branch line. Furthermore, the length of the first branch line used in the superconducting loop circuit is the same as the length of the second branch line used in the superconducting loop circuit. Note that the length of the first branch line and the length of the second branch line do not need to be completely the same, and an error is allowed. That is, the lengths of these two lines may be approximately the same. For example, the difference between the two may be 10% or less of the length of either one of them. According to this configuration, it is possible to provide an example of the control line arrangement in which two types of magnetic fluxes, which are approximately equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, pass through the superconducting loop circuit by a control signal flowing through the control line. Note that this oscillator may have a connection circuit (air bridge 2007b that connects the GND planes across the control line) that connects the GND planes present on both sides of the control line.

[0095] In particular, the oscillator shown in the sixth embodiment can be described as an oscillator having the following characteristics. That is, the oscillator shown in the sixth embodiment is the above-mentioned oscillator, in which the control line is wired in a U-shape so as to be folded back near the SQUID. This oscillator also has a second connection circuit (air bridge 2007b connecting the GND plane across the control line) made of a superconductor that connects the GND planes present on both sides of the forward and return paths of the U-shaped control line. The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the GND plane, the first connection circuit, and the second connection circuit. This configuration can provide an example of the arrangement of the control line such that two types of magnetic fluxes, which are the same in magnitude but opposite in direction, pass through the superconducting loop circuit by a control signal flowing through the control line.

[0096] In particular, the oscillator shown in the seventh embodiment can be described as an oscillator having the following characteristics. That is, in the oscillator shown in the seventh embodiment, the control line is wired linearly, crossing over the connecting conductive member (electrode 2008) for connecting the other end of the SQUID to the GND plane or the SQUID in a three-dimensional manner in the above-mentioned oscillator. This oscillator also has a second connection circuit (air bridges 2007b, 2007c connecting the GND plane across the control line) made of a superconductor that connects the GND planes on both sides of the control line. The second connection circuits are provided on both sides of the position where the control line and the connecting conductive member or the SQUID cross over each other in a three-dimensional manner. The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the GND plane, the first connection circuit, and the second connection circuit. With this configuration, it is possible to provide an example of the arrangement of the control line such that two types of magnetic fluxes having the same magnitude but opposite directions pass through the superconducting loop circuit by a control signal flowing through the control line.

[0097] [First Modification of the Fifth to Seventh Embodiments] It is also possible to provide the following modified examples of the fifth to seventh embodiments described above. Note that, although modified examples of the fifth embodiment are described here, similar modified examples are also possible for the sixth and seventh embodiments.

[0098] FIG. 34 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped quantum bit 2000 according to a first modification of the fifth embodiment. This quantum bit 2000 is different from the lumped quantum bit 2000 shown in FIG. 27 in that a linear inductor 2010 is inserted in a loop consisting of a SQUID 2001 and a capacitor 2003. The lumped quantum bit 2000 of FIG. 27 has a problem that its nonlinearity is too high to be applied to a quantum computer. Here, the nonlinearity of the circuit constituting the quantum bit is quantified by a coefficient (nonlinear coefficient) defined by the coefficient of the nonlinear term of the Hamiltonian of the circuit constituting the quantum bit. In the quantum bit 2000 shown in FIG. 34, the nonlinear coefficient can be adjusted by the inductance of the linear inductor 2010. In addition, since the nonlinearity can be reduced without increasing the capacitance of the capacitor 2003, it is also possible to suppress an increase in loss in the circuit constituting the quantum bit. The layout of the quantum bit 2000 of FIG. 34 is shown in FIG. 35. The layout of FIG. 35 is different from the layout of FIG. 29 in that the shape of the electrode 2005 is adjusted so that the linear inductance of the electrode 2005 is a predetermined value. In this manner, in this modification, the electrode 2005 is used as a linear inductor having a predetermined inductance. Specifically, in the example shown in FIG. 35, the width of the cross-shaped arm portion of the electrode 2005 is narrowed compared to that in FIG. 29, so that the linear inductance of the electrode 2005 is made larger than that in the layout of FIG. 29. The layout shown in FIG. 35 is similar to the layout shown in FIG. 29 except for the above-mentioned points. Therefore, in this modification, it is possible to reduce the influence of crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane, and to prevent the resonant frequency from being set to an unintended frequency due to a shielding current generated in the superconducting loop due to a control current.

[0099] As shown in FIG. 36, an air bridge 2007b may be added to connect the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the core of the non-branched portion of the control line 2004.

[0100] [Second Modification of the Fifth to Seventh Embodiments] It is also possible to provide the following modified examples of the fifth to seventh embodiments described above. Note that, although modified examples of the fifth embodiment are described here, similar modified examples are also possible for the sixth and seventh embodiments.

