High viscosity index comb polymer viscosity modifier and method for adjusting viscosity of lubricant using same

Abstract

To provide a lubricant composition comprising a viscosity modifier, and its use and method for adjusting viscosity and dispersibility.SOLUTION: A comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be produced by polymerization comprising at least, or consisting essentially of, the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl(alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) a C12-C24 alkyl(alk)acrylate ester monomer; and (d) H-end-capped, C1-C18 alkyl-end-capped, or C6-C20 aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer, in which repeat units based on the monomer (c) and / or the monomer (d) comprise at least 21.0 wt.% (and optionally up to 35.0 wt.%) of repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers useful for viscosity modification of compositions, such as lubricating oil compositions for passenger automobile engines, heavy duty diesel engines, and marine diesel engines, in functional fluids, such as manual / automatic transmission fluids. More specifically, certain polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers have specific repeat unit chemistries and contents, and lubricating oil compositions formulated with such copolymers may advantageously exhibit specific characteristics, such as dynamic viscosity, high temperature high shear viscosity, and optionally soot dispersancy, that can meet increasingly demanding specifications. [Background technology]

[0002] Polyalkyl(alk)acrylates (generally synthesized by simple (free radical) copolymerization of mixtures of various alkyl(alk)acrylates) can, as additives to lubricant base stocks, provide (again depending on molecular weight and composition) an increase in viscosity index (VI) with improved low temperature properties compared to other viscosity index improvers (VII) (RM Mortier, ST Orszulik (eds.), Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1st ed., London 1993, 124-159 & 165-167). The primary hurdle to their usefulness as viscosity modifying additives is immediately their compatibility / solubility in the component being thickened, and in the case of polyacrylates these depend on the presence of a sufficiently large number of alkyl side chains, generally having 6 to 24 carbon atoms. The VI of polyalkyl(alk)acrylates may be increased by copolymerizing short-chain alkyl(meth)acrylates, such as methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate (see, for example, EP-A-0637332, EP-A-0937769, and EP-A-0979834). However, the short-chain comonomer components reduce the solubility at low temperatures, and therefore the proportion of methyl methacrylate may generally be limited, for example, to about 25% by weight or less. The VI of these comb-like polymers that can be achieved in this way is thus in the range of 150 to 250, depending on the concentration, the permanent shear stability index (PSSI) and the type of base oil.

[0003] A further type of VII is generally C 6 -C 24 These include styrene-alkylmaleate copolymers obtained by polymer-analogous esterification of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with alcohols. This esterification can be accelerated by the addition of butanol up to about 95% conversion. Complete conversion of the acid functions can be achieved by adding amines to form amide or imide groups (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,300 and EP-A-0969077).

[0004] The viscosity of polymer solutions in mineral or synthetic oils can depend to some extent on the molecular weight. This can also result in a decrease in the temperature dependence of the viscosity or an increase in the VI with increasing molecular weight (see J. Bartz, Additive fur Schmierstoffe [Additives for Lubricants], Expert-Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim 1994, 197-252). An increase in temperature has also been noted to unwind condensed knots to give elongated worm-like molecules. However, in parallel with the molecular weight, the shear stability can generally decrease as a result of chain breakage under high shear. As a result of this opposing effect, shear-stable VIIs, such as those required for manual transmission oils, automatic transmission oils, hydraulic oils, or motor oils based on traditional polymer types such as poly(meth)acrylates, can often only be achieved at undesirably high loadings. Therefore, VIIs that have a relatively low viscosity contribution at relatively low temperatures, a relatively low thickening in the VI range of about 20°C to about 100°C, a relatively high viscosity contribution above about 100°C, and at the same time good oil solubility / dispersibility in a wide temperature range can be particularly noted.

[0005] In addition to linear comb-like polymers such as poly(meth)acrylates, VII based on comb polymers have already been described in the patent literature. For example, EP-A-0744457 discloses relatively high-order comb polymers based purely on polyalkyl(meth)acrylates, the side arms of which themselves consist of oligomeric polyalkyl(meth)acrylates. In addition, this patent literature also contains further patents relating to comb polymers whose side chains are a backbone of saturated / hydrogenated polyolefins and short-chain monomers (e.g. alkyl(meth)acrylates or alkylstyrenes). For example, EP-A-0621293 discloses comb polymer side chains formed from hydrogenated polybutadiene. Similarly, EP-A-0699694 discloses comb polymer side chains based on saturated monoolefins such as polyisobutylene or atactic polypropylene. Although not strictly comb copolymers, triblock copolymers based on polyalkyl(meth)acrylates have been disclosed for VII applications (see, for example, P. Callais, S. Schmidt, N. Macy, SAE Technical Paper Series, No. 2004-01-3047), and also triblock copolymers based on a polybutylmethacrylate core and hydrogenated polybutadiene / polyisoprene blocks (U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,676). Anionically prepared ABA block copolymers with a polystyrene core and, for example, hydrogenated polyisoprene arms have also found commercial use as VIIs (U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,361).

[0006] In addition to the above mentioned applications as VII, comb polymers with hydrogenated or saturated side chains are also known for different applications. For example, DE-A-19631170 discloses comb polymers for impact-resistant moldings, which polymers are based on polyisobutylene-containing macromonomers without additional short-chain backbone monomers. EP-A-0955320 also discloses the addition of functionalized polypropylene to a styrene-maleic anhydride backbone in a polymer-analogous reaction to form soft, highly insulating comb polymer gels, the molecular weight of the polypropylene used being relatively high, for example up to 300000 g / mol. One example from adhesive chemistry discloses comb polymers with hydrogenated polybutadiene or isoprene side chains, the polymer backbone of which is also produced from acrylic acid as well as alkyl (meth)acrylates (US Pat. No. 5,625,005).

[0007] In addition, it would be desirable for such comb copolymers to act to improve dispersancy, even if only secondary, especially for applications where sludge and / or soot deposits (suspension / solution dropout) in engine / transmission parts are problematic if allowed to accumulate. Thus, dispersancy properties may be balanced with the viscosity-modifying properties of such comb copolymers by polymer structure design and / or inclusion / exclusion of repeat units. Indeed, the presence of conjugated and / or aromatic moieties in the repeat unit structure may provide dispersancy benefits, but also tend to be detrimental, even if small, to certain viscosity properties. Nevertheless, by finding ways to reduce / eliminate styrenic and still incorporate conjugated / aromatic moieties, one can avoid the viscosity penalties that may be associated with styrenic systems, while still allowing additional soot dispersancy from aromatics, for example.

[0008] The above copolymers are used commercially in a variety of ways, and most of these polymers exhibit satisfactory properties for their respective applications. However, in general, attention is directed to polymers that offer a unique compromise or synergy in terms of thickening action, viscosity index, shear stability, and dispersancy to achieve the desired combination of viscosity and dispersancy with minimal additive use in, for example, lubricating oils, little or no premature polymer degradation, over a wide temperature range. Moreover, it is desirable that such comb copolymers can be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner, particularly using commercially available components, while at the same time advantageously exhibiting viscosity index improving activity and / or dispersant (e.g., soot dispersant) capabilities in lubricant components / compositions. It is therefore important to find and characterize suitable polyacrylate viscosity modifiers that may offer different advantages and / or tradeoffs in viscosity control and / or dispersability than conventional VIIs. Summary of the Invention

[0009] Thus, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a viscosity modifier comprising the steps of: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer, the repeating units of which may optionally comprise 7.0% to 18% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; (b) a C 3 -C 8 (c) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers (the repeating units of which may optionally comprise 33% to 64% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier); 12 -C 24 (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer, the repeating units of which may comprise at least 21.0% by weight, and optionally up to 35.0% by weight, of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C6Oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, the repeating units of which may comprise at least 3.0% by weight, and optionally up to 25% by weight, of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, monomer (b) is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate, monomer (c) comprises lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptodecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof, and / or monomer (d) comprises ethylene glycol acrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo( ... oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol acrylate, propylene glycol methacrylate,propylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether methacrylate, or combinations thereof. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the repeat units of monomer (c) comprise at least 21.0% by weight, and optionally up to 35.0% by weight, of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the sum of the repeat units of monomer (c) and the repeat units of monomer (d) collectively constitutes at least 21.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally up to 35.0% by weight. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is produced by polymerization of monomers that are (i) substantially free of styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units. In still further additional or alternative embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is produced by polymerization of monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).Unlike (d), C, 6 -C 20 They are prepared by polymerization containing at least one additional olefinic monomer that is not an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomer.

[0010] The present disclosure also provides a lubricant composition comprising (optionally, 75% to 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition) a lubricating oil base stock (e.g., comprising a Group I, Group II base stock, Group III base stock, or mixtures thereof); a lubricant additive comprising one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; and (optionally, 0.5% to 9.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition) a comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition may exhibit a non-linear model apparent yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.55 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at least 20; and may exhibit at least three of the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity at about 150° C. (HTHS150) of at most 2.55 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity at about 100° C. (HTHS100) of at most 5.56 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity at about 80° C. (HTHS80) of at most 8.33 cPs; a kinematic viscosity at about 100° C. (KV100) of between 6.90 cSt and 8.50 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at about 40° C. (KV40) of at most 35.0 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at about 20° C. (KV20) of at most 80.5 cSt; and a viscosity index of at least 175. In additional or alternative embodiments, the lubricant composition may exhibit a non-linear model apparent yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.52 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at most 25; and may exhibit at least four of the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at most 2.55 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity at approximately 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.52 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity at approximately 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.30 cPs; a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100°C (KV100) of between 7.00 cSt and 8.30 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40°C (KV40) of at most 34.5 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20) of at most 80.0 cSt; and a viscosity index of at least 185.

[0011] The present disclosure also provides a method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition according to the present disclosure by combining a viscosity adjusting amount (optionally 1.0 wt. % to 8.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the mixture to be viscosity adjusted) of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure with one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) a lubricant base stock comprising at least 75 wt. % of a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; or (3) a lubricant composition according to the present disclosure comprising both (1) and (2). and forming a mixture having a viscosity and dispersancy adjusted therein, the mixture having a viscosity and dispersancy adjusted therein may exhibit an improvement in soot dispersancy of at least 25% (optionally at least 33%) compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and a difference of at least 5% (optionally at least 10%) compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier with respect to one or more (optionally, 3 or more, or 4 or more) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI.

[0012] The present disclosure also provides the use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure to adjust the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, for example using a method according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013] The present disclosure relates to viscosity modifying comb polymers and methods of use and / or their use, for example, to modify the viscosity and / or dispersancy of lubricant components and / or lubricant compositions. The comb copolymer viscosity modifiers disclosed herein are polymers made from alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers.

[0014] The polymeric alkyl (alk)acrylate (co)polymers described herein are derived from the polymerization (generally, but not limited to, free radical polymerization) of one or more alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers, dimers, trimers, oligomers, macromonomers (collectively abbreviated herein for brevity as "monomers"), etc. The alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers generally have the following general chemical structure (I): [ka] In the formula, C=C * The double bond is an olefinic bond, R 1 represents the "alkyl" portion of the name, on the oxygen side of the ester, and R 2 represents the inserted "alk" part of the name. 2 is hydrogen, the monomer is an alkyl acrylate; R 2 If R is an alkyl group, the monomer is an alkyl alkacrylate. If present, the nature of this "alk" designation is 2 Based on the number of carbons in the alkyl group, for example, one carbon (methyl) means methacrylate, two carbons (ethyl) means ethacrylate, etc. Similarly, the nature of the "alkyl" designation is R 1 Based on the number of carbons in the alkyl group, for example, one carbon (methyl) means methyl (alk)acrylate, two carbons (ethyl) means ethyl (alk)acrylate, etc. Thus, for example, lauryl methacrylate is R 1 C 12 is an alkyl moiety, R 2 C 1 It means an alkyl moiety.

[0015] In particular, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure comprises at least the following monomers: (a) polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24(d) alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 It can be prepared by polymerization of an oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or a hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer. In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is (e) distinct from monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d) and is C 6 -C 20 It may further comprise one or more other olefinic comonomers that are not aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomers. For example, monomer (d) may have the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl (particularly hydrogen or methyl); m is 2 to 6 (particularly 2 to 4), and thus -(CH 2 ) m - represents a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10 (particularly, 1 to 6), and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end caps (especially H, C 1 -C 7 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl, or C 6 -C 11 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl). R1 When R is hydrogen, such monomers can be considered hydroxyl acrylates or hydroxy methacrylates; 1 is not hydrogen, such monomers may be abbreviated herein as "ether acrylates" (EAs) or "ether methacrylates" (EMAs).

[0016] In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be produced by polymerization of monomers that may be substantially free of styrene or styrenic monomers and / or may be substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units. It is important to note that the polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer (a) includes repeat units as formed, which are considered herein as repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, even if such monomers are not specifically referred to. Thus, in this specification, when a comb copolymer is substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units, it includes repeat units of the macromonomer as well as repeat units of other comonomers. As used herein, "styrenic" monomers are defined as monomers having a styrene (vinylbenzene) core, i.e., containing 8 to 17 carbon atoms, an olefinic double bond, and a six-membered all-carbon aromatic moiety (including polycyclic ring systems containing a phenyl ring) attached directly to one end of the olefinic double bond, the ring hydrogens of which may be optionally substituted (e.g., a phenyl, naphthenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, or acenaphthylenyl moiety).

[0017] As used herein, the term "comb copolymer" is known per se and indicates the presence of relatively long side chains (not simply pendant moieties) attached to a polymeric main chain, often also referred to as the polymer "backbone". In the present disclosure, a comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprises at least one repeat unit derived from a polyalkylene-based macromonomer, which repeat unit is based almost entirely on the polymerization or oligomerization of olefinic, non-aromatic pure hydrocarbon monomers (i.e., not containing or not made from monomers containing heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, Si, halides, metals, etc., at levels above contaminating levels). Such monomers may include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl pendant monoolefins (alkenes), such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, vinylcyclohexene, and the like, and combinations thereof, and / or non-aromatic monomers whose polymerized repeat units still contain at least one unsaturation (generally alkadienes, such as butadiene, isoprene, hexadiene, non-aromatic hexatrienes, and norbornadiene, and the like, and combinations thereof). To the extent that any such monomers polymerized / oligomerized to form macromonomers result in residual unsaturation, it is preferred that such unsaturation be treated, such as by hydrogenation, to remove the unsaturation. As used herein, the term "backbone" does not necessarily mean that its chain length is longer than that of the side chains, but simply refers to the polymerization process of interconnecting the listed comonomers, including the macromonomers.

[0018] As used herein, the term "repeat unit" is widely known in the art and is generally associated with (but not identical to) the monomer from which a (co)polymer is made. For example, in free radical polymerization, (olefinic) double bonds in a single monomer or macromonomer are opened to allow for the formation of a covalent bond with an adjacent monomer, thereby forming a polymer chain. Macromonomers are used as "single" (macro)monomers in the polymerization of the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, but are themselves produced by polymerization / oligomerization of monomers. Nevertheless, when the term "repeat unit" is used, any polymerized monomer is referred to. However, just because a component can be produced by polymerization does not mean that it constitutes a "repeat unit". For example, linear C 18 In the case of methacrylate esters, the 18-carbon linear chains could theoretically be produced by the oligomerization of nine ethylene units, however, such components are more likely produced by non-polymeric routes (such as involving the isolation of stearyl alcohol or some similar natural product) and therefore are not considered to be "macromonomers" for purposes of this disclosure.

[0019] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer (a) may comprise or be a hydrogenated alkadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer, such as a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer. In addition, referring again to the general formula (I) above for the acrylate monomers, the optional "alk" in the macromonomer is advantageously hydrogen (not "alk") or C 1 -C 2 R is alkyl (especially hydrogen or methyl) 2 can be represented as follows.

