Methods and compositions for predicting response to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease - Patents.com

Abstract

Biomarkers that indicate response to treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are described. Also described are probes capable of detecting the biomarkers and related methods and kits for predicting response to treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention generally aims at predicting the response to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in a subject, and provides methods, reagents, and kits useful for this purpose. Provided herein are panels of biomarkers indicative of response to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, probes capable of detecting said panels of biomarkers, and related methods and kits for predicting response to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Also provided herein are panels of biomarkers indicative of response to combination therapy for treating inflammatory bowel disease. [Background technology]

[0002] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition involving uncontrolled inflammation of the digestive system, with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) representing the two main subtypes of the disease. Treatment options for patients with IBD have improved significantly with the introduction of biologics, which have reduced the frequency of hospital visits and surgeries (Rutgeerts, et al., Gastroenterology, 2009, 136:1182-1197). However, even biologics such as golimumab (anti-TNF treatment) show a high clinical non-responder rate of up to 50% (Sandborn, et al., Gastroenterology, 2014, 146:85-95; quiz e14-15). As new drugs with distinct mechanisms of action become available, being able to identify subsets of patients with distinctly different responses to different anti-inflammatory treatments could be beneficial in many ways, including reducing the number of patients receiving ineffective treatments, achieving higher response rates, and being able to treat predicted non-responder patients with alternative and combination therapies to avoid being stuck on less effective treatments.

[0003] To this end, many previous studies have identified candidate biomarkers for predicting response to anti-TNF treatment in IBD. (Arijs, et al., Gut., 2009, 58:1612-1619; Kolho, et al., Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2015, 110:921-930; Shaw, et al., Genome Med., 2016, 8:75; Ferrante, et al., Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2007, 13:123-128; Zhou, et al., mSystems, 2018, 3; West et al., Nat. Med., 2017, 23:579-589). However, all of these studies used small sample sizes or did not prospectively validate in independent cohorts, limiting their clinical utility.

[0004] Therefore, it is desirable to develop biomarkers that predict response to IBD treatment and identify responder and / or non-responder patients, preferably before the subject is treated for the disease.Similarly, there is a general need to develop biomarkers that predict response to combination therapy for IBD.Biomarkers can also be used for other purposes, such as having the ability to stratify patients in clinical trials.

[0005] The preceding discussion has been presented merely to provide a better understanding of the nature of the problems faced in the art and should not be construed as an admission of prior art in any manner, and citation of any reference herein should not be construed as an admission that such reference constitutes "prior art" to the present application. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The present invention relates to predicting response to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in a subject, and provides methods, reagents, and kits useful for this purpose.

[0007] In one aspect, a method for predicting response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-interleukin (IL) treatment of the IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods, wherein the pattern of the biomarker panel predicts response to anti-IL treatment in the subject.

[0008] In other embodiments, the panel of biomarkers provided herein includes CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3.

[0009] In some embodiments, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with an anti-IL therapy.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the probes provided herein are selected from the group consisting of aptamers, antibodies, affibodies, peptides, and nucleic acids. In one embodiment, the probe is a nucleic acid. In another embodiment, the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, and 50.

[0011] In some embodiments, a pattern of a panel of biomarkers provided herein is determined by (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in a subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In other embodiments, the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52.

[0013] In some embodiments, a subject is predicted to be a responder to anti-interleukin (IL) treatment of IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000.

[0014] In another aspect, there is provided a method of predicting response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to JAK inhibitor (JAKi) treatment of IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods in which the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to JALi treatment in the subject.

[0015] In some embodiments, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with a JAKi therapy.

[0016] In some embodiments, the subject is predicted to be a responder to JAKi treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a pre-defined threshold indicating response. In some embodiments, the pre-defined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. In some embodiments, the pre-defined threshold level is -3.8234. In some embodiments, the pre-defined threshold level is 1.0000.

[0017] In yet another aspect, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0018] In one aspect, a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the baseline gene expression levels of the panel of biomarkers in the sample by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0019] In some embodiments, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy.

[0020] In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise administering to the subject one or more anti-inflammatory therapies for IBD.

[0021] In some embodiments, a non-responder subject has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of high disease burden, microbial dysbiosis, and high levels of inflammatory activity.

[0022] In other embodiments, non-responder subjects are identified as candidates for combination therapy.

[0023] In one aspect, the combination therapy provided herein comprises two or more therapies selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheals, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

[0024] In another aspect, the combination therapy provided herein comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

[0025] In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy provided herein is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy, a JAK inhibitor (JAKi) therapy, or an anti-interleukin (IL) therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is an anti-IL-23 or anti-IL-12 / 23 therapy. In other embodiments, the anti-IL therapy is ustekinumab. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is a JAK inhibitor therapy. In other embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is an anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF therapy is golimumab.

[0026] In one aspect, a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is provided, comprising: a. predicting the subject's response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a pattern of the panel of biomarkers; and Including, predicting, wherein a pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject; and b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0027] In further embodiments, the subject is predicted to be a responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000.

[0028] In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting that the subject will be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; and (iii) determining a signature score for each sample; and Including, predicting that the subject is a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response; b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0029] In further embodiments, the panel of biomarkers for the methods of treating a subject provided herein comprises CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with an anti-inflammatory therapy. In certain embodiments, the probe provided herein is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the probe is a nucleic acid. In other embodiments, the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-14, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 47, and SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the pattern of the panel of biomarkers provided herein is determined by (a) determining the baseline gene expression levels of the panel of biomarkers in the subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample. In certain embodiments, the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In other embodiments, the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52.

[0030] In further embodiments, predicted non-responder subjects are identified as candidates for combination therapy. Provided herein is a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising predicting that the subject is a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, and administering to the subject a combination therapy comprising two or more treatments selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory treatment, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheal drugs, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In further embodiments, the combination therapy comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and leakage, agranulocyte adhesion and leakage, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

[0031] In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy provided herein for the methods of treating a subject diagnosed with IBD is an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy, a JAK inhibitor (JAKi) therapy, or an anti-interleukin (IL) therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is an anti-IL-23 or anti-IL-12 / 23 therapy. In other embodiments, the anti-IL therapy is ustekinumab. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is a JAK inhibitor therapy. In other embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapy is an anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF therapy is golimumab.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise predicting the response according to one or more other characteristics of the subject, hi other embodiments, the other characteristics are selected from the group consisting of protein levels, gut microbiome, histological findings, and clinical characteristics of the subject.

[0033] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response at or after 6, 30, or 50 weeks of treatment, or any time point in between.

[0034] In one aspect, the sample is a tissue sample or a blood sample.

[0035] In one embodiment, the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD).

[0036] In some embodiments, the subject has previously failed or been intolerant to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab, corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), or the subject has demonstrated corticosteroid dependence.

[0037] In one embodiment, a kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is provided, comprising: a) a kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the kit comprising: a) a kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the kit comprising: a kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the kit comprising: Provided herein are kits comprising a set of isolated probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of: mitochondrial endothelial cell line (TEA), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0038] In another aspect, the kit provided herein comprises a set of isolated probes capable of detecting all biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0039] In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a therapeutic agent.

[0040] Further aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reading the detailed description and claims. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0041] The above summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present application, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. It should be understood, however, that the present application is not limited to the precise embodiments shown in the drawings.

[0042] This patent or application document contains at least one printed color drawing(s). Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the PROgECT (Telesco SE, et al., Gastroenterology, 2018 Oct., 155(4):1008-1011.e8; and the government number for the clinical trial is NCT01988961) trial showing a timeline of treatment and endpoints. [Diagram 2] The distribution of molecular predictive signatures (MPS) in the PROgECT, PURSUIT, and UNIFI cohorts is shown. [Figure 3A] Gene expression analysis of colon biopsies collected from predicted non-responders (NR) and predicted responders (R) in PROgECT shows: number of genes differentially expressed (FC>2, FDR<0.05) between predicted NR and predicted R patients and between true NR and true R patients (Figure 3A); heatmap of gene set difference analysis (GSVA) ​​signature scores (Figure 3B); top 10 ingenuity pathways with differentially expressed genes between predicted NR and predicted R patients (Table 7). [Figure 3B] Gene expression analysis of colon biopsies collected from predicted non-responders (NR) and predicted responders (R) in PROgECT shows: number of genes differentially expressed (FC>2, FDR<0.05) between predicted NR and predicted R patients and between true NR and true R patients (Figure 3A); heatmap of gene set difference analysis (GSVA) ​​signature scores (Figure 3B); top 10 ingenuity pathways with differentially expressed genes between predicted NR and predicted R patients (Table 7). [Figure 4A] 16S fecal microbiome analysis of predicted NR and predicted R patients in PROgECT: Shannon diversity index comparing predicted NR and predicted R patients (p>0.05) (Figure 4A) and ASVs differentially expressed between predicted NR and predicted R patients at an FDR cutoff of 0.005 (Figure 4B). [Figure 4B] 16S fecal microbiome analysis of predicted NR and predicted R patients in PROgECT: Shannon diversity index comparing predicted NR and predicted R patients (p>0.05) (Figure 4A) and ASVs differentially expressed between predicted NR and predicted R patients at an FDR cutoff of 0.005 (Figure 4B). [Diagram 5] 1 shows the performance of the MPS model measured in whole blood gene expression in the PURSUIT cohort (AUC of 0.90). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0043] Various publications, articles and patents are cited or described in the Background and throughout the specification. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Any discussion of documents, operations, materials, devices, articles and the like which has been included in the specification is for the purpose of providing a context for the invention. Such discussion is not an admission that any or all of these items constitute part of the prior art to any invention(s) disclosed or claimed.

[0044] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Unless otherwise defined, certain terms used herein have the meanings set forth herein.

[0045] It should be noted that as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0046] Unless otherwise stated, any numerical values, such as concentrations or concentration ranges, described herein should be understood in all cases as being modified by the term "about". Thus, numerical values ​​typically include ±10% of the described value. For example, a concentration of 1 mg / mL includes 0.9 mg / mL to 1.1 mg / mL. Similarly, a concentration range of 1% to 10% (w / v) includes 0.9% (w / v) to 11% (w / v). As used herein, the use of numerical ranges expressly includes all possible subranges, all individual numerical values ​​within the range, including integers and fractions of values ​​within the range, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0047] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "at least" preceding a series of elements should be understood to refer to every element in the series. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

[0048] As used herein, it will be understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains," or "containing," or any other variation thereof, are intended to include a stated integer or group of integers, but not to exclude other integers or groups of integers, and are intended to be non-exclusive or non-limiting. For example, a composition, mixture, process, method, article, or method comprising a set of elements. A composition, mixture, process, method, article, or device is not necessarily limited to only those elements and may include other elements not expressly listed or not inherent in such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or device. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not an exclusive "or." For example, condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0049] It should also be understood that the terms "about," "approximately," "generally," "substantially," and the like, used herein when referring to dimensions or features of preferred inventive components, indicate that the described dimensions / features are not precise boundaries or parameters, and do not exclude minor variations therefrom that are functionally the same or similar, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. At a minimum, such references involving numerical parameters will include variations that do not change the least significant digit using mathematical and industrial principles accepted in the art (e.g., rounding, measurement, or other systematic errors, manufacturing tolerances, and the like).

[0050] The term "expressing" or "expression" as used herein refers to transcription from a gene to give an RNA nucleic acid molecule that is at least partially complementary to a region of one of the gene's two nucleic acid strands. The term "express" or "expression" as used herein also refers to translation from an RNA molecule to give a protein, polypeptide, or portion thereof.

[0051] As used herein, "biomarker" refers to a gene or protein whose expression or concentration level in a sample is altered or indicative of a condition compared to the level in a normal or healthy sample. The biomarkers disclosed herein are genes and / or proteins whose expression level or concentration, or the timing of expression or concentration, correlate with prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and / or Crohn's disease).

[0052] The terms "polypeptide" and "protein", used interchangeably herein, refer to a polymer of three or more amino acids in a tandem sequence linked via peptide bonds. The term "polypeptide" includes proteins, protein fragments, protein analogs, oligopeptides, and the like. As used herein, the term "polypeptide" may also refer to a peptide. The amino acids that make up a polypeptide may be naturally occurring or synthetic. A polypeptide may be purified from a biological sample. A polypeptide, protein, or peptide also includes modified polypeptides, proteins, and peptides, such as glycopolypeptides, glycoproteins, or glycopeptides; or lipopolypeptides, lipoproteins, or lipopeptides.

[0053] The terms "antibody," "immunoglobulin," or "Ig," as used interchangeably herein, encompass fully assembled antibodies and antibody fragments that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen. Antibodies provided herein include, but are not limited to, synthetic antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, multispecific antibodies (including bispecific antibodies), human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, intrabodies, single-chain Fvs (scFvs) (including, e.g., monospecific, bispecific, etc.), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab') fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFvs), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above.

[0054] As used herein, "probe" refers to any molecule or agent that can selectively bind to an intended target biomolecule. The target molecule can be a biomarker, such as a nucleotide transcript, or a protein encoded by or corresponding to the biomarker. Probes can be synthesized by those skilled in the art or derived from appropriate biological preparations in view of the present disclosure. Probes can be specifically designed to be labeled. Examples of molecules that can be utilized as probes include, but are not limited to, RNA, DNA, proteins, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, affibodies, and organic molecules.

[0055] As used herein, "baseline gene expression" of a gene in a subject refers to the gene expression level of the gene in the subject before the subject is treated with an IBD therapy.