[0101] FIG. 37 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a lumped quantum bit 2000 according to a second modification of the fifth embodiment. This quantum bit 2000 is different from the lumped quantum bit 2000 shown in FIG. 27 in that a Josephson junction 2011 is inserted in a loop consisting of a SQUID 2001 and a capacitor 2003. As described above, the lumped quantum bit 2000 of FIG. 27 has a problem that its nonlinearity is too high to be applied to a quantum computer. In the quantum bit 2000 shown in FIG. 37, the nonlinear coefficient can be adjusted by adding a Josephson junction 2011 to the loop consisting of a SQUID 2001 and a capacitor 2003. In addition, since it is not necessary to increase the capacitance of the capacitor 2003 in order to reduce the nonlinearity, it is also possible to suppress an increase in loss in the circuit that constitutes the quantum bit. The layout of the quantum bit 2000 of FIG. 37 is shown in FIG. 38. The layout in Fig. 38 differs from the layout in Fig. 29 in that a Josephson junction 2011 is added midway through the thin electrode 2008. That is, in this modification, the SQUID 2001 is connected to the GND plane 2006 via the Josephson junction 2011. The layout shown in Fig. 37 is similar to the layout shown in Fig. 29 except for the above-mentioned points. Therefore, in this modification as well, it is possible to reduce the influence of crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane, and to prevent the resonant frequency from being set to an unintended frequency due to a shielding current generated in the superconducting loop due to a control current.

[0102] As shown in FIG. 39, an air bridge 2007b may be added to connect the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the core of the control line 2004.

[0103] [Third Modification of the Fifth to Seventh Embodiments] The fifth to seventh embodiments described above may be modified as follows. This modification is different from the fifth to seventh embodiments described above in that the critical current values ​​of the two Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b constituting the SQUID 2001 are different. With this configuration, an inflection point can be provided in a function (a function indicating the magnetic field dependency of the resonant frequency) that indicates the relationship between the resonant frequency of the loop circuit formed by the SQUID 2001 and the capacitor 2003 and the magnetic field applied to the SQUID 2001. Therefore, by setting this inflection point as the operating point and operating the quantum bit 2000, it is possible to suppress the bias of the resonant frequency fluctuation in the resonant frequency fluctuation accompanying the periodic magnetic field fluctuation due to the AC control signal. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the adverse effects when the resonant frequency fluctuation is biased. In order to change the critical current value of the Josephson junction, for example, the area of ​​the Josephson junction may be changed. In other words, by using two Josephson junctions having different areas, it is possible to realize Josephson junctions 2002a and 2002b having different critical current values.

[0104] In this modified example as well, it is possible to reduce the effects of crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane, and to prevent the resonant frequency from being set to an unintended frequency due to a shielding current generated in the superconducting loop due to a control current.

[0105] In this modified example, an air bridge 2007b that connects the GND planes 2006 on both sides of the core of the control line 2004 may also be added.

[0106] [Eighth embodiment] Up to this point, we have described distributed constant or lumped constant quantum bits formed on a chip, but a configuration that suppresses crosstalk may be realized in a configuration in which a chip on which a quantum circuit is formed is flip-chip connected to a substrate such as an interposer. That is, instead of using an air bridge as described above, bumps for connecting the chip and the substrate and wiring on the substrate may be used. An example of such a configuration will be described as an eighth embodiment. Note that flip-chip connection may also be called flip-chip mounting.

[0107] In this embodiment, the circuit described in the fifth embodiment is realized in a configuration in which a chip 2018 is flip-chip connected to a substrate 2019. FIG. 40 is a diagram showing a chip 2018 forming a part of a quantum bit 2000. On the chip 2018, a GND plane 2006, an electrode 2005, a SQUID 2001, and the like are formed using a superconducting material. Since the arrangement of these is the same as that of the fifth embodiment, the description will be omitted. The equivalent circuit diagram of the circuit of this embodiment is the same as that of FIG. 27, and a part of the equivalent circuit diagram is formed on the chip 2018. Specifically, the chip 2018 is formed with a GND plane 2006, an electrode 2005, a SQUID 2001, and an electrode 2008. In addition, the chip 2018 is formed with a capacitor 2003 by a gap between the GND plane 2006 and the electrode 2005. Chip 2018 is flip-chip connected to a substrate such as an interposer using bumps, and in Fig. 40, reference numerals 2012a and 2012b indicate positions at which the bumps are connected. As shown in Fig. 40, these bumps (bumps 2022a and 2022b described below) are provided on both sides of electrode 2005 near the connection point with SQUID 2001. In other words, the positions of these bumps correspond to the points at which air bridge 2007a is connected to GND plane 2006 in the fifth embodiment.