[0020] With respect to the amount of (a) polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer used to prepare the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, the polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer-based repeat units may account for at least 5.0% by weight (e.g., at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by weight, at least 10% by weight, at least 11% by weight, at least 12% by weight, or at least 13% by weight) and / or up to 30% by weight (e.g., up to 28% by weight, up to 25% by weight, up to 22% by weight, up to 20% by weight, up to 18% by weight, or up to 15% by weight) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.For example, the repeating units of a polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer can account for 5.0% to 30% by mass, 5.0% to 28% by mass, 5.0% to 25% by mass, 5.0% to 22% by mass, 5.0% to 20% by mass, 5.0% to 18% by mass, 5.0% to 15% by mass, 6.0% to 30% by mass, 6.0% to 28% by mass, 6.0% to 25% by mass, 6.0% to 22% by mass, 6.0% to 20% by mass, 6.0% to 18% by mass, 6.0% to 15% by mass, 7.0% to 30% by mass, 7.0% to 28% by mass, 7.0% to 25% by mass, 7.0% to 22% by mass, 7.0% to 20% by mass, 7.0% to 18% by mass, 7.0% to 15% by mass, 8.0% to 30% by mass, 8.0% to 28% by mass, 8.0% to 25% by mass, 8.0% to 22% by mass, 8.0% to 20% by mass, 8.0% to 18% by mass, 8.0% to 15% by mass, 9.0% to 30% by mass, 9.0% to 28% by mass, 9.0% to 25% by mass, 9.0% to 22% by mass, 9.0% to 20% by mass, 9.0% to 18% by mass, 9.0% to 15% by mass, 10% to 30% by mass, 10% to 28% by mass, 10% to 25% by mass, 10% to 22% by mass, 10% to 20% by mass, 10% to 18% by mass, 10% to 15% by mass, 11% to 30% by mass, 11% to 28% by mass, 11% to 25% by mass, 11% to 22% by mass, 11% to 20% by mass, 11% to 18% by mass, 11% to 15% by mass, 12% to 30% by mass, 12% to 28% by mass, 10% to 25% by mass, 12% to 22% by mass, 12% to 20% by mass, 12% to 18% by mass, 12% to 15% by mass, 13% to 30% by mass, 13% to 28% by mass, 13% to 25% by mass, 13% to 22% by mass, 13% to 20% by mass, 13% to 18% by mass, or 13% to 15% based on the total mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier.In particular, the polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer-based repeat units may comprise 5.0% to 22%, 6.0% to 20%, 7.0% to 18%, or 9.0% to 15% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0021] Macromonomers useful in the present disclosure can advantageously have one polymerizable double bond, which is generally terminal (or near a terminal portion). The polymerizable double bond can be present as a result of the preparation of the macromonomer (e.g., cationic polymerization of isobutylene can form polyisobutylene (PIB) with a terminal double bond).

[0022] In one embodiment, polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers can be prepared by reacting (alk)acrylic acid (or its salt) with a polyalkylene-based macroalcohol, such as Krasol® HLBH5000m (available from Cray Valley, Exton, Pennsylvania), which is a monohydroxy-functionalized hydrogenated polybutadiene. Other macroalcohols based on hydrogenated polybutadiene can be obtained, for example, according to GB 2270317. Some commercially available macromonomers include, for example, Kraton Liquid L-1253™ and Kraton Liquid L-1203™ (available from Kraton Polymers, Houston, Texas), both of which are made from methacrylate-functionalized hydrogenated polybutadiene. Other polyolefin-based macromonomers and their preparation are also described, for example, in EP 0621293 and EP 0699694.

[0023] (b)C 3 -C 10 / C 3 -C 8For alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, referring again to general formula (I) above for acrylate monomers, the optional "alk" is advantageously hydrogen (not "alk") or C 1 -C 2 Alkyl R 2 Therefore, R 1 C of the acrylate ester moiety 3 -C 8Given the alkyl range, this monomer may be selected from the group consisting of n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-propyl ethacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isopropyl ethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-butyl ethacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl ethacrylate, 2-butyl acrylate, 2-butyl methacrylate, 2-butyl ethacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl meth ... butyl ethacrylate, 2-pentyl acrylate, 2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-pentyl acrylate, 3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-pentyl ethacrylate, cyclopentyl acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl ethacrylate , iso-amyl acrylate, iso-amyl methacrylate, iso-amyl ethacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-hexyl acrylate, 2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-hexyl acrylate, 3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-hexyl ethacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl ethacrylate, cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl butyl methyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate,2-Methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-Methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-Methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-Methyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-3-pentyl butyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate n-Heptyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl ethacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacrylate, n-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-heptyl acrylate, 2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-heptyl ethacrylate, 3 -heptyl acrylate, 3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-heptyl acrylate, 4-heptyl methacrylate, 4-heptyl ethacrylate, cycloheptyl acrylate, cycloheptyl methacrylate, cycloheptyl ethacrylate, cyclohexyl methyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methyl ethacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate,2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, cyclopentyl ethyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl ethyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylmethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methylethacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl- 1-Cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2, 4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate,1-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2-Bicyclo[2. 2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate , 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl(methtyl)-1-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl Sil methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate,3-Methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-Methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 4-Methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 4-Methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-Methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 4-Methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 4-Methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-Methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 4-Methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 4-Methyl-3-hexyl xylethacrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl(dimethtyl)-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2, 2-Dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate , 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl eth, acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl butyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3, 3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl ethacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octyl ethacrylate, 2-octyl acrylate, 2-octyl methacrylate, 2-octyl ethacrylate, 3-octyl acrylate, 3-octyl Methacrylate, 3-octyl ethacrylate, 4-octyl acrylate, 4-octyl methacrylate, 4-octyl ethacrylate, cycloheptyl methyl acrylate, cycloheptyl methyl methacrylate, cycloheptyl methyl ethacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl ethacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl ethacrylate,1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl Dropentalenyl ethacrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1 -cycloheptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethacrylate, cyclohexyl ethyl acrylate, cyclohexyl ethyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl ethyl ethacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate,2-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-Ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 1,2-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,2-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,2-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl Cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate , 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1- Cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate,4,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl acrylate, 2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl methacrylate, 2-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl ethacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl acrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl methacrylate, 3-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl ethacrylate, 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl acrylate, 4-Methyl-1-cyclohexyl Methyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methyl ethacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl acrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl ethacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate acrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-propyl -1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl methacrylate,4-Methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 3, 4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 3,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 4,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 4,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 4,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-cyclopentyl Methyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl methacrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate,2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate , 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate,3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl- 1-Cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl 2-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate,3-Methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 5- Methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate methacrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate,2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate , 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate , 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate,3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-Ethyl-2- Hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl- trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate,2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl, ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4, 4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate,4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl- 2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl- 4-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate,3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4- Pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate,The copolymer may comprise or may be one or more of 3-propyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / oligomerization reaction products thereof. In particular, C, 3 -C 8 The alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer (b) may comprise, consist essentially of, or be butyl acrylate or butyl methacrylate.

[0024] (b) C used to prepare a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 3 -C 8 Regarding the amount of alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, C 3 -C 8The repeating unit of the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is 30% to 71% by mass, for example 30% to 68% by mass, 30% to 66% by mass, 30% to 64% by mass, 30% to 62% by mass, 30% to 60% by mass, 30% to 58% by mass, 30% to 56% by mass, 30% to 54% by mass, 30% to 52% by mass, 30% to 50% by mass, 30% to 48% by mass, 33% to 71% by mass, 33% to 68% by mass, 33% to 66% by mass, 33% to 64% by mass, 33% to 62% by mass, 33% to 60% by mass, 33% to 58% by mass, 33% to 56% by mass, 33% to 54% by mass, 33% to 52% by mass, 33% to 50% by mass, 33% to 48% by mass, 35% to 71% by mass, 35% to 68% by mass, 35% to 66% by mass, 35% to 64% by mass, 35% to 62% by mass, 35% to 60% by mass, 35% to 58% by mass, 35% to 56% by mass, 35% to 54% by mass, 35% to 52% by mass, 35% to 50% by mass, 35% to 48% by mass, 38% to 71% by mass, 38% to 68% by mass, 38% to 66% by mass, 38% to 64% by mass, 38% to 62% by mass, 38% to 60% by mass, 38% to 58% by mass, 38% to 56% by mass, 38% to 54% by mass, 38% to 52% by mass, 38% to 50% by mass, 38% to 48% by mass, 40% to 71% by mass, 40% to 68% by mass, 40% to 66% by mass, 40% to 64% by mass, 40% to 62% by mass, 40% to 60% by mass, 40% to 58% by mass, 40% to 56% by mass, 40% to 54% by mass, 40% to 52% by mass, 40% to 50% by mass, 40% to 48% by mass, 45% to 71% by mass, 45% to 68% by mass, 45% to 66% by mass, 45% to 64% by mass, 45% to 62% by mass, 45% to 60% by mass, 45% to 58% by mass, 45% to 56% by mass, 45% to 54% by mass, 45% to 52% by mass, 45% to 50% by mass, 45% to 48% by mass, 50% to 71% by mass, 50% to 68% by mass, 50% to 66% by mass, 50% to 64% by mass, 50% to 62% by mass, 50% to 60% by mass,It may account for 50% by mass to 58% by mass, 50% by mass to 56% by mass, 50% by mass to 54% by mass, or 50% by mass to 52% by mass. 3 -C 8 The alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer-based repeat units may comprise 33% to 64%, 35% to 60%, or 38% to 58% by weight of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier's repeat units.

[0025] (c)C 12 -C 24 For alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, referring again to general formula (I) above for acrylate monomers, the optional "alk" is advantageously hydrogen (not "alk") or C 1 -C 2 R is alkyl (especially hydrogen or methyl) 2 Therefore, R 1 C of the acrylate ester moiety 12 -C 24 Given an alkyl range, the monomer may be a linear, cyclic, or branched C 12 Acrylates, linear, cyclic or branched C 12 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 14 Acrylates, linear, cyclic or branched C 14 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 16 Acrylates, linear, cyclic or branched C 16 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 17 Acrylates, linear, cyclic or branched C 17 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 18 Acrylates, linear, cyclic or branched C 18 methacrylate, or a combination or polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof. 12 -C 24The alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer may comprise, consist essentially of, or be lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, hepatdecanoyl methacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / oligomerization reaction products thereof.

[0026] (c) used to produce a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 12 -C 24 Regarding the amount of alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, C 12 -C 24 The repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers may account for at least 21.0% by weight (e.g. at least 21.5%, at least 22.0%, at least 22.5%, at least 23.0%, at least 23.5%, at least 24.0%, at least 24.5%, or at least 25.0% by weight) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally but preferably also up to 35.0% by weight (e.g. up to 34.0%, up to 33.0%, up to 32.0%, up to 31.0%, up to 30.0%, up to 29.0%, up to 28.0%, or up to 27.0% by weight). In particular, 12 -C 24 The alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer-based repeat units may comprise at least 21.0%, at least 23.0%, between 21.0% and 35.0%, or between 23.0% and 30.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0027] (d) C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C6 With respect to the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or the hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, the optional "alk" is advantageously hydrogen (not "alk") or C 1 -C 2 R is alkyl (especially hydrogen or methyl) 2 Thus, given the formula (II), [ka] R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 may represent alkyl (especially hydrogen or methyl); m may be 2 to 6 (especially 2 to 4), thus -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10 (particularly 1 to 6); and R 1 , H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps, or C 6 -C 20 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end caps (especially C 1 -C 7 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl or C 6 -C 11 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl). 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6The oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate monomers are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol acrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo (ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol acrylate, propylene glycol methacrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate,The oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether methacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / oligomerization reaction products thereof.

[0028] (d) C used to prepare a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6With respect to the amount of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H endcapped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer, the repeat units based on monomer (d) may account for at least 3.0% by weight (e.g., at least 4.0%, at least 5.0%, at least 6.0%, at least 7.0%, at least 8.0%, at least 9.0%, at least 10.0%, at least 11.0%, or at least 12.0%) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, optionally but preferably also up to 28% by weight (e.g., up to 27%, up to 26%, up to 25%, up to 24%, up to 23%, up to 22%, up to 21%, up to 20%, up to 19%, up to 18%, up to 17%, or up to 16%). In particular, the repeat units based on monomer (d) may comprise at least 3.0% by weight, at most 28% by weight, at most 20% by weight, between 3.0% by weight and 25% by weight, or between 8.0% by weight and 18% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0029] Additionally or alternatively, with respect to the combined amount of repeat units based on monomers (c) and (d), C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6The sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units may collectively account for at least 21.0% by weight (e.g. at least 21.5%, at least 22.0%, at least 22.5%, at least 23.0%, at least 23.5%, at least 24.0%, at least 24.5%, or at least 25.0%) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally but preferably also up to 50.0% by weight (e.g. at most 34.0%, at most 33.0%, at most 32.0%, at most 31.0%, at most 30.0%, at most 29.0%, at most 28.0%, or at most 27.0%). In particular, 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 The repeat units based on the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H endcapped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units may collectively comprise at least 21.0% by weight, at least 23.0% by weight, between 21.0% and 35.0% by weight, or between 23.0% and 30.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0030] When one or more other olefinic comonomers (e) are present, such monomers (e) can include or can be, for example, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, styrene, vinylpyridine, acrylamide, crosslinking monomers (e.g., divinylbenzene, alkylene glycol diacrylates, telechelic diacrylate macromonomers, telechelic divinyl macromonomers, and the like, or combinations thereof), or combinations thereof. Without being particularly limited to the optional olefinic comonomer (e), these olefin-based repeat units, when present, may comprise up to 7.0% by weight (e.g., up to 6.5%, up to 6.0%, up to 5.5%, up to 5.0%, up to 4.5%, up to 4.0%, up to 3.5%, or up to 3.0%) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and even optionally at most 0.1% by weight (e.g., at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.9%, at most 1.2%, at most 1.5%, or at most 1.8%). In particular, when present, the other olefinic repeat units may comprise up to 7.0%, up to 5.0%, between 0.5% and 7.0%, or between 1.0% and 5.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0031] C 12 -C 24Due to the relatively large proportion of alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers, comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure may, in some embodiments, advantageously comprise less than 80% by weight of repeat units derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene / styrenic monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms; alkyl (meth)acrylates having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group; vinyl esters having 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group; vinyl ethers having 1 to 10 carbon atoms linked to vinyl ethers; (di)alkyl fumarates having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ether group, (di)alkyl maleates having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group, and mixtures thereof (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,349).

[0032] Comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure may advantageously exhibit a medium weight average molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; aka size exclusion chromatography or SEC). The GPC specifications and analytical conditions for determining the molecular weight distribution are as follows: Waters Acquity APC with Waters RID and UV 215 nm; software: Empower 3; columns (3×4.6×150 mm system): APC-XT 450 (about 2.5 μ), APC-XT200 (about 2.5 μm), and APC-XT45 (about 1.7 μm); mobile phase and flow rate: >99.9% Fisher optima gold label HPLC grade stabilizer-free THF; flow rate: about 0.25 mL / min retention time about 35 min; oven temperature: about 35°C; sample concentration: about 1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; sample preparation: overnight (about 8-20 hours) to essentially complete dissolution, then filtered through about 0.45 μm PTFE filter; injection volume: about 10 μL;Polystyrene calibration curve. Thus, in some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure has a weight average molecular weight by GPC of 1,000,000 g / mol or less (e.g., 850,000 g / mol or less, 625,000 g / mol or less, 613,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 590,000 g / mol or less, 580,000 g / mol or less, 200,000 g / mol to 1,000,000 g / mol, 200,000g / mol~850,000g / mol, 200,000g / mol~625,000g / mol, 200,000g / mol~613,000g / mol, 200,000g / m ol~600,000g / mol, 200,000g / mol~590,000g / mol, 200,000g / mol~580,000g / mol, 250,000g / mol~1,000,00 0g / mol, 250,000g / mol~850,000g / mol, 250,000g / mol~625,000g / mol, 250,000g / mol~610,000g / mol, 250, 000g / mol~600,000g / mol, 250,000g / mol~590,000g / mol, 250,000g / mol~580,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~1, 000,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~850,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~625,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~610,000g / m ol, 300,000g / mol~600,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~590,000g / mol, 300,000g / mol~580,000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~1,000,000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~850,000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~625,000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~610, 000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~600,000g / mol, 350,000g / mol~590,000g / mol, or 350,000g / mol~580,000g / mol;In particular, it may be 625,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol); The comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure can advantageously exhibit relatively high oil solubility or oil dispersibility. As used herein, the term "oil soluble" means that the composition contains at least 0.1% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight, of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and can be relatively easily combined with at least 85% by weight (preferably the remainder) of the lubricating oil basestock without stable macroscopic phase formation. The oil solubility and / or oil dispersibility can depend, among other things, on the nature of the basestock and the chemical nature of the polymer (e.g., the proportion of lipophilic side chains).