[0056] An "upregulated" mRNA generally increases with a given treatment or condition. A "downregulated" mRNA generally refers to a decrease in the expression level of an mRNA in response to a given treatment or condition. In some circumstances, the mRNA level may remain unchanged for a given treatment or condition. An mRNA from a patient sample may be "upregulated" when treated with a drug compared to an untreated control. This upregulation may be, for example, an increase of about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 200%, about 300%, about 500%, about 1,000%, about 5,000%, or more of the comparative control mRNA level. Alternatively, an mRNA may be "downregulated" or expressed at a lower level in response to administration of a particular compound or other agent. Downregulated mRNA can be, for example, present at levels of about 99%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 1%, or less of the comparative control mRNA level.

[0057] Similarly, the level of a polypeptide or protein biomarker from a patient sample may be increased when treated with a drug compared to an untreated control. This increase may be about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 200%, about 300%, about 500%, about 1,000%, about 5,000%, or more of the comparative control protein level. Alternatively, the level of a protein biomarker may be decreased in response to administration of a particular compound or other agent. This decrease may be, for example, at about 99%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 1%, or less of the comparative control protein level.

[0058] The terms "subject" and "patient" can be used interchangeably herein. As used herein, "subject" means any animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human. As used herein, the term "mammal" encompasses any mammal. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys, humans, and the like, more preferably humans. In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human, diagnosed with a disease or disorder. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human, at risk of developing a disease or disorder.

[0059] As used herein, "sample" is intended to include any sampling of cells, tissues, or bodily fluids in which expression of a biomarker can be detected. Examples of such samples include, but are not limited to, biopsies, smears, blood, lymph, urine, saliva, or any other bodily secretion or derivative thereof. Blood may include, for example, whole blood, plasma, serum, or any derivative of blood. Samples may be obtained from a subject by a variety of techniques known to those of skill in the art.

[0060] As used herein, "treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, the purpose of which is to prevent or slow down (attenuate) the targeted pathological condition or disorder. Those in need of treatment include those diagnosed with the disorder as well as those predisposed to having the disorder (e.g., genetic predisposition) or those seeking to prevent the disorder. The terms "prevent", "preventing" and "prevention" refer to reducing the likelihood of onset (or recurrence) of a disease, disorder, condition, or associated symptoms.

[0061] As used herein, a "response" to a treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be a positive or negative response to the treatment. As used herein, a "positive response" to an IBD treatment refers to a response that includes at least one of mucosal healing, clinical response, and clinical remission resulting from an IBD treatment. Mucosal healing is defined as a Mayo endoscopic subscore of 0 or 1. A clinical response is defined as a total Mayo score reduction of at least 3 points and ≥ 30% from baseline, accompanied by a rectal bleeding subscore reduction of at least 1 point from baseline, or an absolute rectal bleeding subscore of 0 or 1. A clinical remission is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 points or less, with no individual subscore exceeding 1 point. For example, a positive response to an IBD treatment can be complete mucosal healing and histological normalization, including a Mayo endoscopic subscore of 0 or 1 and a grade of 0 or 1 on the Geboes histological scale for ulcerative colitis (UC). As used herein, a "negative response" or "no response" to an IBD treatment refers to the absence of response in terms of mucosal healing, clinical response, and clinical remission resulting from an IBD treatment.

[0062] As used herein, "responder" means a subject who has a positive response to an IBD treatment.

[0063] As used herein, "non-responder" refers to a subject who has no response or a negative response to an IBD treatment. For example, a non-responder may not have a clinical response to an IBD treatment, and a non-responder may have an endoscopic subscore of 2 or 3 and a grade of 4 or 5 on the histological scale.

[0064] Clinical response to IBD treatment can be indicated by improvement in disease activity indices, resolution of clinical symptoms, or any other measure of disease activity. Such an index of disease is the ulcerative colitis (UC) Mayo score. The Mayo score is an established and validated disease activity index for mild, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis (UC), calculated as the sum of four subscores: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, endoscopic findings, and physician's global assessment (PGA), and ranges from 0 to 12. A score of 3 to 5 indicates mild active disease, a score of 6 to 10 indicates moderate active disease, and a score of 11 to 12 indicates severe disease. The partial Mayo score, which is the Mayo score without the endoscopic subscore, is calculated as the sum of stool frequency, rectal bleeding, and physician's global assessment subscores, and ranges from 0 to 9. The modified Mayo score, which is the Mayo score without the PGA subscore, is calculated as the sum of stool frequency, rectal bleeding, and endoscopic subscores and ranges from 0 to 9. Other disease activity indices for UC include, for example, the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score and the Bristol stool form scale (BSFS) score. The UCEIS score provides a global assessment of the endoscopic severity of UC based on mucosal vascular patterns, bleeding, and ulceration (Travis et al., Gut. 61:535-542 (2012)). Scores range from 3 to 11, with higher scores indicating more severe disease by endoscopy. The BSFS score is used to classify the quality (or consistency) of human feces into seven categories (Lewis and Heaton, Scand J Gastroenterol. 32(9):920-924 (1997)).

[0065] The term "administering" with respect to the methods of the present invention refers to a method of therapeutically or prophylactically preventing, treating, or ameliorating a syndrome, disorder, or disease described herein (e.g., Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)). Such methods include administering an effective amount of the therapeutic agent at different times during the course of treatment or simultaneously in a combined form. The methods of the present invention are to be understood as embracing all known therapeutic treatment regimes.

[0066] The term "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of an active compound or agent provided herein, a combination of therapeutic compounds, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, that elicits in a tissue system, animal, or human the biological or medical response that a researcher, veterinarian, physician, or other clinician is seeking, including preventing, treating, or ameliorating the syndrome, disorder, or disease being treated, or the symptoms of the syndrome, disorder, or disease being treated (e.g., IBD).

[0067] As used herein, the term "targeting" means inhibiting, modulating, upregulating, downregulating, enhancing, or binding. As used herein, a "pathway-targeting agent" refers to an agent that inhibits, modulates, upregulates, downregulates, enhances, or binds to one or more known members of a pathway.

[0068] As used herein, "STEAP4" refers to STEAP4 metalloreductase. STEAP4 is also known in the art as tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein, mouse six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, TNFAIP9, STAMP2, or tumor necrosis alpha-induced adipose-associated protein.

[0069] As used herein, "CMTM2" refers to CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2. CMTM2 is also known in the art as chemokine-like factor superfamily member 2, CKLFSF2, or CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2.

[0070] As used herein, "C5AR1" refers to complement C5a receptor 1. C5AR1 is also known in the art as C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1, complement component 5a receptor 1, C5a-R, C5R1, C5AR, complement component 5 receptor 1, CD88 antigen, or C5A.

[0071] As used herein, "FGF2" refers to fibroblast growth factor 2. FGF2 is also known in the art as heparin-binding growth factor 2, HBGF-2, FGF-2, BFGF, FGFB, basic fibroblast growth factor, or prostatropin.

[0072] As used herein, "GK" refers to glycerol kinase. GK is also known in the art as ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase, glycerokinase, GK1, or GKD.

[0073] As used herein, "HGF" refers to hepatocyte growth factor. HGF is also known in the art as fibroblast-derived tumor cytotoxic factor, pulmonary fibroblast-derived mitogen, hepatopoietin-A, scatter factor, HPTA, SF, deafness, autosomal recessive 39, DFNB39, F-TCF, or HGFB.

[0074] As used herein, "IL1RN" refers to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. IL1RN is also known in the art as IL1 inhibitor, ICIL-1RA, IL1F3, IL1RA, IRAP, intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, or type II interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.

[0075] As used herein, "LILRA2" refers to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2. LILRA2 is also known in the art as leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor, subfamily A (with TM domain), member 2, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 7, CD85 antigen-like family member H, immunoglobulin-like transcript 1, leukocyte Ig-like receptor A2, ILT1, LIR7, or CD85h antigen.

[0076] As used herein, "NAMPT" refers to nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. NAMPT is also known in the art as visfatin, PBEF1, or Pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor 1.

[0077] As used herein, "PAPPA" refers to papalysin 1. PAPPA is also known in the art as insulin-like growth factor-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease, differentially placenta 1 expressed protein, non-specific BCL2 ARE binding protein 2, IGF-dependent IGFBP-4 protease, pregnancy associated plasma protein A, ASBABP2, or DIPLA1.

[0078] As used herein, "SNCA" refers to synuclein alpha. SNCA is also known in the art as PARK1, NACP, Parkinson's disease (autosomal dominant, Lewy bodies) 4, non-A4 component of amyloid precursor, non-A-beta component of AD amyloid, truncated alpha synuclein, or PARK4.

[0079] As used herein, "SOD2" refers to superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial. SOD2 is also known in the art as superoxide dismutase 2, epididymal secretory sperm-binding protein, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase, indophenol oxidase B, or Mn-SOD.

[0080] As used herein, "ZBED3" refers to zinc finger BED type-containing 3. ZBED3 is also known in the art as Axin-interacting protein.

[0081] Diagnosis of IBD Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic intermittent diseases that result in structural damage to the intestinal wall. In UC, inflammation is limited to the mucosa and extends proximally from the rectum. CD can be located in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by transmural inflammation and complications.

[0082] The first clues in making a diagnosis of IBD are symptoms, including unremitting diarrhea, blood and / or mucus in the stool (more common in UC than in CD), fever, and abdominal pain. The diagnosis of IBD is usually confirmed by blood tests, endoscopic procedures, and imaging procedures.

[0083] Blood tests Examples of blood tests are CBC counts, such as white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, electrolyte panels, liver function tests, and fecal occult blood tests (also called fecal guaiac or occult blood tests). A high WBC count can be a sign of inflammation somewhere in the body. A low RBC count can be a sign of bleeding somewhere in the body (if not evident from visible blood in the stool), or even indicate the amount of blood lost compared to previous RBC count levels.

[0084] An electrolyte panel measures the levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the body. Chronic diarrhea can cause these electrolytes to be at abnormally low levels.

[0085] Liver function tests (LFTs) measure alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total protein, and total and direct bilirubin levels. Abnormal levels can be caused by malnutrition, when the digestive tract does not absorb nutrients as it should.

[0086] A fecal occult blood test (also called a fecal guaiac test or occult blood test) is used to test the feces for traces of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Feces can also be tested for the presence of bacterial infections that may be causing symptoms.

[0087] Endoscopic procedures Endoscopy is a procedure in which a physician uses special instruments to view and manipulate the organs and blood vessels inside a patient's body. This allows the surgeon to see problems inside the body without making large incisions. Endoscopes are divided into different categories based on the area of ​​the body they examine.

[0088] Colonoscopy is an endoscopic procedure used to examine the inside of the colon, which can go beyond the areas that can be reached with a sigmoidoscopy. Colonoscopy is useful for detecting colon cancer, ulcers, inflammation, and other problems in the colon. Biopsies can also be taken during colonoscopy to examine for clues in making a diagnosis.

[0089] Sigmoidoscopy is an endoscopic procedure used to examine the last third of the large intestine, including the rectum and sigmoid colon. It can be used to check for cancer, abnormal growths (polyps), inflammation, and ulcers.

[0090] Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is used to look at the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It can be used to find the cause of swallowing problems, nausea, vomiting, reflux, bleeding, indigestion, abdominal pain, or chest pain.

[0091] Capsule endoscopy is sometimes used to help diagnose Crohn's disease, which involves the small intestine. The patient swallows a capsule that has a camera in it. Images are transmitted to a recorder, and the capsule then painlessly leaves the body along with the feces. Endoscopy with biopsy may also be required to further confirm the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.

[0092] Imaging Technique Common imaging procedures used to diagnose IBD include X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

[0093] X-rays are quick, inexpensive, and non-invasive, and abdominal x-rays can show if the intestine is narrowed, blocked, or dilated. A barium enema (also called a barium enema) is a special type of x-ray that uses barium sulfate and air to outline the lining of the rectum and colon. The results can show polyps, tumors, or diverticulosis. An upper gastrointestinal (upper GI) study is a type of x-ray used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Sometimes it is used to examine the small intestine.

[0094] A CT scan is a specialized x-ray technique that provides more detail than a standard x-ray. This test looks at the entire intestine as well as the tissue outside the intestine. CT enterography is a specialized CT scan that provides a better image of the small intestine. This test has replaced barium x-rays in many medical facilities.

[0095] MRI scanners use magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues. MRI is particularly useful for evaluating fistulas around the anal area (pelvic MRI) or small intestine (MR enterography). Unlike CT, there is no radiation exposure with MRI.

[0096] Treatment of IBD In the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), therapeutic agents can reduce the inflammation that causes signs and symptoms, leading to not only symptom relief but also long-term remission and reduced risk of complications.IBD treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery.Medicines for IBD treatment include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, immunomodulatory drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, painkillers, iron supplements, and calcium and vitamin D supplements.

[0097] Anti-inflammatory drugs Anti-inflammatory therapy is often the first step in the treatment of IBD. Anti-inflammatory drugs include, but are not limited to, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, JAK inhibitors, anti-interleukins, and anti-integrin agents.

[0098] Examples of anti-TNF drugs include infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), and golimumab (Simponi). JAK inhibitors can be inhibitors of one or more of the four JAK members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. Examples of JAK inhibitors include filgotinib, pefitinib, tofacitinib (Xeljanz / Jakvinus), and upadacitinib. Anti-interleukin (IL) agents can be anti-IL-1, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-10, anti-IL-13, anti-IL-17, anti-IL-12 / 23, or anti-IL-23 agents. Anti-IL-12 / 23 agents, including ustekinumab (Stelara), are also referred to as IL-12 / 23 blockers. Examples of anti-IL-23 include BI655066, briakinumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, and ustekinumab (Stelara). Examples of anti-integrin drugs include vedolizumab and natalizumab.