[0108] FIG. 41 is a diagram showing a substrate 2019 such as an interposer to which a chip 2018 is flip-chip connected. In the flip-chip connection, the chip 2018 shown in FIG. 40 and the substrate 2019 shown in FIG. 41 are connected via bumps (bumps 2022a and 2022b described later) so that their planes face each other. On the substrate 2019, a GND plane 2015 of the substrate and a control line 2016 are formed using a superconducting material. The tip of the control line 2016 branches into a first branch line 2017a and a second branch line 2017b at a branch point 20170. The first branch line 2017a is disposed near the SQUID 2001 so that the first branch line 2017a and the SQUID 2001 are magnetically coupled. On the other hand, in order to prevent the second branch line 2017b and the SQUID 2001 from being magnetically coupled, the second branch line 2017b is disposed at a position away from the SQUID 2001. Specifically, in order to prevent the second branch line 2017b from being magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001 while allowing the first branch line 2017a to be magnetically coupled to the SQUID 2001, these branch lines are wired as follows. That is, the first branch line 2017a of the substrate 2019 is wired along the SQUID 2001 of the chip 2018, and the second branch line 2017b of the substrate 2019 is wired along the electrode 2008 of the chip 2018 in the opposite direction to the first branch line 2017a. Both the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b are connected to the GND plane 2015. The first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b are symmetrical lines, and in the example shown in Fig. 41, they are shaped to be wound in opposite directions. Specifically, the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b extend a predetermined length from the branch point 20170 in a first direction (up and down direction in the drawing), and each end extends a predetermined length in a direction in which the non-branched portion of the control line 2016 extends from the branch point 20170 (left direction in the drawing). That is, in the example shown in Fig. 41, the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b are folded back in the direction in which the non-branched portion extends.However, this is merely an example, and the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b do not have to be folded back. That is, the control line 2016 may be a T-shaped line branched into the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b at the branch point 20170. The non-branched portion of the control line 2016 refers to the portion of the control line 2016 other than the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b. The non-branched portion of the control line 2016 extends in the second direction (the left-right direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 2001. In the example shown here, specifically, as can be seen from FIG. 40 and FIG. 41, the non-branched portion of the control line 2016 extends so as to cross the connection point between the SQUID 2001 and the electrode 2008.

[0109] In Fig. 41, reference numerals 2013a and 2013b indicate positions at which the above-mentioned bumps are connected. In the example shown in Fig. 41, the connection positions of the bumps indicated by reference numerals 2013a and 2013b are located within a bridge electrode (conductive member) 2014 having a gap around it, but it is not necessary for a gap to be provided around the bridge electrode 2014. In other words, the bumps may be connected to a GND plane 2015. The bridge electrode 2014 is a superconductor.

[0110] FIG. 42 is a cross-sectional view of a structure in which the chip 2018 and the substrate 2019 are flip-chip connected using bumps 2022a and 2022b, specifically showing a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A' in FIG. 40 and FIG. 41. In FIG. 42, reference numeral 2020 denotes the silicon substrate of the chip 2018, and reference numeral 2021 denotes the silicon substrate of the substrate 2019. As shown in FIG. 42, the distance between the chip 2018 and the substrate 2019 is d. Although not shown in FIG. 42, the substrate 2019 may further have a TSV (Through Silicon Via). The TSV can play a role of electrically connecting, for example, a GND plane on the back surface of the substrate 2019 (the lower surface of the substrate 2019 in FIG. 42) to a GND plane 2015 on the front surface of the substrate 2019 (the upper surface of the substrate 2019 in FIG. 42). Alternatively, the TSV can play a role of electrically connecting, for example, a control line on the rear surface of the substrate 2019 formed on the rear surface of the substrate 2019 to a control line 2016 on the front surface of the substrate 2019. As shown in FIG. 42, an electrically connected circuit is formed, which is the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, the bump 2022a, the bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019, the bump 2022b, and the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, and this circuit functions similarly to an air bridge. Therefore, a superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the outside of the SQUID 2001 is formed using the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, the bumps 2022a and 2022b, and the bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019. Therefore, in this embodiment as well, the influence of crosstalk caused by current flowing through the GND plane can be reduced.

[0111] When a control signal is input from the control line 2016 in FIG. 41, the control signal is split and flows into the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line 2017b. Since the first branch line 2017a is located directly below the SQUID 2001 in FIG. 40, the SQUID 2001 senses the magnetic flux generated by the current flowing through the first branch line 2017a. On the other hand, since the second branch line 2017b is not located directly below the SQUID 2001, the current flowing through the second branch line 2017b has almost no effect on the SQUID 2001. Furthermore, since the first branch line 2017a and the second branch line are shaped to be wound in opposite directions, the magnetic flux generated by the current flowing through the first branch line 2017a and the magnetic flux generated by the current flowing through the second branch line 2017b are equal but opposite in direction inside the two branch lines. Therefore, in this embodiment as well, it is possible to prevent the resonant frequency from being set to an unintended frequency due to a shielding current generated in the superconducting loop due to the control current.

[0112] 40 to 42, a lumped constant type quantum bit having a branched control line as in the fifth embodiment is used as an example, but similarly, configurations using flip-chip connection can be provided for various quantum bits already described. For example, configurations using flip-chip connection can be provided for lumped constant type quantum bits using control lines of other shapes and distributed constant type quantum bits. Below, some examples of such other configurations of quantum bits using flip-chip connection are given.