[0033] For example, these comb copolymers can be synthesized using free radical polymerization techniques and related methods for controlled free radical polymerization such as ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) and / or RAFT (Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer). Conventional free radical polymerization is described inter alia in Ullmanns's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th Edition. Generally, polymerization initiators and chain transfer agents can be used for this purpose.

[0034] Examples of useful free radical polymerization initiators include, but are not necessarily limited to, azo initiators (e.g., AIBN and 1,1-azo-biscyclohexanecarbonitrile, which are well known), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, tert-butyl per-2-ethyl-hexanoate, ketone peroxide, tert-butyl peroctanoate, methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate, 2,5-bis(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane. The chain transfer agent may include one or more of the peroxy compounds such as tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, dicumyl peroxide, 1,1-bis-(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, cumyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, bis(4-tert-butyl-cyclohexyl)peroxydicarbonate, and mixtures thereof, as well as mixtures of other compounds that may form free radicals individually or together that are similarly effective for initiation. Suitable chain transfer agents may include oil-soluble / oil-dispersible mercaptans (e.g., n-dodecyl mercaptan or 2-mercaptoethanol) and / or terpenes (e.g., terpinolene).

[0035] The ATRP process is known in the art. It is assumed that the ATRP process includes "living" free radical polymerization, without intending to limit the description of the polymerization mechanism. In such a process, a transition metal compound may be reacted with a compound having a transferable atomic group. This allows the transfer of the transferable atomic group to the transition metal compound, which can oxidize the metal. This reaction may form a radical that can be used to derive an ethylene group (olefin). However, the transfer of the atomic group to the transition metal compound may be reversible, so that the atomic group can return to the growing polymer chain, which allows the formation of a controlled polymerization system. The structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of the polymer may be controlled accordingly.

[0036] The ATRP reaction has been described, for example, by JS. Wang, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 117, p. 5614-5615 (1995); Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, vol. 28, p. 7901-7910 (1995). In addition, PCT Publication Nos. 96 / 30421, 97 / 47661, 97 / 18247, 98 / 40415, and 99 / 10387 disclose modified methods of ATRP. The RAFT process is described in detail, for example, in PCT Publication Nos. 98 / 01478 and 2004 / 083169. Such polymerizations can be carried out at normal pressure, reduced pressure, or elevated pressure. The polymerization temperature can also vary over a wide range. However, the polymerizations are generally carried out at temperatures of from about -20°C to about 200°C, for example, from about 50°C to about 150°C or from about 80°C to about 130°C. Such polymerization can be carried out with or without a solvent. The term "solvent" should be understood broadly here. The solvent, if any, may be selected depending on the polarity of the monomers used (for example, SN100 oil, SN150 oil, relatively light diesel oil, and / or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and / or xylene).

[0037] To be effective in adjusting the viscosity, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier can be combined with the composition (or one or more components thereof) in a viscosity adjusting amount to form, for example, a viscosity adjusted mixture. In particular, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier can be combined with a lubricant base stock (including, for example, Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base stocks) and / or a lubricant additive (for example, via a concentrated lubricant additive package including a minor amount of the lubricant base stock and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or simply a mixture or combination of one or more of the listed additives).

[0038] For example, the amount of viscosity adjustment of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier (which may contain an additional diluent but does not contain an additional active ingredient, unlike the viscosity modifier concentrate) is 0.2% to 9.0% by mass, for example 0.2% to 8.0% by mass, 0.2% to 7.0% by mass, 0.2% to 6.0% by mass, 0.2% to 5.0% by mass, 0.2% to 4.0% by mass, 0.2% to 3.5% by mass, 0.2% to 3.0% by mass, 0.2% to 2.5% by mass, 0.2% to 2.0% by mass, 0.4% to 9.0% by mass, 0.4% to 8.0% by mass, 0.4% to 7.0% by mass, 0.4% to 6.0% by mass, 0.4% to 5.0% by mass, 0.4% to 4.0% by mass, 0.4% to 3.5% by mass, 0.4% to 3.0% by mass, 0.4% to 2.5% by mass, 0.4% to 2.0% by mass, 0.5% to 9.0% by mass, 0.5% to 8.0% by mass, 0.5% to 7.0% by mass, 0.5% to 6.0% by mass, 0.5% to 5.0% by mass, 0.5% to 4.0% by mass, 0.5% to 3.5% by mass, 0.5% to 3.0% by mass, 0.5% to 2.5% by mass, 0.5% to 2.0% by mass, 0.6% to 9.0% by mass, 0.6% to 8.0% by mass, 0.6% to 7.0% by mass, 0.6% to 6.0% by mass, 0.6% to 5.0% by mass, 0.6% to 4.0% by mass, 0.6% to 3.5% by mass, 0.6% to 3.0% by mass, 0.6% to 2.5% by mass, 0.6% to 2.0% by mass, 0.8% to 9.0% by mass, 0.8% to 8.0% by mass, 0.8% to 7.0% by mass, 0.8% to 6.0% by mass, 0.8% to 5.0% by mass, 0.8% to 4.0% by mass, 0.8% to 3.5% by mass, 0.8% to 3.0% by mass, 0.8% to 2.5% by mass, 0.8% to 2.0% by mass, 1.0% to 9.0% by mass, 1.0% to 8.0% by mass, 1.0% to 7.0% by mass, 1.0% to 6.0% by mass, 1.0% to 5.0% by mass, 1.0% to 4.0% by mass, 1.0% to 3.5% by mass, 1.0% to 3.0% by mass, 1.0% to 2.5% by mass, 1.0% to 2.0% by mass, 1.2% to 9.0% by mass, 1.2% to 8.0% by mass, 1.2% to 7.0% by mass, 1.2% to 6.0% by mass, 1.2% to 5.0 mass%, 1.2 mass% to 4.0 mass%, 1.2 mass% to 3.5 mass%, 1.2 mass% to 3.0 mass%, 1.2 mass% to 2.5 mass%, 1.2 mass% to 2.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 9.0 mass%, 1 .4 mass% to 8.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 7.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 6.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 5.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 4.0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 3.5 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 3 .0 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 2.5 mass%, 1.4 mass% to 2.0 mass%, 1.5 mass% to 9.0 mass%, 1.5 mass% to 8.0 mass%, 1.5 mass% to 7.0 mass%, 1.5 mass% to 6.0 mass%, It may be 1.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, 1.5% by mass to 4.0% by mass, 1.5% by mass to 3.5% by mass, 1.5% by mass to 3.0% by mass, 1.5% by mass to 2.5% by mass, or 1.5% by mass to 2.0% by mass. In particular, the viscosity adjusting amount of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be from 0.5% to 9.0% by weight or from 1.0% to 8.0% by weight. .

[0039] The lubricating oil base stock may be any suitable lubricating oil base stock known in the art. Both natural and synthetic lubricating oil base stocks may be suitable. Natural lubricating oils may include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), petroleum oils, mineral oils, oils derived from coal or shale, and combinations thereof. One particular natural lubricating oil includes or is mineral oil.

[0040] Suitable mineral oils may include all common mineral oil bases, including oils that are naphthenic or paraffinic in chemical structure. Suitable oils may be refined by conventional methods using acids, alkalis, and other agents such as clays or aluminum chloride, or they may be extracted oils produced by solvent extraction using solvents such as phenol, sulfur dioxide, furfural, dichlorodiethyl ether, or combinations thereof. These oils may be subjected to hydrotreating or hydrogenation, dewaxing by cooling or catalytic dewaxing, hydrocracking, or some combination thereof. Suitable mineral oils may be produced from natural crude oil sources or may be composed of isomerized wax materials, or residues from other refining processes.

[0041] Synthetic lubricating oils may include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils, such as oligomerized olefins, polymerized olefins, and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene, isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polylactenes, poly(1-hexene), poly(1-octene), poly-(1-decene), and the like, and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecyl-benzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonyl-benzene, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene, and the like); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, and the like); alkylated diphenyl ethers, alkylated diphenyl sulfides, and derivatives, analogs, and congeners thereof; and combinations and / or reaction products thereof.

[0042] In some embodiments, such synthetically derived oils may include or be polyalphaolefins (PAOs), including hydrogenated oligomers of alpha-olefins, particularly oligomers of 1-decene, such as those produced by free radical processes, Ziegler catalysis, or cationic processes. They may be, for example, oligomers of branched or linear alpha-olefins having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, with specific non-limiting examples including polypropene, polyisobutene, poly-1-butene, poly-1-hexene, poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene, poly-1-dodecene, and mixtures and / or copolymers thereof.

[0043] Synthetic lubricating oils may additionally or alternatively include alkylene oxide polymers, internal polymers, copolymers, and derivatives thereof in which (most) of the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. Synthetic oils of this type include polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyisopropylene glycol ethers having an average Mn of about 1000 Daltons, diphenyl ethers of polypropylene glycols having an average Mn of about 1000 to about 1500 Daltons); and their mono- and poly-carboxylic acid esters (e.g., acetate esters of tetraethylene glycol, mixed C 3 -C 8 Fatty acid ester, C 12 oxo acid diesters, and the like, or combinations thereof.

[0044] Another suitable type of synthetic lubricating oil can include the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, and the like) with various alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, and the like). Specific examples of these esters may include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, complex esters formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, and the like, and combinations thereof. Preferred types of oils derived from synthetic oils of this type include C 4 -C12 It may include an adipate of an alcohol.

[0045] Esters useful as synthetic lubricating oils may additionally or alternatively be selected from the group consisting of C 5 -C 12 Monocarboxylic acids, polyols, and / or polyol ethers, such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and the like, and combinations thereof, may be included.

[0046] Lubricating oils may be derived from unrefined oils, refined oils, rerefined oils, or mixtures thereof. Unrefined oils are obtained directly from natural or synthetic sources (e.g., coal, shale, or tar sands bitumen) without further purification or processing. Examples of unrefined oils may include shale oils obtained directly from a recovery operation, petroleum oils obtained directly from distillation, or ester oils obtained directly from an esterification process, each or a combination of which may be used without further processing. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils, except that refined oils have generally been treated in one or more purification steps to change their chemical structure and / or improve one or more properties. Suitable refining techniques may include distillation, hydrotreating, dewaxing, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, and percolation, all of which are known to those skilled in the art. Rerefined oils may be obtained by treating used and / or refined oils in a manner similar to that used to obtain the refined oils in the first place. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and are often additionally processed by techniques for removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.

[0047] Another additional or alternative type of suitable lubricating oil may include base stocks produced from the oligomerization of natural gas feedstocks or the isomerization of wax. These base stocks may be called a number of different names, but are commonly known as Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) or Fischer-Tropsch base stocks. A lubricant base stock according to this disclosure may be a blend of one or more of the oils / base stocks described herein, whether of the same or different types, and blends of natural and synthetic lubricating oils (i.e., partially synthetic) are expressly contemplated for this disclosure.

[0048] Lubricating oils may be classified as set out in the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication "Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System", Industry Services Department, 14th Edition, December 1996, Addendum 1, December 1998, where the oils are categorized as follows: a) Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and / or more than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; b) Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; c) Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120; d) Group IV substrates are polyalphaolefins (PAOs); and e) Group V substrates includes all other substrates not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV.

[0049] In particular, the lubricant may comprise or be a mineral oil or a mixture of mineral oils, in particular Group I, Group II, and / or Group III mineral oils (of the API classification). For example, the lubricant base stock (e.g., Group I, Group II, and / or Group III) may comprise from 55% to 98% by weight, e.g., from 55% to 95% by weight, from 55% to 90% by weight, from 55% to 85% by weight, from 60% to 98% by weight, from 60% to 95% by weight, from 60% to 90% by weight, from 60% to 85 ... Amount% ~ 98 mass%, 65 mass% ~ 95 mass%, 65 mass% ~ 90 mass%, 65 mass% ~ 85 mass%, 70 mass% ~ 98 mass%, 70 mass% ~ 95 mass%, 70 mass% ~ 90 mass%, 70 mass% ~ 85 mass%, 75 mass% It can account for ~98% by mass, 75% by mass to 95% by mass, 75% to 90% by mass, 75% to 85% by mass, 80% to 98% by mass, 80% to 95% by mass, 80% to 90% by mass, or 80% to 85% by mass.

[0050] A lubricant additive may comprise one or more additive components and may be present in a (concentrated) lubricant additive package. A (concentrated) additive package generally includes some minor amount of a lubricant base stock, etc. to compatibilize the additive with the remainder of the lubricant composition, where the term "additive" refers only to the lubricant additive in the lubricant composition, while the term "lubricant base stock" refers to all of the base stocks from the additive package and as major phase lubricant components. Additionally or alternatively, two or more additives may be added together as an additive package, while one or more other components may be added separately to the lubricant base stock and / or to the mixture to form the lubricant composition.

[0051] In particular, the lubricant additives may include, consist essentially of, or be one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, optionally pigments and / or pigment stabilizers, and seal swell control agents. Anti-wear additives, as the name suggests, may be used to reduce wear on lubricated parts, e.g., motor driveline components such as the crankcase and / or transmission, or anti-wear components may provide antioxidant and anti-wear functions. It is known in the art that phosphorus-containing compounds can provide wear protection to highly loaded contacting metal surfaces. Without being bound by theory, it has been suggested that this is the result of the formation of "glass" as phosphites on the lubricated metal surface.

[0052] The phosphorus-containing antiwear component may be one or more, particularly two or more, of the structure (I): [ka] In the structure, the group R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may each independently comprise or be an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and / or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms with a thioether bond inserted in the alkyl chain, provided that the group R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 At least some of the may or may contain alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms with thioether linkages inserted in the alkyl chain. The mixture may contain three or more, four or more, or five or more compounds of structure (I).

[0053] In some embodiments, the group R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may each independently comprise or be an alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms and / or an alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms with a thioether bond inserted in the alkyl chain, with the proviso that the group R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 At least some of the may include or may be alkyl groups having 4 to 10 carbon atoms with thioether linkages inserted in the alkyl chain. base R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 When comprises an alkyl group, with no thioether linkages inserted in the alkyl chain, examples may include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, and in particular includes or is butyl. base R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 When a thioether bond is inserted into the alkyl chain, examples include groups of the structure -R'-S-R'', where R' is -(CH 2 ) n -, n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and R" can be -(CH 2 ) m -CH 3 and m can be an integer from 1 to 17, for example, from 3 to 9.

[0054] In particular, with respect to compounds of structure (I), at least 10% by weight (e.g., at least 20% by weight, at least 30% by weight, or at least 40% by weight) of all compounds of structure (I) are R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 at least one of the alkyl groups is or is an alkyl group, and the alkyl chain is intercalated with a thioether bond, in particular having the structure -R'-S-R'', where R' is -(CH 2 ) n -, n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and R" can be -(CH 2 ) m -CH 3 where m can be an integer from 1 to 17, for example, from 3 to 9.

[0055] The phosphorus-free antiwear components typically present in the mixture with the phosphorus-containing antiwear compounds of structure (I) are one or more, in particular two or more, of structure (II): [ka] In the structure, the group R 4 and R 7may each independently comprise or be an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R 5 and R 6 may each independently contain or be an alkyl linkage having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In particular, R 4 and R 7 are each independently -(CH 2 ) m -CH 3 m is an integer from 1 to 17, for example from 3 to 9, and R 5 and R 6 are each independently -(CH 2 ) n -, or may be -, where n is an integer from 2 to 4. The mixture may contain three or more compounds of structure (II). In particular, the weight ratio of the compound of structure (I) to the compound of structure (II) can be from 2:1 to 1:2, from 3:2 to 2:3, or from 4:3 to 3:4.

[0056] Another class of antiwear additives may include one or more zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate compounds. Such compounds are known in the art and are often referred to as ZDDPs. They are usually made up of one or more alcohols or phenols and P 2 S 5 The zinc salts can be prepared according to known techniques, such as by first forming a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDPA) by reaction of 1,2-dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDPA) with a zinc compound, and then neutralizing the formed DDPA with a zinc compound. For example, the dithiophosphoric acid can be prepared by reacting a mixture of primary and secondary alcohols. Alternatively, dithiophosphoric acid can be prepared in which the hydrocarbyl groups are entirely secondary or entirely primary. Any basic or neutral zinc compound can be used to make the zinc salt, although oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates are commonly used. Commercially available additives often contain an excess of zinc due to the use of an excess of basic zinc compound in the neutralization reaction.