[0099] Aminosalicylates, given orally or rectally, can help control the inflammation of IBD by delivering compounds containing 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) to the intestine. Examples of aminosalicylates are sulfasalazine, mesalamine, olsalazine, and balsalazide. These medications are used for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, but are much more effective for ulcerative colitis and are used less for Crohn's disease.

[0100] Corticosteroids are fast-acting anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat acute (sudden onset and / or short-lived) exacerbations. Due to known side effects, doctors prefer to avoid them altogether or prescribe them only for short periods of time. Corticosteroids can be given orally, rectally, or intravenously. Examples of corticosteroids are prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone. Budesonide is a slightly different type of steroid that is very poorly absorbed by the body and therefore has far fewer side effects.

[0101] antibiotics Antibiotics given orally or intravenously are used selectively in patients with Crohn's disease and in IBD patients who develop infections with Clostridium difficile. Examples of antibiotics are metronidazole and ciprofloxacin.

[0102] Immunomodulators IBD is thought to be caused by an overactive immune system. Immunomodulators work by calming the immune system, helping to reduce inflammation. They can be given orally or by injection. Examples of immunomodulators are azathioprine (AZA), cyclosporine, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), and methotrexate (for Crohn's disease).

[0103] Combination therapy One or more of the above-mentioned treatments, as well as other IBD treatments known in the art, can be used in combination to treat IBD patients. One or more treatments can be administered before, simultaneously, or after other treatments described herein are administered. One or more treatments and additional treatments can be administered to a patient simultaneously or sequentially by the same or different administration routes. The suitability of a particular administration route for use in a particular treatment depends on the treatment itself. Administration routes for the treatment of IBD are known to those skilled in the art. For example, see Physicians Desk Reference.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the combination therapy described herein can be administered to patients with IBD in cycles. Cycling therapy involves administering an active agent for a period of time, followed by a period of rest, and repeating this sequential administration. Cycling therapy can reduce the development of resistance to one or more of the therapies, avoid or reduce the side effects of one of the therapies, and / or improve the efficacy of the treatment.

[0105] As used herein, the term "in combination" does not limit the order in which therapies (e.g., prophylactic and / or therapeutic agents) are administered to a patient with IBD. In one embodiment, a first treatment is administered (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks) before a second treatment provided herein is administered. In one embodiment, a first treatment is administered simultaneously with administration of a second treatment provided herein. In one embodiment, the first treatment is administered (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks) after the second treatment provided herein is administered.

[0106] Various treatments, including any of the exemplified treatments above, can be used in combination. The combination therapy can include two or more treatments selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory treatments, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheal drugs, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

[0107] Combination therapy can include, but is not limited to, for example, administering two or more anti-inflammatory drugs to the same subject, administering one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more antibiotics to the same subject, administering one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more immunomodulators to the same subject, administering one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more antibiotics to the same subject, and administering one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more antibiotics and one or more anti-inflammatory drugs to the same subject.In light of the teachings and guidance provided herein, those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosure herein is intended to include all combinations and permutations of two or more IBD treatments.Therefore, the various combinations and permutations described herein are intended to be illustrative and not limiting.

[0108] Combination therapy may also include administering to a subject one or more agents that target one or more cell or signal transduction pathways in combination with one or more immunomodulatory agents, one or more antibiotics, and one or more anti-inflammatory drugs.Exemplary pathways include granulocyte adhesion and leakage.Exemplary agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage include, but are not limited to, C5AR, ERM, ICAM1, ICAM2, VCAM, Mac1, LFA1, Itgα9, and Itgβ1.Agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage are well known in the art.

[0109] Exemplary pathways include agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation. Exemplary agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation include, but are not limited to, C5AR, ERM, ICAM1, ICAM2, VCAM, Mac1, LFA1, Itgα9, and Itgβ1. Agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation are well known in the art.

[0110] Exemplary pathways include osteoarthritis pathways.Exemplary agents that target osteoarthritis pathways include, but are not limited to, Wnt, beta-catenin, MMP3, and Runx2.Agents that target osteoarthritis pathways are well known in the art.

[0111] Exemplary pathways include the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis.Exemplary agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis include, but are not limited to, MyD88, IRAK, PI3K, TRADD, TRAF2, IKK, IKB, JAK2, IKK, PKC and NFKB.Agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis are well known in the art.

[0112] Exemplary pathways include liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation.Exemplary agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation include, but are not limited to, ERK, p38, PDGF-BB, PDGFR, JNK, SREBP2, and miR-33a.The agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation are well known in the art.

[0113] Exemplary pathways include matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.Exemplary agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition include, but are not limited to, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4, TSP2, TSPI2, and a2-macroglobulin.Agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition are well known in the art.

[0114] Exemplary pathways include atherosclerosis signal transduction.Exemplary agents that target atherosclerosis signal transduction include, but are not limited to, HO-1 and MAPK.Agents that target atherosclerosis signal transduction are well known in the art.

[0115] Exemplary pathways include bladder cancer signal transduction.Exemplary agents that target bladder cancer signal transduction include, but are not limited to, HRAS, FGFR3, CDKN2A, and p53 RB.Agents that target bladder cancer signal transduction are well known in the art.

[0116] Exemplary pathways include the role of pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of bacteria and viruses.Exemplary agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of bacteria and viruses include, but are not limited to, NOD1, NOD2, NFKB, ERK1 / 2, IRF7, and PKC.Agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of bacteria and viruses are well known in the art.

[0117] Exemplary pathways include HMGB1 signal transduction.Exemplary agents that target HMGB1 signal transduction include, but are not limited to, TLR-4, TLR-2, RAGE, NFkB, and MEK.Agents that target HMGB1 signal transduction are well known in the art.

[0118] Based on the teachings and disclosure provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to make and use a variety of combination therapies with the various agents disclosed herein and other agents known in the art that target one or more of the disclosed pathways.

[0119] Biomarker panels and probes for predicting response to IBD treatment and methods of use - Patents.com WO 2010 / 044952(A2), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a predictive panel of 109 probe sets that mapped to 81 unique genes. The set of 109 probe sets was significantly differentially expressed at baseline between responders and non-responders (fold change >2, P<.05). The panel of 109 probe sets was able to classify patients as responders or non-responders prior to infliximab treatment.

[0120] A panel of 109 probe sets was able to predict response at week 8 with >90% sensitivity and specificity. A gene signature (molecular predictive signature or MPS) containing 13 unique genes predicted responders to TNF antagonist treatment with mixed results, highlighting the challenges of developing clinical biomarkers of response to treatment due to heterogeneous patient populations and variability in endoscopic scoring.

[0121] However, despite the low specificity of MPS in predicting responders to TNF antagonist treatment in some cohorts, it is found herein that MPS exhibits high negative predictive value (NPV) reflected in a high percentage (78%-89%) of true negative predictions in three independent TNF antagonist clinical trials. The utility of MPS to identify non-responders to TNF antagonist treatment is further demonstrated herein in an independent clinical trial using TNF antagonists in a different ethnic group (Japanese) and in clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory interventions other than TNF antagonists, such as JAK inhibitors and anti-interleukin (IL) treatment. In particular, predicted non-responder patients cannot be distinguished by clinical measures or inflammatory markers, but have specific gene expression and microbiome signatures that aid in targeting this non-responder population.

[0122] The present invention generally relates to predicting response or non-response to treatment in subjects diagnosed with IBD, and provides methods, reagents, and kits useful for this purpose. Provided herein are biomarkers that are indicative and / or predictive of response or non-response to IBD treatment. Provided herein are biomarkers that are indicative and / or predictive of response or non-response to combination IBD treatment. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a panel of biomarkers (e.g., a panel of genes or proteins expressed in a subject at a particular time point) that indicate that a subject will have either a positive or negative response to an IBD treatment. In certain embodiments, subjects with a negative response or non-responders are good candidates for combination treatment.

[0123] Provided herein is a method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD. In one embodiment, the IBD is ulcerative colitis. In another embodiment, the IBD is Crohn's disease.

[0124] In one embodiment, the subject is any animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. In one embodiment, the subject is a human diagnosed with IBD. In another embodiment, the subject is a human diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. In one embodiment, the subject is a human diagnosed with Crohn's disease.

[0125] In certain embodiments, the response to an IBD treatment is predicted before the treatment is administered to the subject, hi certain embodiments, the response to an IBD treatment is predicted after the treatment is administered to the subject.

[0126] In certain embodiments, the response to treatment in the subject is a positive response. In one embodiment, the positive response is characterized by at least one of mucosal healing, clinical response, or clinical remission. In certain embodiments, the response is a negative response or non-response. In one embodiment, the negative response or non-response to IBD treatment is characterized by not having at least one of mucosal healing, clinical response, and clinical remission.

[0127] In some embodiments, the method includes contacting the set of probes with a sample from the subject. In some embodiments, the sample includes any sampling of cells, tissues, or bodily fluids from the subject. In one embodiment, the sample is a tissue sample. In one embodiment, the sample is a biopsy. In one embodiment, the sample is a colon biopsy. In one embodiment, the sample is a smear. In one embodiment, the sample is blood. In one embodiment, the sample is lymphatic fluid. In one embodiment, the sample is urine. In one embodiment, the sample is saliva. In one embodiment, the sample is stool. In one embodiment, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy.

[0128] The probe can be any molecule or agent that specifically detects the biomarker. In certain embodiments, the probe is selected from the group consisting of aptamers, antibodies, affibodies, peptides, and nucleic acids. In one embodiment, the probe is an aptamer. An aptamer is an oligonucleotide or peptide that specifically binds to a target molecule. Aptamers are usually generated by selecting from a large random sequence pool. Examples of aptamers useful in the present invention include oligonucleotides, such as DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid analogs, or peptides that bind to the biomarkers of the present invention. In one embodiment, the aptamer is a single-stranded DNA-based protein affinity binding reagent. In another embodiment, the probe is an antibody. In one embodiment, the probe is an affibody. In another embodiment, the probe is a peptide. In one embodiment, the probe is a nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid probe is an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the gene or mRNA of the biomarker. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probe is a cDNA synthesized from the mRNA of the biomarker. In one embodiment, the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50.

[0129] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0130] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0131] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0132] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers comprising one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3). In one embodiment, the biomarker is CMTM2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is C5AR1. In one embodiment, the biomarker is FGF2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is GK. In one embodiment, the biomarker is HGF. In one embodiment, the biomarker is IL1RN. In one embodiment, the biomarker is LILRA2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is NAMPT. In one embodiment, the biomarker is PAPPA. In one embodiment, the biomarker is SNCA. In one embodiment, the biomarker is SOD2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is STEAP4. In one embodiment, the biomarker is ZBED3.

[0133] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including two biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0134] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including three biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0135] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including four biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0136] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including five biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0137] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including six biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0138] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including seven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0139] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including eight biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0140] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including nine biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0141] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including ten biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0142] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including eleven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0143] In other embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0144] One embodiment includes a probe capable of detecting a biomarker comprising STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4).

[0145] In a further embodiment, the set of probes is capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3). In one embodiment, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0146] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and two biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0147] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and three biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0148] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and four biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0149] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and five biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0150] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and six biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0151] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and seven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0152] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and eight biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0153] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and nine biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0154] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and ten biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0155] In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and eleven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0156] In light of the teachings and guidance provided herein, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the disclosure herein provides a method for predicting response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a subject diagnosed with IBD, comprising: a. contacting a probe or set of probes disclosed above with a sample from a subject; b. determining a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; Including, It will be appreciated that the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is intended to include a method for predicting response to an anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject, which can be, for example, an anti-interleukin (anti-IL) or JAK inhibitor treatment.

[0157] In another embodiment, there is provided a method of predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods in which the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to an anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject. The anti-inflammatory treatment can be, for example, an anti-interleukin (anti-IL) or JAK inhibitor treatment.

[0158] In another embodiment, there is provided a method of predicting response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-interleukin treatment of the IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods, wherein the pattern of the biomarker panel predicts response to anti-IL treatment in the subject.

[0159] 1. A method for predicting response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to JAK inhibitor treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to JAK inhibitor treatment in the subject.

[0160] 1. A method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a probe capable of detecting a biomarker comprising STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4); b. determining a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods in which the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to an anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject. The anti-inflammatory treatment can be, for example, an anti-interleukin (anti-IL) or JAK inhibitor treatment.

[0161] 1. A method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods in which the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to an anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject. The anti-inflammatory treatment can be, for example, an anti-interleukin (anti-IL) or JAK inhibitor treatment.

[0162] 1. A method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-interleukin treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods, wherein the pattern of the biomarker panel predicts response to anti-IL treatment in the subject.

[0163] 1. A method for predicting response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to JAK inhibitor treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the pattern of the panel of biomarkers; Including, Provided herein are methods, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to JAK inhibitor treatment in the subject.

[0164] The patterns of the panels of biomarkers provided herein are determined by (a) determining baseline gene expression levels of the panels of biomarkers in a subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample.

[0165] Any method available in the art for detecting the expression of a biomarker is encompassed herein. The expression, presence, or amount of a biomarker of the present invention can be detected at the nucleic acid level (e.g., as an RNA transcript) or protein level. "Detecting or determining the expression of a biomarker" is intended to include determining the amount or presence of a protein or its RNA transcript for a biomarker disclosed herein. Thus, "detecting expression" encompasses cases where a biomarker is determined to be not expressed, not detectably expressed, expressed at a low level, expressed at a normal level, or overexpressed.