[0113] The configuration of the chip and the board when the GND planes on both sides of the control line are connected as in FIG. 30 will be described. The layout of the chip when the GND planes on both sides of the control line are connected is shown in FIG. 43. Also, the layout of the board when the GND planes on both sides of the control line are connected is shown in FIG. 44. Hereinafter, the differences from FIG. 40 and FIG. 41 will be described. In order to realize the connection of the GND planes 2015 on both sides of the control line 2016, bumps for connecting the GND planes 2015 on both sides of the control line 2016 of the board 2019 to the bridge electrodes (conductive members) 2014a of the chip 2018 are provided between the chip 2018 and the board 2019. In FIG. 43, the reference numerals 2012c and 2012d indicate the connection positions of these bumps on the chip 2018. Also, in FIG. 44, the reference numerals 2013c and 2013d indicate the connection positions of these bumps on the board 2019. In the example shown in FIG. 43, the connection position of the bump is located in the bridge electrode 2014a with a gap around it, but the bridge electrode 2014a does not have to have a gap around it. That is, the bump may be connected to the GND plane 2006. The bridge electrode 2014a is a superconductor. Therefore, the above-mentioned bump and the bridge electrode 2014a of the chip 2018 play the role of the air bridge 2007b in FIG. 30. In this way, by flip-chip connecting the chip in FIG. 43 and the substrate in FIG. 44, a configuration similar to that of the embodiment shown in FIG. 30 can be realized in a three-dimensional circuit, and an effect similar to that of the embodiment in FIG. 30 can be obtained.

[0114] Next, the configuration of the chip and substrate when U-shaped control lines are used as in Fig. 32 will be described. The layout of the chip when U-shaped control lines are used is shown in Fig. 45. Also, the layout of the substrate when U-shaped control lines are used is shown in Fig. 46. Below, the differences from Figs. 40 and 41 described above will be described.

[0115] 45 is a diagram showing a chip 2018 forming a part of a quantum bit 2000. On this chip 2018, a GND plane 2006, an electrode 2005, and a SQUID 2001 are formed using a superconducting material. The arrangement of these is the same as in the sixth embodiment, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted. In FIG. 45, reference numerals 2012a and 2012b indicate positions where bumps are connected, and the positions are the same as those shown in FIG.

[0116] FIG. 46 is a diagram showing a substrate 2019 such as an interposer to which a chip 2018 is flip-chip connected. On the substrate 2019, a GND plane 2015 of the substrate and a control line 2016 are formed using a superconducting material. When a superconducting loop 2009 described later is projected onto the substrate 2019, the control line 2016 is shaped so as to enter the inside of the superconducting loop 2009 from the outside of the projected superconducting loop 2009, turn back inside the superconducting loop 2009, and then go out to the outside of the superconducting loop 2009. That is, the control line 2016 is wired in a U-shape so as to turn back near the SQUID 2001. The control line 2016 extends in a second direction (the left-right direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 2001, and turns back near the SQUID 2001.

[0117] In Fig. 46, reference numerals 2013a and 2013b indicate positions at which the above-mentioned bumps are connected. In the example shown in Fig. 46, the connection positions of the bumps indicated by reference numerals 2013a and 2013b are located within a bridge electrode (conductive member) 2014 having a gap around it, but it is not necessary for a gap to be provided around the bridge electrode 2014. In other words, the bumps may be connected to a GND plane 2015. The bridge electrode 2014 is a superconductor.

[0118] 45 and 46, an electrically connected circuit is formed, which is the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018--bump--bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019--bump--GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018. Therefore, a superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the outside of the SQUID 2001 is formed using the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, the bump, and the bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019. Note that, as is clear from this, in the case of a configuration using flip-chip connections, a structure fulfilling the role of the air bridge 2007b in FIG. 32 is not necessary.

[0119] In this way, by flip-chip connecting the chip of Figure 45 and the substrate of Figure 46, a configuration similar to that of the sixth embodiment can be realized in a three-dimensional circuit, and effects similar to those of the sixth embodiment can be obtained.

[0120] Next, the configuration of the chip and substrate when linear control lines are used as in Fig. 33 will be described. The layout of the chip when linear control lines are used is shown in Fig. 47. Also, the layout of the substrate when linear control lines are used is shown in Fig. 48. Below, the differences from Figs. 40 and 41 described above will be described.

[0121] Fig. 47 is a diagram showing a chip 2018 forming a part of a quantum bit 2000. On this chip 2018, a GND plane 2006, an electrode 2005, a SQUID 2001, and an electrode 2008 are formed using a superconducting material. The arrangement of these is the same as in the seventh embodiment, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted. In Fig. 47, reference numerals 2012a and 2012b indicate positions where bumps are connected, and the positions are the same as those shown in Fig. 40.