[0057] The preferred zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates have the formula: [ka] wherein R is an alkyl group, R is an aryl group, and R is an alkyl group. 8 and R 9 can be the same or different hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to 18 (e.g., 2 to 12 or 2 to 8) carbon atoms, and examples of hydrocarbyl radicals can include one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl, and alicyclic radicals. Exemplary hydrocarbyl radicals can include, or can be, but are not necessarily limited to, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, benzyl, butylphenyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl, propenyl, butenyl, and combinations thereof. To obtain and / or maintain oil solubility and / or oil dispersibility, each dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate ligand (i.e., a single R 8 and R 9 The total number of carbon atoms in the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates can generally be at least about 5. Thus, in particular, the zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate can include or be a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate.

[0058] Examples of ashless dispersants may include polyisobutenyl succinimides, polyisobutenyl succinamides, mixed esters / amides of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids, hydroxy esters of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids, and Mannich condensation products of hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde, and polyamines, and reaction products and mixtures thereof.

[0059] Basic nitrogen-containing ashless dispersants are well known lubricating oil additives, and their preparation is well described in the patent literature. Exemplary dispersants may include polyisobutenyl succinimides and succinamides in which the polyisobutenyl substituent is longer chain, greater than 36 carbons, e.g., greater than 40 carbon atoms. These materials can be readily prepared by reacting polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid materials with molecules containing amine functionality. Examples of suitable amines may include polyamines, such as polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxy-substituted polyamines, polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and combinations thereof. Amine functionality may be provided by polyalkylene polyamines, such as tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylene hexamine. Mixtures with an average number of nitrogen atoms per polyamine molecule greater than 7 are also available. These are commonly referred to as heavy polyamines or H-PAMs, and are commercially available under trademarks such as HPA™ and HPA-X™ from Dow Chemical, E-100™ from Huntsman Chemical, and others. Examples of hydroxy-substituted polyamines may include N-hydroxyalkyl-alkylene polyamines, such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and / or N-hydroxyalkylated alkylene diamines, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,873,009. Examples of polyoxyalkylene polyamines may include polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene diamines and triamines having an average Mn of about 200 to about 2500 Daltons. Products of this type are commercially available under the trademark Jeffamine™.

[0060] As is known in the art, the reaction of the amine with the polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material (preferably an alkenyl succinic anhydride or maleic anhydride) can be conveniently accomplished by heating the reactants together, for example in an oil solution. Reaction temperatures of from about 100° C. to about 250° C. and reaction times of from about 1 to about 10 hours can be typical. Reaction ratios are subject to considerable variability, but generally, from about 0.1 to about 1.0 equivalents of dicarboxylic acid units per reactive equivalent of amine-containing reactant can be used.

[0061] In particular, the ashless dispersant may comprise a polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine, such as tetraethylene pentamine or H-PAM. The polyisobutenyl group may be derived from polyisobutylene and may exhibit a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 750 to about 5000 Daltons, such as about 900 to about 2500 Daltons. As is known in the art, the dispersant may be post-treated (e.g., with boration / boronating agents and / or with inorganic acids of phosphorus). Suitable examples may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,254,025, 3,502,677, and 4,857,214.

[0062] Surfactants, such as calcium-containing surfactants, are sufficiently oil-soluble or oil-dispersible to remain dissolved or dispersed in the oil so as to be transported by the oil to their intended site of action. Calcium-containing surfactants are known in the art and include neutral and overbased calcium salts with acidic materials such as salicylates, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, alkylphenols, sulfurized alkylphenols, and mixtures of these materials. Neutral calcium-containing surfactants are surfactants that contain a stoichiometric equivalent amount of calcium relative to the amount of (Lewis) acidic moieties present in the surfactant. Thus, in general, neutral surfactants generally have a relatively low basicity compared to their overbased counterparts.

[0063] The term "overbased" is used, for example, with respect to calcium surfactants, to indicate that the calcium component is present in a stoichiometrically greater amount than the corresponding (Lewis) acid component. A commonly used method for making overbased salts involves heating a mineral oil solution of the acid with a stoichiometric excess of a neutralizing agent at an appropriate temperature (in this case a calcium neutralizing agent such as an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfide, or combination thereof, at a temperature of about 50° C.) and filtering the resulting product. Similarly, it is also known to use a "promoter" in the neutralization step to aid in the introduction of a large excess of salt / base (in this case calcium). Examples of compounds useful as accelerators may include, but are not necessarily limited to, phenolic materials such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenols, thiophenols, sulfurized alkylphenols, and condensation products of phenolic materials with formaldehyde; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octanol, Cellosolve™ alcohol, Carbitol™ alcohol, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-β-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine; and combinations thereof. A particularly effective method for making the base salt involves mixing the acidic material with an excess of a calcium neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol accelerator, and carbonating the mixture at an elevated temperature, such as 60-200°C.

[0064] Examples of calcium-containing surfactants useful in the lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include, but are not necessarily limited to, neutral and / or overbased salts of such materials as calcium phenates; sulfurized calcium phenates (e.g., where each aromatic group has one or more aliphatic groups to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium sulfonates (e.g., where each sulfonic acid moiety is attached to an aromatic nucleus which in turn typically contains one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salicylates (e.g., where the aromatic moiety is typically substituted with one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salts of phosphosulfurized olefin hydrolysates (e.g., having 10 to 2000 carbon atoms) and / or phosphosulfurized alcohol hydrolysates and / or aliphatically substituted phenolic compounds (e.g., having 10 to 2000 carbon atoms); calcium salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids and / or aliphatically substituted alicyclic carboxylic acids; and combinations and / or reaction products thereof; as well as many other similar calcium salts of oil-soluble organic acids. If desired, mixtures of neutral and / or overbased salts of two or more different acids (eg, one or more overbased calcium phenate and one or more overbased calcium sulfonate) can be used.

[0065] Methods for the preparation of oil-soluble neutral and overbased calcium surfactants are well known to those skilled in the art and are well documented in the patent literature. The calcium-containing surfactants may optionally be post-treated, e.g., borated. Methods for the preparation of borated surfactants are well known to those skilled in the art and are well documented in the patent literature. Antioxidants, sometimes called oxidation inhibitors, may increase the resistance (or decrease the susceptibility) of a lubricant composition to oxidation. Antioxidants may work by combining with and modifying oxidizing agents such as peroxides and other free radical forming compounds to render them harmless, for example by decomposing them or by inactivating catalysts or pro-oxidants. Oxidative deterioration may be evidenced by sludge in the fluid, varnish-like deposits on metal surfaces, and possibly an increase in viscosity with increased use.

[0066] Examples of suitable antioxidants may include, but are not limited to, copper-containing antioxidants, sulfur-containing antioxidants, aromatic amine-containing and / or amide-containing antioxidants, hindered phenolic antioxidants, dithiophosphates and derivatives, and the like, as well as combinations and specific reaction products thereof. Some antioxidants may be ashless (i.e., contain only small amounts, if any, of metal atoms other than traces or contamination). Corrosion inhibitors can be used to reduce the corrosion of metals, and are often called metal deactivators or metal passivators. Alternatively, some corrosion inhibitors may be characterized as antioxidants.

[0067] Suitable corrosion inhibitors may include nitrogen and / or sulfur containing heterocyclic compounds such as triazoles (e.g., benzotriazoles), substituted thiadiazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, tetrazoles, hydroxyquinolines, oxazolines, imidazolines, thiophenes, indoles, indazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, dithioles, oxazoles, oxatriazoles, pyridines, piperazines, triazines, and any one or more derivatives thereof. Particular corrosion inhibitors have the structure: [ka] In the structure, R 10 C may be absent or may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated 1 -C 20The aryl group is a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group. It may be alkyl or aromatic in nature and / or contain a ring structure containing heteroatoms such as N, O, or S. Examples of suitable compounds may include benzotriazole, alkyl-substituted benzotriazoles (e.g., tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole, octylbenzotriazole, etc.), aryl-substituted benzotriazoles, alkylaryl-substituted benzotriazoles or arylalkyl-substituted benzotriazoles, etc., and combinations thereof. For example, the triazole may include or be benzotriazole and / or alkylbenzotriazoles, where the alkyl group contains 1 to about 20 carbon atoms or 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. A preferred corrosion inhibitor may include or be benzotriazole and / or tolyltriazole.

[0068] Additionally or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may have the structure: [ka] In the structure, R 11 and R 12 are independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group, which may be aliphatic or aromatic, including cyclic, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryl, and alkaryl. These substituted thiadiazoles are derived from the molecule 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD). Many derivatives of DMTD have been described in the art, and such compounds may be included in the transmission fluids used in the present disclosure. For example, U.S. Patents 2,719,125, 2,719,126, and 3,087,937 describe the preparation of various 2,5-bis-(hydrocarbon dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.

[0069] Further, in addition or instead, the corrosion inhibitor may be R 9 and R 10The thioester-containing DMTD derivatives may include one or more other derivatives of DMTD, such as a carboxylic acid ester in which R may be linked to a sulfur sulfide atom through a carbonyl group. The preparation of these thioester-containing DMTD derivatives is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,760,933. DMTD derivatives prepared by condensation of DMTD with an alpha halogenated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having at least 10 carbon atoms are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,564. In this method, R 11 and R 12 HOOC-CH(R 13 )-(R 13 is a hydrocarbyl group). Additionally, DMTD derivatives prepared by amidation or esterification of these terminal carboxylic acid groups may also be useful.

[0070] The preparation of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,663,561. A particular class of DMTD derivatives may include a mixture of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,5-bis-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole, such as sold under the trademark HiTEC® 4313 and available from Afton Chemical Company. Friction modifiers may include derivatives of polyethylene polyamines and / or ethoxylated long chain amines. The derivatives of polyethylene polyamines may advantageously include succinimides of defined structure or may be simple amides.

[0071] Suitable succinimides derived from polyethylene polyamines have the following structure: [ka] where x+y can be 8 to 15 and z can be 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, and in particular x+y can be 11 to 15 (e.g., 13) and z can be 1 to 3. The preparation of such friction modifiers is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,663.

[0072] The succinimide has the following structure (z=1): [ka] This may then be post-reacted with acetic anhydride to form a friction modifier exemplified by: The preparation of this friction modifier can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0005277. Post-reaction with other agents, such as boration agents, is also known in the art.

[0073] Another example of a simple amide has the structure: [ka] In the structure R 14 and R 15 may be the same or different alkyl groups. For example, R 14 and R 15 is C 14 -C 20 It may be an alkyl group, which may be linear or branched, and m may be an integer from 1 to 5. In particular, R 14 and R 15 may both be derived from iso-stearic acid and m may be 4.

[0074] Suitable ethoxylated amine friction modifiers may include or may be the reaction products of primary amines and / or diamines with ethylene oxide. The reaction with ethylene oxide may be suitably carried out using a stoichiometry such that substantially all of the primary and secondary amines may be converted to tertiary amines. Such amines have the exemplary structure: [ka] In the structure R 16 and R 17 R may be an alkyl group containing about 10 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group containing a sulfur or oxygen linkage. Exemplary ethoxylated amine friction modifiers include R 16 and / or R 17 may include materials which may contain 16 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 16 to 18 carbon atoms. Materials of this type are commercially available and sold by Akzo Nobel under the trade names Ethomeen® and Ethoduomeen®. Suitable materials from Akzo Nobel may include Ethomeen® T / 12 and Ethoduomeen® T / 13, among others.

[0075] Yet another class of friction modifiers includes oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum-containing compounds, such as oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compounds. Non-limiting examples of such oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compounds include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dithiophosphate, molybdenum dithiophosphinate, molybdenum xanthate, molybdenum thioxanthate, molybdenum sulfide, and the like, and mixtures thereof, particularly one or more of molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, molybdenum alkylxanthate, and molybdenum alkylthioxanthate. Representative molybdenum alkylxanthate and molybdenum alkylthioxanthate compounds may each be represented by the formula Mo(R 18 OCS 2 ) 4 and Mo(R 18 S.C.S. 2 ) 4 where each R 18 may independently be an organic radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, generally having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and in particular each being an alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0076] In certain embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compound may comprise molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, and / or may be substantially free of molybdenum dithiophosphate, particularly molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate. In certain other embodiments, any oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compound may consist of molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, and / or molybdenum dithiophosphate, such as molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, as the sole source of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition. In either set of embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compound may consist essentially of molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, as the sole source of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition. The molybdenum compounds may be mono-, di-, tri-, or tetranuclear, and in particular include or are di- and / or trinuclear molybdenum compounds.

[0077] Suitable dinuclear or dimeric molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates are, for example, represented by the following formula: [ka] where R 21 ~R 24 each independently represent a linear, branched, or aromatic hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms; X 1 ~X 4 may each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. The four hydrocarbyl groups R 21 ~R 24 may be the same or different from each other.

[0078] Suitable trinuclear organomolybdenum compounds include those represented by the formula: Mo 3 S k L n Q zand mixtures thereof. In such trinuclear formulas, the three molybdenum atoms may be bonded to multiple sulfur atoms (S), and k varies from 4 to 7. Additionally, each L may be an independently selected organic ligand having a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible, and n is 1 to 4. Furthermore, when z is not 0, Q may be selected from the group of neutral electron donor compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and / or ethers, and z ranges from 0 to 5, including non-stoichiometric (non-integer) values.

[0079] In such a trinuclear system, the total ligand (L n There may generally be at least 21 total carbon atoms (e.g. at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35) in the combination of L and L. Importantly, however, the organic groups of the ligands advantageously collectively represent a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound soluble or dispersible in oil. For example, the number of carbon atoms in each ligand L may generally range from 1 to 100, such as 1 to 30 or 4 to 20.

[0080] Formula Mo 3 S k L n Q z The trinuclear molybdenum compound having the following structure is advantageously [ka] The term "cationic core" refers to a cationic core surrounded by anionic ligands, such as represented by one or both of the following: Such cationic cores may each have a net charge of +4 (e.g., because the oxidation states of the Mo atoms are each +4). As a result, to solubilize these cores, the total charge between all ligands should correspond, which in this case is -4. Four monoanionic ligands may provide advantageous core neutralization. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that two or more trinuclear cores may be linked or interconnected by one or more ligands, which may be multidentate. This includes the case of multidentate ligands having multiple connections to a single core. A portion of the sulfur atoms in any of the cores may be replaced with oxygen and / or selenium.

[0081] Non-limiting examples of ligands of the trinuclear core above may include, but are not necessarily limited to, dithiophosphates such as dialkyldithiophosphates, xanthates such as alkyl xanthates and / or alkyl thioxanthates, dithiocarbamates such as dialkyldithiocarbamates, and combinations thereof, in particular each comprising or being a dialkyldithiocarbamate. Additionally or alternatively, the ligands of the trinuclear molybdenum-containing core may independently be one or more of the following: [ka] In the formula, X 5 , X 6 , X 7 and Y are each independently oxygen or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or boron, R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , and R 31are each independently hydrogen or an organic (carbon-containing) moiety, such as a hydrocarbyl group, which may be the same or different from one another, and in particular are the same. Exemplary organic moieties may include or be alkyl (e.g., the carbon atom attached to the remainder of the ligand is primary or secondary), aryl, substituted aryl, alkaryl, substituted alkaryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, ether, thioether, or combinations or reaction products thereof, in particular alkyl.

[0082] Oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compounds are available in suitable liquids / solvents where n varies from 0 to 2, including non-stoichiometric (non-integer) values ​​(NH 4 ) 2 Mo 3 S 13 ●n(H 2 Other oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compounds can be prepared by reacting a molybdenum source, such as (NH O), with a suitable ligand source, such as tetralkylthiuram disulfide. 4 ) 2 Mo 3 S 13 ●n(H 2 O), a ligand source such as tetralkylthiuram disulfide, dialkyldithiocarbamate, or dialkyldithiophosphate, and a sulfur abstracting agent such as cyanide ion, sulfite ion, or a substituted phosphine. Alternatively, M' is a counterion and A is a halogen such as Cl, Br, or I. [M'] 2 [Mo 3 S 7 A 6 A trinuclear molybdenum sulfur halide salt such as ] may be reacted with a ligand source such as a dialkyldithiocarbamate or dialkyldithiophosphate in a suitable liquid / solvent (system) to form an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compound. The suitable liquid / solvent (system) may be, for example, aqueous or organic.