[0166] In certain embodiments, provided herein are DNA, RNA, and protein-based diagnostic methods that directly or indirectly detect the biomarkers described herein. The present invention also provides compositions, reagents, and kits for such diagnostic purposes. The diagnostic methods described herein may be qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative diagnostic methods may be used, for example, to compare the detected biomarker level with a cutoff or threshold level. Where applicable, qualitative or quantitative diagnostic methods may also include amplifying the target, signal, or intermediate.

[0167] In certain embodiments, the biomarkers are detected at the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) level. For example, the amount of biomarker RNA (e.g., mRNA) present in a sample is determined (e.g., to determine the level of biomarker expression). Biomarker nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, amplified cDNA, etc.) can be detected / quantified using a variety of nucleic acid techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), nucleic acid hybridization, and nucleic acid amplification. In one embodiment, the PCR primers, including qPCR primers, are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52.

[0168] In certain embodiments, microarrays are used to detect biomarkers. Microarrays can include, for example, DNA microarrays, protein microarrays, tissue microarrays, cell microarrays, chemical compound microarrays, and antibody microarrays. DNA microarrays, commonly referred to as gene chips, can be used to simultaneously monitor the expression levels of thousands of genes. Microarrays can be used to identify disease genes by comparing expression in disease versus normal states. Microarrays can also be used for diagnostic purposes, i.e., patterns of gene expression levels can be examined in samples prior to diagnosis of disease, and these patterns can then be used to predict the occurrence of disease conditions in healthy subjects. Microarrays can also be used to predict a subject's response to a given therapeutic treatment by detecting patterns of gene expression levels prior to and / or concurrently with diagnosis of a disease condition in the subject.

[0169] In certain embodiments, the expression product is a protein corresponding to a panel of biomarkers. In certain embodiments, detecting the level of the expression product comprises exposing the sample to an antibody against a protein corresponding to the panel of biomarkers. In certain embodiments, the antibody is covalently attached to a solid surface. In certain embodiments, detecting the level of the expression product comprises exposing the sample to a mass spectrometry technique (e.g., mass spectrometry).

[0170] In certain embodiments, reagents are provided for detection and / or quantification of biomarker proteins. The reagents may include, but are not limited to, a primary antibody that binds to a protein biomarker, a secondary antibody that binds to a primary antibody, an affibody that binds to a protein biomarker, an aptamer that binds to a protein or nucleic acid biomarker (e.g., RNA or DNA), and / or a nucleic acid that binds to a nucleic acid biomarker (e.g., RNA or DNA). The detection reagents may be labeled (e.g., fluorescently) or unlabeled. In addition, the detection reagents may be free in solution or immobilized.

[0171] In certain embodiments, when quantifying the level of a biomarker present in a sample, the level can be determined on an absolute or relative basis. When determined on a relative basis, a comparison can be made to a control, which can include, but is not limited to, previous samples from the same patient (e.g., a series of samples over a particular period of time), levels found in subjects or populations of subjects that do not have a disease or disorder (e.g., IBD), thresholds, and acceptable ranges.

[0172] In some embodiments, between 1 and 13 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. Any range therein is contemplated. In one embodiment, 1 biomarker is used to predict patient response. In one embodiment, 2 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In one embodiment, 3 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In one embodiment, 4 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In one embodiment, 5 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In another embodiment, 6 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In another embodiment, 7 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In yet another embodiment, 8 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In yet another embodiment, 9 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In yet another embodiment, 11 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In yet another embodiment, 12 biomarkers are used to predict patient response. In another embodiment, 13 biomarkers are used to predict patient response.

[0173] In some embodiments, the one or more biomarkers are independently selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3). In one embodiment, the biomarker is CMTM2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is C5AR1. In one embodiment, the biomarker is FGF2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is GK. In one embodiment, the biomarker is HGF. In one embodiment, the biomarker is IL1RN. In one embodiment, the biomarker is LILRA2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is NAMPT. In one embodiment, the biomarker is PAPPA. In one embodiment, the biomarker is SNCA. In one embodiment, the biomarker is SOD2. In one embodiment, the biomarker is STEAP4. In one embodiment, the biomarker is ZBED3.

[0174] In one embodiment, the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined using a method comprising determining the baseline gene expression level of each biomarker in the panel. In one embodiment, the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined using a method comprising utilizing the baseline gene expression level of each biomarker to determine a signature score for each sample. As used herein, a "signature score" is an inherent risk score calculated individually for each sample based on the gene expression levels of the panel of biomarkers. An exemplary method for determining the signature score is shown in Example 8. In some embodiments, the signature score can be determined by other techniques known in the art.

[0175] In certain embodiments, if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response, the subject is predicted to be a responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD. In one embodiment, if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response, the subject is predicted to be a responder to anti-IL treatment for IBD. In another embodiment, if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response, the subject is predicted to be a responder to JAKi treatment for IBD. In certain embodiments, if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a predetermined threshold indicating non-response, the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD. In one embodiment, if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a predetermined threshold indicating non-response, the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-IL treatment for IBD. In another embodiment, a subject is predicted to be a non-responder to JAKi treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating response.

[0176] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0177] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0178] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including two biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0179] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including three biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0180] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including four biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0181] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including five biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0182] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including six biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0183] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including seven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0184] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including eight biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0185] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including nine biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0186] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 10 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0187] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including eleven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0188] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0189] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a probe capable of detecting a biomarker comprising STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of a panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the biomarker signature score is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0190] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0191] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0192] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and two biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0193] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and three biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0194] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and four biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0195] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and five biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0196] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and six biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0197] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and seven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0198] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and eight biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0199] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and nine biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0200] In certain embodiments, a method for predicting a negative response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a subject diagnosed with IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 10 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0201] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and eleven biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0202] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and all biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0203] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the baseline gene expression levels of the panel of biomarkers in the sample by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, Provided herein is a method, wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

[0204] In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. The entire range of -3.9000 to 1.1000 is contemplated. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.8500 to 1.0500. In certain embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.8250 to 1.0250. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.8234 to 1.0000. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.8000 to 0.9000. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.5000 to 0.6000. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.0000 to 0.2000. In other embodiments, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -2.5000 to 1.0000. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -2.5000 to 0.6000. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -2.5000 to 0.2000. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -1.5000 to 1.0000. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -1.5000 to 0.6000. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -1.5000 to 0.2000. In one embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. In another embodiment, the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000.

[0205] In certain embodiments, the threshold level of the signature score can be determined to represent the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity. In other embodiments, the threshold level of the signature score can be determined to represent the maximum positive predictive value. In other embodiments, the threshold level of the signature score can be determined to represent the maximum negative predictive value.

[0206] In certain embodiments, the non-responder subject has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of high disease burden, microbial dysbiosis, and high level of inflammatory activity. In one embodiment, the non-responder subject has a high disease burden. In another embodiment, the non-responder subject has a microbial dysbiosis. In one embodiment, the non-responder subject has a microbial dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract. In another embodiment, the non-responder subject has a microbial dysbiosis of the small intestine. In another embodiment, the non-responder subject has a microbial dysbiosis of the large intestine. In another embodiment, the non-responder subject has a high level of inflammatory activity.

[0207] In certain embodiments, a method for determining a treatment regimen for a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is provided. The method includes: (a) contacting a set of isolated probes of the present invention with a sample obtained from the subject to detect a panel of biomarkers of the present invention in the sample; and (b) detecting a pattern of the panel of biomarkers that determines an appropriate treatment regimen for the subject. As an example, when detecting a pattern of the panel of biomarkers, upon determining a first pattern in which the baseline gene expression level of a particular biomarker gene is increased or decreased relative to the baseline gene expression level in a control, such as a healthy subject, or a predefined threshold indicating a positive response or non-response to treatment, a person skilled in the art will understand that a particular treatment regimen can be used to successfully treat IBD. Upon determining a second pattern in which the expression of a different set of biomarkers is increased or decreased, a person skilled in the art will understand that a different treatment regimen can be used to successfully treat IBD.

[0208] In certain embodiments, a method of monitoring responsiveness to a treatment regimen in a subject being treated for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is provided. The method includes: (a) obtaining a first sample from the subject being treated for IBD; (b) obtaining a second sample from the subject being treated for IBD; (c) contacting the sample with a set of isolated probes of the present invention to detect a panel of biomarkers in the sample; and (c) detecting a difference in the pattern of the panel of biomarkers between the two samples, where the difference in the pattern of the panel of biomarkers between the two samples indicates responsiveness in the subject to the treatment regimen. As an example, a subject being treated for IBD expresses a particular pattern of the panel of biomarkers of the present invention at the start of the treatment regimen. During the course of treatment, a sample or samples can be obtained from the subject, and these samples can be used to determine the difference in the pattern of the panel of biomarkers. In one embodiment, the pattern of the panel of biomarkers comprises gene expression levels of the biomarkers in the panel. An increase in expression or a decrease in expression of the panel of biomarkers can indicate that the therapeutic regimen is successfully treating IBD. The expression level of a second set of biomarkers can also be used to indicate whether the therapeutic regimen is successful in treating IBD.

[0209] In certain embodiments, when determining a treatment regimen or monitoring response to a treatment regimen, multiple samples can be obtained from the subject and the pattern of biomarkers can be determined for each sample obtained from the subject. Monitoring the pattern of biomarkers in response to a treatment regimen over time can provide one of skill in the art with the information necessary to determine a treatment regimen, maintain the same treatment regimen, or change the treatment regimen.

[0210] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, further comprising administering to the subject one or more of the anti-inflammatory treatments for IBD. In further embodiments, the anti-inflammatory treatments provided herein include, but are not limited to, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, anti-integrin agents, JAK inhibitors, and anti-interleukin agents. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more aminosalicylates. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylates is sulfasalazine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylates is mesalamine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylates is olsalazine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylates is balsalazide. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more corticosteroids. In one embodiment, the corticosteroids are prednisone. In one embodiment, the corticosteroids are prednisolone. In one embodiment, the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is budesonide. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is infliximab (Remicade). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is adalimumab (Humira). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is golimumab (Simponi). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more anti-integrin agents. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is vedolizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is natalizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more JAK inhibitors. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is an inhibitor of one or more of the four JAK members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is filgotinib. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is peficitinib. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib (Xeljanz / Jakvinus). In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is upadacitinib. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory therapy is one or more anti-interleukin agents.In some embodiments, anti-interleukin (IL) agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of an anti-IL-1 agent, an anti-IL-6 agent, an anti-IL-10 agent, an anti-IL-13 agent, an anti-IL-17 agent, an anti-IL-12 / 23 agent, or an anti-IL-23 agent. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is BI655066. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is briakinumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is guselkumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is tildrakizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is ustekinumab (Stelara).

[0211] In some embodiments, the non-responder subject is identified as a candidate for combination therapy. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises two or more therapies selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheal drugs, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises administering an inhibitor of NKG2D to the subject.

[0212] In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of two or more anti-inflammatory drugs. Exemplary combination therapies with two anti-inflammatory drugs include administration of an aminosalicylic acid and a corticosteroid to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and an anti-TNF agent to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and a JAK inhibitor to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and an anti-interleukin agent to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and an anti-TNF agent to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and a JAK inhibitor to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and an anti-interleukin agent to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent ...TNF agent to the same patient, administration of a These include, but are not limited to, administration of an inhibitor to the same patient, an anti-TNF agent and an anti-interleukin agent to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and an anti-interleukin agent to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and an aminosalicylate to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and a corticosteroid to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and an anti-TNF agent to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and a JAK inhibitor to the same patient, and administration of an anti-integrin agent and an anti-interleukin agent to the same patient.

[0213] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more antibiotics. Exemplary combination therapies with one anti-inflammatory drug in combination with an antibiotic include, but are not limited to, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of an anti-interleukin agent and metronidazole to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and ciprofloxacin to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and ciprofloxacin to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and ciprofloxacin to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and ciprofloxacin to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and ciprofloxacin to the same patient, and administration of an anti-interleukin agent and ciprofloxacin to the same patient.

[0214] In some embodiments, combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory agents in combination with one or more immunomodulatory agents. Exemplary combination therapies with an anti-inflammatory agent in combination with an immunomodulatory agent include administration of an aminosalicylic acid and azathioprine (AZA) to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and AZA to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and AZA to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and AZA to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and AZA to the same patient, administration of an anti-interleukin agent and AZA to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of an anti-interleukin agent and cyclosporine to the same patient. administration of an aminosalicylic acid and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and 6MP to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and 6MP to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and 6MP to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and 6MP to the same patient, administration of an anti-interleukin agent and 6MP to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid and methotrexate to the same patient, administration of a corticosteroid and methotrexate to the same patient, administration of an anti-TNF agent and methotrexate to the same patient, administration of an anti-integrin agent and methotrexate to the same patient, administration of a JAK inhibitor and methotrexate to the same patient, and administration of an anti-interleukin agent and methotrexate to the same patient.

[0215] In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more antibiotics. Exemplary combination therapies with one immunomodulator in combination with one antibiotic include, but are not limited to, AZA and metronidazole administered to the same patient, cyclosporine and metronidazole administered to the same patient, 6MP and metronidazole administered to the same patient, methotrexate and metronidazole administered to the same patient, AZA and ciprofloxacin administered to the same patient, cyclosporine and ciprofloxacin administered to the same patient, 6MP and ciprofloxacin administered to the same patient, JAK inhibitor and ciprofloxacin administered to the same patient, and methotrexate and ciprofloxacin administered to the same patient.

[0216] In some embodiments, combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more antibiotics and one or more anti-inflammatory agents. Exemplary such combinations include, but are not limited to, administration of an anti-TNF agent, ciprofloxacin and AZA to the same patient, administration of an anti-IL agent, metronidazole and 6MP to the same patient, administration of a JAKi, ciprofloxacin and cyclosporine to the same patient, administration of an aminosalicylic acid, metronidazole and methotrexate to the same patient, and administration of a corticosteroid, ciprofloxacin and AZA to the same patient.