[0122] FIG. 48 is a diagram showing a substrate 2019 such as an interposer to which a chip 2018 is flip-chip connected. On the substrate 2019, a GND plane 2015 of the substrate and a control line 2016 are formed using a superconducting material. When a superconducting loop 2009 described later is projected onto the substrate 2019, the control line 2016 has a shape that goes from the outside of the projected superconducting loop 2009 to the inside of the superconducting loop 2009 and then goes out to the outside of the superconducting loop 2009. That is, the control line 2016 is wired in a straight line beyond the electrode 2008 connected to the SQUID 2001 or the SQUID 2001. The control line 2016 extends in a second direction (the left-right direction of the drawing) near the SQUID 2001 while crossing the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 in a three-dimensional manner. In other words, the control line 2016 is wired so as to pass over the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 in a direction intersecting the direction in which the electrodes 2005 and the SQUID 2001 are arranged.

[0123] In Fig. 48, reference numerals 2013a and 2013b indicate positions at which the above-mentioned bumps are connected. In the example shown in Fig. 48, the connection positions of the bumps indicated by reference numerals 2013a and 2013b are located within a bridge electrode (conductive member) 2014 having a gap around it, but it is not necessary for there to be a gap around the bridge electrode 2014. In other words, the bumps may be connected to a GND plane 2015. The bridge electrode 2014 is a superconductor.

[0124] 47 and 48, an electrically connected circuit is formed, which is the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018--bump--bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019--bump--GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018. For this reason, a superconducting loop 2009 surrounding the outside of the SQUID 2001 is formed using the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, the bump, and the bridge electrode 2014 of the substrate 2019. Note that, as is clear from this, in the case of a configuration using flip-chip connections, the structures fulfilling the role of the air bridges 2007b and 2007c in FIG. 33 are not necessary.

[0125] In this way, by flip-chip connecting the chip of Figure 47 and the substrate of Figure 48, a configuration similar to that of the seventh embodiment can be realized in a three-dimensional circuit, and effects similar to those of the seventh embodiment can be obtained.

[0126] [Ninth embodiment] Another embodiment in which the chip 2018 is flip-chip connected to the substrate 2019 will be described below as the ninth embodiment. Before describing the details of the ninth embodiment, a consideration of the eighth embodiment will first be described.

[0127] Fig. 49 is a diagram in which explanatory drawings have been added to the layout shown in Fig. 41. Specifically, a drawing of the SQUID 2001 of the chip 2018 projected onto the substrate 2019 has been added. Note that in several diagrams described later, drawings of the SQUID 2001 of the chip 2018 projected onto the substrate 2019 have been added in a similar manner.

[0128] As shown in FIG. 49, a superconducting loop 2500 that is closed on the substrate 2019 according to the eighth embodiment is formed on the substrate 2019. This superconducting loop 2500 is a superconducting loop different from the superconducting loop 2009 described above. In a configuration in which the chip 2018 is flip-chip connected to the substrate 2019, when a quantum circuit is operated, a current may flow through the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019. This occurs, for example, when a control current is input to a control line 2016 on the substrate 2019, the control current flows through the control line 2016 and then flows through the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019. Up to this point, a configuration for suppressing crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018 has been described. In contrast, in the ninth embodiment, a configuration for suppressing crosstalk caused by a current flowing through the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 is shown.

[0129] FIG. 50 is a diagram for explaining a problem that occurs when a current IR1 that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 shown in FIG. 49. In this case, a part of the magnetic flux G10 generated by IR1 penetrates the superconducting loop 2500 of the substrate 2019. Since the magnetic flux penetrating the inside of the superconducting loop 2500 of the substrate 2019 must be preserved, a shielding current IS1 flows as shown in FIG. 50. As a result, IS1 generates a magnetic flux G11, and the magnetic flux G11 generated in the superconducting loop 2500 of the substrate 2019 cancels the magnetic flux G10 generated by IR1 in the superconducting loop 2500 of the substrate 2019. However, as shown in FIG. 50, the path of the shielding current IS1 passes very close to the SQUID 2001, so that the SQUID 2001 on the chip 2018 may sense a part of the magnetic flux G11 generated by the shielding current IS1. If this happens, the SQUID 2001 will be controlled (for example, the resonance frequency of the quantum bit will fluctuate). It is preferable to design the board layout in such a way as to eliminate such possibilities as much as possible.

[0130] FIG. 51 is an example of the layout of such a substrate, and is the layout of a substrate 2019 according to the ninth embodiment. In the configuration shown in FIG. 51, a superconducting loop 2600 is formed by using bumps that connect the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 and the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018. In FIG. 51, reference numerals 2012e and 2012f indicate the positions at which these bumps are connected. As shown in FIG. 51, in this embodiment, the GND plane 2015 is cut out in the area of ​​the SQUID 2001 projected on the substrate 2019 and its surrounding area. That is, the GND plane 2015 is cut out in a predetermined shape (a rectangle in the example shown in FIG. 51) so as to leave a predetermined distance from the SQUID 2001 projected on the substrate 2019. Note that in this embodiment, in order to ensure a path for the control line 2016, the GND plane 2015 is cut out in a shape such that the outside of the rectangle is cut out along the control line 2016.