[0083] Other molybdenum precursors may include acidic molybdenum compounds. Such compounds may be reacted with basic nitrogen compounds and may generally be hexavalent, as determined by ASTM D-664 or D-2896 titration methods. Examples include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkali metal molybdates and other molybdenum salts, such as sodium hydrogen molybdate, MoOCl, and other salts of molybdenum. 4 , MoO 2 Br 2 , Mo 2 O 3 Cl 6 , molybdenum trioxide, or similar acidic molybdenum compounds, or combinations thereof. Thus, in addition or in the alternative, the compositions of the present disclosure may be provided with molybdenum by a molybdenum / sulfur complex of a basic nitrogen compound, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,263,152, 4,285,822, 4,283,295, 4,272,387, 4,265,773, 4,261,843, 4,259,195, and 4,259,194, and / or PCT Publication No. 94 / 06897.

[0084] Other additives known in the art, such as antifoam agents, seal swell control agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, other viscosity modifiers, and optionally pigments and pigment stabilizers, may also be optionally added to the transmission fluid, and are generally disclosed, for example, in "Lubricant Additives" by CV Smallheer and R. Kennedy Smith, 1967, pp 1-11. Because a comb copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with a lubricant composition (or a component thereof), the resulting viscosity adjusted mixture may exhibit at least a 5% difference (e.g., at least a 10% difference, at least a 15% difference, or at least a 20% difference) in dispersancy (e.g., soot dispersancy) and in one or more (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI from a lubricant composition component that does not contain the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0085] Lubricant compositions containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and both the additive and the lubricant base stock, may exhibit advantageous viscometric and / or dispersant properties, which may include, but are not necessarily limited to, those described herein. Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) at approximately 150° C. of at most 2.50 cPs, e.g., at most 2.54 cPs, at most 2.55 cPs, at most 2.56 cPs, at most 2.57 cPs, at most 2.58 cPs, at most 2.59 cPs, at most 2.60 cPs, at most 2.61 cPs, at most 2.62 cPs, at most 2.63 cPs, at most 2.64 cPs, or at most 2.65 cPs (particularly at most 2.55 cPs). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.75 cPs, at most 2.80 cPs, or at most 2.90 cP.

[0086] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at approximately 100° C. of at most 5.74 cPs, e.g., at most 5.69 cPs, at most 5.66 cPs, at most 5.64 cPs, at most 5.62 cPs, at most 5.60 cPs, at most 5.58 cPs, at most 5.54 cPs, or at most 5.44 cPs (particularly at most 5.60 cPs or at most 5.58 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 5.15 cPs or at most 5.25 cPs. Further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at approximately 80° C. of at most 8.54 cPs, e.g., at most 8.45 cPs, at most 8.40 cPs, at most 8.35 cPs, at most 8.34 cPs, at most 8.33 cPs, at most 8.30 cPs, at most 8.25 cPs, or at most 8.20 cPs (particularly at most 8.33 cPs, at most 8.30 cPs, or at most 8.20 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 7.65 cPs or at most 7.80 cPs.

[0087] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 0W20 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (KV100) of from about 6.80 cSt to 9.50 cSt, e.g., from 6.80 cSt to 9.44 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.42 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.40 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.38 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.30 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.20 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.10 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt, from 6.80 cSt to 8.75 cSt, from 6.80 cSt~8.50cSt, 6.80cSt~8.30cSt, 6.80cSt~8.10cSt, 6.80cSt~7.94cSt, 6.80cSt~7.84cSt, 6.80cSt~7.74cSt, 6.90cSt~9.50cSt, 6.90cSt~9.44cSt, 6 .90cSt~9.42cSt, 6.90cSt~9.40cSt, 6.90cSt~9.38cSt, 6.90cSt~9.30cSt, 6.90cSt~9.20cSt, 6.90cSt~9.10cSt, 6.90cSt~9.00cSt, 6.90cSt~8.75cS t, 6.90cSt~8.50cSt, 6.90cSt~8.30cSt, 6.90cSt~8.10cSt, 6.90cSt~7.94cSt, 6.90cSt~7.84cSt, 6.90cSt~7.74cSt, 7.00cSt~9.50cSt, 7.00cSt~9.4 4cSt, 7.00cSt~9.42cSt, 7.00cSt~9.40cSt, 7.00cSt~9.38cSt, 7.00cSt~9.30cSt, 7.00cSt~9.20cSt, 7.00cSt~9.10cSt, 7.00cSt~9.00cSt, 7.00cSt~ 8.75cSt, 7.00cSt~8.50cSt, 7.00cSt~8.30cSt, 7.00cSt~8.10cSt, 7.00cSt~7.94cSt, 7.00cSt~7.84cSt, 7.00cSt~7.74cSt, 7.10cSt~9.50cSt, 7.10cSt St~9.44cSt, 7.10cSt~9.42cSt, 7.10cSt~9.40cSt, 7.10cSt~9.38cSt, 7.10cSt~9.30cSt, 7.10cSt~9.20cSt, 7.10cSt~9.10cSt, 7.10cSt~9.00cSt, 7.10cSt~8.75cSt、7.10cSt~8.50cSt、7.10cSt~8.30cSt、7.10cSt~8.10cSt、7.10cSt~7.94cSt、7.10cSt~7.84cSt、7.10cSt~7.74cSt、7.20cSt~9.50cSt、7.20cSt~9.44cSt、7.20cSt~9.42cSt、7.20cSt~9.40cSt、7.20cSt~9.38cSt、7.20cSt~9.30cSt、7.20cSt~9.20cSt、7.20cSt~9.10cSt、7.20cSt~9.00cSt、7.20cSt~8.75cSt、7.20cSt~8.50cSt、7.20cSt~8.30cSt、7.20cSt~8.10cSt、7.20cSt~7.94cSt、7.20cSt~7.84cSt、7.20cSt~7.74cSt、7.30cSt~9.50cSt、7.30cSt~9.44cSt、7.30cSt~9.42cSt、7.30cSt~9.40cSt、7.30cSt~9.38cSt、7.30cSt~9.30cSt、7.30cSt~9.20cSt、7.30cSt~9.10cSt、7.30cSt~9.00cSt、7.30cSt~8.75cSt、7.30cSt~8.50cSt、7.30cSt~8.30cSt、7.30cSt~8.10cSt、7.30cSt~7.94cSt、7.30cSt~7.84cSt、7.30cSt~7.74cSt、7.40cSt~9.50cSt、7.40cSt~9.44cSt、7.40cSt~9.42cSt、7.40cSt~9.40cSt、7.40cSt~9.38cSt、7.40cSt~9.30cSt、7.40cSt~9.20cSt、7.40cSt~9.10cSt、7.40cSt~9.00cSt、7.40cSt~8.75cSt、7.40cSt~8.50cSt、7.40cSt~8.30cSt、7.40cSt~8.10cSt、7.40cSt~7.94cSt、7.40cSt~7.84cSt、7.40cSt~7.74cSt、7.50cSt~9.50cSt、7.50cSt~9.44cSt、7.50cSt~9.42cSt、7.50cSt~9.40cSt、7.50cSt~9.38cSt、7.50cSt~9.30cSt、7.50cSt~9.20cSt、7.50cSt~9.It may indicate 10 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 7.84 cSt, or 7.50 cSt to 7.74 cSt (in particular, 6.90 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt, or 7.00 cSt to 8.30 cSt).

[0088] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40° C. of at most 36.0 cSt, e.g., at most 35.5 cSt, at most 35.0 cSt, at most 34.5 cSt, at most 34.3 cSt, at most 34.1 cSt, at most 33.9 cSt, or at most 33.7 cSt (particularly, at most 35.0 cSt, at most 34.5 cSt, or at most 33.9 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition also optionally exhibits a KV40 of at most 32.0 cSt or at most 33.0 cSt. Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20° C. of at most 85.0 cSt, e.g., at most 81.0 cSt, at most 80.5 cSt, at most 80.0 cSt, at most 79.5 cSt, at most 79.0 cSt, at most 78.7 cSt, or at most 78.5 cSt (particularly, at most 80.5 cSt or at most 80.0 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a KV20 of at most 14.0 cSt or at most 15.0 cSt.

[0089] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at most 175, e.g., at most 180, at most 185, at most 190, at most 195, at most 200, or at most 205 (particularly at most 175 or at most 185). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also optionally exhibit a VI of up to 300, up to 275, or up to 250. Still further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 0W20 lubricant specifications, have a viscosity of at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.31 Pa, when measured in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition. a, soot dispersancy to achieve apparent yield stress (APY; nonlinear rheological model) values ​​of at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, or at most 0.37 Pa). There is no necessarily lower limit for soot dispersancy in terms of APY, since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with an extremely high soot dispersant. In addition or in the alternative, but not required, soot dispersancy may be included in a soot rating using a linear model in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, and a soot rating (unitless) of at most 13, e.g., at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45, at most 50, at most 55, at most 60, at most 65, at most 70, or at most 75 (particularly at most 13, at most 20, or at most 25) may be achieved. There is not necessarily an upper limit on soot dispersancy for the linear soot rating, but the linear model soot rating may optionally be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0090] Dispersancy, particularly soot dispersancy, can be tested by rheologically evaluating the effect of carbon black on samples containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein. For example, certain soot dispersancy experiments herein represent measurements made using a RheoStress™ 600 rheometer (e.g., available from Thermo Fisher Scientific), and a silicone oil bath can be used to maintain the sample temperature at about 100° C. (±0.1° C.). Samples can be prepared by mixing a particular sample with an amount of carbon black. For samples in which the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure is simply diluted, for example with a lubricant base stock, the amount of carbon black added may be about 3% by weight (i.e., about 3 parts by weight of the carbon black component to about 97 parts by weight of the diluted comb copolymer); for samples in which the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure is combined with one or more other lubricant additives, either separately or in addition to a simple (lubricant base stock) diluent, the amount of carbon black added may be about 6% by weight (i.e., about 6 parts by weight of the carbon black component to about 94 parts by weight of the comb copolymer-containing component). The rheology experiment cycle was 0.1 s -1 From 1000s -1 to 0.1s -1 The shear stress τ may be measured as a function of applied shear rate γ, and either or both of two semi-empirical models may be used to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the dispersibility of the sample. The first model, referred to as the "linear model", may be used to obtain the "Soot Handling" index and the intercept viscosity η from the following relationship in a log-log plot:

number

[0091] Least-squares linear fitting methods (e.g., when rheology is exported to a database such as Microsoft Excel 2016) should be performed using a linear fitting algorithm that is based on the 1s fit to allow for a statistically appropriate fit. -1 ≦γ≦10s -1 This linear model can be based on only a portion of the experimental shear rate range of 100. In this linear model, the soot handleability index value increases (in one direction toward about 100) with increasing ability to disperse an adequate level of carbon black loading. To assess dispersibility over a wide range of shear rates, a second nonlinear model, referred to herein as the "yield stress model," can be used to account for the curvature observed in some data sets. This model also provides a "soot handleability" index, but scales with the crossover shear rate γ according to the following relationship: c and apparent yield stress τ y Further includes:

number

[0092] This model is 1s -1 ≦γ≦1000s -1 The model allows for nonlinear log-log fitting of the rheological data over the entire experimental shear rate range. Nonlinear fitting of the rheological data can be done using a generalized reduced gradient method (e.g., if the rheology is exported to a database such as Microsoft Excel 2016, in which case the gradient of the objective function can be iteratively adjusted by varying the input variables until their gradients reach approximately zero or a default threshold and an optimal solution is obtained). In the yield stress model, the applied yield stress value is considered to decrease (towards approximately zero in one direction) with increasing ability to distribute an adequate level of carbon black loading. Still further in addition or in the alternative, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure may advantageously exhibit at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven (particularly at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six) of the following characteristics: HTHS150 at most 2.55 cPs; HTHS100 at most 5.60 cPs; HTHS80 at most 8.30 cPs; KV100 from 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt; KV40 at most 35.0 cSt; KV20 at most 79.5 cSt; and a viscosity index at most 175. Still further in addition or in the alternative, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer-based repeat units and C 6 -C 20 When comprising at least 23.0 wt. % total of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomer-based repeat units, a lubricant composition according to the present disclosure may advantageously exhibit at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven of the following characteristics, among others: HTHS150 at most 2.55 cPs; HTHS100 at most 5.58 cPs; HTHS80 at most 8.25 cPs; KV100 from 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt; KV40 at most 34.5 cSt; KV20 at most 79.0 cSt; and a viscosity index of at most 180.

[0093] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.20 cPs, e.g., at most 2.24 cPs, at most 2.25 cPs, at most 2.26 cPs, at most 2.27 cPs, at most 2.28 cPs, at most 2.29 cPs, at most 2.30 cPs, at most 2.31 cPs, at most 2.32 cPs, at most 2.33 cPs, at most 2.34 cPs, or at most 2.35 cPs (particularly at most 2.25 cPs). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.45 cPs, at most 2.50 cPs, or at most 2.60 cPs. Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 5.24 cPs, e.g., at most 5.19 cPs, at most 5.16 cPs, at most 5.14 cPs, at most 5.12 cPs, at most 5.10 cPs, at most 5.08 cPs, at most 5.06 cPs, at most 5.04 cPs, at most 5.02 cPs, at most 4.96 cPs, or at most 4.94 cPs (particularly at most 5.16 cPs or at most 5.06 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 4.50 cPs or at most 4.60 cPs.

[0094] Further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 7.84 cPs, e.g., at most 7.75 cPs, at most 7.70 cPs, at most 7.65 cPs, at most 7.64 cPs, at most 7.63 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, at most 7.55 cPs, or at most 7.50 cPs (particularly, at most 7.65 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, or at most 7.50 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 6.70 cPs or at most 6.85 cPs.

[0095] Still further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity of from 6.10 cSt to 8.30 cSt, e.g., from 6.10 cSt to 8.20 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 8.10 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 8.00 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.90 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.80 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.70 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.60 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.50 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.40 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.30 cSt, from 6.10 cSt to 7.2 0cSt, 6.10cSt~7.10cSt, 6.10cSt~7.00cSt, 6.10cSt~6.90cSt, 6.10cSt~6.80cSt, 6.20cSt~8.30cSt, 6.20cSt~8.20cSt, 6.20cSt~8.10cSt, 6.20cSt~ 8.00cSt, 6.20cSt~7.90cSt, 6.20cSt~7.80cSt, 6.20cSt~7.70cSt, 6.20cSt~7.60cSt, 6.20cSt~7.50cSt, 6.20cSt~7.40cSt, 6.20cSt~7.30cSt, 6.20cSt St~7.20cSt, 6.20cSt~7.10cSt, 6.20cSt~7.00cSt, 6.20cSt~6.90cSt, 6.20cSt~6.80cSt, 6.30cSt~8.30cSt, 6.30cSt~8.20cSt, 6.30cSt~8.10cSt, 6. 30cSt~8.00cSt, 6.30cSt~7.90cSt, 6.30cSt~7.80cSt, 6.30cSt~7.70cSt, 6.30cSt~7.60cSt, 6.30cSt~7.50cSt, 6.30cSt~7.40cSt, 6.30cSt~7.30cSt , 6.30cSt~7.20cSt, 6.30cSt~7.10cSt, 6.30cSt~7.00cSt, 6.30cSt~6.90cSt, 6.30cSt~6.80cSt, 6.40cSt~8.30cSt, 6.40cSt~8.20cSt, 6.40cSt~8.10 cSt, 6.40cSt~8.00cSt, 6.40cSt~7.90cSt, 6.40cSt~7.80cSt, 6.40cSt~7.70cSt, 6.40cSt~7.60cSt, 6.40cSt~7.50cSt, 6.40cSt~7.40cSt, 6.40cSt~7.30cSt、6.40cSt~7.20cSt、6.40cSt~7.10cSt、6.30cSt~7.00cSt、6.40cSt~6.90cSt、6.40cSt~6.80cSt、6.50cSt~8.30cSt、6.50cSt~8.20cSt、6.50cSt t~8.10cSt、6.50cSt~8.00cSt、6.50cSt~7.90cSt、6.50cSt~7.80cSt、6.50cSt~7.70cSt、6.50cSt~7.60cSt、6.50cSt~7.50cSt、6.50cSt~7.40cSt、6.50cSt~7.40cSt 0cSt~7.30cSt、6.50cSt~7.20cSt、6.50cSt~7.10cSt、6.50cSt~7.00cSt、6.50cSt~6.90cSt、6.60cSt~8.30cSt、6.60cSt~8.20cSt、6.60cSt~8.10cSt 、6.60cSt~8.00cSt、6.60cSt~7.90cSt、6.60cSt~7.80cSt、6.60cSt~7.70cSt、6.60cSt~7.60cSt、6.60cSt~7.50cSt、6.60cSt~7.40cSt、6.60cSt~7.30 cSt、6.60cSt~7.20cSt、6.60cSt~7.10cSt、6.60cSt~7.00cSt、6.60cSt~6.80cSt、6.70cSt~8.30cSt、6.70cSt~8.20cSt、6.70cSt~8.10cSt、6.70cSt~ 8.00cSt、6.70cSt~7.90cSt、6.70cSt~7.80cSt、6.70cSt~7.70cSt、6.70cSt~7.60cSt、6.70cSt~7.50cSt、6.70cSt~7.40cSt、6.70cSt~7.30cSt、6.70cSt St~7.20cSt、6.70cSt~7.10cSt、6.80cSt~8.30cSt、6.80cSt~8.20cSt、6.80cSt~8.10cSt、6.80cSt~8.00cSt、6.80cSt~7.90cSt、6.80cSt~7.80cSt、6.80cSt~8.10cSt 80cSt~7.70cSt、6.80cSt~7.60cSt、6.80cSt~7.50cSt、6.80cSt~7.40cSt、6.80cSt~7.30cSt、or6.80cSt~7.20cSt(especially、6.10cSt~8.20cSt、6.30cSt~8.It can show a KV100 of 10 cSt, or 6.50 cSt to 8.00 cSt.