[0217] In some embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of two or more antibiotics, hi other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of two or more immunomodulatory agents.

[0218] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more antidiarrheal drugs. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more analgesics. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more iron supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements.

[0219] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more antidiarrheal drugs. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more analgesics. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more iron supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements.

[0220] In other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more antidiarrheal agents. In some embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more analgesics. In other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more iron supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulators in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements.

[0221] In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antidiarrheal agents in combination with one or more analgesics. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antidiarrheal agents in combination with one or more iron supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antidiarrheal agents in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more analgesics in combination with one or more iron supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more analgesics in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more iron supplements in combination with one or more calcium and vitamin D supplements.

[0222] In other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

[0223] In some embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more anti-inflammatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

[0224] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and leakage. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, hi other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0225] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and leakage. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-TNF drugs in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0226] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and leakage. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy involves the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, hi other embodiments, the combination therapy involves the use of golimumab in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0227] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and leakage. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more anti-IL drugs in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy involves the use of one or more anti-IL agents in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, hi other embodiments, the combination therapy involves the use of one or more anti-IL agents in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0228] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and leakage. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and leakage. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes using ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of ustekinumab in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0229] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target granulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, hi other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more JAK inhibitors in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0230] In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents targeting one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents targeting granulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents targeting agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents targeting osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents targeting the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target matrix metalloprotease inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more antibiotics in combination with one or more agents that target HMGB1 signaling.

[0231] In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting granulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy comprises the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting osteoarthritis pathways. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting the role of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting matrix metalloprotease inhibition. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting atherosclerosis signaling. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting bladder cancer signaling. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition. In other embodiments, the combination therapy includes the use of one or more immunomodulatory agents in combination with one or more agents targeting HMGB1 signaling.

[0232] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating, managing, and / or preventing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-inflammatory IBD treatment, such as an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent, to a patient in need of such treatment, management, or prevention. In one embodiment, the method is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or related disorder. In one embodiment, the method is a method of managing an inflammatory disease or related disorder. In one embodiment, the method is a method of preventing an inflammatory disease or related disorder. In one embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is Crohn's disease. In one embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is ulcerative colitis.

[0233] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with one or more anti-inflammatory therapies. In one embodiment of the various methods provided herein, the method comprises administering one or more anti-inflammatory therapies to a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In another embodiment of the various methods provided herein, the method comprises administering one or more anti-inflammatory therapies to a subject determined to be likely to respond to an anti-inflammatory treatment using the methods provided herein.

[0234] Thus, in another embodiment, there is provided a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting the subject's response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; and Including, predicting, wherein a pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject; and b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0235] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting the subject's response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; and Including, predicting, wherein a pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject; and b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0236] In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a subject determined to be likely to be non-responsive to anti-inflammatory treatment of IBD with one or more of the anti-inflammatory treatments. In one embodiment of the various methods provided herein, the method comprises administering one or more anti-inflammatory treatments to a subject determined to be likely to be non-responsive to anti-inflammatory treatment using the methods provided herein.

[0237] Thus, in another embodiment, there is provided a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting that the subject will be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; and (iii) determining a signature score for each sample; and Including, predicting that the subject is a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response; b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0238] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting that the subject will be a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, (i) contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; and (iii) determining a signature score for each sample; and Including, predicting that the subject is a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response; b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

[0239] In further embodiments, the panel of biomarkers for the methods of treating a subject provided herein includes CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with an anti-inflammatory therapy. In certain embodiments, the probe provided herein is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the probe is a nucleic acid. In other embodiments, the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-14, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 47, and SEQ ID NO: 50. Given the teachings and guidance provided herein, one of skill in the art will understand that the disclosure herein is intended to include a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising contacting a probe or set of probes as disclosed above with a sample from the subject.

[0240] In some embodiments, the pattern of a panel of biomarkers provided herein is determined by (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in a subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample. In certain embodiments, the gene expression levels are determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In other embodiments, the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. Given the teachings and guidance provided herein, one of skill in the art will understand that the disclosure herein is intended to include methods of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, comprising determining a pattern of a panel of biomarkers using any of the techniques described above.

[0241] In further embodiments, predicted non-responder subjects are identified as candidates for combination therapy. In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising predicting that the subject is a non-responder to anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD, and administering to the subject a combination therapy comprising two or more treatments selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory treatment, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheal drugs, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In further embodiments, the combination therapy comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and leakage, agranulocyte adhesion and leakage, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. Given the teachings and guidance provided herein, one of skill in the art will understand that the disclosure herein is intended to include methods of treating predicted non-responder subjects with various combinations of one or more of the above treatments.

[0242] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), further comprising administering to the subject one or more of an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD. In further embodiments, the anti-inflammatory treatment provided herein includes, but is not limited to, an aminosalicylic acid, a corticosteroid, an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent, an anti-integrin agent, a JAK inhibitor, and an anti-interleukin agent. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more aminosalicylic acids. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylic acid is sulfasalazine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylic acid is mesalamine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylic acid is olsalazine. In one embodiment, the aminosalicylic acid is balsalazide. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more corticosteroids. In one embodiment, the corticosteroid is prednisone. In one embodiment, the corticosteroid is prednisolone. In one embodiment, the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is budesonide. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is infliximab (Remicade). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is adalimumab (Humira). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is golimumab (Simponi). In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more anti-integrin agents. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is vedolizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is natalizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory treatment is one or more JAK inhibitors. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is an inhibitor of one or more of the four JAK members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is filgotinib. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is peficitinib. In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib (Xeljanz / Jakvinus). In one embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is upadacitinib. In one embodiment, the anti-inflammatory therapy is one or more anti-interleukin agents.In some embodiments, anti-interleukin (IL) agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of an anti-IL-1 agent, an anti-IL-6 agent, an anti-IL-10 agent, an anti-IL-13 agent, an anti-IL-17 agent, an anti-IL-12 / 23 agent, or an anti-IL-23 agent. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is BI655066. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is briakinumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is guselkumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is tildrakizumab. In one embodiment, the anti-IL agent is ustekinumab (Stelara).

[0243] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise predicting the response according to one or more other characteristics of the subject. In one embodiment, the characteristic is a protein level. In another embodiment, the characteristic is the gut microbiome. In another embodiment, the characteristic is a histological appearance of the subject. In another embodiment, the characteristic is a clinical characteristic of the subject.

[0244] In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after at least 6 weeks of the IBD treatment. In another embodiment, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after more than 6 weeks of the IBD treatment. In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after 30 weeks of the IBD treatment. In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after more than 30 weeks of the IBD treatment. In other embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after 50 weeks of the IBD treatment. In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise measuring the response to the IBD treatment in the subject after more than 50 weeks of the IBD treatment.

[0245] In some embodiments, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab, corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), or the subject has previously demonstrated corticosteroid dependency. In some embodiments, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to anti-integrin therapy. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to vedolizumab. In another embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to natalizumab. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to corticosteroids. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to prednisone. In another embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to prednisolone. In other embodiments, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to methylprednisolone. In one embodiment, the subject has previously demonstrated corticosteroid dependency. In another embodiment, the subject has previously demonstrated prednisone dependency. In one embodiment, the subject has previously demonstrated prednisolone dependency. In other embodiments, the subject has previously demonstrated methylprednisolone dependency. In some embodiments, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to an immunomodulatory agent. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to AZA. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to 6MP. In one embodiment, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to cyclosporine. In other embodiments, the subject has previously failed or intolerant to methotrexate.

[0246] Panels of biomarkers can identify subsets of patients with different responses to different IBD treatments, which can be beneficial in many ways, including reducing patients receiving ineffective treatments, achieving higher response rates, and being able to treat predicted non-responder patients with alternative therapies to avoid stalling through less effective treatments. Panels of biomarkers can also be used for other purposes, such as stratifying patients in clinical trials, reducing sample sizes in proof-of-concept studies by excluding predicted non-responder (NR) patients, and balancing treatment arms in clinical trials to ensure that non-responders are equal in both arms.

[0247] kit Compositions for use in the methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, probes, antibodies, affibodies, nucleic acids, and / or aptamers. In some embodiments, the compositions are capable of detecting the expression level (e.g., mRNA or protein level) of a panel of biomarkers from a biological sample.

[0248] Any of the compositions may be provided in the form of a kit or reagent mixture. As an example, a labeled probe may be provided in a kit for detecting a panel of biomarkers. The kit may contain all components necessary or sufficient for an assay, including, but not limited to, detection reagents (e.g., probes), buffers, control reagents (e.g., positive and negative controls), amplification reagents, solid support, labels, instructions, and the like. In certain embodiments, the kit includes a set of probes for a panel of biomarkers and a solid support for immobilizing the set of probes. In certain embodiments, the kit includes a set of probes for a panel of biomarkers, a solid support, and reagents for processing the sample to be tested (e.g., reagents for isolating proteins or nucleic acids from the sample).

[0249] In one embodiment, included herein is a kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In other embodiments, the kit comprises a set of isolated probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor automatic transmission 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3). In another embodiment, the kit comprises a set of isolated probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including at least STEAP4 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

[0250] In another embodiment, the kit comprises a set of isolated probes capable of detecting all biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3). In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a therapeutic agent. EXAMPLES

[0251] Example 1: Identification and refinement of predictive gene expression signatures of anti-TNF responses in IBD patients In this example, a predictive gene expression signature of anti-TNF response was first identified in the ACT1 infliximab trial (Remicade, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)), validated in the PURSUIT golimumab trial (Simponi®, a human monoclonal antibody against TNFα) for UC patients, and then refined.

[0252] The gene expression signature was first identified in the ACT1 infliximab trial via comparative analysis from a subset of 22 patients who agreed to participate in an optional biopsy substudy (Arijs, et al., Gut., 2009, 58:1612-1619). Total RNA was extracted and then analyzed with Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays (Thermo Fisher Scientific's Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Baseline gene expression was evaluated for its ability to distinguish responders (n=12) at week 8 from non-responders (n=10). A set of 109 probe sets was significantly differentially expressed at baseline between responders and non-responders (fold change >2, P<.05). The panel of 109 probe sets was able to predict response at week 8 with a sensitivity and specificity of >90%.

[0253] The predictive panel of 109 probe sets mapped to 81 unique genes was then retrospectively validated in an independent cohort, the PURSUIT golimumab study (Sandborn, et al., Gastroenterology 2014,146:85-95), using gene expression from 59 patient biopsy samples collected at baseline. Golimumab is a human IgG1k monoclonal antibody specific for human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) that exhibits multiple glycoforms with a molecular weight of approximately 150-151 kD. The 109 probe set panel was able to predict mucosal healing response at week 6 in PURSUIT (n=59) and was shown to predict the area under the curve (AUC ROC ) was 0.762.

[0254] A predictive panel of 109 probe sets was then refined in the same PURSUIT golimumab study. A 13-gene signature (Table 1) predicted mucosal healing response at week 6 (AUC ROC The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC ROC) area under the 13-gene signature. The 13-gene signature is referred to as the molecular predictive signature (MPS). These genes represent biological processes related to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cell motility, and the baseline expression of these genes is higher in mucosal healing non-responders compared to mucosal healing responders.

[0255] [Table 1]

[0256] Example 2: Gene expression signatures to predict golimumab response in a phase 2a open-label study of patients with ulcerative colitis A Phase 2a open-label study (PROgECT) of 103 golimumab-treated patients with moderate-to-severe UC (Telesco SE, et al., Gastroenterology, 2018 Oct., 155(4):1008-1011.e8; ClinicalTrials.gov number is NCT01988961, the disclosure of each reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) was designed and conducted to determine whether the MPS could be used to predict which patients would achieve mucosal healing, clinical response, and clinical remission at weeks 6 and 30 of treatment. Post-hoc objectives were to determine the accuracy of the MPS for predicting sustained mucosal healing, sustained clinical response, and sustained clinical remission (sustained endpoints were defined as meeting the respective response criteria at weeks 6 and 30).

[0257] Materials and Methods Study Design: Eligible patients had an established diagnosis of UC (for at least 3 months) and moderate-to-severe disease activity defined as a Mayo score ≥6 and ≤12 with an endoscopic subscore ≥2 (based on the endoscopic score assigned by the site assessor). Patients had an inadequate response to or were unable to tolerate one or more of the following conventional treatments: oral 5-aminosalicylate, oral corticosteroids, azathioprine, and / or 6-mercaptopurine; or were corticosteroid-dependent (i.e., unable to taper corticosteroids without recurrence of UC symptoms).

[0258] All patients enrolled in the study received the approved induction dose regimen of subcutaneous (SC) golimumab: 200 mg at week 0 (baseline) and 100 mg at week 2. From week 6 through week 50, patients received the maintenance dose of SC golimumab approved for UC in the country in which the patient was treated (100 mg every 4 weeks [q4w] or 50 mg q4w). In countries where golimumab was not approved for UC patients, a maintenance dose of 100 mg q4w was used. After 8 weeks of screening, the treatment phase of the study was 50 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of safety follow-up, with the last safety visit at week 58 (Figure 1). Patients who were receiving oral 5-aminosalicylate or immunomodulatory agents (6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and methotrexate) at the time of enrollment in the study maintained a stable prescribed dose throughout the study (unless dose reduction or interruption due to toxicity or medical necessity was required). Patients receiving oral corticosteroids (maximum dose 40 mg) were maintained on a stable prescribed dose until week 6, after which the dose could be tapered at the investigator's discretion.