[0131] The superconducting loop 2600 is a loop circuit having a shape corresponding to the periphery of the above-mentioned rectangle, and is a three-dimensional superconducting loop using the substrate 2019, the above-mentioned bumps, and the chip 2018. The bumps are provided on both sides of the control line 2016 to straddle the control line 2016 and form the superconducting loop 2600, as shown by the reference numerals 2012e and 2012f in FIG. 51. In the example shown in FIG. 51, the bumps are specifically provided in the vicinity of the above-mentioned rectangle. With this configuration, a three-dimensional superconducting loop 2600 is formed using the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019, the bumps, and the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018. Note that, in the superconducting loop 2600, the line straddling the control line 2016 is realized using the bumps and the GND plane 2006 of the chip 2018, and the remaining line is realized by the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019. That is, the superconducting loop 2600 is a circuit using the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 and a connection circuit (the GND plane 2006 of the bump and chip 2018) that connects the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 present on both sides of the control line 2016. The superconducting loop 2600 is a circuit that surrounds the region in the substrate 2019 corresponding to the region in which the SQUID 2001 exists (the region in which the projected SQUID 2001 exists) at a predetermined interval (see g1, g2, g3, and g4 in FIG. 51) as shown in FIG. 51. The control line 2016 is not branched but is linear. The control line 2016 enters the inside of the superconducting loop 2600 from the outside of the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019 and is connected to the superconducting loop 2600 (the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019). That is, the straight control line 2016 is provided so as to cross the superconducting loop 2600 (the rectangle described above). More specifically, the control line 2016 is wired in a straight line over the electrode 2008 connected to the SQUID 2001 or over the SQUID 2001. The control line 2016 extends in the second direction (the left-right direction in the drawing) near the SQUID 2001 while crossing the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 in a three-dimensional manner.In other words, the control line 2016 is wired so as to pass over the electrode 2008 or the SQUID 2001 in a direction intersecting the direction in which the electrodes 2005 and the SQUID 2001 are arranged.

[0132] According to the configuration of the ninth embodiment, the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019 can be disposed at a position far from the projected position of the SQUID 2001. Therefore, even if a current IR1 that causes crosstalk flows in the GND plane 2015 of the substrate 2019 as shown in Fig. 52, a magnetic flux G11 generated by a shielding current IS1 that flows in the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019 does not affect the SQUID 2001. Or, even if the current IR1 does affect the SQUID 2001, the effect is that the effect can be reduced compared to the layout configuration shown in Fig. 50.

[0133] Here, if the distance between the chip and the substrate is d (see FIG. 42), it is preferable that the distance between each side of superconducting loop 2600 (the rectangle described above) and each side of projected SQUID 2001, i.e., g1, g2, g3, and g4 in FIG. 51, be as large as possible. In other words, it is preferable that the separation distance between SQUID 2001 and superconducting loop 2600 be as large as possible. For example, it is preferable that g1, g2, g3, and g4 are at least d or more, more preferably 2d or more, and even more preferably 3d or more.

[0134] [First Modification of the Ninth Embodiment] A first modified example of the ninth embodiment will be described. Note that the description of the same configuration as the ninth embodiment will be omitted as appropriate. FIG. 53 is a layout of a substrate 2019 according to a first modified example of the ninth embodiment. FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of a structure in which a chip 2018 and a substrate 2019 are flip-chip connected using bumps 2022a and 2022b, specifically, a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B' in FIG. 53 is shown. As shown in FIG. 53, the control line 2016 may be disposed only inside the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019. In this case, as shown in FIG. 54, the control line 2016 is configured to pass through a TSV 2016a penetrating the substrate 2019 from the rear surface of the substrate 2019, reach the front surface of the substrate 2019, pass through the wiring for the control line on the front surface of the substrate 2019, and return to the rear surface of the substrate 2019 through a TSV 2016b. 54, the back surface of the substrate 2019 refers to the lower surface of the substrate 2019, and the front surface of the substrate 2019 refers to the upper surface of the substrate 2019. Also, in FIG. 54, reference numeral 2016c indicates wiring for a control line on the back surface of the substrate 2019. Also, in the configuration shown in FIG. 54, the GND plane 2015 on the front surface of the substrate 2019 is connected to the GND plane 2015b on the back surface of the substrate 2019 via the TSV 2015a.

[0135] In the ninth embodiment, superconducting loop 2600 partially uses GND plane 2006 of chip 2018, but in this modification, superconducting loop 2600 is closed on substrate 2019 as shown in Fig. 53. That is, in this modification, superconducting loop 2600 is GND plane 2015 of substrate 2019, which completely surrounds, at a predetermined interval, the region of substrate 2019 corresponding to the region where SQUID 2001 exists, as shown in Fig. 53. With such a configuration, the same effect as in the ninth embodiment can be obtained.

[0136] [Second Modification of the Ninth Embodiment] A second modified example of the ninth embodiment will be described. Note that the description of the same configuration as the first modified example of the ninth embodiment will be omitted as appropriate. Figure 55 shows the layout of a substrate 2019 according to the second modified example of the ninth embodiment.