[0096] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV40 of at most 33.5 cSt, e.g., at most 33.0 cSt, at most 32.5 cSt, at most 32.0 cSt, at most 31.7 cSt, at most 31.4 cSt, at most 31.1 cSt, or at most 30.8 cSt (particularly, at most 32.5 cSt or at most 31.4 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV40 of at most 27.0 cSt or at most 28.0 cSt. Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV20 of at most 76.5 cSt, e.g., at most 76.0 cSt, at most 75.5 cSt, at most 75.0 cSt, at most 74.5 cSt, at most 74.0 cSt, at most 73.5 cSt, at most 73.0 cSt, at most 72.5 cSt, or at most 72.0 cSt (particularly, at most 75.0 cSt or at most 73.5 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV20 of at most 35.0 cSt or at most 40.0 cSt.

[0097] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at most 160, e.g., at most 165, at most 170, at most 175, at most 180, at most 185, at most 190, at most 195, or at most 200 (particularly at most 160 or at most 165). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a VI of up to 280, up to 250, or up to 210. Still further, in addition or in the alternative, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, have a viscosity of at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.56 Pa, at most 0.59 Pa, at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 ...55 Pa, at most The soot dispersancy may be such that a non-linear APY value of at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa) is achieved. Since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit of soot dispersancy in terms of APY. Additionally or alternatively, but not required, soot dispersancy may be included in a soot rating using a linear model in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, and a soot rating (unitless) of at most 13, e.g., at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45, at most 50, at most 55, at most 60, at most 65, at most 70, or at most 75 (particularly at most 13, at most 20, or at most 25) may be achieved. There is not necessarily an upper limit on soot dispersancy for the linear soot rating, but the linear model soot rating optionally may be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0098] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 1.90 cPs, e.g., at most 1.94 cPs, at most 1.95 cPs, at most 1.96 cPs, at most 1.97 cPs, at most 1.98 cPs, at most 1.99 cPs, at most 2.00 cPs, at most 2.01 cPs, at most 2.02 cPs, at most 2.03 cPs, at most 2.04 cPs, or at most 2.05 cPs (particularly at most 1.95 cPs). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.25 cPs, at most 2.30 cPs, or at most 2.40 cPs. Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 4.74 cPs, e.g., at most 4.69 cPs, at most 4.66 cPs, at most 4.64 cPs, at most 4.62 cPs, at most 4.60 cPs, at most 4.58 cPs, at most 4.56 cPs, at most 4.54 cPs, at most 4.52 cPs, at most 4.46 cPs, or at most 4.44 cPs (particularly, at most 4.56 cPs or at most 4.52 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 3.90 cPs or at most 3.95 cPs.

[0099] Further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 7.04 cPs, e.g., at most 6.95 cPs, at most 6.90 cPs, at most 6.85 cPs, at most 6.84 cPs, at most 6.83 cPs, at most 6.80 cPs, at most 6.75 cPs, or at most 6.70 cPs (particularly, at most 6.83 cPs, at most 6.80 cPs, or at most 6.70 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 5.50 cPs or at most 5.60 cPs.

[0100] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100° C. (KV100) of 5.00 cSt to 7.10 cSt, e.g., 5.00 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.00 cSt~6.60cSt, 5.00cSt~6.50cSt, 5.00cSt~6.40cSt, 5.00cSt~6.30cSt, 5.00cSt~6.20cSt, 5.00cSt~6.10cSt, 5.00cSt~6.00cSt, 5.20cSt~7.10cSt, 5 .20cSt~7.05cSt, 5.20cSt~7.00cSt, 5.20cSt~6.95cSt, 5.20cSt~6.90cSt, 5.20cSt~6.85cSt, 5.20cSt~6.80cSt, 5.20cSt~6.75cSt, 5.20cSt~6.70cS t, 5.20cSt~6.65cSt, 5.20cSt~6.60cSt, 5.20cSt~6.50cSt, 5.20cSt~6.40cSt, 5.20cSt~6.30cSt, 5.20cSt~6.20cSt, 5.20cSt~6.10cSt, 5.20cSt~6.0 0cSt, 5.40cSt~7.10cSt, 5.40cSt~7.05cSt, 5.40cSt~7.00cSt, 5.40cSt~6.95cSt, 5.40cSt~6.90cSt, 5.40cSt~6.85cSt, 5.40cSt~6.80cSt, 5.40cSt~ 6.75cSt, 5.40cSt~6.70cSt, 5.40cSt~6.65cSt, 5.40cSt~6.60cSt, 5.40cSt~6.50cSt, 5.40cSt~6.40cSt, 5.40cSt~6.30cSt, 5.40cSt~6.20cSt, 5.40c St~6.10cSt, 5.40cSt~6.00cSt, 5.60cSt~7.10cSt, 5.60cSt~7.05cSt, 5.60cSt~7.00cSt, 5.60cSt~6.95cSt, 5.60cSt~6.90cSt, 5.60cSt~6.85cSt, 5.60cSt~6.80cSt, 5.60cSt~6.75cSt, 5.60cSt~6.70cSt, 5.60cSt~6.65cSt, 5.60cSt~6.60cSt, 5.60cSt~6.50cSt, 5.60cSt~6.40c St, 5.60cSt~6.30cSt, 5.60cSt~6.20cSt, 5.60cSt~6.10cSt, 5.60cSt~6.00cSt, 5.80cSt~7.10cSt, 5.80cSt~7.05cSt, 5.80cSt~ 7.00cSt, 5.80cSt~6.95cSt, 5.80cSt~6.90cSt, 5.80cSt~6.85cSt, 5.80cSt~6.80cSt, 5.80cSt~6.75cSt, 5.80cSt~6.70cSt, 5.8 0cSt~6.65cSt, 5.80cSt~6.60cSt, 5.80cSt~6.50cSt, 5.80cSt~6.40cSt, 5.80cSt~6.30cSt, 5.80cSt~6.20cSt, 6.00cSt~7.10cSt , 6.00cSt~7.05cSt, 6.00cSt~7.00cSt, 6.00cSt~6.95cSt, 6.00cSt~6.90cSt, 6.00cSt~6.85cSt, 6.00cSt~6.80cSt, 6.00cSt~6. 75cSt, 6.00cSt~6.70cSt, 6.00cSt~6.65cSt, 6.00cSt~6.60cSt, 6.00cSt~6.50cSt, 6.00cSt~6.40cSt, 6.20cSt~7.10cSt, 6.20cSt t to 7.05 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.65 cSt, or 6.20 cSt to 6.60 cSt (in particular, 5.00 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.85 cSt, or 6.20 cSt to 6.75 cSt).

[0101] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40° C. of at most 30.0 cSt, e.g., at most 29.5 cSt, at most 29.0 cSt, at most 28.5 cSt, at most 28.3 cSt, at most 28.1 cSt, at most 27.9 cSt, at most 27.7 cSt, or at most 27.5 (particularly at most 29.0 cSt, at most 28.5, or at most 27.9 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV40 of at most 22.5 cSt or at most 23.0 cSt.

[0102] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20° C. of at most 68.0 cSt, e.g., at most 66.0 cSt, at most 65.5 cSt, at most 65.0 cSt, at most 64.5 cSt, at most 64.0 cSt, at most 63.7 cSt, or at most 63.5 cSt (particularly at most 64.5 cSt or at most 64.0 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV20 of at most 30.0 cSt or at most 40.0 cSt.

[0103] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at most 150, e.g., at most 155, at most 160, at most 165, at most 170, at most 175, or at most 180 (particularly at most 160 or at most 165). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a VI of up to 280, up to 240, or up to 210.

[0104] Still further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity of at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.56 Pa, at most 0.59 Pa, at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 ...55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, The soot dispersancy may be such that a non-linear APY value of at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa) is achieved. Since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit of soot dispersancy in terms of APY. Additionally or alternatively, but not required, soot dispersancy may be included in a soot rating using a linear model in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, and a soot rating (unitless) of at most 13, e.g., at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45, at most 50, at most 55, at most 60, at most 65, at most 70, or at most 75 (particularly at most 13, at most 20, or at most 25) may be achieved. There is not necessarily an upper limit on soot dispersancy for the linear soot rating, but the linear model soot rating may optionally be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0105] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 1.60 cPs, e.g., at most 1.64 cPs, at most 1.65 cPs, at most 1.66 cPs, at most 1.67 cPs, at most 1.68 cPs, at most 1.69 cPs, at most 1.70 cPs, at most 1.71 cPs, at most 1.72 cPs, at most 1.73 cPs, at most 1.74 cPs, or at most 1.75 cPs (particularly at most 1.65 cPs). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 1.95 cPs, at most 2.00 cPs, or at most 2.10 cPs.

[0106] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 4.34 cPs, e.g., at most 4.29 cPs, at most 4.26 cPs, at most 4.24 cPs, at most 4.22 cPs, at most 4.20 cPs, at most 4.18 cPs, at most 4.16 cPs, at most 4.14 cPs, at most 4.12 cPs, at most 4.06 cPs, or at most 4.04 cPs (particularly, at most 4.26 cPs or at most 4.12 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 3.45 cPs or at most 3.60 cPs.

[0107] Further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 6.24 cPs, e.g., at most 6.15 cPs, at most 6.10 cPs, at most 6.05 cPs, at most 6.04 cPs, at most 6.03 cPs, at most 6.00 cPs, at most 5.95 cPs, or at most 5.90 cPs (particularly, at most 6.10 cPs, at most 6.00 cPs, or at most 5.90 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 4.90 cPs or at most 5.00 cPs.

[0108] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may have a kinematic viscosity at about 100° C. (KV100) of 4.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, e.g., 4.00 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.65 ... St~5.60cSt, 4.00cSt~5.50cSt, 4.00cSt~5.40cSt, 4.00cSt~5.30cSt, 4.00cSt~5.20cSt, 4.00cSt~5.10cSt, 4.00cSt~5.00cSt, 4.20cSt~6.10cSt, 4. 20cSt~6.05cSt, 4.20cSt~6.00cSt, 4.20cSt~5.95cSt, 4.20cSt~5.90cSt, 4.20cSt~5.85cSt, 4.20cSt~5.80cSt, 4.20cSt~5.75cSt, 4.20cSt~5.70cSt , 4.20cSt~5.65cSt, 4.20cSt~5.60cSt, 4.20cSt~5.50cSt, 4.20cSt~5.40cSt, 4.20cSt~5.30cSt, 4.20cSt~5.20cSt, 4.20cSt~5.10cSt, 4.20cSt~5.0 0cSt, 4.40cSt~6.10cSt, 4.40cSt~6.05cSt, 4.40cSt~6.00cSt, 4.40cSt~5.95cSt, 4.40cSt~5.90cSt, 4.40cSt~5.85cSt, 4.40cSt~5.80cSt, 4.40cSt~ 5.75cSt, 4.40cSt~5.70cSt, 4.40cSt~5.65cSt, 4.40cSt~5.60cSt, 4.40cSt~5.50cSt, 4.40cSt~5.40cSt, 4.40cSt~5.30cSt, 4.40cSt~5.20cSt, 4.40cSt St~5.10cSt, 4.40cSt~5.00cSt, 4.60cSt~6.10cSt, 4.60cSt~6.05cSt, 4.60cSt~6.00cSt, 4.60cSt~5.95cSt, 4.60cSt~5.90cSt, 4.60cSt~5.85cSt, 4.60cSt~5.80cSt, 4.60cSt~5.75cSt, 4.60cSt~5.70cSt, 4.60cSt~5.65cSt, 4.60cSt~5.60cSt, 4.60cSt~5.50cSt, 4.60cSt~5.40c St, 4.60cSt~5.30cSt, 4.60cSt~5.20cSt, 4.60cSt~5.10cSt, 4.60cSt~5.00cSt, 4.80cSt~6.10cSt, 4.80cSt~6.05cSt, 4.80cSt~ 6.00cSt, 4.80cSt~5.95cSt, 4.80cSt~5.90cSt, 4.80cSt~5.85cSt, 4.80cSt~5.80cSt, 4.80cSt~5.75cSt, 4.80cSt~5.70cSt, 4.8 0cSt~5.65cSt, 4.80cSt~5.60cSt, 4.80cSt~5.50cSt, 4.80cSt~5.40cSt, 4.80cSt~5.30cSt, 4.80cSt~5.20cSt, 5.00cSt~6.10cSt , 5.00cSt~6.05cSt, 5.00cSt~6.00cSt, 5.00cSt~5.95cSt, 5.00cSt~5.90cSt, 5.00cSt~5.85cSt, 5.00cSt~5.80cSt, 5.00cSt~5. 75cSt, 5.00cSt~5.70cSt, 5.00cSt~5.65cSt, 5.00cSt~5.60cSt, 5.00cSt~5.50cSt, 5.00cSt~5.40cSt, 5.20cSt~6.10cSt, 5.20cSt t to 6.05 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.65 cSt, or 5.20 cSt to 5.60 cSt (in particular, 4.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.85 cSt, or 5.20 cSt to 5.75 cSt).

[0109] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40° C. of at most 26.5 cSt, e.g., at most 26.0 cSt, at most 25.5 cSt, at most 25.3 cSt, at most 25.1 cSt, at most 24.9 cSt, at most 24.7 cSt, or at most 24.5 cSt (particularly, at most 26.0 cSt, at most 25.5 cSt, or at most 24.9 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV40 of at most 20.0 cSt or at most 20.5 cSt.

[0110] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20° C. of at most 60.0 cSt, e.g., at most 59.0 cSt, at most 58.5 cSt, at most 58.0 cSt, at most 57.5 cSt, at most 57.0 cSt, at most 56.5 cSt, at most 56.0 cSt, at most 55.5 cSt, at most 55.0 cSt, or at most 54.5 cSt (particularly, at most 58.5 cSt or at most 56.0 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV20 of at most 28.0 cSt or at most 32.0 cSt. Still further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at most 140, e.g., at most 145, at most 150, at most 155, at most 160, at most 165, at most 170, at most 175, or at most 180 (particularly at most 140 or at most 150). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a VI of up to 270, up to 230, or up to 200.