[0259] Study Assessments: To assess disease activity, Mayo scores were calculated at baseline, week 6, and week 30. Analysis of patient eligibility at baseline and treatment response at weeks 6 and 30 was based on endoscopic subscores provided by site assessors selected from a panel of three independent site assessors blinded to patient number and visit. The assigned endoscopic rating was based on the worst finding identified in the bowel during the endoscopic procedure. Patients at high risk for colorectal cancer were evaluated by colonoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy was acceptable for all other patients. For scoring of rectal bleeding and stool frequency, the average subscores for the last 3 consecutive days prior to the study visit were used.

[0260] Biopsy sample processing for predictive analysis: Biopsy samples taken at screening (collected 15–20 cm from the anal verge) were used to extract total RNA and measure expression levels of MPS using the QuantStudio qPCR platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with the primers listed in Table 2. An MPS-based signature score was created for each patient.

[0261] Biomarker Sample Analysis: Serum samples were collected for analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at baseline and at weeks 6, 30, and 50. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at weeks 6, 30, and 50 for determination of fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin concentrations.

[0262] Pharmacokinetic and Immunogenicity Sample Analysis: Serum samples were collected at baseline and at weeks 6, 30, and 50 to analyze golimumab concentrations. Serum golimumab was detected using a validated electrochemiluminescence assay with a minimum quantifiable concentration of 0.039 μg / mL. Blood samples for detection of anti-golimumab antibodies (using a validated drug intolerance immunoassay) were collected at baseline and at weeks 6, 30, and 50. Patients were classified as positive if antibodies were detected in serum samples at any time point.

[0263] Safety Assessments: Adverse events (AEs), including infections and injection site reactions, clinical laboratory tests, and use of concomitant medications, were recorded throughout the study.

[0264] Statistical methods: Demographics and baseline disease characteristics were summarized for all treated patients. Efficacy analyses were based on all treated patients and biomarker analyses were performed on treated patients who had biomarker measurements at baseline. Safety analyses were summarized for all treated patients. The primary hypothesis was the AUC of MPS for predicting mucosal healing (endoscopic score of 0 or 1) at week 6. ROC is significantly greater than 0.5 (indicating better accuracy than chance; higher AUC ROC values ​​reflect higher predictive ability).

[0265] [Table 2]

[0266] Based on the results obtained with the MPS, ROC curves were constructed by plotting the true positive rate (sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-specificity) using all possible thresholds of MPS positivity (Hajian-Tilaki, J. Intern. Med., 2013, 4:627-635). A nonparametric approach was used to determine the accuracy of the MPS to predict the efficacy outcome of interest (mucosal healing, clinical remission, or clinical response) using the AUC ROC was estimated (Hanley, et al., Radiology, 1982, 143:29-36). Estimated AUC ROC are provided along with their one-sided 95% CIs and p-values ​​(null hypothesis: AUC ROC is 0.5).

[0267] As part of the primary analysis, sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] and P) and specificity were calculated using predefined thresholds (threshold A: 3.8234 [optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity] and threshold B: 1.0000 [optimal positive predictive value]). Similar analyses were performed as for the primary endpoint for key secondary endpoints, including clinical response at weeks 6 and 30, and accuracy of the MPS in predicting clinical remission at weeks 6 and 30, and mucosal healing at week 30. Analyses were not adjusted for multiplicity.

[0268] Most data were summarized using descriptive summary statistics such as n, mean, median, and SD for continuous variables, and counts and percentages for discrete variables. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U statistic was used to estimate the area under ROC , their one-sided 95% CIs, and associated P were estimated.

[0269] Serum Golimumab Concentrations: For the week 6 analysis of the relationship between serum golimumab concentrations and MPS, the following categories were used for subjects included in the MPS analysis: quartile 1 (≦0.84 μg / mL), quartile 2 (>0.84 and ≦1.80 μg / mL), quartile 3 (>1.80 and ≦3.45 μg / mL), and quartile 4 (>3.45 μg / mL).

[0270] result Mucosal healing, clinical response, and clinical remission: Of 103 patients, 99 patients were included in the efficacy analysis (four patients from one center were excluded from the efficacy analysis due to site compliance issues). At week 6, after completion of the induction phase, 24.2% (24 / 99) of patients achieved mucosal healing, while clinical remission was observed in 13.1% (13 / 99) of patients. Approximately half of the patients (52.5% [52 / 99]) achieved a clinical response at week 6.

[0271] At week 30, similar percentages of patients achieved mucosal healing (28.3% [28 / 99]) and clinical response (48.5% [48 / 99]) as observed at week 6, and clinical remission was observed in nearly twice as many patients (22.2% [22 / 99]). Sustained mucosal healing was achieved in 14.1% (14 / 99) of patients, while sustained clinical response and clinical remission were achieved in 30.3% (30 / 99) and 5.1% (5 / 99) of patients, respectively. Sustained endpoints were defined as meeting the respective response criteria at both weeks 6 and 30. Median Mayo score remained at 6 throughout the study.

[0272] Primary endpoint: A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the MPS for mucosal healing was constructed based on the true-positive and false-positive rates at week 6. AUC ROC was 0.688 (P = .002; Table 3), indicating that the MPS for predicting mucosal healing at week 6 was better than chance accurate. Two thresholds were applied (threshold A: -3.8234; threshold B: 1.0000) to dichotomize patients into mucosal healing responders or non-responders (see Statistical Methods for explanation of threshold selection). Analysis based on threshold A showed good sensitivity: 1.000, lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.878, P < .001, and low specificity was 0.186. Analysis based on threshold B also showed good sensitivity: 0.870, lower limit of 95% CI was 0.696, P < .001, and low specificity was 0.343.

[0273] Secondary endpoints: Furthermore, MPS predicted mucosal healing at 30 weeks (AUC ROC : 0.671, P = .006, lower limit of 95% CI: 0.569; Table 3). In contrast, the ROC curves for clinical response at 6 and 30 weeks and clinical remission at 6 weeks showed that the accuracy of prediction was not better than chance (Table 3). Prediction of clinical remission at 30 weeks showed a positive trend (AUC ROC :0.633, P=.059; Table 3).

[0274] [Table 3]

[0275] Post-hoc endpoints: The accuracy of the MPS for predicting sustained mucosal healing was better than chance (14.1% of patients; AUC ROC : 0.750, lower limit of 95% CI: 0.639, and P < .001) was predictive of durable clinical response (30.3% of patients; AUC ROC : 0.516, lower limit of 95% CI: 0.403, and P < .811) or the ability to predict sustained clinical remission (5.1% of patients; AUC ROC : 0.590, lower limit of 95% CI: 0.333, and P < .565) was not significant.

[0276] There was a subset of patients who were assigned an endoscopic score of 2 by the local reader and a score of 1 by the local reader at each site. By restricting the prediction analysis to only patients at the extremes of the endoscopic scale (endoscopic score = 0 or 3), mucosal healing outcomes may be better predicted by the MPS. Therefore, a post-hoc analysis was performed to show that removing patients with scores of 1 and 2 improved the accuracy of the MPS in predicting mucosal healing responses. A total of 44 patients met the criteria for this analysis (n = 9 patients with an endoscopic score of 0 at week 6 and n = 35 patients with an endoscopic score of 3 at week 6). The MPS was evaluated using the AUC ROC could predict mucosal healing in this subset of patients with a β-amyloid marker of 0.778 (95% CI lower limit: 0.626).

[0277] Additional post-hoc analyses were performed to determine whether serum golimumab concentrations were associated with the predictive performance of the MPS. Patients were divided into quartiles based on serum drug concentrations at week 6. AUC based on MPS ROCValues ​​were derived for each quartile separately. However, there was no consistent trend suggesting that low serum drug concentrations contributed to the low specificity of MPS (Table 4). In addition, the proportion of patients who were false positives at week 6 (patients who were predicted by MPS to be mucosal healing responders but did not respond) was evaluated in terms of serum drug concentrations at week 6. There were more false positive patients in the bottom two dose quartiles compared to the top two dose quartiles, and this trend was statistically significant.

[0278] Finally, patients who developed anti-drug antibodies before the week 30 visit were excluded from the MPS prediction of mucosal healing at week 30. A total of 71 patients met the criteria for this analysis. The MPS was able to predict mucosal healing in this subset of patients, with an AUC ROC was 0.670 (95% CI lower limit: 0.547).

[0279] [Table 4]

[0280] conclusion The PROgECT study demonstrated the ability of a gene transcript panel measured in colonic biopsies to predict golimumab mucosal healing response in patients with moderate-to-severe UC. AUC ROC The predictive performance of the MPS was examined by estimating the mean mean of the ...

[0281] Despite the low specificity of the MPS in predicting responders in this study, the MPS showed high accuracy in predicting non-responders to treatment, as reflected by a high negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.85. This study demonstrated the first prospectively validated predictive biomarker that was able to accurately identify distinct subsets of patients who would respond to anti-TNF treatment.

[0282] Example 3: Utility of MPS to identify non-responders to golimumab treatment in Japan The PURSUIT-J study (NCT01863771) (Hibi, et al., J. Gastroenterol, 2017, 52:1101-1111) was a phase 3, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, treatment-withdrawal study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of golimumab maintenance treatment in Japanese subjects with moderate-to-severe UC. The MPS was applied to baseline gene expression data generated in the Japanese study to predict mucosal healing at week 6.

[0283] Methods and Materials Two colon biopsy samples were collected per patient at baseline and stored in RNALater (Qiagen). RNA extraction was performed on a QIASymphony SP module, eluting samples in a volume of 100 μL. Samples were subjected to analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on a QuantStudio Dx system using a panel of genes including 13 genes including MPS. All samples were processed as biological replicates. After quality control, a total of 35 biopsy samples representing 18 patients were available for analysis.

[0284] As previously described, an MPS score was calculated for each patient based on the baseline expression levels of the 13 genes. A threshold of -3.8234 (threshold A, maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity) or 1.0000 (threshold B, maximizing the positive predictive value) was applied to dichotomize patients into responders or non-responders for mucosal healing, as described in Example 2. Based on the results obtained with the MPS, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed by plotting the true positive rate (sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-specificity) using all possible thresholds of MPS positivity. To determine the accuracy of the MPS for predicting mucosal healing, a non-parametric approach was used to calculate the area under the ROC curve (AUC ROC ) were estimated. Performance metrics including sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were calculated.

[0285] result Comparison of the Japanese cohort compared to the PROgECT cohort in Example 2 showed that the distribution of expression of the 13 genes, including MPS, in the two datasets was similar (Figure 2), indicating the generalizability of the assay and that the same thresholds can be used to identify responders and non-responders. The NPV of MPS was high in the Japanese cohort, confirming previous findings in an independent cohort that MPS is a highly accurate tool to distinguish distinct subsets of non-responders to golimumab pre-treatment.

[0286] As mentioned above, the MPS has been tested in several additional clinical cohorts, including the studies in Examples 1 and 2. Table 5 summarizes the performance of the MPS in all studies with TNF antagonist treatments evaluated to date.

[0287] The performance of MPS in predicting mucosal healing at week 6 of treatment in a Japanese cohort showed an AUC of 0.79 (0.55, 1.00). ROC , a sensitivity of 0.63 (0.31, 0.86), a specificity of 0.80 (0.49, 0.94), and an NPV of 0.73 were obtained (Table 5), which is comparable to that observed in the initial study used to establish the MPS.

[0288] [Table 5] footnote: MPS threshold = 1.0000 The endpoint predicted by the MPS is mucosal healing at week 6 for all studies except ACT1 (mucosal and histological response at week 8). In the Japanese study, MPS was applied to 35 biopsy samples representing 18 unique patients.

[0289] Example 4A: Predictive performance of MPS in Stelara treatment for Crohn's disease Methods and Materials A total of 326 intestinal biopsy samples were collected pre-treatment from 306 patients enrolled in a clinical trial of Stelara® (ustekinumab) in Crohn's disease who had previously failed anti-TNF therapy. Ustekinumab is a human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody against the p40 subunit of the IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines. RNA was extracted and samples were profiled on the Fluidigm BioMark HD platform using a panel including 13 genes. Samples representing 144 patients were collected from the terminal ileum and 162 from the rectum. Missing and high data (>25 cycles) were removed from the data matrix. Samples were normalized to the input amount and technical replicates were averaged. Values ​​>30 cycles were removed and data were normalized to reference genes. Expression levels of genes including the predictive 13-gene model were used to generate a signature score.

[0290] The predictive performance of the 13-gene model was evaluated separately in ileal and rectal samples. In rectal samples from drug-treated patients, the 13-gene model was able to predict endoscopic improvement at week 8 with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.64 (Table 6). In contrast, in ileal samples from placebo patients, the AUC was only 0.51, and thus not significantly better than chance. In ileal samples, the 13-gene model was able to predict endoscopic response at week 8 with an AUC of 0.64 and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.85.

[0291] [Table 6]

[0292] Furthermore, the 13-gene signature was applied to a clinical cohort of bio-naïve patients treated with Stelara. A total of 179 samples were available for analysis, representing 63 unique patients. The signature showed an AUC of 0.77 for predicting endoscopic response at week 8 in ileal samples from patients treated with the drug.

[0293] These results demonstrated that the predictive 13-gene signature can be transferred from UC to Crohn's disease, from bio-failure to bio-naive patients, and from anti-TNF treatment to IL-12 / 23 blockade.