[0137] Since the current flowing through the control line 2016 is a current in which DC and a high-frequency current such as 20 GHz are superimposed, a high-frequency signal flows through the control line 2016. Therefore, it is preferable to improve the transmission characteristics of the control line 2016 at high frequencies. Since the impedance of a signal source device that supplies a signal to the control line 2016 is usually 50 Ω, it is necessary to set the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 as close to 50 Ω as possible in order to improve the transmission characteristics of the control line 2016 at high frequencies. In the first modified example of the ninth embodiment, since the control line 2016 is somewhat far from the GND plane 2015, the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 may become higher than 50 Ω. In particular, as shown in FIG. 53, the control line 2016 is far from the GND plane 2015 on both sides of the control line 2016 (the upper and lower sides of the control line 2016 in FIG. 53). In the structure shown in FIG. 53, if the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 becomes higher than 50 Ω, it is preferable to lower the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 to approach 50 Ω. For this purpose, it is necessary to arrange the GNDs on both sides of the control line 2016 closer to the control line 2016 than the configuration shown in FIG. 53. In the second modified example of the ninth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 55, the GNDs (GND lines 2015c) are arranged on both sides of the control line 2016, closer to the control line 2016 than the GND plane 2015. That is, the GND lines 2015c are provided along the control line 2016 on both sides of the control line 2016. This makes it possible to make the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 closer to a predetermined value (for example, 50 Ω). Therefore, it is expected that the transmission characteristics of the control line 2016 at high frequencies will be improved compared to the configuration of the first modified example. The above-mentioned GND line 2015c is connected to the GND plane on the back side of the substrate 2019 via the TSV 2015d. Moreover, the control line 2016 is connected to wiring for the control line on the back surface of the substrate 2019 via a TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b).The control line 2016 and the GND line 2015c are wired inside the superconducting loop 2600 on the surface of the substrate 2019 facing the chip 2018. The control line 2016 is connected to a TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b) that penetrates the inside of the substrate 2019, and the GND line 2015c is connected to a TSV 2015d that penetrates the inside of the substrate 2019, and the TSV 2015d is provided along the TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b).

[0138] [Third Modification of the Ninth Embodiment] A third modified example of the ninth embodiment will be described. Note that the description of the same configuration as the second modified example of the ninth embodiment will be omitted as appropriate. FIG. 56 shows the layout of the substrate 2019 according to the third modified example of the ninth embodiment. As with the second modified example described above, the configuration shown in FIG. 56 is a structure for making the characteristic impedance of the control line 2016 close to a predetermined value (for example, 50 Ω). In the configuration shown in FIG. 55, two TSVs 2015d for GND are arranged on both sides of the TSVs 2016a and 2016b for the control line 2016. In contrast, in the configuration shown in FIG. 56, four TSVs 2015d for GND are arranged around the TSVs 2016a and 2016b for the control line 2016. Note that the GND line 2015c is wired so as to surround the control line 2016 on the surface of the substrate 2019.

[0139] Incidentally, it is most preferable to arrange the GND TSV so as to completely surround the control line TSV, forming a TSV structure like a coaxial cable, in order to improve the high frequency characteristics of the control line 2016. In other words, it is most preferable to use a double-structure TSV having a hollow cylindrical GND TSV and a control line TSV that passes through the hollow part and is electrically insulated from the GND TSV via silicon, in order to improve the high frequency characteristics of the control line. However, if it is difficult to form such a coaxial TSV, for example, four GND TSVs 2015d are arranged around the control line 2016 TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b) as shown in FIG. 56, thereby forming a structure that is approximately similar to a coaxial structure, thereby improving the high frequency characteristics. Since the TSVs have a shape closer to a coaxial structure when four GND TSVs 2015d are arranged as in Fig. 56 than when two GND TSVs 2015d are arranged as in Fig. 55, it is expected that the high frequency characteristics of the control line 2016 will be better in the configuration of Fig. 56 than in the configuration of Fig. 55. In this manner, a plurality of TSVs 2015d may be provided for one TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b) so as to surround the TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b). Note that the number of TSVs 2015d surrounding the periphery of the TSV 2016a (TSV 2016b) is not limited to two or four, and may be three or five or more.

[0140] [Other Modifications of the Ninth Embodiment] As other modified examples of the ninth embodiment, configurations as shown in Figs. 57 and 58 are also possible. These examples are similar to the ninth embodiment except that the shape of the control line 2016 is U-shaped. That is, as shown in Fig. 57 or 58, the control line 2016 may have a structure in which it enters the inside of the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019 from the outside of the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019, turns back inside the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019, and then exits the outside of the superconducting loop 2600. Also, in the configurations as shown in Figs. 57 and 58, the control line 2016 may be disposed only inside the superconducting loop 2600 of the substrate 2019 by using TSVs as in the configurations as shown in Figs. 53, 55, and 56.