[0111] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may have a viscosity of at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.56 Pa, at most 0.59 Pa, at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.56 ... The soot dispersancy may be such that a non-linear APY value of at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa) is achieved. Since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit of soot dispersancy in terms of APY. Additionally or alternatively, but not required, soot dispersancy may be included in a soot rating using a linear model in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, and a soot rating (unitless) of at most 13, e.g., at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45, at most 50, at most 55, at most 60, at most 65, at most 70, or at most 75 (particularly at most 13, at most 20, or at most 25) may be achieved. There is not necessarily an upper limit on soot dispersancy for the linear soot rating, but the linear model soot rating may optionally be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0112] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.80 cPs, e.g., at most 2.84 cPs, at most 2.85 cPs, at most 2.86 cPs, at most 2.87 cPs, at most 2.88 cPs, at most 2.89 cPs, at most 2.90 cPs, at most 2.91 cPs, at most 2.92 cPs, at most 2.93 cPs, at most 2.94 cPs, or at most 2.95 cPs (particularly at most 2.85 cPs). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 3.55 cPs, at most 3.75 cPs, or at most 3.90 cPs.

[0113] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 7.74 cPs, e.g., at most 7.69 cPs, at most 7.66 cPs, at most 7.64 cPs, at most 7.62 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, at most 7.58 cPs, at most 7.56 cPs, at most 7.54 cPs, at most 7.52 cPs, at most 7.46 cPs, or at most 7.44 cPs (particularly at most 7.64 cPs or at most 7.52 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 6.90 cPs or at most 7.05 cPs.

[0114] Further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 12.5 cPs, e.g., at most 12.3 cPs, at most 12.1 cPs, at most 11.9 cPs, at most 11.7 cPs, at most 11.6 cPs, at most 11.5 cPs, at most 11.4 cPs, at most 11.3 cPs, at most 11.2 cPs, at most 11.1 cPs, or at most 11.0 cPs (particularly, at most 12.1 cPs or at most 11.6 cPs). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 8.50 cPs or at most 9.00 cPs.

[0115] Still further additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may have a viscosity of from 9.30 cSt to 13.0 cSt, e.g., from 9.30 cSt to 12.5 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 12.2 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 11.9 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 11.6 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 11.3 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 11.0 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 10.7 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 10.5 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 10.3 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 10.1 cSt, from 9.30 cSt to 9 .90cSt, 9.45cSt~13.0cSt, 9.45cSt~12.5cSt, 9.45cSt~12.2cSt, 9.45cSt~11.9cSt, 9.45cSt~11.6cSt, 9.45cSt~11.3cSt, 9.45cSt~11.0cSt, 9.45cSt St~10.7cSt, 9.45cSt~10.5cSt, 9.45cSt~10.3cSt, 9.45cSt~10.1cSt, 9.45cSt~9.90cSt, 9.60cSt~13.0cSt, 9.60cSt~12.5cSt, 9.60cSt~12.2cSt, 9. 60cSt~11.9cSt, 9.60cSt~11.6cSt, 9.60cSt~11.3cSt, 9.60cSt~11.0cSt, 9.60cSt~10.7cSt, 9.60cSt~10.5cSt, 9.60cSt~10.3cSt, 9.60cSt~10.1cS t, 9.75cSt~13.0cSt, 9.75cSt~12.5cSt, 9.75cSt~12.2cSt, 9.75cSt~11.9cSt, 9.75cSt~11.6cSt, 9.75cSt~11.3cSt, 9.75cSt~11.0cSt, 9.75cSt~10 .7cSt, 9.75cSt~10.5cSt, 9.75cSt~10.3cSt, 9.75cSt~10.1cSt, 9.90cSt~13.0cSt, 9.90cSt~12.5cSt, 9.90cSt~12.2cSt, 9.90cSt~11.9cSt, 9.90cSt t~11.6cSt, 9.90cSt~11.3cSt, 9.90cSt~11.0cSt, 9.90cSt~10.7cSt, 9.90cSt~10.5cSt, 9.90cSt~10.3cSt, 10.0cSt~13.0cSt, 10.0cSt~12.5cSt, 10.It may have a KV100 of 0 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 10.5 cSt (particularly, 9.30 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 12.2 cSt, or 9.60 cSt to 11.6 cSt).

[0116] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV40 of at most 60.0 cSt, e.g., at most 59.0 cSt, at most 58.0 cSt, at most 57.0 cSt, at most 56.0 cSt, at most 55.0 cSt, at most 54.0 cSt, at most 53.0 cSt, at most 52.0 cSt, at most 51.0 cSt, or at most 50.0 cSt (particularly, at most 58.0 cSt or at most 56.0 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV40 of at most 40.0 cSt or at most 45.0 cSt.

[0117] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV20 of at most 150 cSt, e.g., at most 146 cSt, at most 142 cSt, at most 138 cSt, at most 134 cSt, at most 130 cSt, at most 126 cSt, at most 122 cSt, at most 118 cSt, or at most 115 cSt (particularly, at most 142 cSt or at most 130 cSt). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV20 of at most 80.0 cSt or at most 84.0 cSt.

[0118] Still further, in addition or instead, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at most 175, e.g., at most 180, at most 185, at most 190, at most 195, at most 200, or at most 205 (particularly at most 175 or at most 185). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant compositions may also, in some cases, exhibit a VI of up to 270, up to 240, or up to 220.

[0119] Still further, in addition or in the alternative, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, have a viscosity of at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.56 Pa, at most 0.59 Pa, at most 0.60 Pa, e.g., at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 ...55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.49 The soot dispersancy may be such that a non-linear APY value of at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa) is achieved. Since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit of soot dispersancy in terms of APY. Additionally or alternatively, but not required, soot dispersancy may be included in a soot rating using a linear model in the presence of about 6 wt. % additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, and a soot rating (unitless) of at most 13, e.g., at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45, at most 50, at most 55, at most 60, at most 65, at most 70, or at most 75 (particularly at most 13, at most 20, or at most 25) may be achieved. There is not necessarily an upper limit on soot dispersancy for the linear soot rating, but the linear model soot rating may optionally be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0120] Further embodiments Additionally or alternatively, the present disclosure may include one or more of the following embodiments. EMBODIMENT 1 A lubricating oil base stock comprising a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, or a mixture thereof; a lubricant additive comprising one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; and at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - represents a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C. A comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization containing oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, 12 -C 24repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 A lubricant composition, wherein repeat units based on oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprise 3.0% to 25% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0121]

[0023] Embodiment 2: The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is substantially free of styrenic monomer-based repeat units, and 12 -C 24 The lubricant composition of embodiment 1, wherein the alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer-based repeat units comprise up to 35.0 wt. % of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. (i) the hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer-based repeat units comprise 7.0% to 18% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; (ii) the C 3 -C 8 The lubricant composition of either embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer based repeat units account for 33% to 64% by weight of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0122] Embodiment 4 R 2 represents hydrogen or methyl, m is 2 to 4, n is 1 to 6, and R 1 H, C 1 -C 7Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl, or C 6 -C 11 The lubricant composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the moiety represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl. Embodiment 5 R 2 is methyl, m is 2 or 3, n is 1 to 6, and R 1 The lubricant composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein is methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, or benzyl.

[0123] (i) The C 3 -C 8 (ii) the alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate; 12 -C 24 The lubricant composition of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer comprises lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof; or (iii) both (i) and (ii). Embodiment 7 The C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6The oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate monomers are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate,The lubricant composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether methacrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0124] Embodiment 8. The lubricant composition of any one of the previous embodiments, comprising 0.5 wt.% to 9.0 wt.% of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Embodiment 9. The lubricant composition of any one of the previous embodiments, comprising 75% to 95% by weight of a lubricant base oil, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

[0125]

[0023] Embodiment 10: The comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or from 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or from 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35°C using polystyrene standards, and the lubricant composition has a non-linear model applied yield stress of at most 0.55 Pa. 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.56 cPs; High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at about 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.33 cPs; KV100 from 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt; KV40 at about 40°C (KV40) of at most 35.0 cSt; KV20 at about 20°C (KV20) of at most 80.5 cSt; and a Viscosity Index of at least 175.

[0126] Embodiment 11. The lubricant composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the lubricant composition exhibits a non-linear model applied yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.52 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at most 25; and at least four of the following characteristics: a High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at about 150° C. (HTHS150) of at most 2.55 cPs; a High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at about 100° C. (HTHS100) of at most 5.52 cPs; a High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at about 80° C. (HTHS80) of at most 8.30 cPs; a KV100 of between 7.00 cSt and 8.30 cSt; a KV40 of at most 34.5 cSt at about 40° C.; a KV20 of at most 80.0 cSt at about 20° C.; and a Viscosity Index (VI) of at most 185.

[0023] Embodiment 12. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprises: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 (d) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers; and 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 The lubricant composition of any one of the previous embodiments, produced by polymerization of monomers consisting essentially of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H endcapped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers.

[0127] Embodiment 13. The lubricant composition of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier (i) is produced by polymerization of monomers that are substantially free of styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) is substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units.

[0023] Embodiment 14. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprises monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) different from monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d); 6 -C 20 The lubricant composition of any one of embodiments 1-11 and 13, wherein the lubricant composition is produced by polymerization including at least one additional olefinic monomer that is not also an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomer.

[0128] Embodiment 15 A lubricating oil base stock comprising a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, or a mixture thereof; a lubricant additive comprising one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; and at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - represents a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 a comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization containing oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 a lubricant composition, wherein the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or from 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or from 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35° C. using polystyrene standards.

[0129] Embodiment 16 A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition comprising combining a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusting amount of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier with one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2) to form a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusted mixture, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is a mixture of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C12O12 monomer; 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6C., which is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 wherein the repeat units based on oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprise 3.0% to 25% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and said viscosity and dispersancy adjusted mixture exhibits (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) one or more (or two or more or three) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI. or 4 or more, or 5 or more, or 6 or more, or all 7) compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not including the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or from 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or from 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35° C. using polystyrene standards.

[0130] Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the viscosity and dispersancy adjusting amount of said comb copolymer viscosity modifier is from 1.0% to 8.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture being viscosity adjusted. Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 16 or embodiment 17, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock, or (3) a lubricant composition comprising (1) and (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package, thus providing a 25% improvement and a 5% difference compared to lubricant composition components (1) or (3).

[0131] Embodiment 19. The method of any one of embodiments 16-18, wherein the viscosity and dispersancy adjusted mixture exhibits at least a 33% improvement in a non-linear model applied yield stress measurement of soot dispersancy and at least a 5% difference in four or more (or five or more, or six or more, or all seven) of the listed properties. Embodiment 20. The method of any one of embodiments 16-19, wherein the viscosity adjusted mixture exhibits at least a 33% improvement in the non-linear model applied yield stress measurement of soot dispersancy and at least a 10% difference in three or more (or four or more, or five or more, or six or more, or all seven) of the listed viscosities.

[0132] Embodiment 21 A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition comprising combining a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusting amount of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier with one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2) to form a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusted mixture, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is a mixture of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; 3 -C 8Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C., which is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0 wt. % of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and said viscosity and dispersancy adjusted mixture exhibits (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) one or more (or two or more) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI. or 3 or more, or 4 or more, or 5 or more, or 6 or more, or all 7) compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not including the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or from 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or from 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35° C. using polystyrene standards.

[0133] Embodiment 22. Use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier to adjust the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition, said comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising at least one of the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (lk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 C represents either an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C., which is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6and (ii) forming a mixture having modified viscosity and dispersancy that exhibits at least a 5% difference in one or more (or at least 2 or more or at least 3 or more or at least 4 or at least 5 or at least 6 or at least 7) ​​of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. and (3) a lubricant composition comprising: (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2), and optionally a lubricant composition comprising the preceding components, The comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35° C. using polystyrene standards.

[0134] Embodiment 23. Use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier to adjust the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition, said comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising at least one of the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl(alk)acrylate ester monomer (C3 -C 8 alkyl (lk)acrylate ester monomer);(c)C 12 -C 24 and (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): [ka] wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents an alkyl group, m is 2 to 6, and thus represents -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end-capped or C 6 -C 20 C represents either an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C., which is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-endcapped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6and (ii) a viscosity and dispersancy modified mixture that exhibits at least a 5% difference in one or more (or 2 or more or 3 or more or 4 or more or 5 or more or 6 or more or all 7) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and the comb copolymer viscosity modifier produces a viscosity and dispersancy modified mixture that exhibits at least a 5% difference in one or more (or 2 or more or 3 or more or 4 or more or 5 or more or 6 or more or all 7) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. to form a lubricant composition comprising one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a lubricant base stock and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2), and, optionally, The comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 850,000 g / mol or less (or 625,000 g / mol or less, or 600,000 g / mol or less, or 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 300,000 g / mol to 850,000 g / mol) as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35° C. using polystyrene standards.

[0135] Embodiment 24. The method or use of any one of embodiments 16 to 23, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier and lubricant composition are as described in any one of embodiments 1 to 15, as applicable. EXAMPLES

[0136] The invention will now be illustrated by way of non-limiting examples only. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Monomer synthesis n-Butyl methacrylate, Mixed C 12 / C 14 Certain monomers, such as methacrylate (from BASF under the trade name LMA 1214F), ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, and end-capped oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, were obtained commercially. Other acrylate monomers and macromonomers can be obtained commercially or can be fully or partially synthesized, for example (meth)acrylic acid (or a soluble salt thereof) and terminal monoalcohol (e.g., Krasol™ HLBH 5000m from Total Cray Valley, Exton, PA) reactants can be obtained commercially and subjected to (condensation) reaction conditions to produce the (macro)monomer and, if necessary / desired, sufficiently isolated / purified for subsequent polymerization.

[0137] Copolymer Synthesis - Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3-18 For Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, and 16, the monomer mixture (about 30 gram scale) and diluent / base (about 45 gram scale, about 1.5 times the total monomer content) were added to a 4-neck round bottom flask (about 250 mL) equipped with an overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermocouple, thermowell, and a Friedreich water-cooled condenser. The diluent / base was all either Nexbase™ 3030 (about 45 grams) or an about 4:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Amexom™ 100 (about 36 grams and about 9 grams, respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates), and optionally ether methacrylate (EMA), which was phenyl ether end-capped monoethylene glycol methacrylate (EGPEMA) in Examples 5, 6, 8, and 15, and methyl ether end-capped oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MPEGMA) in Example 16, in a specific composition ratio, such as 15 / 43 / 32 / 10 wt % or 15 / 64 / 21 / 0 wt %. The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes and then heated to about 115° C. under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (about 50% in petroleum spirits) (about 0.11 grams) with a diluent / substrate (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (about 6 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. At about 115°C, about 1 / 3 of the first of the initiator solution was added to initiate the polymerization. The reaction was then held at about 115°C for about 3 hours, after which the second dose of initiator (about 1 / 3 of the second of the initiator solution) was added. After about another 3 hours, the final initiator dose (about 1 / 3 of the third of the initiator solution) was added. The polymerization was allowed to proceed at about 115°C for a total of about 8-9 hours (e.g., 1 The reaction was held at 37° C. for 1 h to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens from 1 H NMR.

[0138] For Examples 7 and 9, polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers were formed using the following copolymerization procedure: To a four-neck round bottom flask (about 500 mL) equipped with an overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermocouple, thermowell, and a Friedreich water-cooled condenser was added the monomer mixture (about 60 gram scale) and diluent / substrate (about 90 gram scale, about 1.5 times the total monomer content). The diluent / substrate was either all Nexbase™ 3030 (about 90 grams) or a about 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M (about 60 grams and about 30 grams, respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates), and optionally ether methacrylate (EMA), which was a phenyl ether end-capped monoethylene glycol methacrylate (EGPEMA), in a specific composition ratio, e.g., 15 / 43 / 32 / 10 wt. % or 15 / 64 / 21 / 0 wt. %. The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes and then heated to about 115° C. under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (about 50% in mineral spirits) (about 0.21 grams) with a diluent / base material (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (about 6 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. At about 115°C, the polymerization was started by adding about 1 / 3 of the first dose of initiator solution. The reaction was then held at about 115°C for about 3 hours, after which the second dose of initiator (about 1 / 3 of the second dose of initiator solution) was added. After about another 3 hours, the final initiator dose (about 1 / 3 of the third dose of initiator solution) was added. The polymerization was continued at about 115°C for a total of about 8-9 hours (e.g., 1The copolymerization reaction was then "done" at about 115° C. for 20 minutes at room temperature (to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens from H NMR). After "done" copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base) was added under nitrogen at about 115° C. as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25-40% by weight).