[0294] Example 4B: Predictive performance of MPS in Stelara treatment for UC Methods and Materials A total of 551 colon biopsy samples were collected pre-treatment from 551 unique patients enrolled in a clinical trial of Stelara® (ustekinumab) in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. RNA was extracted and samples were profiled on the Fluidigm BioMark HD platform using a panel containing 13 genes. Missing and high data (>25 cycles) were removed from the data matrix. Samples were normalized to input amount and technical replicates were averaged. Values ​​>30 cycles were removed and data were normalized to four reference genes. Expression levels of genes including the predictive 13-gene model were used to generate a signature score.

[0295] The predictive performance of the 13-gene model was evaluated separately in drug-treated and placebo samples. The 13-gene model was able to predict endoscopic response at week 8, with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.71 in drug-treated patients and 0.70 in placebo patients (Table 7). The predictive performance of the 13-gene model is similar in drug-treated and placebo cohorts. The 13-gene model was also able to predict clinical remission at week 8, with an AUC of 0.70 in drug-treated subjects but not in placebo subjects. The low clinical remission rate at week 8 in placebo subjects (6%) may have contributed to the low AUC value of 0.57.

[0296] [Table 7]

[0297] The predictive performance of the 13-gene signature for endoscopic response at week 8 was also evaluated by biological failure status. Higher AUC and NPV values ​​were observed in both drug-treated and placebo subjects who had a history of biological failure compared to those who did not have a history of biological failure (Table 8). Specificity was higher in subjects who had biological failure compared to those who did not have biological failure (0.55 and 0.43 in drug-treated subjects, respectively).

[0298] [Table 8] Note: Threshold = -3.84

[0299] Comparison of the Stelara cohort (UNIFI) compared to the PROgECT cohort in Example 2 and the PURSUIT-J cohort in Example 3 showed that the distribution of expression of the 13 genes including MPS in the three datasets was similar (Figure 2), indicating the generalizability of the assay and that the same thresholds can be used to identify responders and non-responders.

[0300] These results demonstrated that the predictive 13-gene signature can be transferred from UC to Crohn's disease, from biofeedback to bio-naive patients, and from anti-TNF treatment to IL-12 / 23 blockade (i.e., Stelara).

[0301] Example 5: Characterization of the molecular profile of predicted non-responders in the PROgECT trial The molecular profiles of predicted non-responder patients in the PROgECT trial of Example 2 were characterized using gene expression and microbiome data.

[0302] Methods and Materials Microarray analysis: 82 RNA samples from colon biopsies collected at baseline from the PROgECT trial (26 predicted mucosal healing non-responders, 56 predicted responders) were run on Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Probe sets were normalized using the Robust Multi-array Average (RMA) algorithm (Irizarry, et al., Biostatistics, 2003, 4:249-64). Differential gene expression was performed using limma (Ritchie, et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 2015, 43:e47). Gene set difference analysis (GSVA (Hanzelmann, et al., BMC Bioinformatics, 2013, 14:7)) was performed on UC disease profiles (Li, et al., J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr., 2018, 66) and hallmark signatures from the Molecular Signature Database (MSigDB release 6.1, (Liberzon, et al., Cell Syst, 2015, 1:417-25)). Functional enrichment analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA; Ingenuity Inc., Chicago, IL).

[0303] 16S Microbiome Analysis: Fecal samples were collected from 82 patients (26 predicted mucosal healing non-responders, 56 predicted responders) at baseline from the PROgECT study and frozen at -80°C. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from fecal samples using the DNeasy® PowerSoil® HTP 96 Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 16S rRNA libraries were generated using established primers and protocols (Kozich, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2013, 79:5112-20). Purified libraries were validated and quantified using the HT DNA NGS 3 K Reagent Kit on a LabChip GX Touch HT (Perkin Elmer) and then pooled at equimolar concentrations. Sequencing-ready library pools were quantified by qPCR using the Library Quantification Kit - Illumina / ROX Low (Kapa Biosystems) in a ViiA 7 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantified library pools were denatured with PhiX generated by Illumina and diluted according to the MiSeq System Denature and Dilute Libraries Guide. Samples were sequenced using an Illumina Miseq with 2 × 250 bp reads. The V4 region of 16S rRNA was sequenced with approximately 100,000 reads per sample. Sequences were mapped to amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) using DADA2 (Callahan, et al., Nat. Methods, 2016, 13:581-583). Forward reads were truncated at 240 bp and reverse reads at 160 bp, and reads with a maximum expected error >2 were removed. The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) classifier (release 11.5, (Wang, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2007, 73:5261-5267) was used to assign a taxonomy to each ASV.ASVs were screened at 5% prevalence using phyloseq (McMurdie, et al., PLoS One, 2013, 8:e61217) and differential expression of ASVs was assessed using DESeq2 (Love, et al., Genome. Biol., 2014, 15:550).

[0304] result Biomarker analysis of predicted non-responders by MPS in PROgECT: Gene expression differences between predicted non-responders and predicted responder patients at baseline were compared and 381 significantly differentially expressed probe sets representing 268 genes were identified (Figure 3A, fold change >2, P<.05). Pathway analysis of these 268 genes showed enrichment for predicted non-responders in inflammatory pathways including "granulocyte / agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation," "osteoarthritis pathways," "liver fibrosis," "role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis," and "role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition" (Table 9).

[0305] [Table 9]

[0306] In contrast, no significantly differentially expressed probes were observed when comparing true non-responder patients to responder patients. Furthermore, a signature including genes from the MPS, UC disease profile (i.e., disease vs. healthy controls), inflammatory response genes, and specific signaling pathway genes was used to generate a GSVA enrichment score for each patient. Figure 3B shows that predicted non-responder patients had significantly higher GSVA scores than predicted responders (P<.05).

[0307] The gut microbiome is deregulated in IBD patients, and the degree of this deregulation may be an indicator of disease severity. Comparison of fecal 16S microbiome profiles of predicted non-responder and predicted responder patients at baseline showed that alpha diversity (Shannon diversity index) was not significantly different (Figure 4A). However, comparison of the abundance of specific bacterial taxa between the two patient populations yielded 22 significantly different alternative sequence variants (ASVs, FDR < 0.05) (Figure 4B).

[0308] The results showed that predicted non-responder patients have molecular signatures reflecting high disease burden with microbial dysbiosis and high levels of inflammatory activity. These results provide insight into the disease state of non-responder subjects and the selection of treatment options for these patients. We propose that these subjects are good candidates for treatments with a different mechanism of action than traditional cytokine blockers, such as anti-TNF, due to their higher inflammatory burden and the severe nature of their disease. Alternatively, these non-responder subjects may be good candidates for a combination therapy approach using two treatments with complementary mechanisms of action. The pathway analysis in Table 9 provides the types of pathways that may need to be targeted in these non-responder subjects. For example, treatments targeting cell types involved in intestinal tissue damage in IBD, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, may be beneficial for these non-responder subjects. In addition, treatments targeting bacterial defense pathways may be beneficial. Thus, MPS can be used in selecting subsets of patients for future clinical trials with either monotherapy or combination therapy targeting these types of pathways.

[0309] Example 6: Predictive power of a subset of 13-gene MPS We tested the ability of a subset of these 13 MPS genes to predict endoscopic improvement in the PURSUIT trial.

[0310] Methods and Materials Microarray data were generated using Affymetrix HT HG-U133+PM arrays and normalized using the robust multichip average (RMA) method. Overlapping probe sets for genes were removed so that 13 individual probe sets were used to represent the 13 genes in the MPS (Table 10).

[0311] [Table 10]

[0312] result There were a total of 31 non-responders and 28 responders with endoscopic improvement at week 6. To predict endoscopic improvement, a logistic regression model was constructed using the 13 genes of MPS or a subset of the 13 genes. The full 13-gene model was able to predict endoscopic improvement, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (Table 11). Reducing the model to 8 genes (0.77) or 4 genes (0.73) did not dramatically reduce the accuracy of the model (Table 11). Constructing a model with a single gene to predict endoscopic improvement resulted in an AUC of over 0.7 (Table 11).

[0313] [Table 11]

[0314] These results demonstrate that gene sets consisting of fewer genes than the complete 13 genes still have predictive ability for endoscopic improvement.

[0315] Example 7: Performance of the 13-gene MPS in peripheral blood samples The aim of this study was to test whether peripheral blood from patients could be used to predict response to treatment using the 13-gene MPS.

[0316] In the PURSUIT study, 2.5 mL blood samples were collected at week 0 (pre-treatment) using PAXgene tubes. After collection, blood samples were stored at 80 °C until RNA isolation was performed. Total RNA + miRNA was extracted using the PAXgene Blood RNA MDx Kit + customized reagent BM3 (catalog no. 762431, lot 136255926) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). Briefly, PAXgene Blood RNA tubes were incubated at room temperature for approximately 2 h before extraction. After centrifugation at 3000–5000 × g for 10 min, the pellet was resuspended in 290 μL of Buffer BR1 containing 35 μL of Proteinase K. The remaining procedures were performed on a BioRobot Universal System. RNA samples were amplified with NuGEN Ovation RNA Amplification System V2 Whole Blood solution (NuGEN, San Carlos, CA) and purified with Agencourt RNAClean magnetic beads (Agencourt, Beverly, MA) on a Caliper SciClone robot. Labeling was performed using the NuGEN Encore Biotin Module (NuGEN). Samples were hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip HT HGU133+PM 96 array plates (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, Cat. No. 901262, Lot 413123) for 16 hours at 48°C according to the manufacturer's protocol, except that DMSO in the hybridization buffer was replaced with TMAC (tetramethylammonium chloride solution). Arrays were washed and stained on the Affymetrix GeneChip Array Station and then scanned on an HTAPS scanner.

[0317] After quality control, 11 genes in the 13 gene panel were present in the PURSUIT blood dataset. As there was not enough data to be able to build a reliable model (66 subjects), 34 more synthetic subjects were created based on the real data, and modeling was performed based on a total of 66 real and 34 synthetic data points. A total of 35 different models were built and the best performing model was selected. The performance of the models was tested using a 5-fold cross-validation framework.

[0318] The best performing model was a rule-based classifier (Figure 5). First, the algorithm is fitted to a rule-based model by fitting a generalized boosted model (GBM) to the input data. Then, the GBM tree is extracted as a simple binary rule, and the input dataset is coded as a 0 / 1 binary variable representing whether the rule has an effect on a given input point or not. After coding the data using the rules, the algorithm is fitted to a logistic regression model with an L1 penalty (lasso) using the rules as input and the target as output. To predict new data, we first coded using the rules, and then applied the coefficients from the logistic regression model.

[0319] In PURSUIT, the model had a sensitivity of 0.98, a specificity of 0.59, a positive predictive value of 0.75, and a negative predictive value of 0.96. These results demonstrate that it is possible to transfer the performance of MPS from tissue (colon biopsies) to blood.

[0320] Example 8: Method for calculating MPS score Data from clinical samples and controls (profiled in triplicate) were loaded into GenEx for preprocessing. After removing any values ​​>25 cycles, data were efficiently corrected. Missing data points were replaced with a temporary large value (100), and then outliers were found and removed (standard deviation 0.25, Grubb test p-value 0.8).

[0321] Technical replicates were averaged and then any values ​​>30 were removed. A set of reference genes was selected based on expression stability across previous cohorts and run in parallel with the 13 signature genes. The same rules for handling missing and outliers were applied to the reference gene data process. Delta Cq values ​​of the 13 signature genes were obtained by normalizing to the reference genes. Samples with high rates of missing data were removed prior to analysis.

[0322] Grubb test for outliers:

[0323]

number

[0324] Delta Cq data of patient samples was inverted (-delta Cq) for analysis and the PURSUIT13 gene Naive Bayes model (Table 12) was applied to calculate a signature score for each sample and classify samples based on a threshold.

[0325] [Table 12]

[0326] In Table 12, x i is the -ΔCq expression of gene i,

[0327]

number

[0328]

number

[0329] A and B are then transformed using a scaling factor defined by the following formula: A Transform =exp(A-max(A,B)) B Transform =exp(B-max(A,B))

[0330] Then, using the transformed values ​​of A and B, calculate the probability of A and the probability of B:

[0331]

number

[0332] The probability scores are finally transformed to a logit scale to allow for a more accurate assessment of the analytical properties of the signature. The following equation is used to create the final logit-transformed signature score: If Pr(A)<0.5,

[0333]

number

[0334]

number

[0335] The 13-gene Naive Bayes signature is a probability-based model, whereby the signature score is the logit-transformed probability of a member of the respondent set. After the final signature score is calculated, it needs to be dichotomized by a threshold.

[0336] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept. It is understood therefore that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined herein.