[0141] The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and can be modified as appropriate without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, the above-described oscillator can be used for any purpose. For example, the above-described oscillator can be used as a phase detector or a quantum computer. [Explanation of symbols]

[0142] 1, 2 qubits 102 SQUID 103a, 103b λ / 4 line 104 Control Line 106 GND Plane 107 Air Bridge 108 Junction 109 Superconducting Loop 202 SQUID 203a, 203b λ / 4 line 204 Control Line 206 GND Plane 207 Air Bridge 208 Junction 209 Superconducting Loop 301, 302, 303 Capacitors 1001 and 1002 qubits 1041, 1042 branch line 1102 SQUID 1103a, 1103b λ / 4 line 1104 Control Line 1106 GND Plane 1107 Air Bridge 1202 SQUID 1203a, 1203b λ / 4 line 1204 Control Line 1206 GND Plane 2000 qubits 2001 SQUID 2002a, 2002b Josephson junction 2003 Capacitor 2004 Control Line 2005 Electrode 2006 GND Plane 2007 Air Bridge 2008 Electrode 2009 Superconducting Loop 2010 Inductor 2011 Josephson junction 2014, 2014a Bridge electrode 2015 GND Plane 2015a TSV 2015b GND plane 2015c GND line 2015d TSV 2016 Control Line 2016a, 2016b TSV 2017a, 2017b Branching line 2018 Chip 2019 PCB 2020, 2021 Silicon Substrate 2022a, 2022b Bump 2041, 2042 branch line 2108 Junction 2500, 2600 Superconducting Loop 11041, 11042 branch line 20041, 20042 branch line 20170 Turning Point

Claims

1. 1. An oscillator comprising: SQUID and a transmission line connected to the SQUID; A ground plane; a first connection circuit that is provided in the vicinity of a node of an electric field of a standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates and connects the ground planes that exist on both sides of the transmission line; having The first connection circuit is provided at a position that is 1 / 20 or less of the length of the transmission line from a connection point between the transmission line and the SQUID. Oscillator.

2. a control line that is magnetically coupled to the SQUID and receives a control signal; a second connection circuit connecting the ground planes on both sides of the control line; 2. The oscillator of claim 1, comprising:

3. An oscillator, comprising: SQUID and a transmission line connected to the SQUID; A ground plane; a first connection circuit that is provided in the vicinity of a node of an electric field of a standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates and connects the ground planes that exist on both sides of the transmission line; having Two transmission lines are connected to the SQUID, one of the transmission lines is connected to one end of the SQUID, and the other of the transmission lines is connected to the other end of the SQUID; the first connection circuit is provided for each of the two transmission lines, the ground plane and the first connecting circuit are superconductors; the oscillator includes a superconducting loop circuit using the ground plane and the first connection circuit, The superconducting loop circuit surrounds the SQUID. Oscillator.

4. a control line that is magnetically coupled to the SQUID and receives a control signal; a second connection circuit of superconductor connecting the ground planes on either side of the control line; having a terminal end of the control line is wired along the SQUID, and the terminal end of the control line is connected to one of the ground planes present on both sides of the control line; The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the ground plane, the first connection circuit, and the second connection circuit.

4. The oscillator according to claim 3.

5. a control line that is magnetically coupled to the SQUID and receives a control signal; The control line is arranged so that two types of magnetic fluxes having substantially the same magnitude but opposite directions pass through the superconducting loop circuit in response to the control signal flowing through the control line.

4. The oscillator according to claim 3.

6. the control line is a superconductor and is branched into a first branch line and a second branch line at a branch point on the control line; the first branch line is routed along the SQUID, the second branch line is wired in a direction opposite to that of the first branch line, the first connection circuits are provided for the two transmission lines, and the first connection circuits are provided at positions that are substantially the same distance from the branch point; The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the ground plane, the first connection circuit, the first branch line, and the second branch line.

6. The oscillator according to claim 5.

7. a second connection circuit connecting the ground planes on both sides of the control line; The distance on the control line from the second connection circuit to the branch point is equal to or greater than 1 / 20 of the wavelength of the control signal.

7. The oscillator according to claim 6.

8. the control line is wired in a U-shape so as to be folded back near the SQUID, the oscillator has a second connection circuit made of a superconductor connecting the ground planes on both sides of the outgoing path and the return path of the U-shaped control line, The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the ground plane, the first connection circuit, and the second connection circuit.

6. The oscillator according to claim 5.

9. the control line is wired linearly and crosses one of the transmission lines at an intersection; the oscillator includes a second connection circuit made of a superconductor connecting the ground planes on either side of the control line; the second connection circuit is provided on both sides of a position where the control line and the transmission line cross over each other, The superconducting loop circuit is a circuit using the ground plane, the first connection circuit, and the second connection circuit.

6. The oscillator according to claim 5.

10. An oscillator comprising: SQUID and a transmission line connected to the SQUID; A ground plane; a first connection circuit that is provided in the vicinity of a node of an electric field of a standing wave generated when the oscillator oscillates and connects the ground planes that exist on both sides of the transmission line; having the first connection circuit is provided at a distance of 1 / 20 or less of a quarter of the wavelength of a standing wave generated on the transmission line from a connection point between the transmission line and the SQUID; Oscillator.

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