[0139] For Example 4, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were identical to those described above for Examples 7 and 9, except that the copolymer synthesis was scaled up to about a 2 L flask containing about 360 grams of total monomer mixture, about 540 grams of diluent / substrate (still about 1.5 times the total monomer content; still about a 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M), and a proportion (about 12 grams) of initiator (about 1.3 grams) in Nexbase™ 3030 (about 10.7 grams) (again to obtain a monomer to initiator molar ratio of about 666 / 1). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates) in a specific composition ratio of 15 / 60 / 25 wt%. The same copolymerization scheme (all monomers added up front; initiator solution added in three portions) and reaction time were used with the same monomers, initiators, and diluents / substrates. Similarly, after "completion" of the scale-up copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 substrate) was added under nitrogen at about 115°C as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25-40 wt%).

[0140] For Examples 10 and 11, polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers were formed using the following copolymerization procedure: To a 4-neck round bottom flask (about 1 L) equipped with an overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermocouple, thermowell, and a Friedreich water-cooled condenser was added the monomer mixture (about 190 gram scale) and diluent / base (about 285 gram scale, about 1.5 times the total monomer content). The diluent / base was an approximately 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M (about 190 grams and about 95 grams, respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates), and also ether methacrylate (EMA), which was phenyl ether end-capped monoethylene glycol methacrylate (EGPEMA), in a specific composition ratio of 15 / 43 / 32 / 10. The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes and then heated to about 115° C. under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 3 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (about 50% in mineral spirits) (about 0.64 grams) with a diluent / base (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (about 2.36 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. At about 115°C, the polymerization was started by adding the initiator solution. The polymerization was continued at about 115°C for a total of about 8-9 hours (e.g., 1 The copolymerization reaction was then "done" at about 115° C. for 20 minutes at room temperature (to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens from H NMR). After "done" copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base) was added under nitrogen at about 115° C. as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25-40% by weight).

[0141] For Example 12, a polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer was formed using the following copolymerization procedure: A solution of monomers, initiator, and diluent / substrate (about 478 grams) was prepared by mixing all ingredients in a 1 L round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer. The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates), and also ether methacrylate (EMA), which was a phenyl ether end-capped monoethylene glycol methacrylate (EGPEMA), in a specific composition ratio of 15 / 43 / 32 / 10. The diluent / substrate was an approximately 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M (about 190 grams and about 95 grams, respectively). The initiator was 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (about 50% in petroleum spirits) (about 0.64 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. About 220 grams (about 45%) of the reaction mixture was transferred to a four-neck round bottom flask (about 1 L) equipped with an overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermocouple, thermowell, and a Friedreich water-cooled condenser. The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes and then heated to about 115° C. under positive nitrogen pressure. At about 115° C., the remaining about 258 grams of the monomer / initiator / substrate mixture (55%) was added to the reaction vessel over 2.5 hours. The polymerization was allowed to proceed at about 115° C. for a total of about 8-9 hours (e.g., 1 The copolymerization reaction was then "done" at about 115° C. for 20 minutes at room temperature (to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens from H NMR). After "done" copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base) was added under nitrogen at about 115° C. as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25-40% by weight).

[0142] For Examples 13 and 14, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were identical to that described above for Example 12, except that the copolymer synthesis batch was scaled up to about a 2 L flask containing about 360 grams of total monomer mixture, about 540 grams of diluent / substrate (still about 1.5 times the total monomer content; still about a 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M), and about 1.21 grams of initiator (again to obtain a monomer to initiator molar ratio of about 666 / 1). The same monomers, initiators, and diluents / substrates were used, as was the same copolymerization scheme (45% of the reaction mixture was pre-added; 55% of the reaction mixture was dropwise added over 2-2.5 hours) and reaction times. Similarly, after "completion" of the scale-up copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base) was added under nitrogen at approximately 115° C. as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (approximately 25-40% by weight).

[0143] For Examples 17-18, two mixtures (A and B) were prepared by mixing in two separate (about 2 L each) round bottom flasks equipped with overhead stirrers. The following monomers and Yubase™ 3 diluent base (about 412.5 grams each, split approximately equally between A and B): h-PBDMA, BMA, lauryl methacrylate, and EGPEMA from Miwon Specialty Chemical Co., Korea, in the specified composition ratios, i.e., 14 / 60 / 21 / 5 and 12.5 / 61.5 / 21 / 5, respectively. In a separate vessel, an initiator solution (about 9 grams) was prepared by diluting t-butyl peroxy 2-ethylhexanoate (about 0.87 grams) with Yubase™ 3 diluent / base (about 9 grams). The overall molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 444 / 1. Mixture A was transferred to a four-neck round bottom flask (about 2 L) equipped with an overhead stirrer, nitrogen sparge tube, thermocouple, thermowell, and Friedreich water-cooled condenser. Mixture A was then sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes and then heated to about 90° C. under positive nitrogen pressure. At about 90° C., half of the initiator solution (about 4.5 grams) was added to the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization. Mixture B was combined with the other half of the initiator solution (about 4.5 grams), transferred to an addition funnel, sparged with nitrogen for about 20-30 minutes, and then added to the reaction vessel over about an additional 3 hours. Approximately 2 hours after the addition of Mixture B was complete, additional Yubase™ 3 diluent / substrate (about 266 grams) was added to the reaction vessel over about an additional 2 hours. The polymerization was allowed to continue at about 90° C. for a total of about 8-9 hours (e.g., 1 The reaction was held at 35° C. for 1 hour to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens from H NMR. A comb copolymer concentrate content of about 25-40% by weight was targeted.

[0144] Table 1 shows the relative mass percentages of the various monomers added to the reaction mixture, the Mn and Mw values ​​measured by GPC, and the percent conversion (%) for Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3-18. 1The actual comb copolymer content (%) of the concentrate is shown, as calculated from H NMR. The instrument specifications and analytical conditions were as follows: Waters RID and UV 215 nm; software: Empower 3; Waters Acquity APC with columns (3×4.6×150 mm system): APC-XT 450 (about 2.5μ), APC-XT200 (about 2.5μ), and APC-XT45 (about 1.7μm); mobile phase and flow: >99.9% Fisher optima gold label HPLC grade stabilizer-free THF; flow rate: about 0.25 mL / min retention time about 35 min; oven temperature: about 35° C.; sample concentration: about 1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; sample preparation: overnight complete dissolution followed by filtration through a about 0.45 μm PTFE filter; injection volume: about 10 μL; polystyrene calibration curve. [Table 1]

[0145] For the copolymers of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 3, 5, 8, and 16, a portion of each synthetic concentrate was first set aside and diluted (in Yubase 4) to a target KV100 of approximately 8 cSt. For these further diluted samples, the composition KV100 was adjusted to about 8 cSt to measure the viscosity index (VI) as a comparative performance indicator. These data and KV40 are shown in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0146] Lubricant Formulations - Comparative Examples 19-20 and Examples 21-33 The polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer concentrates of Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3, 5, 6 (twice), 7, 9-13, 15, and 17-18 were added in various proportions to the final lubricant compositions of Comparative Examples 19-20 and Examples 21-33, which also contained at least an additive package concentrate (comprising one or more dispersants, one or more surfactants, one or more antiwear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / basestock, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow improver, and a diluent / basestock. In Comparative Examples 19-20 and Examples 21-29 and 31-33, the ingredients and proportions of the additive package concentrate and pour point depressant / flow improver remained constant (about 13.5 wt.% and about 0.2 wt.%, respectively), but the chemistry and proportion of the polyalkyl (alk)acrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier was varied (while maintaining the sum of the viscosity modifier and diluent / base concentrations constant at about 86.3 wt.%). In Example 30, the additive package content of this formulation was reduced to about 12.8 wt.%, while the pour point depressant / flow improver content was maintained at about 0.2 wt.%, with the remainder (other than the copolymer content listed in the table) being diluent / base. Table 3 shows these chemistries and properties as well as various relevant viscometric properties of each final lubricant composition, such as HTHS150 (in cPs), HTHS100 (in cPs), HTHS80 (in cPs), KV100 (in cSt), KV40 (in cSt), KV20 (in cSt), and VI (dimensionless), and various relevant dispersant properties of each final lubricant composition, such as non-linear model apparent yield stress (APY) and linear model soot rating. [Table 3]

[0147] Lubricant Formulations - Examples 34-36 The polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer concentrates of Examples 4, 12, and 14 were added to the final lubricant compositions of Examples 34-36, which also contained at least an additive package concentrate (comprising one or more dispersants, one or more surfactants, one or more antiwear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / basestock, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow improver, and a diluent / basestock. Although not critical to the analysis, these formulations were targeted with the 0W-12 PCMO specification in mind. In Examples 34-36, the components and proportions of the additive package concentrate and the pour point depressant / flow improver remained constant (about 12.3 wt. % and about 0.1 wt. %, respectively), while the chemistry and proportions of the polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier were varied (while maintaining the sum of the viscosity modifier concentration and the diluent / basestock concentration constant at about 87.6 wt. %). Table 8 shows these chemistries and proportions as well as various associated viscosity properties for each final lubricant composition, such as HTHS150 (in cPs), HTHS100 (in cPs), HTHS80 (in cPs), KV100 (in cSt), KV40 (in cSt), KV20 (in cSt), and VI (dimensionless). [Table 4]

[0148] The disclosures of all patents, literature and other materials mentioned herein are incorporated herein in their entirety. As set forth in this specification and the appended claims, a description of a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of specified components should be construed to include compositions made by mixing said specified components. The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. While what the applicants present is their own invention, the disclosed embodiments are considered to be illustrative and not limiting, and therefore should not be construed as being limited to the specific embodiments disclosed. Those skilled in the art may make modifications without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims

1. a lubricant base stock comprising a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, or a mixture thereof; Lubricant additives including one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; and At least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and (d) a compound having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 1】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - represents a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 Comb copolymer viscosity modifiers prepared by polymerization containing oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H-endcapped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers Including, Said C 12 -C 24 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and Said C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 repeat units based on oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprise from 3.0% to 25% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; In the above formula, R 2 is methyl, m is 2 or 3, n is 1 to 6, and R 1 is phenyl or benzyl. Lubricant composition.

2. the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is substantially free of styrenic monomer-based repeat units; And, the C 12 -C 24 The repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers comprise up to 35.0 wt. % of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; The lubricant composition of claim 1.

3. (i) the hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer-based repeat units comprise from 7.0% to 18% by weight of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units; (ii) the C 3 -C 8 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers comprise 33% to 64% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; or (iii) both (i) and (ii); The lubricant composition according to claim 1 or 2.

4. (i) Said C 3 -C 8 The alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate; (ii) the C 12 -C 24 the alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer comprises lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof; or (iii) both (i) and (ii); The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. Said C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 5. The lubricant composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate monomer comprises ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate, or combinations thereof.

6. The lubricant composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising 0.5 to 9.0 mass % of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, based on the total mass of the lubricant composition.

7. The lubricant composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising 75 to 95 mass % of the lubricant base oil, based on the total mass of the lubricant composition.

8. the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 625,000 g / mol or less as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) at about 35° C. in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards, and the lubricant composition exhibits a non-linear model applied yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.55 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at least 20; and A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs at approximately 150°C; A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at approximately 100° C. of at most 5.56 cPs; A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at approximately 80° C. of at most 8.33 cPs; KV100 is 6.90cSt to 8.50cSt; A kinematic viscosity at approximately 40° C. (KV40) of at most 35.0 cSt; A kinematic viscosity at approximately 20° C. (KV20) of at most 80.5 cSt; and The viscosity index is at least 175 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the lubricant composition exhibits at least three of the following:

9. the lubricant composition exhibits a non-linear model applied yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.52 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at most 25; and Features: A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs at approximately 150°C; A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at approximately 100° C. of at most 5.52 cPs; A high temperature, high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at approximately 80° C. of at most 8.30 cPs; KV100 is 7.00cSt to 8.30cSt; A kinematic viscosity at approximately 40° C. (KV40) of at most 34.5 cSt; A kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20° C. of at most 80.0 cSt; and Viscosity index (VI) is at least 185 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the lubricant composition exhibits at least four of the following:

10. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and (d) C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 Oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers The lubricant composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, prepared by polymerization of monomers consisting essentially of:

11. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier (i) is produced by polymerization of monomers that are substantially free of styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) is substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units; The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is different from monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) and is C 6 -C 20 12. The lubricant composition of any one of claims 1 to 9 and 11, produced by polymerization including at least one additional olefinic monomer that is not also an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomer.

13. a lubricant base stock comprising a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, or a mixture thereof; Lubricant additives including one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; and At least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and (d) a compound having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 2】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - represents a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 a comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization containing oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; A lubricant composition wherein R 2 is methyl, m is 2 or 3, n is 1 to 6, and R 1 is phenyl or benzyl.

14. A viscosity and dispersancy adjusting amount of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier is added to the lubricant composition components: (1) Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant basestocks; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package containing a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; or (3) A lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2).

1. A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition comprising combining said comb copolymer viscosity modifier with at least one of the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and (d) a compound having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 3】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 prepared by polymerization containing oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers; Said C 12 -C 24 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; Said C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 repeat units based on oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprise from 3.0% to 25% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; In the above formula, R 2 is methyl, m is 2 or 3, n is 1 to 6, R 1 is phenyl or benzyl, and The mixture having adjusted viscosity and dispersibility is (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) that do not contain a comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) exhibiting at least a 5% difference in one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) that do not contain a comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the viscosity and dispersancy adjusting amount of said comb copolymer viscosity modifier is from 1.0% to 8.0% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture whose viscosity is being adjusted.

16. 16. The method of claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with a lubricant composition comprising (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock, or (3) (1) and (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package, thus providing a 25% improvement and a 5% difference compared to lubricant composition components (1) or (3).

17. 17. The method of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the viscosity and dispersancy adjusted mixture exhibits at least a 33% improvement in a non-linear model applied yield stress measurement of soot dispersancy and at least a 5% difference in four or more (or five or more or six or more or all seven) of the listed properties.

18. 18. The method of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the viscosity adjusted mixture exhibits at least a 33% improvement in the non-linear model applied yield stress measurement of soot dispersancy and at least a 10% difference in three or more (or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of the listed viscosities.

19. 1. A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition comprising combining a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusting amount of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier with one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III lubricant base stock; (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a minor amount of a lubricant base stock and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2) to form a viscosity- and dispersancy-adjusted mixture, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is a mixture of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; 3 -C 8 (c) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; 12 -C 24 (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 4】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, is phenyl, or benzyl, and the viscosity and dispersancy adjusted mixture exhibits (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least a 5% difference in one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) not containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

20. 1. Use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier to adjust the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition, said comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising at least one of the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 (c) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; 12 -C 24 (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 5】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents either an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, 12 -C 24 repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers constitute at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 repeat units based on oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprise 3.0% to 25% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein R 2 is methyl, m is 2 or 3, n is 1 to 6, and R 1 is phenyl, or benzyl, and the comb copolymer viscosity modifier provides (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) that does not contain the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least one (or two or more, or three or more, or four or more, or five or more, or six or more, or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI of the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) that does not contain the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a lubricant base oil and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2), to form a mixture having a controlled viscosity and dispersancy that exhibits at least a 5% difference compared to (3).

21. 1. Use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier to adjust the viscosity and dispersancy of a lubricant composition, said comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising at least one of the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 (c) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; 12 -C 24 (d) an alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer having the following structure (II): 【Chemistry 6】 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl, m is 2 to 6, and thus -(CH 2 ) m - may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 C represents either an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap; 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 C is prepared by polymerization of oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer repeat unit and C 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 the sum of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer repeat units collectively constitutes at least 21.0 weight percent of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, is phenyl, or benzyl, and the comb copolymer viscosity modifier provides (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersancy compared to the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) that does not contain the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least one (or two or more, or three or more, or four or more, or five or more, or six or more, or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI of the lubricant composition component (1), (2), or (3) that does not contain the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. (2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a lubricant base oil and one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear additives, friction modifiers, dispersants, surfactants, antifoam agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and seal swell control agents; or (3) a lubricant composition comprising both (1) and (2), to form a mixture having a controlled viscosity and dispersancy that exhibits at least a 5% difference compared to (3).

22. The method or use according to any one of claims 14 to 21, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier and lubricant composition, when applied, is as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

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