[0337] All documents cited are incorporated herein by reference. Various embodiments of the present invention are presented below. 1. A method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-interleukin (IL) treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a pattern of said panel of biomarkers; Including, The method, wherein the pattern of the biomarker panel predicts response to anti-IL treatment in the subject. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel of biomarkers includes CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said sample is obtained before said subject is treated with said anti-IL therapy. 4. The method according to any one of 1 to 3 above, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the probe is a nucleic acid. 6. The method according to 4 or 5 above, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 to 14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 7. The method according to any one of 1 to 6 above, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined by (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 10. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder to the anti-interleukin (IL) treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 14. A method for predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to a JAK inhibitor (JALi) treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a pattern of said panel of biomarkers; Including, The method, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to JALi treatment in the subject. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the panel of biomarkers comprises CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3. 16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the JALi treatment. 17. The method according to any one of 14 to 16 above, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the probe is a nucleic acid. 19. The method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 to 14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 20. A method according to any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined by (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 23. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder to the JALi treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 27. A method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; and c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, The method wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a predetermined threshold indicating non-response. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy. 29. The method according to claim 27 or 28, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the probe is a nucleic acid. 31. The method according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 to 14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 32. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 31, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 34. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 33, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 35. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 34, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 36. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 34, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 37. A method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the baseline gene expression levels of said panel of biomarkers in said sample by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); c. determining a signature score for each sample; Including, The method wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a predetermined threshold indicating non-response. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy. 39. The method according to claim 37 or 38, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 40. The method according to any one of 37 to 39 above, wherein the qPCR primer is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 41. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 42. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 43. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 44. A method according to any one of 1 to 43 above, further comprising administering to the subject one or more of the anti-inflammatory treatments for IBD. 45. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 43, wherein the non-responder subject has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of high disease burden, microbial dysbiosis, and high levels of inflammatory activity. 46. ​​The method according to any one of claims 27 to 43, wherein the non-responder subject is identified as a candidate for combination therapy. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the combination therapy comprises two or more treatments selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory treatments, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheals, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the combination therapy comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. 49. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 48, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment, JAK inhibitor (JAKi) treatment, or anti-interleukin (IL) treatment. 50. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 49, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is an anti-IL-23 or anti-IL-12 / 23 treatment. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the anti-IL treatment is ustekinumab. 52. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 49, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is a JAK inhibitor treatment. 53. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 49, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is an anti-TNF treatment. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the anti-TNF treatment is golimumab. 55. A method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting the subject's response to an anti-inflammatory treatment for the IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a pattern of said panel of biomarkers; and Including, predicting, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is predictive of response to anti-inflammatory treatment in the subject; and b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the panel of biomarkers comprises CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3. 57. The method according to claim 55 or 56, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy. 58. The method according to any one of claims 55 to 57, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the probe is a nucleic acid. 60. The method according to claim 58 or 59, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 to 14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 61. A method according to any of claims 55 to 60, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined by (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the subject, and (b) determining a signature score for each sample. 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 63. The method according to claim 63, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 64. A method according to any one of claims 61 to 63, wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a predetermined threshold indicating response. 65. The method according to claim 64, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 66. The method according to claim 64, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 67. The method according to claim 64, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 68. A method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: a. predicting that the subject will be a non-responder to said anti-inflammatory treatment for said IBD, (i) contacting a sample from the subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); (ii) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the sample; and (iii) determining a signature score for each sample; and Including, predicting that the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response; b. administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. 69. The method according to claim 68, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the anti-inflammatory therapy. 70. The method according to claim 68 or 69, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid. 71. The method according to claim 70, wherein the probe is a nucleic acid. 72. The method according to claim 70 or 71, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 to 14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:50. 73. A method according to any one of claims 68 to 72, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:52. 75. A method according to any one of claims 68 to 74, wherein the predetermined threshold level is selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000. 76. A method according to any one of claims 68 to 75, wherein the predetermined threshold level is -3.8234. 77. A method according to any one of claims 68 to 75, wherein the predetermined threshold level is 1.0000. 78. The method according to any one of claims 68 to 77, wherein the non-responder subject is identified as a candidate for combination therapy. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the combination therapy comprises two or more treatments selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory treatments, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheal drugs, analgesics, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. 80. The method of claim 78, wherein the combination therapy comprises administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. 81. The method according to any one of claims 55 to 80, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment, JAK inhibitor (JAKi) treatment, or anti-interleukin (IL) treatment. 82. The method according to any one of claims 55 to 81, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is an anti-IL-23 or anti-IL-12 / 23 treatment. 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the anti-IL treatment is ustekinumab. 84. A method according to any one of claims 55 to 81, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is a JAK inhibitor treatment. 85. A method according to any one of claims 55 to 81, wherein the anti-inflammatory treatment is an anti-TNF treatment. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the anti-TNF treatment is golimumab. 87. A method according to any one of 1 to 86 above, further comprising predicting the response according to one or more other characteristics of the subject. 88. The method according to claim 87, wherein the other characteristics are selected from the group consisting of the subject's protein levels, intestinal microbiome, histological findings, and clinical characteristics. 89. The method according to any one of 1 to 88 above, further comprising measuring said response at or after 6, 30, or 50 weeks of said treatment, or any time therebetween. 90. A method according to any one of 1 to 89 above, wherein the sample is a tissue sample or a blood sample. 91. The method according to any one of 1 to 90 above, wherein the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). 92. The method according to any one of 1 to 91 above, wherein the subject has previously failed or been intolerant to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab, corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), or the subject has previously demonstrated corticosteroid dependence. 93. A kit for predicting response to treatment in a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising: CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor automatic transmission 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NPT) and / or nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NPT) binding protein 1 (NKF-1 ... 1. A kit comprising a set of isolated probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of NAMPT, papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3). 94. The kit according to claim 93, comprising a set of isolated probes capable of detecting all biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3). 95. The kit according to claim 93 or 94, further comprising a therapeutic agent. 96. The kit according to any one of claims 93 to 95, wherein the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).

Claims

1. 1. A method of predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-interleukin (IL) treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a pattern of said panel of biomarkers; Including, The method, wherein the pattern of the biomarker panel predicts response to anti-IL therapy in the subject.

2. 1. A method of predicting the response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to a JAK inhibitor (JALi) treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a pattern of said panel of biomarkers; Including, The method, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers predicts response to JALi treatment in the subject.

3. 1. A method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synnuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining a baseline gene expression level of said panel of biomarkers in said sample; c. determining a signature score based on the baseline gene expression levels for each sample determined in b; Including, The method wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

4. 1. A method for predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to an anti-inflammatory treatment of said IBD, comprising: a. contacting a sample from a subject with a set of probes capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3); b. determining the baseline gene expression levels of said panel of biomarkers in said sample by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); c. determining a signature score based on the baseline gene expression levels for each sample determined in b; Including, The method wherein the subject is predicted to be a non-responder to the anti-inflammatory treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is below a pre-defined threshold indicating non-response.

5. 3. A composition comprising an anti-interleukin (IL) antibody and / or a JAK inhibitor (JAKi) for use in a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder by the method of claim 1 or 2.

6. 10. A composition for use in a method of treating a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the subject being predicted to be a non-responder by the method of claim 3 or 4, the composition comprising: (a) two or more selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheals, analgesics, iron supplementation, calcium supplementation, and vitamin D supplementation; or (b) one or more agents targeting one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling. A composition comprising:

7. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the panel of biomarkers comprises CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3.

8. 8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the therapy.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, 7 and 8, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide and a nucleic acid.

10. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the probe is (a) a nucleic acid and / or (b) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:

50.

11. 11. The method of any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined by: (a) determining a baseline gene expression level of the panel of biomarkers in the subject; and (b) determining a signature score for each sample based on the baseline gene expression levels determined in (a).

12. A method according to any one of (a) claim 3, (b) claims 7, 9 and 10, each dependent on claim 3, and (c) claim 11, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

13. The method of any one of claims 7, 9 and 10, each dependent on (a) claim 4, (b) claim 12 and (c) claim 4, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51 and SEQ ID NO:

52.

14. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder to the treatment for the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a pre-defined threshold indicating response.

15. The method according to any one of claims 3, 4, 9, 10, 12 and 13, which are dependent on claims 3 or 4, respectively, and 14, wherein the predetermined threshold level is (A) selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000, (B) -3.8234, or (C) 1.0000.

16. 5. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:

50.

17. The non-responder subject, (a) having one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of high disease burden, microbial dysbiosis, and high levels of inflammatory activity; or (b) identified as a candidate for combination therapy; (a) claim 3; (b) claim 4; and (c) any one of claims 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15-16, which are dependent on claim 3 or 4, respectively.

18. The combination therapy comprises: (a) comprising two or more therapies selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheals, painkillers, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation; or (b) administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

20. The method of claim 17.

19. The anti-inflammatory treatment, (a) anti-interleukin (IL) therapy, and / or (b) JAK inhibitor treatment, and / or (c) Anti-TNF treatment The method according to any one of claims 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15 to 18, which is dependent on claim 3 or claim 4, respectively, comprising:

20. The method of claims 7 to 11 and 14, which are dependent on (a) claim 1, (b) claim 19 and (c) claim 1, respectively, wherein the anti-IL therapy comprises an anti-IL23 therapy or an anti-IL12 / anti-IL23 therapy.

21. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the anti-IL therapy comprises ustekinumab.

22. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the anti-TNF therapy comprises golimumab.

23. (a) further comprising predicting said response according to one or more other characteristics of said subject; and / or (b) further comprising measuring said response at or after 6, 30, or 50 weeks of said treatment, or any time therebetween; and / or (c) the sample is a tissue sample or a blood sample, and / or (d) the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD); and / or (e) the subject has previously failed or been intolerant to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab, corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), or the subject has demonstrated corticosteroid dependence; The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 and 7 to 22.

24. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the other characteristics of the subject are selected from the group consisting of protein levels, gut microbiome, histological findings, and clinical characteristics of the subject.

25. 7. The composition of claim 5 or 6, wherein the panel of biomarkers comprises CMTM2, C5AR1, FGF2, GK, HGF, IL1RN, LILRA2, NAMPT, PAPPA, SNCA, SOD2, STEAP4, and ZBED3.

26. 26. The composition of claim 25, dependent on (a) claim 5, or (b) claim 5, wherein the sample is obtained before the subject is treated with the therapy.

27. 27. The composition of any one of claims 5, 6, 25, and 26, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of an aptamer, an antibody, an affibody, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.

28. 28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the probe is (a) a nucleic acid and / or (b) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:

50.

29. The composition of any one of claims 25 to 28, each dependent on (a) claim 5 and (b) claim 5, wherein the pattern of the panel of biomarkers is determined by: (a) determining baseline gene expression levels of the panel of biomarkers in the subject; and (b) determining a signature score for each sample based on the baseline gene expression levels determined in (a).

30. The composition of any one of (a) claim 6, (b) claims 25, 27, and 28, each dependent on claim 6, and (c) claim 29, wherein the gene expression level is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

31. The composition of any one of (a) claim 6, (b) claims 25, 27, and 28, each of which is dependent on claim 6, and (c) claim 30, wherein the qPCR primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, and SEQ ID NO:

52.

32. 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the subject is predicted to be a responder to the treatment of the IBD if the signature score of the panel of biomarkers is above a pre-defined threshold indicating response.

33. The composition according to any one of claims 25, 27, 28, 30, and 31, each of which is dependent on claim 6, and claim 32, wherein the predetermined threshold level is (A) selected from the group consisting of -3.9000 to 1.1000, (B) -3.8234, or (C) 1.0000.

34. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the probe is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:47, and SEQ ID NO:

50.

35. A composition described in any one of claims 5, 6, and 25-34, wherein the method of treating the subject further comprises administering to the subject one or more of the treatments for the IBD.

36. The non-responder subject, (a) having one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of high disease burden, microbial dysbiosis, and high levels of inflammatory activity; or (b) identified as a candidate for combination therapy; (a) the composition according to claim 6; and (b) any one of claims 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, and 33 to 35, which are dependent on claim 6, respectively.

37. The combination therapy comprises: (a) comprising two or more therapies selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory therapy, antibiotics, immunomodulators, antidiarrheals, painkillers, iron supplementation, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation; or (b) administering to the subject one or more agents that target one or more canonical pathways selected from the group consisting of granulocyte adhesion and extravasation, agranulocyte adhesion and extravasation, osteoarthritis pathways, the role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, atherosclerosis signaling, bladder cancer signaling, the role of pattern recognition receptors in bacterial and viral recognition, and HMGB1 signaling.

37. The composition of claim 36.

38. The anti-inflammatory treatment, (a) anti-interleukin (IL) therapy, and / or (b) JAK inhibitor treatment, and / or (c) Anti-TNF treatment The composition according to any one of claims 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, and 33 to 37, which are dependent on claim 6, respectively, comprising:

39. The composition of claims 25 to 29, 32 and 35, which are dependent on (a) claim 5, (b) claim 38 and (c) claim 5, respectively, wherein the anti-IL therapy comprises an anti-IL23 therapy or an anti-IL12 / anti-IL23 therapy.

40. 40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the anti-IL therapy comprises ustekinumab.

41. 39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the anti-TNF therapy comprises golimumab.

42. (a) further comprising predicting said response according to one or more other characteristics of said subject; and / or (b) further comprising measuring said response at or after 6, 30, or 50 weeks of said treatment, or any time therebetween; and / or (c) the sample is a tissue sample or a blood sample, and / or (d) the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD); and / or (e) the subject has previously failed or been intolerant to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab, corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), or the subject has demonstrated corticosteroid dependence; The composition according to any one of claims 5, 6, and 25 to 41.

43. 43. The composition of claim 42, wherein the other characteristics of the subject are selected from the group consisting of protein levels, gut microbiome, histological findings, and clinical characteristics of the subject.

44. 1. A kit for (a) predicting a response of a subject diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to anti-interleukin (IL) treatment based on a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; (b) predicting a response of a subject diagnosed with IBD to JAK inhibitor (JALi) treatment based on a pattern of a panel of biomarkers; or (c) predicting a negative response of a subject diagnosed with IBD to an anti-inflammatory treatment for IBD using a signature score based on baseline gene expression levels of a panel of biomarkers, the kit comprising a set of isolated probes capable of detecting the panel of biomarkers, the panel of biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2) and CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2). ), complement C5a receptor automatic transmission 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type containing 3 (ZBED3).

45. (a) a set of isolated probes capable of detecting all biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 2 (CMTM2), complement C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), glycerol kinase (GK), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), papalysin 1 (PAPPA), synuclein alpha (SNCA), superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), STEAP4 metalloreductase (STEAP4), and zinc finger BED type-containing 3 (ZBED3); and / or (b) further comprising a therapeutic agent; and / or (c) the IBD is at least one of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD); 45. The kit of claim 44.

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